Low-density lipoprotein

4288: 527:

as much as 8:1 variation. There are several formulas published addressing the inaccuracy in LDL-C estimation. The inaccuracy is based on the assumption that VLDL-C (Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol) is always one-fifth of the triglyceride concentration. Another formulae addresses this issue by using an adjustable factor or by using a regression equation. There are few studies which have compared the LDL-C values derived from this formula and values obtained by direct enzymatic method. Direct enzymatic method are found to be accurate and it has to be the test of choice in clinical situations. In the resource poor settings, the option of using the formula has to be considered.

952:, especially delta- and gamma-tocotrienols, are being promoted as statin alternative non-prescription agents to treat high cholesterol, having been shown in vitro to have an effect. In particular, gamma-tocotrienol appears to be another HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, and can reduce cholesterol production. As with statins, this decrease in intra-hepatic (liver) LDL levels may induce hepatic LDL receptor up-regulation, also decreasing plasma LDL levels. As always, a key issue is how benefits and complications of such agents compare with statins—molecular tools that have been analyzed in large numbers of human research and clinical trials since the mid-1970s. 531:

recognition of the value of more targeted and accurate measurements of LDL particles. Specifically, LDL particle number (concentration), and to a lesser extent size, have shown slightly stronger correlations with atherosclerotic progression and cardiovascular events than obtained using chemical measures of the amount of cholesterol carried by the LDL particles. It is possible that the LDL cholesterol concentration can be low, yet LDL particle number high and cardiovascular events rates are high. Correspondingly, it is possible that LDL cholesterol concentration can be relatively high, yet LDL particle number low and cardiovascular events are also low.

365:. Atherogenicity of oxidized LDL has been explained by lack of recognition of oxidation-modified LDL structures by the LDL receptors, preventing the normal metabolism of LDL particles and leading eventually to development of atherosclerotic plaques. Of the lipid material contained in LDL, various lipid oxidation products are known as the ultimate atherogenic species. Acting as a transporter of these injurious molecules is another mechanism by which LDL can increase the risk of atherosclerosis. 976:. Saturated fats are found in meat products (including poultry), full-fat dairy, eggs, and refined tropical oils like coconut and palm. Added trans fat (in the form of partially hydrogenated oils) has been banned in the USA since 2021. However, trans fat can still be found in red meat and dairy products as it is produced in small amounts by ruminants such as sheep and cows. LDL cholesterol can also be lowered by increasing consumption of soluble fiber and plant-based foods. 5377: 189:

27.5 nm in diameter and have a mass of about 3 million daltons. Since LDL particles contain a variable and changing number of fatty acid molecules, there is a distribution of LDL particle mass and size. Determining the structure of LDL has been a tough task because of its heterogeneous structure. However, the structure of LDL at human body temperature in native condition, with a resolution of about 16

38: 891:

particles carry many fat molecules (typically 3,000 to 6,000 fat molecules per LDL particle); this includes cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and others. Thus even if the hundreds to thousands of cholesterol molecules within an average LDL particle were measured, this does not reflect the other fat molecules or even the number of LDL particles.

380:. In clinical context, mathematically calculated estimates of LDL-C are commonly used as an estimate of how much low density lipoproteins are driving progression of atherosclerosis. The problem with this approach is that LDL-C values are commonly discordant with both direct measurements of LDL particles and actual rates of atherosclerosis progression. 959:

may reduce the risk of CVD. Current supplemental guidelines for reducing LDL recommend doses of phytosterols in the 1.6-3.0 grams per day range (Health Canada, EFSA, ATP III, FDA) with a 2009 meta-analysis demonstrating an 8.8% reduction in LDL-cholesterol at a mean dose of 2.15 gram per day.

890:

LDL-C is not a measurement of actual LDL particles. LDL-C is only an estimate (not measured from the individual's blood sample) of how much cholesterol is being transported by all LDL particles, which is either a smaller concentration of large particles or a high concentration of small particles. LDL

684:

A study was conducted measuring the effects of guideline changes on LDL cholesterol reporting and control for diabetes visits in the US from 1995 to 2004. It was found that although LDL cholesterol reporting and control for diabetes and coronary heart disease visits improved continuously between 1995

526:

This formula provides an approximation with fair accuracy for most people, assuming the blood was drawn after fasting for about 14 hours or longer, but does not reveal the actual LDL particle concentration because the percentage of fat molecules within the LDL particles which are cholesterol varies,

478:

There are limitations to this method, most notably that samples must be obtained after a 12 to 14 h fast and that LDL-C cannot be calculated if plasma triglyceride is >4.52 mmol/L (400 mg/dL). Even at triglyceride levels 2.5 to 4.5 mmol/L, this formula is considered inaccurate. If

325:, indicates that most LDL particles are very close in size to the normal gaps in the endothelium (26 nm). According to one study, sizes 19.0–20.5 nm were designated as pattern B and LDL sizes 20.6–22 nm were designated as pattern A. Other studies have shown no such correlation at all. 958:

are widely recognized as having a proven LDL cholesterol lowering efficacy' A 2018 review found a dose-response relationship for phytosterols, with intakes of 1.5 to 3 g/day lowering LDL-C by 7.5% to 12%, but reviews as of 2017 had found no data indicating that the consumption of phytosterols

909:

reduce high levels of LDL particles by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase in cells, the rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis. To compensate for the decreased cholesterol availability, synthesis of LDL receptors (including hepatic) is increased, resulting in an increased clearance of LDL

3060:

Howard, B. V.; Robbins, D. C.; Sievers, M. L.; Lee, E. T.; Rhoades, D.; Devereux, R. B.; Cowan, L. D.; Gray, R. S.; Welty, T. K.; Go, O. T.; Howard, W. J. (2000-03-01). "LDL cholesterol as a strong predictor of coronary heart disease in diabetic individuals with insulin resistance and low LDL: The

944:

is effective at lowering cholesterol levels, but has been associated with significantly increased cancer and stroke mortality, despite lowered cholesterol levels. Other developed and tested fibrates, e.g. fenofibric acid have had a better track record and are primarily promoted for lowering VLDL

706:

Direct LDL particle measurement by NMR was mentioned by the ADA and ACC, in a 28 March 2008 joint consensus statement, as having advantages for predicting individual risk of atherosclerosis disease events, but the statement noted that the test is less widely available, is more expensive . Debate

669:

For instance, for people with known atherosclerosis diseases, the 2004 updated American Heart Association, NIH and NCEP recommendations are for LDL levels to be lowered to less than 70 mg/dL. This low level of less than 70 mg/dL was recommended for primary prevention of 'very-high risk

328:

Some evidence suggests the correlation between Pattern B and coronary heart disease is stronger than the correspondence between the LDL number measured in the standard lipid profile test. Tests to measure these LDL subtype patterns have been more expensive and not widely available, so the common

530:

However, the concentration of LDL particles, and to a lesser extent their size, has a stronger and consistent correlation with individual clinical outcome than the amount of cholesterol within LDL particles, even if the LDL-C estimation is approximately correct. There is increasing evidence and

188:

and unesterified cholesterol molecules. This core also carries varying numbers of triglycerides and other fats and is surrounded by a shell of phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol, as well as the single copy of Apo B-100. LDL particles are approximately 22 nm (0.00000087 in.) to

799:

The lowest incidence of atherosclerotic events over time occurs within the <20% group, with increased rates for the higher groups. Multiple other measures, including particle sizes, small LDL particle concentrations, large total and HDL particle concentrations, along with estimations of

2262:

John D. Brunzell, MD, FACP, Michael Davidson, MD, FACC, Curt D. Furberg, MD, PhD, Ronald B. Goldberg, MD, Barbara V. Howard, PhD, James H. Stein, MD, FACC, FACP and Joseph L. Witztum, MD Lipoprotein Management in Patients With Cardiometabolic Risk, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008; 51:1512-1524.

702:

Since the later 1990s, because of the development of NMR measurements, it has been possible to clinically measure lipoprotein particles at lower cost and higher accuracy. There are two other assays for LDL particles, however, like LDL-C, most only estimate LDL particle concentrations.

356:

attack, both lipid and protein parts of LDL can be oxidized in the vascular wall. Besides the oxidative reactions taking place in vascular wall, oxidized lipids in LDL can also be derived from oxidized dietary lipids. Oxidized LDL is known to associate with the development of

2589:

Sampson, Maureen; Ling, Clarence; Sun, Qian; Harb, Roa; Ashmaig, Mohmed; Warnick, Russell; Sethi, Amar; Fleming, James K.; Otvos, James D.; Meeusen, Jeff W.; Delaney, Sarah R.; Jaffe, Allan S.; Shamburek, Robert; Amar, Marcelo; Remaley, Alan T. (2020-05-01).

41:

LDL has been associated with the progression of atherosclerosis and blockage of the artery lumen, because it can carry cholesterol into smaller vessels. But LDL is also essential for carrying lipids that keep the human body alive, including in those small

3526:"Drug Safety Information for Healthcare Professionals - Follow-up to the January 25, 2008 Early Communication about an Ongoing Data Review for Ezetimibe/Simvastatin (marketed as Vytorin), Ezetimibe (marketed as Zetia), and Simvastatin (marketed as Zocor)" 698:

and associates) results in a 22-25% reduction in cardiovascular events within one year, contrary to the longstanding claims by many in the medical industry that the superiority over existing methods was weak, even by statements of some proponents.

937:

have been researched to improve HDL concentrations, but so far, despite dramatically increasing HDL-C, have not had a consistent track record in reducing atherosclerosis disease events. Some have increased mortality rates compared with

693:

There are several competing methods for measurement of lipoprotein particle concentrations and size. The evidence is that the NMR methodology (developed, automated & greatly reduced in costs while improving accuracy as pioneered by

404:

Chemical measures of lipid concentration have long been the most-used clinical measurement, not because they have the best correlation with individual outcome, but because these lab methods are less expensive and more widely available.

1249:

Dashty M, Motazacker MM, Levels J, de Vries M, Mahmoudi M, Peppelenbosch MP, Rezaee F (2014). "Proteome of human plasma very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein exhibits a link with coagulation and lipid metabolism".

332:

There has also been noted a correspondence between higher triglyceride levels and higher levels of smaller, denser LDL particles and alternately lower triglyceride levels and higher levels of the larger, less dense ("buoyant") LDL.

657:

Over time, with more clinical research, these recommended levels keep being reduced because LDL reduction, including to abnormally low levels, was the most effective strategy for reducing cardiovascular death rates in one large

141:

A good clinical interpretation of blood lipid levels is that high LDL, in combination with a high amount of triglycerides, which indicates a high likelihood of the LDL being oxidised, is associated with increased risk of

710:

Using NMR, the total LDL particle concentrations, in nmol/L plasma, are typically subdivided by percentiles referenced to the 5,382 men and women, not on any lipid medications, who are participating in the MESA trial.

260:. LDL receptors are typically returned to the plasma membrane, where they repeat this cycle. If LDL receptors bind to PCSK9, however, transport of LDL receptors is redirected to the lysosome, where they are degraded. 125:

in diameter, typically transporting 3,000 to 6,000 fat molecules per particle, and varying in size according to the number and mix of fat molecules contained within. The lipids carried include all fat molecules with

3229:

Brunzell, John D.; Davidson, Michael; Furberg, Curt D.; Goldberg, Ronald B.; Howard, Barbara V.; Stein, James H.; Witztum, Joseph L. (15 April 2008). "Lipoprotein Management in Patients With Cardiometabolic Risk".

707:

continues that it is "...unclear whether LDL particle size measurements add value to measurement of LDL-particle concentration", though outcomes have always tracked LDL particle, not LDL-C, concentrations.

681:, is about 35 mg/dL. However, all the above values refer to chemical measures of lipid/cholesterol concentration within LDL, not measured low-density lipoprotein concentrations, the accurate approach. 383:

Direct LDL measurements are also available and better reveal individual issues but are less often promoted or done due to slightly higher costs and being available from only a couple of laboratories in the

159:

Each native LDL particle enables emulsification, i.e. surrounding the fatty acids being carried, enabling these fats to move around the body within the water outside cells. Each particle contains a single

903:, in clinical trials, by several companies, are more effective for LDL reduction than the statins, including statins alone at high dose (though not necessarily the combination of statins plus ezetimibe). 2803:"Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Executive Summary" 714:

LDL particle concentration can also be measured by measuring the concentration of the protein ApoB, based on the generally accepted principle that each LDL or VLDL particle carries one ApoB molecule.

3623:"WHO cooperative trial on primary prevention of ischemic heart disease with clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol: final mortality follow-up. Report of the Committee of Principal Investigators". 1364:

Carson, Jo Ann S.; Lichtenstein, Alice H.; Anderson, Cheryl A.M.; Appel, Lawrence J.; Kris-Etherton, Penny M.; Meyer, Katie A.; Petersen, Kristina; Polonsky, Tamar; Van Horn, Linda (2020-01-21).

1888:"No association between 'bad cholesterol' and elderly deaths: Systematic review of studies of over 68,000 elderly people also raises questions about the benefits of statin drug treatments" 3525: 677:

From longitudinal population studies following progression of atherosclerosis-related behaviors from early childhood into adulthood, the usual LDL in childhood, before the development of

408:

The lipid profile does not measure LDL particles. It only estimates them using the Friedewald equation by subtracting the amount of cholesterol associated with other particles, such as

722:

The LDL particle concentrations are typically categorized by percentiles, <20%, 20–50%, 50th–80th%, 80th–95% and >95% groups of the people participating and being tracked in the

1545:

Sun, Hung-Yu; Lin, Chun-Chieh; Lee, Jin-Ching; Wang, Shainn-Wei; Cheng, Pin-Nan; Wu, I.-Chin; Chang, Ting-Tsung; Lai, Ming-Derg; Shieh, Dar-Bin; Young, Kung-Chia (July 3, 2013).

596:

Optimal LDL cholesterol, corresponding to lower rates of progression, promoted as a target option for those known to clearly have advanced symptomatic cardiovascular disease

454: 344:, research studies have continued to show a stronger correlation between human clinically obvious cardiovascular events and quantitatively measured particle concentrations. 3996:"The effects of foods on LDL cholesterol levels: A systematic review of the accumulated evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials" 2948:

Cybulska, Barbara; Kłosiewicz-Latoszek, Longina; Penson, Peter E.; Nabavi, Seyed Mohammad; Lavie, Carl J.; Banach, Maciej; International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP) (2021).

521: 1840:"Comparison of high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol subclasses and sizes in Asian Indian women with Caucasian women from the framingham offspring study" 3375: 209:

enzyme (LPL) and they become smaller and denser (i.e. fewer fat molecules with same protein transport shell), containing a higher proportion of cholesterol esters.

3351:"Management of Blood Cholesterol in Adults: Systematic Evidence Review from the Cholesterol Expert Panel | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)" 2334:

Sniderman AD, Blank D, Zakarian R, Bergeron J, Frohlich J (October 2003). "Triglycerides and small dense LDL: the twin Achilles heels of the Friedewald formula".

3733:"Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to plant sterols and plant stanols and maintenance of normal blood cholesterol concentrations" 1941:"Estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by the Friedewald equation is adequate for classifying patients on the basis of nationally recommended cutpoints" 804:

pattern and standard cholesterol lipid measurements (for comparison of the plasma data with the estimation methods discussed above) are also routinely provided.

4144:

O'Keefe JH, Cordain L, Harris WH, Moe RM, Vogel R (June 2004). "Optimal low-density lipoprotein is 50 to 70 mg/dL: lower is better and physiologically normal".

3466: 685:

and 2004, neither the 1998 ADA guidelines nor the 2001 ATP III guidelines increased LDL cholesterol control for diabetes relative to coronary heart disease.

551:

provide a set of guidelines for fasting LDL-Cholesterol levels, estimated or measured, and risk for heart disease. As of about 2005, these guidelines were:

3465: 3350: 670:

patients' and in secondary prevention as a 'reasonable further reduction'. This position was disputed. Statin drugs involved in such clinical trials have

2905:

Hayward, Rodney A. (3 October 2006). "Narrative Review: Lack of Evidence for Recommended Low-Density Lipoprotein Treatment Targets: A Solvable Problem".

1547:"Very low-density lipoprotein/lipo-viro particles reverse lipoprotein lipase-mediated inhibition of hepatitis C virus infection via apolipoprotein C-III" 4510: 4490: 2532:

Martin, Seth S.; Blaha, Michael J.; Elshazly, Mohamed B.; Toth, Peter P.; Kwiterovich, Peter O.; Blumenthal, Roger S.; Jones, Steven R. (2013-11-20).

995:

and circulating VLDL particle concentrations, thus both increasing LDL particle concentrations and accelerating the development of diabetes mellitus.

2266: 4194: 3508: 2534:"Comparison of a novel method vs the Friedewald equation for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels from the standard lipid profile" 4538: 3692:"Insig-Dependent Ubiquitination and Degradation of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Stimulated by Delta- and Gamma-Tocotrienols" 887:) is an essential component and performs the first of 37 steps within the cholesterol production pathway, and is present in every animal cell. 883:

serves as the basis for the biosynthesis of many molecules, including cholesterol. The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (

285:

pheromone, preventing signaling through its receptor. Mice deficient in apolipoprotein B are more susceptible to invasive bacterial infection.

233:

that marks the LDL receptor for degradation. LDL receptors are inserted into the plasma membrane and diffuse freely until they associate with

4138: 4133: 2825:"Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group" 4601: 3478: 376:

commonly report LDL-C: the amount of cholesterol which is estimated to be contained with LDL particles, on average, using a formula, the

5174: 3406: 3470: 4433: 4400: 3862:

Demonty, I.; Ras, R.T.; van der Knaap, H.C.; Duchateau, G.S.; Meijer, L.; Zock, P.L.; Geleijnse, J.M.; Trautwein, E.A. (Feb 2009).

2592:"A New Equation for Calculation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients With Normolipidemia and/or Hypertriglyceridemia" 2284:"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge" 987:). Visceral fat, which is more metabolically active than subcutaneous fat, has been found to produce many enzymatic signals, e.g. 4525: 4500: 4287: 2950:"How much should LDL cholesterol be lowered in secondary prevention? Clinical efficacy and safety in the era of PCSK9 inhibitors" 2283: 1901:

Superko HR, Nejedly M, Garrett B (2002). "Small LDL and its clinical importance as a new CAD risk factor: a female case study".

237:-coated pits. When LDL receptors bind LDL particles in the bloodstream, the clathrin-coated pits are endocytosed into the cell. 2465:

Chen, Yunqin; Zhang, Xiaojin; Pan, Baishen; Jin, Xuejuan; Yao, Haili; Chen, Bin; Zou, Yunzeng; Ge, Junbo; Chen, Haozhu (2010).

1940: 548: 4946: 3443: 1348: 979:

Another lifestyle approach to reduce LDL cholesterol has been minimizing total body fat, in particular fat stored inside the

723: 248:, such as that found in the endosome, LDL receptors undergo a conformation change, releasing LDL. LDL is then shipped to the 3382: 4951: 4465: 4187: 2410:"A new accurate, simple formula for LDL-cholesterol estimation based on directly measured blood lipids from a large cohort" 479:

both total cholesterol and triglyceride levels are elevated then a modified formula, with quantities in mg/dL, may be used

3301:

Sniderman, A. D.; Thanassoulis, G.; Glavinovic, T.; Navar, A. M.; Pencina, M.; Catapano, A.; Ference, B. A. (1 Dec 2019).

3145:

Peter P. Toth; Michael Grabner; Rajeshwari S. Punekar; Ralph A. Quimbo; Mark J. Cziraky; Terry A. Jacobson (August 2014).

2778: 3106:"Lack of Effect of Guideline Changes on LDL Cholesterol Reporting and Control for Diabetes Visits in the U.S., 1995–2004" 3927: 1791: 629:

Borderline high LDL level, corresponding to even higher rates for developing symptomatic cardiovascular disease events

585:

Optimal LDL cholesterol, levels in healthy young children before onset of atherosclerotic plaque in heart artery walls

1701: 396:

recognized direct LDL particle measurement by NMR as superior for assessing individual risk of cardiovascular events.

4428: 3439: 1456:"Three-Dimensional cryoEM Reconstruction of Native LDL Particles to 16Å Resolution at Physiological Body Temperature" 1055: 916:

reduces intestinal absorption of cholesterol, thus can reduce LDL particle concentrations when combined with statins.

1838:

Bhalodkar, Narendra C.; Blum, Steve; Rana, Thakor; Kitchappa, Radha; Bhalodkar, Ami N.; Enas, Enas A. (1 May 2005).

352:

Oxidized LDL is a general term for LDL particles with oxidatively modified structural components. As a result, from

5101: 4718: 4548: 4251: 1050: 607:

Optimal LDL cholesterol, corresponding to lower, but not zero, rates for symptomatic cardiovascular disease events

74: 3903: 4733: 4594: 4180: 3444:"Evaluating statin drugs to treat High Cholesterol and Heart Disease: Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price" 3354: 845:

moderately high, meaning a 10-20% risk of heart attack within 10 years and more than 2 heart attack risk factors

17: 5052: 618:

Near optimal LDL level, corresponding to higher rates for developing symptomatic cardiovascular disease events

393: 4864: 4438: 4420: 3474: 544: 389: 194: 110: 3580:

Soudijn W, van Wijngaarden I, Ijzerman AP (May 2007). "Nicotinic acid receptor subtypes and their ligands".

640:

High LDL level, corresponding to much higher rates for developing symptomatic cardiovascular disease events

176:), along with 80 to 100 additional ancillary proteins. Each LDL has a highly hydrophobic core consisting of 5169: 5089: 4794: 4237: 3530: 651:

Very high LDL level, corresponding to highest increased rates of symptomatic cardiovascular disease events

70: 2264: 1454:

Kumar V, Butcher SJ, Katrina O, Engelhardt P, Heikkonen J, Kaski K, Ala-Korpela M, Kovanen PT (May 2011).

5184: 5179: 4906: 4896: 2708:

Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Glavinovic T, Navar AM, Pencina M, Catapano A, Ference BA (December 2019).

771:

Those with Borderline-High rate of cardiovascular disease events & higher LDL particle concentration

5367: 5285: 4936: 4911: 4728: 4657: 4587: 856:

moderate, meaning a 10% risk of heart attack within 10 years and more than 2 heart attack risk factors

749:

Those with lowest rate of cardiovascular disease events & low (optimal) LDL particle concentration

540: 3995: 5310: 5253: 4901: 4854: 4704: 4667: 3970: 2042:"Oxidized lipids in the diet are incorporated by the liver into very low density lipoprotein in rats" 1366:"Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular risk: A science advisory from the American Heart Association" 945:

particles (triglycerides), not LDL particles, yet can help some in combination with other strategies.

867:

low, meaning less than 10% risk of heart attack within 10 years and 1 or 0 heart attack risk factors

726:, a medical research study sponsored by the United States National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 418: 4025: 3864:"Continuous dose-response relationship of the LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of phytosterol intake" 3147:"Cardiovascular risk in patients achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and particle targets" 2313: 1970: 760:

Those with moderate rate of cardiovascular disease events & moderate LDL particle concentration

61:

molecules around the body in extracellular water. These groups, from least dense to most dense, are

5402: 5295: 5108: 5062: 5057: 4881: 4859: 4272: 1080: 409: 78: 793:

Those with very high rate of cardiovascular disease events and highest LDL particle concentration

5350: 5332: 4814: 4809: 4773: 3807:"Phytosterols in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases" 2370: 1887: 782:

Those with High rate of cardiovascular disease events and even higher LDL particle concentration

485: 362: 306: 143: 3144: 1602:"Structural requirements for PCSK9-mediated degradation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor" 5322: 5305: 5300: 5290: 5131: 5067: 4709: 4610: 3748:"LDL-Cholesterol Lowering of Plant Sterols and Stanols—Which Factors Influence Their Efficacy?" 2802: 2757: 2134:

Stocker, Roland; Keaney, John F. (2004). "Role of Oxidative Modifications in Atherosclerosis".

1110: 834:

High, meaning a 20% or greater risk of heart attack within 10 years, or an extreme risk factor

474:

are triglycerides, and k is 0.20 if the quantities are measured in mg/dL and 0.45 if in mmol/L.

3952: 3486: 1600:

Zhang, Da-Wei; Garuti, Rita; Tang, Wan-Jin; Cohen, Jonathan C.; Hobbs, Helen H. (2008-09-02).

1338: 5407: 5327: 5072: 4931: 4923: 4891: 4778: 4448: 2085: 1075: 336:

With continued research, decreasing cost, greater availability and wider acceptance of other

274: 230: 2918: 309:. This is thought to be because the smaller particles are more easily able to penetrate the 5241: 5236: 5040: 4832: 4063: 1613: 1467: 1205: 926:), lowers LDL by selectively inhibiting hepatic diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, reducing 663: 31: 4172: 3163: 3146: 1993:"Measurement of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy" 8: 5397: 5317: 5084: 4277: 4127: 1757: 1014: 1009: 377: 177: 106: 4067: 3545:

Meyers CD, Kamanna VS, Kashyap ML (December 2004). "Niacin therapy in atherosclerosis".

1710:"Apolipoprotein B Is an innate barrier against invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection" 1617: 1471: 1209: 5231: 5141: 4723: 4410: 4095: 3839: 3806: 3782: 3747: 3648: 3605: 3327: 3302: 3211: 3037: 3004: 2985: 2930: 2734: 2709: 2687: 2624: 2591: 2566: 2533: 2514: 2501: 2466: 2447: 2240: 2213: 2194: 2113: 2017: 1992: 1864: 1839: 1815: 1786: 1734: 1709: 1644: 1601: 1582: 1490: 1455: 1275: 1226: 1193: 992: 919: 880: 801: 671: 293:

LDL can be grouped based on its size: large low density LDL particles are described as

206: 3636: 2371:"Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol estimation by a new formula in Indian population" 2347: 2058: 2041: 1314: 1297: 968:

LDL cholesterol can be lowered by through dietary intervention by limiting foods with

5022: 4971: 4871: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4307: 4247: 4161: 4099: 4087: 4079: 4051: 3885: 3844: 3826: 3787: 3769: 3713: 3640: 3597: 3562: 3558: 3502: 3400: 3332: 3247: 3203: 3186:

Krauss RM (August 2010). "Lipoprotein subfractions and cardiovascular disease risk".

3168: 3127: 3086: 3078: 3042: 3024: 2989: 2977: 2969: 2922: 2887: 2846: 2739: 2691: 2679: 2671: 2629: 2611: 2571: 2553: 2506: 2488: 2451: 2439: 2431: 2390: 2351: 2305: 2245: 2186: 2151: 2105: 2063: 2022: 1962: 1918: 1914: 1869: 1820: 1739: 1690: 1649: 1631: 1574: 1566: 1522: 1495: 1436: 1395: 1387: 1344: 1319: 1267: 1231: 884: 253: 218: 3746:

Trautwein, Elke; Vermeer, Mario; Hiemstra, Harry; Ras, Rouyanne (7 September 2018).

3732: 3609: 2934: 1279: 5027: 4676: 4579: 4379: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4329: 4153: 4071: 4007: 3875: 3834: 3818: 3777: 3759: 3703: 3652: 3632: 3589: 3554: 3435: 3322: 3314: 3239: 3215: 3195: 3158: 3117: 3070: 3032: 3016: 2961: 2914: 2877: 2836: 2729: 2721: 2663: 2619: 2603: 2561: 2545: 2496: 2478: 2421: 2382: 2343: 2295: 2235: 2225: 2198: 2178: 2143: 2117: 2097: 2053: 2012: 2004: 1952: 1910: 1859: 1851: 1810: 1800: 1729: 1721: 1680: 1639: 1621: 1558: 1485: 1475: 1426: 1377: 1309: 1291: 1289: 1259: 1221: 1213: 980: 341: 173: 165: 118: 2518: 2169:

Birukov, K. G. (2006). "Oxidized lipids: The two faces of vascular inflammation".

2101: 1586: 826:

then the patient should consider LDL-C reduction if the count in mg/dL is over...

5219: 5214: 5126: 4849: 4804: 4684: 4374: 4011: 3434: 3318: 3199: 3020: 2725: 2667: 2607: 2386: 2270: 1480: 1382: 1365: 900: 358: 86: 2841: 2824: 2369:

Anandaraja, S.; Narang, R.; Godeswar, R.; Laksmy, R.; Talwar, K.K. (June 2005).

2300: 1286: 5381: 5268: 5118: 4981: 4941: 4876: 4837: 4748: 4405: 4296: 4267: 4157: 4075: 3666: 3243: 3122: 3105: 2965: 2650:

Ramasamy, Jagadish; Job, Victoria; Mani, Thenmozhi; Jacob, Molly (2021-05-06).

2467:"A modified formula for calculating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values" 2230: 2147: 1957: 1787:"Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein as Biomarker for Atherosclerotic Diseases" 1725: 1606:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1562: 1514: 1095: 984: 934: 269: 161: 82: 4123: 2408:

de Cordova, Caio Mauricio Mendes; de Cordova, Mauricio Mendes (January 2013).

2182: 1431: 1414: 1166: 5391: 5136: 4799: 4083: 4052:"In vivo CRISPR base editing of PCSK9 durably lowers cholesterol in primates" 3830: 3773: 3265: 3082: 3028: 2973: 2675: 2615: 2557: 2549: 2492: 2435: 2414:

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine

1685: 1669:"Inclisiran: a new milestone on the PCSK9 road to tackle cardiovascular risk" 1668: 1635: 1570: 1391: 1115: 1100: 1090: 1019: 969: 678: 385: 278:

infection. The mechanism of antagonism entails binding apolipoprotein B to a

181: 135: 131: 4963: 3074: 2949: 2426: 2409: 1626: 1546: 5277: 5189: 5004: 4694: 4637: 4533: 4228: 4165: 4091: 3889: 3848: 3791: 3717: 3708: 3691: 3601: 3566: 3336: 3303:"Apolipoprotein B Particles and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review" 3251: 3207: 3172: 3131: 3090: 3046: 2981: 2926: 2891: 2743: 2710:"Apolipoprotein B Particles and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review" 2683: 2652:"Calculated values of serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) - for better or worse?" 2651: 2633: 2575: 2510: 2483: 2443: 2394: 2355: 2249: 2190: 2155: 2109: 2026: 2008: 1922: 1873: 1855: 1824: 1805: 1743: 1694: 1653: 1578: 1526: 1499: 1399: 1323: 1271: 1235: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1085: 1060: 927: 666:; far more effective than coronary angioplasty/stenting or bypass surgery. 659: 353: 222: 3880: 3863: 3644: 2850: 2309: 2067: 1966: 1785:

Ivanova EA, Myasoedova VA, Melnichenko AA, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN (2017).

1440: 1192:

Dashti M, Kulik W, Hoek F, Veerman EC, Peppelenbosch MP, Rezaee F (2011).

930:

synthesis and VLDL secretion through a receptor HM74 and HM74A or GPR109A.

121:

for LDL and the larger particles). A single LDL particle is about 220–275

5342: 4738: 4243: 4232: 4216: 4207: 3822: 2882: 2866:"Optimal Medical Therapy with or without PCI for Stable Coronary Disease" 2865: 1263: 1070: 1045: 955: 949: 568: 373: 310: 282: 217:

When a cell requires additional cholesterol (beyond its current internal

205:

LDL particles are formed when triglycerides are removed from VLDL by the

127: 62: 54: 5258: 5248: 5209: 5153: 5146: 4976: 3764: 3730: 2947: 941: 257: 184:

and hundreds to thousands (about 1500 commonly cited as an average) of

169: 3593: 1217: 1194:"A phospholipidomic analysis of all defined human plasma lipoproteins" 399: 5012: 4753: 4689: 4645: 4628: 4623: 3104:

Wang, Y Richard; G Caleb Alexander; David O Meltzer (December 2005).

1145: 1140: 1135: 1105: 1065: 973: 913: 695: 190: 122: 3300: 3103: 2707: 688: 240:

Vesicles containing LDL receptors bound to LDL are delivered to the

5376: 5226: 4828: 4765: 4699: 4650: 1784: 1040: 988: 558: 361:, and it is therefore widely studied as a potential risk factor of 249: 241: 234: 3805:

Cabral, Carlos Eduardo; Klein, Márcia Regina Simas Torres (2017).

829:

and LDL-C reduction is indicated if the count in mg/dL is over...

114: 3861: 117:, typically 80–100 proteins per particle (organized by a single 4619: 4457: 4392: 3228: 2040:

Staprans, I.; Rapp, J. H.; Pan, X. M.; Feingold, K. R. (1996).

1939:

Warnick GR, Knopp RH, Fitzpatrick V, Branson L (January 1990).

1363: 1298:"Structure of apolipoprotein B-100 in low density lipoproteins" 910:

particles from the extracellular water, including of the blood.

906: 314: 3579: 3283: 2368: 2333: 1938: 1248: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4520: 4515: 4475: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4203: 1666: 1453: 1027: 1023: 562: 226: 185: 98: 3951:

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Peterson MM, Mack JL, Hall PR, et al. (December 2008).

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Pirahanchi, Yasaman; Sinawe, Hadeer; Dimri, Manjari (2022),

1296:

Segrest JP, Jones MK, De Loof H, Dashti N (September 2001).

4995: 4505: 4495: 4485: 4480: 4470: 4202: 4143: 3904:"Cholesterol Diet: How Nutrition & Foods Impact Levels" 3745: 3005:"Measuring LDL-cholesterol: what is the best way to do it?" 2823:

Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. (November 1995).

66: 37: 1837: 113:. Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of multiple 4026:"Scientists Gene-Hacked Monkeys to Fix Their Cholesterol" 2281: 1295: 102: 58: 2656:

Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases: NMCD

3971:"Trans Fatty Acid - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 3059: 2531: 2039: 817:(Per 2004 United States Government Minimum Guidelines) 245: 3993: 3479:"NHLBI, High Blood Cholesterol: What You Need to Know" 1191: 5365: 3689: 3467:

United States Department of Health and Human Services

2645: 2643: 1900: 1667:

Santulli G, Jankauskas SS, Gambardella J (May 2021).

1512: 488: 421: 4609: 3544: 2649: 2407: 2282:

Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (June 1972).

1599: 412:

and VLDL, assuming a prolonged fasting state, etc.:

272:

system that upregulates genes required for invasive

4000:

Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases

3817:(5). Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: 475–482. 400:

Estimation of LDL particles via cholesterol content

305:has been associated by some with a higher risk for 263: 3063:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2640: 2588: 1419:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 515: 448: 221:production pathway), it synthesizes the necessary 85:. LDL has been associated with the progression of 2822: 2810:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) 2086:"Oxidized lipoprotein lipids and atherosclerosis" 689:Direct measurement of LDL particle concentrations 5389: 3731:European Food Safety Authority, Journal (2010). 2863: 1707: 1012:can decrease blood levels of LDL cholesterol in 2464: 1780: 1778: 1521:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 3284:"MESA - Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis" 2214:"HDL, lipid peroxidation, and atherosclerosis" 1412: 815:Markers indicating a need for LDL-C Reduction 4595: 4188: 4146:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3002: 2133: 1544: 138:dominant; amounts of each vary considerably. 3573: 3507:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2864:William E. Boden; et al. (April 2007). 2784:. American Heart Association. September 2007 2211: 1894: 1775: 3804: 2816: 2275: 807: 674:beyond simply the reduction of LDL levels. 297:, and small high density LDL particles are 69:by the overall density naming convention), 27:One of the five major groups of lipoprotein 5175:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency 4602: 4588: 4195: 4181: 3524:Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and. 3413: 2812:. National Institutes of Health. May 2001. 2129: 2127: 2079: 2077: 1934: 1932: 1171:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 212: 109:, making fats available to body cells for 30:"LDL" redirects here. For other uses, see 4050:Musunuru, Kiran; et al. (May 2021). 3950: 3879: 3838: 3781: 3763: 3707: 3471:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 3326: 3185: 3162: 3121: 3036: 2881: 2840: 2733: 2623: 2565: 2500: 2482: 2425: 2327: 2299: 2239: 2229: 2057: 2016: 1956: 1863: 1814: 1804: 1792:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 1733: 1684: 1643: 1625: 1489: 1479: 1430: 1381: 1357: 1313: 1225: 77:(IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and 4049: 662:, randomized clinical trial of men with 36: 3003:Wolska, Anna; Remaley, Alan T. (2020). 2919:10.7326/0003-4819-145-7-200610030-00010 2904: 2703: 2701: 2212:Shao, Baohai; Heinecke, Jay W. (2009). 2168: 2124: 2083: 2074: 1990: 1929: 1167:"LDL and HDL: Bad and Good Cholesterol" 1152: 329:lipid profile test is used more often. 14: 5390: 3690:Song, B.L.; DeBose-Boyd, R.A. (2006). 3405:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1008:In 2021, scientists demonstrated that 4947:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 4583: 4176: 4134:Adult Treatment Panel III Full Report 3164:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.914 2779:"What Do My Cholesterol Levels Mean?" 1337:Sira, Elevina E. Pérez (2021-10-05). 81:(HDL). LDL delivers fat molecules to 53:) is one of the five major groups of 4952:Generalized essential telangiectasia 3523: 3097: 2698: 1758:"When it comes to LDL, size matters" 1336: 823:If the patient's cardiac risk is... 288: 3811:Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 2954:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2870:The New England Journal of Medicine 2829:The New England Journal of Medicine 2375:International Journal of Cardiology 1673:Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 24: 3896: 1903:Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing 1340:Foods for Special Dietary Regimens 25: 5419: 4117: 3440:Drug Effectiveness Review Project 1056:Cholesteryl ester storage disease 894: 717: 5375: 5102:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis 4286: 3559:10.1097/00041433-200412000-00006 1915:10.1111/j.0889-7204.2002.01453.x 1415:"LDL Particle Size Distribution" 1165: 1051:Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency 534: 264:Role in the innate immune system 75:intermediate-density lipoprotein 4043: 4018: 3994:Schoeneck M, Iggman D. (2021). 3987: 3963: 3944: 3920: 3855: 3798: 3739: 3724: 3683: 3659: 3631:(8403): 600–4. September 1984. 3616: 3538: 3517: 3368: 3343: 3294: 3276: 3258: 3222: 3179: 3138: 3053: 2996: 2941: 2898: 2857: 2795: 2771: 2750: 2582: 2525: 2458: 2401: 2362: 2256: 2205: 2171:Current Atherosclerosis Reports 2162: 2033: 1984: 1880: 1831: 1750: 1660: 1593: 1538: 1515:"Biochemistry, LDL Cholesterol" 1003: 449:{\displaystyle L\approx C-H-kT} 347: 149: 5053:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease 1506: 1447: 1406: 1343:. Bentham Science Publishers. 1330: 1242: 1185: 1159: 1018:monkeys for months by 60% via 672:numerous physiological effects 197:, has been described in 2011. 13: 1: 4865:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva 4719:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis 3637:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90595-6 3547:Current Opinion in Lipidology 3475:National Institutes of Health 3453:, Consumer Reports, p. 9 3188:Current Opinion in Lipidology 3009:Current Opinion in Cardiology 2348:10.1016/S0009-9120(03)00117-6 2102:10.1080/10715762.2017.1319944 2059:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)37628-8 1315:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)30267-4 338:lipoprotein subclass analysis 200: 195:cryogenic electron microscopy 111:receptor-mediated endocytosis 5170:Chronic venous insufficiency 4795:Aortoiliac occlusive disease 4012:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.12.032 3667:"TRILIPIX (fenofibric acid)" 3531:Food and Drug Administration 3319:10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3780 3200:10.1097/MOL.0b013e32833b7756 3021:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000740 2760:. American Heart Association 2726:10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3780 2668:10.1016/j.numecd.2021.01.016 2608:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0013 2471:Lipids in Health and Disease 2387:10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.05.009 1481:10.1371/journal.pone.0018841 1383:10.1161/cir.0000000000000743 963: 154: 71:very low-density lipoprotein 7: 5185:Inferior vena cava syndrome 5180:Superior vena cava syndrome 4907:Vertebral artery dissection 4897:Intracranial berry aneurysm 2842:10.1056/NEJM199511163332001 1033: 998: 516:{\displaystyle L=C-H-0.16T} 172:residues and a mass of 514 92: 10: 5424: 5286:Hypertensive heart disease 4937:Arteriovenous malformation 4912:Familial aortic dissection 4158:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.046 4076:10.1038/s41586-021-03534-y 3582:Medicinal Research Reviews 3244:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.02.034 3123:10.2337/diacare.28.12.2942 2966:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.12.008 2231:10.1194/jlr.E900001-JLR200 2148:10.1152/physrev.00047.2003 1726:10.1016/j.chom.2008.10.001 1563:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301798 541:American Heart Association 368: 178:polyunsaturated fatty acid 168:, a protein that has 4536 29: 5341: 5311:Renovascular hypertension 5276: 5267: 5254:Hepatic artery thrombosis 5202: 5162: 5117: 5021: 5003: 4994: 4962: 4922: 4902:Carotid artery dissection 4855:Abdominal aortic aneurysm 4827: 4787: 4764: 4705:Intermittent claudication 4675: 4668:Peripheral artery disease 4666: 4636: 4618: 4547: 4447: 4419: 4390: 4295: 4284: 4215: 2301:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499 2218:Journal of Lipid Research 2183:10.1007/s11883-006-0077-x 2046:Journal of Lipid Research 1432:10.1161/01.ATV.12.12.1410 1302:Journal of Lipid Research 814: 340:assay methods, including 244:. In the presence of low 105:) around the body in the 5296:Hypertensive nephropathy 5109:Post-thrombotic syndrome 5090:Paget–Schroetter disease 4882:Coronary artery aneurysm 4860:Thoracic aortic aneurysm 3868:The Journal of Nutrition 2550:10.1001/jama.2013.280532 2084:Ahotupa, Markku (2017). 1958:10.1093/clinchem/36.1.15 1081:High density lipoprotein 972:and avoiding foods with 808:Lowering LDL-cholesterol 268:LDL interferes with the 79:high-density lipoprotein 5351:Orthostatic hypotension 5333:White coat hypertension 4810:Fibromuscular dysplasia 4774:Carotid artery stenosis 4421:Lipid transfer proteins 3075:10.1161/01.atv.20.3.830 2427:10.1258/acb.2012.011259 1714:Cell Host & Microbe 1627:10.1073/pnas.0806312105 1413:Campos, Hannia (1992). 363:cardiovascular diseases 213:Transport into the cell 144:cardiovascular diseases 47:Low-density lipoprotein 5323:Pulmonary hypertension 5306:Secondary hypertension 5301:Essential hypertension 5291:Hypertensive emergency 5132:Portacaval anastomosis 5068:Portal vein thrombosis 4710:Critical limb ischemia 4611:Cardiovascular disease 4449:Cell surface receptors 3709:10.1074/jbc.M605575200 2484:10.1186/1476-511X-9-52 2009:10.1002/clc.4960221405 1856:10.1002/clc.4960280510 1686:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvab014 1111:Polyphenol antioxidant 517: 470:is total cholesterol, 450: 307:coronary heart disease 97:Lipoproteins transfer 43: 5328:Systolic hypertension 5073:Renal vein thrombosis 4932:Arteriovenous fistula 4924:Vascular malformation 4892:Intracranial aneurysm 4779:Renal artery stenosis 4124:Fat (LDL) Degradation 3975:www.sciencedirect.com 3881:10.3945/jn.108.095125 3061:Strong Heart Study". 2336:Clinical Biochemistry 2136:Physiological Reviews 2090:Free Radical Research 1991:Otvos J (June 1999). 1076:Health effects of tea 735:LDL particles nmol/L 518: 451: 275:Staphylococcus aureus 231:proprotein convertase 40: 5242:Paradoxical embolism 5237:Cholesterol embolism 5063:May–Thurner syndrome 5058:Budd–Chiari syndrome 5041:Deep vein thrombosis 5036:primarily lower limb 4815:Raynaud's phenomenon 4551:cassette transporter 3823:10.5935/abc.20170158 3758:(9). MDPI AG: 1262. 2883:10.1056/NEJMoa070829 2758:"Cholesterol Levels" 1806:10.1155/2017/1273042 1264:10.1160/TH13-02-0178 1153:Notes and references 664:hypercholesterolemia 486: 466:is LDL cholesterol, 462:is HDL cholesterol, 419: 32:LDL (disambiguation) 5318:Benign hypertension 4278:Remnant cholesterol 4210:particle metabolism 4139:ATP III Update 2004 4128:The Proteolysis Map 4068:2021Natur.593..429M 3702:(35): 25054–25601. 2003:(6 Suppl): II21–7. 1890:. sciencedaily.com. 1618:2008PNAS..10513045Z 1612:(35): 13045–13050. 1472:2011PLoSO...618841K 1210:2011NatSR...1E.139D 1015:Macaca fascicularis 1010:CRISPR gene editing 378:Friedewald equation 107:extracellular fluid 57:that transport all 5232:Pulmonary embolism 5142:Esophageal varices 5080:upper limb / torso 4724:Arteriolosclerosis 3765:10.3390/nu10091262 3288:www.mesa-nhlbi.org 2288:Clinical Chemistry 2269:2012-02-27 at the 1945:Clinical Chemistry 993:insulin resistance 881:mevalonate pathway 802:insulin resistance 513: 446: 254:cholesterol esters 207:lipoprotein lipase 44: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5203:Arteries or veins 5198: 5197: 5023:Venous thrombosis 4990: 4989: 4972:Cherry hemangioma 4872:Aortic dissection 4823: 4822: 4658:Buerger's disease 4577: 4576: 4062:(7859): 429–434. 3594:10.1002/med.20102 3313:(12): 1287–1295. 3238:(15): 1512–1524. 3232:J Am Coll Cardiol 3116:(12): 2942–2944. 2876:(15): 1503–1516. 2720:(12): 1287–1295. 2544:(19): 2061–2068. 1425:(12): 1410–1419. 1350:978-981-4998-07-9 1218:10.1038/srep00139 991:, which increase 985:visceral body fat 885:HMG CoA reductase 877: 876: 797: 796: 655: 654: 289:LDL size patterns 16:(Redirected from 5415: 5380: 5379: 5371: 5274: 5273: 5085:Mondor's disease 5028:Thrombophlebitis 5001: 5000: 4677:Arteriosclerosis 4673: 4672: 4634: 4633: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4290: 4219:particle classes 4197: 4190: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4006:(5): 1325–1338. 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3908:Cleveland Clinic 3900: 3894: 3893: 3883: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3842: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3785: 3767: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3711: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3671: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3485:. 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Haemost 1247: 1243: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1036: 1006: 1001: 966: 935:CETP inhibitors 925: 897: 810: 738:Interpretation 720: 691: 574:Interpretation 539:In the US, the 537: 487: 484: 483: 420: 417: 416: 402: 388:. In 2008, the 371: 359:atherosclerosis 350: 291: 266: 256:in the LDL are 215: 203: 157: 152: 95: 87:atherosclerosis 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:LDL cholesterol 15: 12: 11: 5: 5421: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5385: 5384: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5347: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5282: 5280: 5271: 5269:Blood pressure 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5119:Varicose veins 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5032: 5030: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5009: 5007: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4982:Spider angioma 4979: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4964:Vascular nevus 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4942:Telangiectasia 4939: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4884: 4879: 4877:Aortic rupture 4874: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4842: 4840: 4838:pseudoaneurysm 4825: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4749:Oxycholesterol 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4681: 4679: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4642: 4640: 4631: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4584: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4553: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4461: 4460: 4453: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4391:Extracellular 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4332: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4301: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4254: 4240: 4235: 4224: 4222: 4221:and subclasses 4213: 4212: 4200: 4199: 4192: 4185: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4152:(11): 2142–6. 4141: 4136: 4131: 4119: 4118:External links 4116: 4113: 4112: 4042: 4017: 3986: 3962: 3943: 3919: 3895: 3854: 3797: 3738: 3723: 3682: 3658: 3615: 3572: 3537: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3462:, which cites 3451:Best Buy Drugs 3442:(March 2013), 3412: 3367: 3342: 3293: 3275: 3270:www.google.com 3257: 3221: 3178: 3157:(2): 585–591. 3137: 3096: 3069:(3): 830–835. 3052: 3015:(4): 405–411. 2995: 2940: 2907:Ann Intern Med 2897: 2856: 2835:(20): 1301–7. 2815: 2794: 2770: 2749: 2697: 2639: 2602:(5): 540–548. 2581: 2524: 2457: 2400: 2381:(1): 117–120. 2361: 2342:(7): 499–504. 2326: 2294:(6): 499–502. 2274: 2255: 2224:(4): 599–601. 2204: 2161: 2123: 2096:(4): 439–447. 2073: 2032: 1983: 1928: 1893: 1879: 1850:(5): 247–251. 1830: 1774: 1749: 1700: 1679:(3): e11–e12. 1659: 1592: 1537: 1505: 1446: 1405: 1376:(3): e39–e53. 1356: 1349: 1329: 1308:(9): 1346–67. 1285: 1258:(3): 518–530. 1241: 1184: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1096:Lipoprotein(a) 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 965: 962: 961: 960: 953: 946: 939: 931: 923: 917: 911: 904: 896: 895:Pharmaceutical 893: 875: 874: 871: 868: 864: 863: 860: 857: 853: 852: 849: 846: 842: 841: 838: 835: 831: 830: 827: 824: 820: 819: 809: 806: 795: 794: 791: 788: 784: 783: 780: 777: 773: 772: 769: 766: 762: 761: 758: 755: 751: 750: 747: 744: 740: 739: 736: 733: 719: 718:Optimal ranges 716: 690: 687: 653: 652: 649: 646: 642: 641: 638: 635: 631: 630: 627: 624: 620: 619: 616: 613: 609: 608: 605: 602: 598: 597: 594: 591: 587: 586: 583: 580: 576: 575: 572: 565: 536: 533: 524: 523: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 476: 475: 456: 445: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 401: 398: 370: 367: 349: 346: 315:arterial walls 290: 287: 270:quorum sensing 265: 262: 214: 211: 202: 199: 162:apolipoprotein 156: 153: 151: 148: 94: 91: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5420: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5137:Caput medusae 5135: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4800:Degos disease 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4389: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4193: 4191: 4186: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3933: 3932:www.heart.org 3929: 3923: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3874:(2): 271–84. 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3696:J. Biol. Chem 3693: 3686: 3668: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3588:(3): 417–33. 3587: 3583: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3553:(6): 659–65. 3552: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3520: 3510: 3504: 3489:on 2013-04-01 3488: 3484: 3483:nhlbi.nih.gov 3480: 3477:(June 2005). 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3452: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3402: 3388:on 2016-03-03 3384: 3377: 3371: 3357:on 2014-11-25 3356: 3352: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3194:(4): 305–11. 3193: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110:Diabetes Care 3107: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2913:(7): 520–30. 2912: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2811: 2804: 2798: 2780: 2774: 2759: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2644: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2316:on 2019-09-12 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2278: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2177:(3): 223–31. 2176: 2172: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2128: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2078: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2052:(2): 420–30. 2051: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1973:on 2019-09-12 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1909:(4): 167–73. 1908: 1904: 1897: 1889: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1781: 1779: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1720:(6): 555–66. 1719: 1715: 1711: 1704: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1541: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1509: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1466:(5): e18841. 1465: 1461: 1457: 1450: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1360: 1352: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1292: 1290: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1188: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1158: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1116:Saturated fat 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1101:Lipoprotein-X 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1091:Lipid profile 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1011: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 970:saturated fat 957: 954: 951: 947: 943: 940: 936: 932: 929: 921: 918: 915: 912: 908: 905: 902: 899: 898: 892: 888: 886: 882: 872: 869: 866: 865: 861: 858: 855: 854: 850: 847: 844: 843: 839: 836: 833: 832: 828: 825: 822: 821: 818: 813: 805: 803: 792: 789: 786: 785: 781: 778: 775: 774: 770: 767: 764: 763: 759: 756: 753: 752: 748: 745: 742: 741: 737: 734: 731: 730: 727: 725: 715: 712: 708: 704: 700: 697: 686: 682: 680: 679:fatty streaks 675: 673: 667: 665: 661: 650: 647: 644: 643: 639: 636: 633: 632: 628: 625: 622: 621: 617: 614: 611: 610: 606: 603: 600: 599: 595: 592: 589: 588: 584: 581: 579:25 to <50 578: 577: 573: 570: 566: 564: 560: 556: 555: 552: 550: 546: 542: 535:Normal ranges 532: 528: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 482: 481: 480: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 443: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 425: 422: 415: 414: 413: 411: 406: 397: 395: 391: 387: 386:United States 381: 379: 375: 366: 364: 360: 355: 345: 343: 339: 334: 330: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 286: 284: 281: 277: 276: 271: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 238: 236: 232: 228: 224: 223:LDL receptors 220: 210: 208: 198: 196: 192: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 147: 145: 139: 137: 136:triglycerides 133: 132:phospholipids 129: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 90: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 39: 33: 19: 5408:Lipoproteins 5278:Hypertension 5190:Venous ulcer 5096: 5079: 5047: 5035: 5005:Inflammation 4886: 4845: 4743: 4734:Hyperplastic 4695:Fatty streak 4638:Inflammation 4549:ATP-binding 4256: 4242:delivery of 4227:delivery of 4149: 4145: 4103:. Retrieved 4059: 4055: 4045: 4033:. Retrieved 4029: 4020: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3978:. Retrieved 3974: 3965: 3956: 3946: 3935:. Retrieved 3931: 3922: 3911:. Retrieved 3907: 3898: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3726: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3673:. Retrieved 3661: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3529: 3519: 3491:. Retrieved 3487:the original 3482: 3455:, retrieved 3450: 3390:. Retrieved 3383:the original 3370: 3359:. Retrieved 3355:the original 3345: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3269: 3260: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3012: 3008: 2998: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2809: 2797: 2786:. Retrieved 2773: 2762:. Retrieved 2752: 2717: 2713: 2659: 2655: 2599: 2595: 2584: 2541: 2537: 2527: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2420:(1): 13–19. 2417: 2413: 2403: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2318:. Retrieved 2314:the original 2291: 2287: 2277: 2258: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2139: 2135: 2093: 2089: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2000: 1997:Clin Cardiol 1996: 1986: 1975:. Retrieved 1971:the original 1948: 1944: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1882: 1847: 1844:Clin Cardiol 1843: 1833: 1796: 1790: 1766:. Retrieved 1764:. 2022-07-18 1761: 1752: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1676: 1672: 1662: 1609: 1605: 1595: 1554: 1550: 1540: 1530:, retrieved 1518: 1508: 1463: 1459: 1449: 1422: 1418: 1408: 1373: 1369: 1359: 1339: 1332: 1305: 1301: 1255: 1251: 1244: 1204:(139): 139. 1201: 1197: 1187: 1177:11 September 1175:. Retrieved 1170: 1161: 1131:Triglyceride 1126:Sterol ester 1121:Stanol ester 1086:LDL receptor 1061:Coenzyme Q10 1013: 1007: 1004:Gene editing 978: 967: 956:Phytosterols 950:tocotrienols 928:triglyceride 889: 878: 816: 798: 779:1,600–2,000 768:1,300–1,599 757:1,000–1,299 721: 713: 709: 705: 701: 692: 683: 676: 668: 660:double blind 656: 538: 529: 525: 477: 471: 467: 463: 459: 407: 403: 382: 372: 354:free radical 351: 348:Oxidized LDL 337: 335: 331: 327: 323:intermediate 322: 318: 302: 298: 294: 292: 279: 273: 267: 239: 216: 204: 158: 150:Biochemistry 140: 96: 63:chylomicrons 50: 46: 45: 5343:Hypotension 4887:head / neck 4739:Cholesterol 4629:capillaries 4233:Chylomicron 4217:Lipoprotein 4208:lipoprotein 3953:"Trans Fat" 1951:(1): 15–9. 1370:Circulation 1071:Glutathione 1046:Cholesterol 637:4.1 to 4.9 634:160 to 199 626:3.3 to 4.1 623:130 to 159 615:2.6 to 3.3 612:100 to 129 374:Blood tests 311:endothelium 283:autoinducer 225:as well as 128:cholesterol 55:lipoprotein 5398:Cardiology 5392:Categories 5259:Vasculitis 5249:Thrombosis 5210:Angiopathy 5154:Varicocele 5147:Hemorrhoid 4977:Halo nevus 4833:dissection 4624:arterioles 4130:-animation 3980:2024-02-16 3937:2024-02-16 3913:2024-02-16 3392:2014-11-16 3361:2014-11-16 2788:2009-11-14 2764:2009-11-14 2320:2008-05-05 1977:2009-11-02 1768:2022-08-04 1532:2022-12-26 1519:StatPearls 942:Clofibrate 790:>2,000 746:<1,000 724:MESA trial 258:hydrolysed 201:Physiology 186:esterified 170:amino acid 5013:Phlebitis 4754:Trans fat 4690:Foam cell 4646:Arteritis 4613:(vessels) 4100:234790939 4084:1476-4687 3831:0066-782X 3774:2072-6643 3752:Nutrients 3083:1079-5642 3029:1531-7080 2990:229942314 2974:1873-1740 2960:: 65–74. 2692:232309411 2676:1590-3729 2616:2380-6591 2558:1538-3598 2493:1476-511X 2477:(1): 52. 2452:207193749 2436:0004-5632 1762:HLTH Code 1636:0027-8424 1571:1468-3288 1392:0009-7322 1146:Vitamin E 1141:Vitamin C 1136:Vitamin A 1106:Melatonin 1066:Flavonoid 974:trans fat 964:Lifestyle 914:Ezetimibe 696:Jim Otvos 505:− 499:− 438:− 432:− 426:≈ 319:Pattern I 303:Pattern B 299:pattern B 295:pattern A 280:S. aureus 191:Angstroms 182:linoleate 180:known as 166:Apo B-100 155:Structure 123:angstroms 5227:Embolism 4829:Aneurysm 4766:Stenosis 4700:Atheroma 4651:Aortitis 4620:Arteries 4166:15172426 4092:34012082 4030:Futurism 3890:19091798 3849:29267628 3792:30205492 3718:16831864 3610:20876888 3602:17238156 3567:15529025 3503:cite web 3493:27 March 3457:27 March 3401:cite web 3337:31642874 3266:"Google" 3252:18402913 3208:20531184 3173:24956532 3132:16306559 3091:10712410 3047:32412961 2982:33383060 2935:29849069 2927:17015870 2892:17387127 2744:31642874 2684:33744036 2634:32101259 2576:24240933 2511:20487572 2444:23108766 2395:15939107 2356:14563441 2267:Archived 2250:19141435 2191:16640959 2156:15383655 2110:28412863 2027:10376193 1923:12417832 1874:15971461 1825:28572872 1744:19064256 1695:33655296 1654:18753623 1579:22689516 1527:30137845 1500:21573056 1460:PLOS ONE 1400:31838890 1324:11518754 1280:20566238 1272:24500811 1236:22355656 1198:Sci. 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