Knowledge

Labialization

Source 📝

2372: 1605: 2784: 1935: 2397: 1748: 1630: 2071: 1960: 1856: 2291: 2522: 2096: 1881: 1781: 1549: 2344: 2316: 2121: 1831: 2207: 2022: 1715: 1147: 1090: 2146: 1908: 1688: 1577: 1806: 1369: 2251: 2047: 1215: 1190: 1115: 2179: 1422: 1330: 2705: 2678: 2809: 2736: 2425: 1454: 6971: 7496: 7476: 7447: 7405: 7369: 7340: 7311: 7275: 7233: 7197: 7168: 7139: 7103: 7081: 7045: 7016: 6987: 7528: 6540: 5699: 2373: 1606: 2785: 1936: 2398: 1749: 1631: 2072: 1961: 1857: 2292: 2523: 2097: 1882: 1782: 1550: 2345: 2317: 2122: 1832: 2208: 2023: 1716: 1148: 1091: 2147: 1909: 1689: 1578: 1807: 1370: 2252: 2048: 1216: 1191: 1116: 2180: 1423: 1331: 2706: 2679: 2810: 2737: 2426: 1455: 1040:
rounding has shifted from the vowels to the consonants, producing a wide range of labialized consonants and leaving in some cases only two phonemic vowels. This appears to have been the case in Ubykh and
4041: 4077: 4051: 699:, velar consonants only occur in their labialized forms (except /k/, which occurs in some loanwords). However, uvular consonants occur abundantly labialized and unrounded. 1001:
Labialization also refers to a specific type of assimilatory process where a given sound become labialized due to the influence of neighboring labial sounds. For example,
861:, sounds can be prelabialized. Furthermore, the change is phonemic and all phonemes have prelabialized pairs (though not all of their allophones can have pairs). Compare 4061: 4046: 873:'stand up' . The prelabialization part, however, is usually not considered as being part of the same phoneme as prelabialized sound, but rather as an allophone of 845:
In North America, languages from a number of families have sounds that sound labialized (and vowels that sound rounded) without the participation of the lips. See
981:, without necessarily being labialized. Another possibility is to use the IPA diacritic for rounding, distinguishing for example the labialization in English 4031: 1347:, Adyghe, Akan, Archi, Chaha, Dahalo, Hausa, Okinawan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Hadza, Igala, Igbo, Gwichʼin, Kabardian, Paha, Portuguese, Tigrinya, Ubykh, 950:
If precision is desired, the Abkhaz and Ubykh articulations may be transcribed with the appropriate fricative or trill raised as a diacritic: , , , .
4008: 3998: 749:
as well. Labialization is not restricted to lip-rounding. The following articulations have either been described as labialization or been found as
3993: 3054: 6900: 4946: 4692: 3274: 917:, to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding. These are normally used with vowels but may occur with consonants. For example, in the 4960: 4953: 4699: 3130: 1772: 913:. (Elsewhere this diacritic generally indicates simultaneous labialization and velarization.) There are also diacritics, respectively 5174: 4932: 4678: 3943: 6689: 4967: 4664: 1493: 6862: 6792: 6728: 6651: 4939: 4685: 3192: 546: 1797: 7537: 7072: 6857: 6735: 6632: 6549: 5708: 5469: 5376: 3957: 1045:, for example. The labial vowel sounds usually still remain, but only as allophones next to the now-labial consonant sounds. 6812: 6749: 6554: 5559: 5451: 5358: 4671: 3090: 2363: 7587: 7088: 6905: 6756: 6702: 6658: 6088: 6043: 5546: 5483: 5390: 4841: 4597: 2873: 1646: 1596: 943:
has two additional symbols for degrees of rounding: Spread and open-rounded (as in English). It also has a symbol for
624:
Labialization is the most widespread secondary articulation in the world's languages. It is phonemically contrastive in
7110: 6885: 6670: 6639: 6054: 6006: 5992: 5934: 5920: 5568: 5476: 5383: 3988: 2903: 2888: 2775: 2634: 1926: 1822: 7159: 6834: 6819: 6599: 6068: 5586: 5497: 5458: 5404: 5365: 5122: 3267: 3202: 3023: 2620: 2388: 1739: 7331: 6585: 6061: 5713: 5640: 5577: 5490: 5397: 4904: 4848: 4813: 4604: 4569: 2933: 1661: 1621: 7592: 7396: 7175: 7130: 6695: 6677: 5622: 4890: 4646: 3952: 3524: 3298: 2013: 1951: 1847: 902: 128: 7582: 7347: 7302: 7188: 6605: 6544: 6539: 5971: 5899: 5703: 5698: 5504: 5411: 5057: 5016: 4752: 4419: 3497: 2552: 2282: 7360: 7146: 7007: 6613: 6495: 6355: 6323: 5647: 4911: 4827: 4820: 4583: 4576: 4405: 3492: 3083:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
1033: 820: 625: 295: 7467: 7318: 7204: 6895: 6591: 6486: 6475: 6387: 5999: 5927: 5629: 5087: 4897: 4876: 4799: 4653: 4632: 4555: 4036: 3936: 3504: 3487: 3479: 3260: 2918: 2513: 2038: 1979: 1872: 1540: 1517: 644: 602: 3068: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 990: 974: 970: 958: 933: 929: 914: 910: 874: 778: 774: 770: 716: 674: 71: 53: 7376: 7023: 6978: 6708: 6502: 5985: 5964: 5913: 5656: 5074: 5030: 5023: 4974: 4766: 4759: 4710: 4455: 4426: 4275: 4104: 3519: 3514: 3013: 2858: 2335: 2307: 2112: 664: 7532: 7527: 7438: 7036: 6619: 6516: 6438: 5316: 5209: 5096: 5002: 4918: 4834: 4738: 4590: 4437: 4412: 4391: 3784: 3509: 2227: 2198: 2062: 1706: 613: 582: 539: 17: 7487: 7224: 6994: 6890: 6509: 6429: 6418: 6020: 5978: 5948: 5906: 5280: 4988: 4883: 4806: 4724: 4639: 4562: 4469: 4320: 4291: 3431: 3376: 2965: 2137: 1996: 1899: 1679: 1568: 925: 310: 87: 7454: 7266: 7052: 6567: 6445: 6013: 5941: 5665: 5262: 5236: 5185: 5105: 5037: 4981: 4717: 4497: 4462: 4302: 4282: 4261: 3542: 3361: 3294: 2948: 2649: 566:
feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the
478: 278: 250: 96: 7503: 7416: 7240: 6459: 5855: 5323: 5156: 5147: 5130: 5009: 4925: 4745: 4483: 4444: 4398: 4334: 3929: 3745: 3740: 3651: 2590: 2574: 2538: 2267: 2242: 2087: 1473: 1138: 1081: 944: 648: 448: 360: 210: 185: 175: 103: 473: 7282: 6452: 6216: 6154: 5846: 5835: 5780: 5302: 5287: 5167: 4995: 4731: 4476: 4362: 4327: 4218: 4203: 4187: 3762: 3572: 3371: 3346: 3290: 3115:
Phonetic Transcription and Transliteration: Proposals of the Copenhagen Conference, April 1925.
2824: 2170: 1918: 1891: 1514: 1470: 957:
resurrected an old IPA symbol, , which would be placed above a letter with a descender such as
828: 816: 563: 453: 260: 6278: 6205: 6185: 6143: 6123: 5862: 5759: 5269: 5243: 5218: 5192: 4504: 4348: 4309: 4268: 4198: 4159: 4003: 3351: 3328: 3306: 1392: 1360: 940: 812: 532: 3127: 6741: 6267: 6247: 6225: 6163: 5876: 5815: 5138: 4490: 4341: 4243: 3789: 3752: 3464: 2988: 1293: 1206: 1181: 1106: 1037: 918: 824: 633: 443: 243: 3921: 8: 7542: 6805: 6409: 6296: 6287: 6196: 6134: 5883: 5869: 5787: 5309: 4369: 4223: 4180: 3860: 3730: 3707: 3456: 3409: 3381: 2613: 2190: 839: 782: 403: 215: 123: 6828: 6258: 5824: 5773: 5752: 4511: 4355: 4213: 4193: 4147: 3725: 3558: 3366: 3323: 2762: 2489: 1766: 1725: 1432: 1413: 1241: 846: 742: 692: 660: 637: 508: 483: 468: 365: 285: 7253: 6784: 6179: 6030: 5794: 5721: 5335: 4248: 4228: 4170: 4056: 3847: 3804: 3681: 3646: 3469: 3436: 3404: 3338: 3198: 3086: 3048: 3019: 2696: 2669: 2658: 1733: 1321: 1301: 1289: 1285: 1061: 978: 890: 836: 819:; this derives historically from adjacent rounded vowels, as is also the case of the 681: 656: 503: 493: 329: 230: 7063: 6117: 5808: 5766: 4238: 4208: 4175: 4165: 3872: 3865: 3720: 3676: 3671: 3534: 3446: 3423: 3399: 3356: 3315: 3239: 2974: 2957: 2828: 2766: 2605: 2566: 2502: 2447: 2157: 2005: 1506: 1482: 1042: 858: 832: 808: 738: 734: 696: 670: 356: 885: 7387: 7121: 6578: 6108: 5801: 5230: 4233: 4099: 3837: 3735: 3715: 3656: 3624: 3441: 3184: 3134: 2837: 2800: 2754: 2750: 2715: 2688: 2609: 2601: 2562: 2435: 1698: 1587: 1559: 1383: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1313: 1309: 1273: 1257: 1233: 1229: 1161: 801: 758: 730: 640: 629: 148: 3145:
John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds)
869: 7293: 3809: 3212: 2850: 2846: 2746: 2727: 2719: 2498: 2439: 2416: 1526: 1502: 1405: 1401: 1379: 1340: 1281: 1265: 1261: 1253: 1225: 1173: 1157: 1130: 793: 764: 652: 290: 190: 143: 138: 3244: 3227: 3067:
As a mnemonic, the more-rounded diacritics resemble the rounded vowel ⟨
879: 863: 7576: 6952: 6469: 6311: 5725: 3895: 3855: 3832: 3799: 3188: 2455: 2443: 1297: 1269: 1245: 1169: 1126: 921: 498: 340: 319: 265: 38: 2221:, Kabardian, Lillooet, Tlingit, Wariʼ, Chipewyan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Ubykh 905:, labialization of velar consonants is indicated with a raised w modifier ( 6798: 4520: 3905: 3824: 3814: 3794: 2480: 1445: 1436: 1305: 1165: 797: 746: 685: 598: 586: 375: 300: 255: 133: 83: 7550: 6964: 6947: 6721: 6241: 5045: 4114: 4092: 3910: 3900: 3890: 3777: 3634: 2470: 786: 575: 567: 518: 513: 433: 370: 31: 688:, have contrastive labialized forms for almost all of their consonants. 7429: 6957: 4255: 4109: 3693: 2820: 2758: 2218: 2161: 1237: 438: 399: 323: 168: 7215: 6717: 5958: 5891: 4777: 4533: 4137: 3882: 3688: 3639: 3599: 3594: 3581: 1249: 781:) without noticeable rounding (protrusion) of the lips, found in the 750: 609: 571: 488: 408: 382: 315: 225: 159: 7521: 6852: 6774: 6768: 6533: 5692: 4530: 3616: 3604: 463: 458: 428: 180: 116: 30:"Lip rounding" redirects here. For the lip rounding of vowels, see 3080: 2164:, Kabardian, Oowekyala, Taos, Navajo, Tigrinya, Lillooet, Tlingit 37:
This article is about labial rounding. For internal rounding, see
6625: 5829: 4385: 4087: 3589: 1277: 906: 389: 220: 203: 745:
segments. With non-dorsal consonants, labialization may include
3252: 2600:
widespread; in every above-mentioned language, as well as e.g.
928:
distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either
394: 349: 1386:, Adyghe, Kabardian, Ossetic, Paha, Tlingit, Nez Perce, Ubykh 6928: 4082: 3629: 593:. The "labialization" of bilabial consonants often refers to 3951: 570:
produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to
3109:
but originally a subscript omega that "recalls the letter
27:
Secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages
3041:
Novejše besedje s stališča fonologije Primer slovenščine
643:, among others. This contrast is reconstructed also for 585:. Most other labialized sounds also have simultaneous 5730:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
589:, and the process may then be more precisely called 3225: 3158: 3183: 954: 877:as it changes depending on the environment, e. g. 3232:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 1841:Archi, Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Paha, Aghul, Ubykh 763:Complete bilabial closure, , found in Abkhaz and 7574: 1048: 574:. When vowels involve the lips, they are called 6901:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop 3937: 3268: 3226:Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). 1244:, Taos, Chipewyan, Hadza, Gwichʼin, Tlingit, 540: 2261:Abkhaz, Adyghe, Chipewyan, Kabardian, Ubykh 2189:Abaza, Navajo, Lillooet, Gwichʼin, possibly 753:realizations of prototypical labialization: 725:Out of 706 language inventories surveyed by 612:, labialization may also refer to a type of 597:instead of a secondary articulatory feature 3392: 3085:. Cambridge University Press. p. 190. 3081:International Phonetic Association (1999). 1866:Archi, Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Aghul, Ubykh 3944: 3930: 3275: 3261: 3053:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1615:Archi, Abaza, Adyghe, Paha, Aghul, German 581:The most common labialized consonants are 547: 533: 3999:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) 3243: 3177:An Introduction to Historical Linguistics 831:at all places of articulation except for 729:, labialization occurred most often with 3179:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 961:. However, their chief example is Shona 792:Rounding without velarization, found in 3174: 601:. doesn't mean although refers to a 14: 7575: 4169: 3211: 3038: 3011: 2664: 726: 6926: 6408: 6107: 5823: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4179: 4174: 4164: 4135: 3970: 3925: 3256: 3217:A Guide to the Languages of the World 3007: 3005: 2508: 2411: 827:also has phonemic labialization as a 6937: 6878: 6571: 5781: 5742: 4151: 2364:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative 737:(15%) segments and least often with 6906:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant 5760: 5720:Symbols to the right in a cell are 3194:The Sounds of the World's Languages 3113:" (Jespersen & Pedersen, 1926, 2874:alveolar lateral ejective affricate 1647:voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate 1597:voiceless palato-alveolar affricate 852: 24: 5816: 3989:International Phonetic Association 3043:(in Slovenian), Tromsø, p. 95 3002: 2904:alveolo-palatal ejective affricate 2889:palato-alveolar ejective affricate 2776:palato-alveolar ejective fricative 2635:nasal labialized velar approximant 1927:voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant 1823:voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant 65:Labial(-velar)ized with protrusion 25: 7604: 7502: 7486: 7466: 7453: 7437: 7415: 7395: 7375: 7359: 7346: 7330: 7317: 7301: 7281: 7265: 7252: 7239: 7223: 7203: 7187: 7174: 7158: 7145: 7129: 7109: 7087: 7071: 7051: 7035: 7022: 7006: 6993: 6977: 6833: 6818: 6811: 6791: 6767: 6755: 6748: 6734: 6727: 6701: 6688: 6676: 6669: 6657: 6650: 6638: 6631: 6612: 6598: 6584: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6485: 6474: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6428: 6417: 6386: 6354: 6322: 6295: 6286: 6277: 6266: 6257: 6246: 6224: 6215: 6204: 6195: 6184: 6162: 6153: 6142: 6133: 6122: 6087: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6042: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5845: 5834: 5788: 5664: 5655: 5646: 5639: 5628: 5621: 5585: 5576: 5567: 5558: 5545: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5457: 5450: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5364: 5357: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5286: 5279: 5268: 5261: 5242: 5235: 5217: 5208: 5191: 5184: 5173: 5166: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5121: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5073: 5056: 5036: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4882: 4875: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4519: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4443: 4436: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4308: 4301: 4290: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4244:Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal 3152: 3147:The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences 2621:Voiceless labio-velar approximant 2389:voiceless velar lateral fricative 1740:voiceless velar lateral affricate 7526: 7494: 7474: 7445: 7403: 7367: 7338: 7309: 7273: 7231: 7195: 7166: 7137: 7101: 7079: 7043: 7014: 6985: 6969: 6538: 5774: 5753: 5697: 4042:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols 3282: 3159:Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015 2934:velar lateral ejective affricate 1662:voiced alveolo-palatal affricate 1622:voiced palato-alveolar affricate 1464:Adyghe, Kabardian, Lao, Tlingit 955:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) 896: 757:Labiodental frication, found in 5795: 3953:International Phonetic Alphabet 3299:International Phonetic Alphabet 3168: 3018:. Annual Reviews Incorporated. 2014:voiceless labiodental fricative 1952:voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant 1848:voiced palato-alveolar sibilant 996: 989:. The open rounding of English 903:International Phonetic Alphabet 129:Consonant voicing and devoicing 6886:Nasal labial–velar approximant 5809: 5767: 4136: 4062:IPA chart for English dialects 3971: 3139: 3120: 3099: 3074: 3061: 3032: 2553:labialized palatal approximant 2283:voiceless pharyngeal fricative 1640:Abaza, Aghul, Tsakhur, German 977:but which actually seem to be 13: 1: 5802: 3015:Annual Review of Anthropology 2995: 1049:List of labialized consonants 1034:Northwest Caucasian languages 821:Northwest Caucasian languages 647:, the common ancestor of the 619: 6896:Voiceless bidental fricative 4004:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) 3219:. Stanford University Press. 2919:retroflex ejective affricate 2629:certain dialects of English 2514:alveolar lateral approximant 2039:voiced labiodental fricative 1980:voiceless bilabial fricative 1873:voiceless retroflex sibilant 1541:voiceless alveolar affricate 7: 4105:Phonetic symbols in Unicode 3012:Siegel, Bernard J. (1977). 2982: 2859:alveolar ejective affricate 2336:voiceless glottal fricative 2308:voiced pharyngeal fricative 2113:voiceless palatal fricative 1773:voiceless alveolar sibilant 680:A few languages, including 10: 7609: 7588:Assimilation (linguistics) 6927: 2228:voiceless uvular fricative 2199:voiceless uvular fricative 2063:voiceless dental fricative 1974: 1762: 1707:voiceless uvular affricate 1562:, Archi, Lezgian, Tsakhur 1494:voiceless labio–velar stop 1076: 1073: 953:For simple labialization, 926:voiceless velar fricatives 785:. It may be that they are 659:. It is also found in the 36: 29: 7428: 7386: 7292: 7214: 7120: 7062: 6963: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6935: 6922: 6891:Nasal palatal approximant 6568:Co-articulated consonants 6468: 6413: 6376: 6344: 6309: 6240: 6178: 6116: 6077: 6029: 5957: 5890: 5828: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5749: 5601: 5523: 5430: 5334: 5229: 5129: 5044: 4871: 4775: 4627: 4529: 4384: 4254: 4186: 4158: 4144: 4131: 4070: 4024: 3981: 3977: 3966: 3881: 3846: 3823: 3761: 3706: 3667: 3615: 3580: 3571: 3551: 3533: 3478: 3455: 3422: 3337: 3314: 3305: 3288: 3245:10.1017/S0025100314000395 3117:Oxford University Press). 2966:uvular ejective fricative 2358: 2138:voiceless velar fricative 1997:voiced bilabial fricative 1900:voiced retroflex sibilant 1765: 1680:voiceless velar affricate 1674: 1569:voiced alveolar affricate 1535: 1532: 1488: 1060: 1057: 811:has labialization at all 714: 709: 69: 64: 51: 46: 3105:This is not a subscript 2949:velar ejective fricative 2659:many dialects of English 2650:postalveolar approximant 1816:Archi, Tsakhur, Lezgian 1798:voiced alveolar sibilant 1518:voiced labial–velar stop 702: 603:labial–velar approximant 479:Compensatory lengthening 251:Compensatory lengthening 5740:Non-pulmonic consonants 4872:Non-sibilant fricative 4628:Non-sibilant affricate 3994:History of the alphabet 3175:Crowley, Terry (1997). 2897:Abaza, Archi, Khwarshi 2591:labio-velar approximant 2575:Labio-velar approximant 2539:labiodental approximant 2354:Akan, Tlingit, Tsakhur 2268:voiced uvular fricative 2243:voiced uvular fricative 2217:Abkhaz, Adyghe, Archi, 2088:voiced dental fricative 1474:voiced bilabial plosive 1139:voiceless alveolar stop 1082:voiceless bilabial stop 817:manners of articulation 649:Indo-European languages 104:Quantitative metathesis 7593:Secondary articulation 4052:Sinological extensions 3291:Articulatory phonetics 3039:Jurgec, Peter (2007), 2819:Abaza, Abkhaz, Archi, 2171:voiced velar fricative 1021:in the environment of 1009:in the environment of 969:which they transcribe 884: 878: 868: 862: 829:secondary articulation 564:secondary articulatory 7583:Labialized consonants 3465:Pharyngeal/epiglottal 3197:. Oxford: Blackwell. 3133:May 16, 2008, at the 2927:allophonic in Adyghe 2236:Abkhaz, Archi, Ubykh 1393:voiceless uvular stop 1361:voiceless uvular stop 1200:Archi, Abkhaz, Ubykh 993:is also unvelarized. 941:extensions to the IPA 651:; and it survives in 5524:Lateral approximant 3790:Labio-palatalization 2989:Labio-palatalization 2479:Akan, Avestan, Lao, 1791:Archi, Lao, Lezgian 1670:Abkhaz, Akan, Ubykh 1655:Abkhaz, Akan, Ubykh 1248:, Nez Perce, Archi, 1207:voiceless velar stop 1182:voiced alveolar stop 1107:voiced bilabial stop 1038:Australian languages 677:to various degrees. 244:Transphonologization 4148:Pulmonic consonants 3480:Double articulation 2836:lab pharyngealized 2643:Polish, Portuguese 2359:Lateral fricatives 2266:lab pharyngealized 2226:lab pharyngealized 2191:Proto-Indo-European 1391:lab pharyngealized 1054: 919:Athabaskan language 783:Iroquoian languages 645:Proto-Indo-European 626:Northwest Caucasian 124:Consonant gradation 6078:Lateral fricative 5724:, to the left are 5431:Lateral fricative 4219:Post­alveolar 4204:Linguo­labial 4047:Naming conventions 4010:Journal of the IPA 2490:labial-velar nasal 2331:Pseudo-fricatives 1414:voiced uvular stop 1053: 979:whistled sibilants 893:for more details. 889:'summarize' . See 847:Tillamook language 693:Salishan languages 591:labio-velarization 509:Consonant mutation 484:Monophthongization 366:Consonant mutation 7570: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7513: 7512: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6871: 6870: 6696:Uvular–epiglottal 6563: 6562: 6525: 6524: 5736: 5735: 5684: 5683: 5602:Lateral tap/flap 4199:Labio­dental 4127: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4057:World Orthography 3919: 3918: 3805:Pharyngealization 3702: 3701: 3567: 3566: 3525:Uvular–epiglottal 3418: 3417: 2980: 2979: 2697:alveolar ejective 2670:bilabial ejective 1322:voiced velar stop 891:Slovene phonology 833:labial consonants 769:"Labialization" ( 723: 722: 657:Romance languages 641:language families 583:labialized velars 557: 556: 504:Shm-reduplication 494:Rhinoglottophilia 330:Consonant harmony 231:Cluster reduction 78: 77: 60: 59: 16:(Redirected from 7600: 7554: 7530: 7507: 7506: 7498: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7478: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7458: 7457: 7449: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7420: 7419: 7407: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7380: 7379: 7371: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7351: 7350: 7342: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7322: 7321: 7313: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7286: 7285: 7277: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7257: 7256: 7244: 7243: 7235: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7208: 7207: 7199: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7179: 7178: 7170: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7150: 7149: 7141: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7114: 7113: 7105: 7104: 7092: 7091: 7083: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7056: 7055: 7047: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7027: 7026: 7018: 7017: 7011: 7010: 6998: 6997: 6989: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6973: 6972: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6924: 6923: 6876: 6875: 6837: 6822: 6815: 6795: 6771: 6759: 6752: 6738: 6731: 6705: 6692: 6680: 6673: 6664:Labial–retroflex 6661: 6654: 6642: 6635: 6616: 6606:Labial–retroflex 6602: 6588: 6572: 6542: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6489: 6478: 6462: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6432: 6421: 6392: 6360: 6328: 6299: 6292: 6283: 6272: 6263: 6252: 6230: 6221: 6210: 6201: 6190: 6168: 6159: 6148: 6139: 6128: 6114:bottom: uvular) 6091: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6046: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5849: 5838: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5731: 5701: 5668: 5659: 5650: 5643: 5632: 5625: 5589: 5580: 5571: 5562: 5549: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5461: 5454: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5368: 5361: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5290: 5283: 5272: 5265: 5246: 5239: 5221: 5212: 5195: 5188: 5177: 5170: 5159: 5150: 5141: 5125: 5108: 5099: 5090: 5077: 5060: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4558: 4523: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4447: 4440: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4312: 4305: 4294: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4133: 4132: 3979: 3978: 3968: 3967: 3961: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3873:Voice onset time 3578: 3577: 3498:Labial–retroflex 3390: 3389: 3312: 3311: 3277: 3270: 3263: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3247: 3220: 3208: 3185:Ladefoged, Peter 3180: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3137: 3124: 3118: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3092:978-0-52163751-0 3078: 3072: 3070: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3052: 3044: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3009: 2867:Archi, Khwarshi 2815: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2326:Abaza, Lillooet 2322: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2025: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1055: 1052: 1043:Eastern Arrernte 1036:as well as some 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 992: 976: 972: 960: 935: 931: 916: 912: 876: 853:Prelabialization 849:for an example. 809:Eastern Arrernte 780: 776: 772: 719: 718: 707: 706: 676: 671:American English 549: 542: 535: 80: 79: 74: 73: 62: 61: 56: 55: 44: 43: 21: 7608: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7562: 7552: 7551:unrounded  7547: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7485: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7472: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7436: 7422: 7421: 7414: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7394: 7382: 7381: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7358: 7353: 7352: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7329: 7324: 7323: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7300: 7288: 7287: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7251: 7246: 7245: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7222: 7210: 7209: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7128: 7116: 7115: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7094: 7093: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7070: 7058: 7057: 7050: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7034: 7029: 7028: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6992: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6976: 6970: 6931: 6910: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6840:Labial–alveolar 6838: 6831: 6826: 6823: 6816: 6808: 6803: 6802: 6796: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6772: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6753: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6732: 6724: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6698: 6693: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6674: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6655: 6647: 6646: 6645:Labial–alveolar 6643: 6636: 6628: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6595: 6594: 6592:Labial–alveolar 6589: 6581: 6564: 6559: 6389: 6357: 6345:Voiced lateral 6325: 6300: 6289: 6280: 6269: 6260: 6249: 6227: 6218: 6207: 6198: 6187: 6165: 6156: 6145: 6136: 6125: 6113: 6111: 5729: 5718: 4224:Retro­flex 4140: 4119: 4078:ASCII encodings 4066: 4020: 3973: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3920: 3915: 3877: 3842: 3819: 3764: 3757: 3698: 3663: 3611: 3563: 3547: 3529: 3493:Labial–alveolar 3474: 3451: 3432:Alveolo-palatal 3414: 3388: 3377:Palato-alveolar 3333: 3301: 3295:Co-articulation 3284: 3281: 3213:Ruhlen, Merritt 3205: 3171: 3166: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3135:Wayback Machine 3125: 3121: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3079: 3075: 3066: 3062: 3046: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2985: 2971: 2954: 2939: 2924: 2909: 2894: 2879: 2864: 2843: 2838:uvular ejective 2816: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2801:uvular ejective 2791: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2755:Bearlake Slavey 2743: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2712: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2685: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2655: 2640: 2626: 2597: 2581: 2558: 2544: 2529: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2495: 2476: 2461: 2432: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2404: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2379: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2351: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2323: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2298: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2273: 2258: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2233: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2186: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2156:Abaza, Adyghe, 2153: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2128: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2103: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2078: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2054: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2029: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2002: 1985: 1967: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1942: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1915: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1888: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1863: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1838: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1813: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1788: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1755: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1722: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1667: 1652: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1612: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1584: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1556: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1523: 1499: 1479: 1461: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1429: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1398: 1376: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1337: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1310:Bearlake Slavey 1222: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1197: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1154: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1122: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1097: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1051: 999: 945:labiodentalized 909:U+02B7), as in 899: 855: 715: 710:Open-labialized 705: 622: 553: 524: 523: 424: 416: 415: 414: 413: 385: 352: 335: 334: 311:Final devoicing 281: 271: 270: 246: 236: 235: 206: 196: 195: 171: 154: 153: 149:Debuccalization 119: 109: 108: 99: 70: 52: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7606: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7500: 7493: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7473: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7451: 7444: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7402: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7373: 7366: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7344: 7337: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7315: 7308: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7279: 7272: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7237: 7230: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7201: 7194: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7172: 7165: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7143: 7136: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7107: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7085: 7078: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7049: 7042: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7020: 7013: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6991: 6984: 6975: 6974: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6839: 6832: 6827: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6789: 6783: 6773: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6746: 6742:Labial–palatal 6740: 6733: 6726: 6725: 6716: 6715: 6707: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6618: 6611: 6610: 6604: 6597: 6596: 6590: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6490: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6433: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6415: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6377:Nasal lateral 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6293: 6284: 6275: 6273: 6264: 6255: 6253: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6222: 6213: 6211: 6202: 6193: 6191: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6160: 6151: 6149: 6140: 6131: 6129: 6120: 6115: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6017: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5850: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5662: 5660: 5653: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5583: 5581: 5574: 5572: 5565: 5563: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5215: 5213: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5153: 5151: 5144: 5142: 5135: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5102: 5100: 5093: 5091: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4517: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4288: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4194:Bi­labial 4191: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4025:Special topics 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3985: 3983: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3963: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3887: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3852: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3810:Glottalization 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3785:Palatalization 3782: 3781: 3780: 3769: 3767: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3712: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3543:Velopharyngeal 3539: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3505:Labial–palatal 3502: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3488:Labial–coronal 3484: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3396: 3394: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3369: 3364: 3362:Denti-alveolar 3359: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3238:(2): 221–228. 3222: 3221: 3209: 3203: 3189:Maddieson, Ian 3181: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3151: 3138: 3119: 3098: 3091: 3073: 3060: 3031: 3024: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2914: 2913: 2912:Abkhaz, Ubykh 2910: 2908: 2906: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2854: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2833: 2832: 2817: 2805: 2803: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2780: 2778: 2771: 2770: 2744: 2732: 2730: 2728:velar ejective 2723: 2722: 2713: 2701: 2699: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2674: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2571: 2570: 2561:Abkhaz, Akan, 2559: 2557: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2518: 2516: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2485: 2484: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2451: 2450: 2433: 2421: 2419: 2417:bilabial nasal 2413: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2393: 2391: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2368: 2366: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2340: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2312: 2310: 2303: 2302: 2301:Abaza, Abkhaz 2299: 2287: 2285: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2247: 2245: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2203: 2201: 2194: 2193: 2187: 2175: 2173: 2166: 2165: 2154: 2142: 2140: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2117: 2115: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2092: 2090: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2067: 2065: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2043: 2041: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2018: 2016: 2009: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1970:Abkhaz, Ubykh 1968: 1956: 1954: 1947: 1946: 1945:Abkhaz, Ubykh 1943: 1931: 1929: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1904: 1902: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1877: 1875: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1852: 1850: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1827: 1825: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1802: 1800: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1777: 1775: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1744: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1711: 1709: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1684: 1682: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1626: 1624: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1601: 1599: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1573: 1571: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1545: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1510: 1509: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1450: 1448: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1418: 1416: 1409: 1408: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1388: 1387: 1377: 1365: 1363: 1356: 1355: 1338: 1326: 1324: 1317: 1316: 1223: 1211: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1186: 1184: 1177: 1176: 1155: 1143: 1141: 1134: 1133: 1123: 1111: 1109: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1086: 1084: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1059: 1050: 1047: 998: 995: 934:/x/,/x̜ʷ/,/xʷ/ 898: 895: 854: 851: 806: 805: 790: 767: 761: 721: 720: 712: 711: 704: 701: 621: 618: 555: 554: 552: 551: 544: 537: 529: 526: 525: 522: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 412: 411: 406: 397: 392: 386: 381: 380: 379: 378: 373: 368: 363: 353: 348: 347: 344: 343: 337: 336: 333: 332: 327: 313: 308: 303: 298: 296:Palatalization 293: 291:Coarticulation 288: 282: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 247: 242: 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 207: 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 191:Vowel breaking 188: 183: 178: 172: 167: 166: 163: 162: 156: 155: 152: 151: 146: 144:L-vocalization 141: 139:Spirantization 136: 131: 126: 120: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 106: 100: 95: 94: 91: 90: 76: 75: 67: 66: 58: 57: 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7605: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7557: 7556: 7555: rounded 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7505: 7489: 7482: 7469: 7462: 7456: 7440: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7418: 7411: 7398: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7362: 7355: 7349: 7333: 7326: 7320: 7304: 7297: 7295: 7291: 7284: 7268: 7261: 7255: 7248: 7242: 7226: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7190: 7183: 7177: 7161: 7154: 7148: 7132: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7098: 7096: 7090: 7074: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7038: 7031: 7025: 7009: 7002: 6996: 6980: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6836: 6830: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6794: 6786: 6779: 6777: 6770: 6758: 6751: 6743: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6719: 6710: 6709:Labial–uvular 6704: 6697: 6691: 6679: 6672: 6660: 6653: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6607: 6601: 6593: 6587: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6265: 6262: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6203: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6141: 6138: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4037:Case variants 4035: 4033: 4032:Cursive forms 4030: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3954: 3947: 3942: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3800:Uvularization 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3773:Labialization 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3520:Coronal–velar 3518: 3516: 3515:Labial–uvular 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3204:0-631-19815-6 3200: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3160: 3155: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3064: 3056: 3050: 3042: 3035: 3027: 3025:9780824319069 3021: 3017: 3016: 3008: 3006: 3001: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2757:, Chipewyan, 2756: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2707: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2509:Approximants 2507: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2457: 2456:palatal nasal 2453: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2276:Archi, Ubykh 2275: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2049: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2032:Hadza, Chaha 2031: 2024: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1975:non-sibilant 1973: 1969: 1962: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1717: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1690: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1675:non-sibilant 1673: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1632: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1607: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1579: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1489:Labial–velar 1487: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1332: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1217: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1192: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1125:Chaha, Paha, 1124: 1117: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1092: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1056: 1046: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1030: 994: 988: 984: 980: 968: 964: 956: 951: 948: 946: 942: 937: 930:/x/,/x̹/,/xʷ/ 927: 923: 920: 908: 904: 897:Transcription 894: 892: 888: 887: 882: 881: 872: 871: 867:'stand' and 866: 865: 860: 850: 848: 843: 841: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 803: 799: 795: 791: 788: 784: 768: 766: 762: 760: 756: 755: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:Ruhlen (1976) 713: 708: 700: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 678: 675:/r,ʃ,ʒ,tʃ,dʒ/ 672: 668: 666: 665:Ethio-Semitic 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 639: 635: 631: 627: 617: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 560:Labialization 550: 545: 543: 538: 536: 531: 530: 528: 527: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 499:Sulcalization 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 426: 420: 419: 410: 407: 405: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 384: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 358: 355: 354: 351: 346: 345: 342: 341:Dissimilation 339: 338: 331: 328: 325: 321: 320:vowel harmony 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 306:Labialization 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 280: 275: 274: 267: 266:Floating tone 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 248: 245: 240: 239: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 205: 200: 199: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 170: 165: 164: 161: 158: 157: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 118: 113: 112: 105: 102: 101: 98: 93: 92: 89: 85: 82: 81: 68: 63: 50: 45: 40: 39:sulcalization 33: 19: 7548: 6825:Labial–velar 6775: 6762:Labial–velar 6683:Labial–velar 6620:Labial–velar 6566: 6112:(top: velar; 5739: 5719: 4146: 4013: 4009: 3825:Tongue shape 3815:Nasalization 3795:Velarization 3772: 3765:articulation 3535:Pathological 3510:Labial–velar 3393:Active place 3372:Postalveolar 3347:Linguolabial 3283:Articulation 3235: 3231: 3216: 3193: 3176: 3169:Bibliography 3154: 3146: 3141: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3082: 3076: 3063: 3040: 3034: 3014: 2584:in Japanese 1515:prenasalized 1471:prenasalized 1446:glottal stop 1100:Chaha, Paha 1031: 1000: 997:Assimilation 986: 982: 966: 962: 952: 949: 938: 900: 883:'take' and 856: 844: 807: 798:Bzyb dialect 747:velarization 724: 690: 679: 669: 623: 614:assimilation 607: 599:velarization 594: 590: 587:velarization 580: 559: 558: 376:Vowel hiatus 305: 301:Velarization 279:Assimilation 256:Nasalization 134:Assibilation 84:Sound change 6787:approximant 6722:approximant 5046:Approximant 4115:IPA Braille 4093:Kirshenbaum 3635:Approximant 3352:Interdental 3329:Labiodental 2765:, Ossetic, 2471:velar nasal 1763:Fricatives 1728:, Lillooet 1533:Affricates 1017:may become 1005:may become 825:Marshallese 796:and in the 673:labializes 667:languages. 568:oral cavity 519:Chain shift 514:Vowel shift 434:Affrication 423:Other types 371:Tone sandhi 261:Tonogenesis 88:alternation 32:Roundedness 7577:Categories 7538:full chart 7064:Near-close 6858:full chart 6780:(variable) 6550:full chart 6033:affricate 5709:full chart 5338:affricate 4138:Consonants 4110:IPA number 3972:IPA topics 3763:Secondary 3753:Percussive 3721:Ingressive 3694:Continuant 2996:References 2821:Halkomelem 2759:Halkomelem 2749:, Abkhaz, 2718:, Adyghe, 2668:protruded 2665:Ejectives 2614:Vietnamese 2589:Protruded 2488:protruded 2415:protruded 2219:Halkomelem 2162:Halkomelem 1995:protruded 1978:protruded 1513:protruded 1492:protruded 1439:, Tsakhur 1294:Portuguese 1238:Halkomelem 1105:protruded 1080:protruded 1069:Languages 947:sounds, . 840:obstruents 787:compressed 751:allophonic 733:(42%) and 695:, such as 634:Athabaskan 620:Occurrence 595:protrusion 572:consonants 439:Gemination 400:Synaeresis 169:Epenthesis 97:Metathesis 47:Labialized 18:Labialized 7388:Near-open 7122:Close-mid 6806:Implosive 6799:Velarized 6718:Fricative 6470:Voiceless 6410:Implosive 5959:Fricative 5892:Affricate 5726:voiceless 4778:fricative 4776:Sibilant 4534:affricate 4181:Laryngeal 4071:Encodings 3883:Phonation 3861:Aspirated 3856:Voiceless 3731:Implosive 3716:Egressive 3708:Airstream 3689:Occlusive 3640:Semivowel 3600:Fricative 3595:Affricate 3582:Obstruent 3457:Laryngeal 3410:Subapical 3382:Retroflex 3228:"Russian" 3149:, 2nd ed. 3071:⟩. 2882:Khwarshi 2763:Kabardian 2753:, Archi, 2593:(voiced) 2577:(voiced) 2160:, Chaha, 1988:Okinawan 1726:Kabardian 1590:, Dahalo 1536:sibilant 1437:Kwak'wala 1433:Oowekyala 1308:, Ubykh, 1252:, Wariʼ, 1250:Cantonese 1242:Kabardian 655:and some 616:process. 610:phonology 489:Rhotacism 409:Synizesis 404:diaeresis 383:Synalepha 361:linking R 316:Metaphony 226:Haplology 211:Apheresis 186:Unpacking 176:Prothesis 160:Fortition 7549:Legend: 7543:template 7522:IPA help 7294:Open-mid 6863:template 6853:IPA help 6829:Ejective 6801:alveolar 6555:template 6534:IPA help 5825:Ejective 5714:template 5693:IPA help 5131:Tap/flap 4531:Sibilant 4214:Alveolar 3778:Rounding 3746:Ejective 3741:Pulmonic 3726:Ejective 3652:Tap/flap 3617:Sonorant 3605:Sibilant 3559:Bidental 3367:Alveolar 3324:Bilabial 3215:(1976). 3191:(1996). 3131:Archived 3049:citation 2983:See also 2831:, Ubykh 2769:, Ubykh 2567:Mandarin 2547:Russian 2483:, Igala 1767:sibilant 1302:Tigrinya 1292:, Paha, 1286:Okinawan 743:alveolar 691:In many 682:Arrernte 661:Cushitic 638:Salishan 464:Iotacism 459:Betacism 449:Fronting 444:Clipping 429:Apophony 181:Paragoge 117:Lenition 7553:• 6953:Central 6785:Lateral 6626:Plosive 6414:Voiced 6312:lateral 6310:Tenuis 6301:  6031:Lateral 5336:Lateral 4386:Plosive 4249:Glottal 4229:Palatal 4171:Coronal 4088:X-SAMPA 3896:Breathy 3682:Lateral 3647:Vibrant 3590:Plosive 3470:Glottal 3437:Palatal 3405:Laminal 3339:Coronal 2975:Tlingit 2958:Tlingit 2829:Tlingit 2825:Hakuchi 2794:Adyghe 2767:Tlingit 2606:English 2569:, Paha 2503:Mwotlap 2448:Tamambo 2412:Nasals 2382:Dahalo 2158:Avestan 2006:Tamambo 1919:Bzhedug 1892:Bzhedug 1734:lateral 1507:Mwotlap 1483:Tamambo 1290:Ossetic 1278:Nahuatl 1272:, Lao, 1032:In the 907:Unicode 901:In the 886:povzeti 859:Slovene 837:coronal 697:Klallam 576:rounded 454:Raising 390:Elision 357:Liaison 221:Apocope 216:Syncope 204:Elision 7531:  6929:Vowels 6778:-sound 6543:  6180:Voiced 6118:Tenuis 5722:voiced 5702:  4693:t̠ɹ̠̊˔ 4239:Uvular 4209:Dental 4188:Manner 4176:Dorsal 4166:Labial 3906:Creaky 3866:Tenuis 3833:Sulcal 3677:Rhotic 3672:Liquid 3573:Manner 3447:Uvular 3424:Dorsal 3400:Apical 3357:Dental 3316:Labial 3201:  3089:  3022:  2942:Archi 2751:Adyghe 2716:Abkhaz 2689:Adyghe 2610:Korean 2602:Arabic 2563:French 2436:Adyghe 2407:Archi 1758:Archi 1699:Navajo 1588:Adyghe 1560:Adyghe 1384:Abkhaz 1353:Yoruba 1349:Breton 1345:Abkhaz 1314:Breton 1258:Dahalo 1234:Adyghe 1230:Abkhaz 1162:Abkhaz 1077:plain 1074:Stops 870:vstati 813:places 802:Abkhaz 777:, and 759:Abkhaz 739:dental 735:uvular 636:, and 630:Adyghe 628:(e.g. 474:Merger 469:Fusion 395:Crasis 350:Sandhi 324:umlaut 286:Fusion 7533:audio 6965:Close 6948:Front 6879:Other 6813:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ 6579:Nasal 6545:audio 6242:Nasal 6109:Click 5704:audio 5231:Trill 4700:d̠ɹ̠˔ 4256:Nasal 4234:Velar 4160:Place 4083:SAMPA 3958:chart 3911:Stiff 3901:Slack 3891:Modal 3848:Voice 3838:Domed 3736:Click 3657:Trill 3630:Vowel 3625:Nasal 3552:Other 3442:Velar 3307:Place 3161::223) 2851:Ubykh 2847:Archi 2747:Abaza 2720:Ubykh 2499:Dorig 2464:Akan 2440:Chaha 2131:Akan 2106:Paha 2081:Paha 1527:Volow 1503:Dorig 1406:Ubykh 1402:Archi 1380:Abaza 1341:Abaza 1282:Nawat 1274:Latin 1266:Igala 1262:Hausa 1254:Chaha 1226:Abaza 1174:Ubykh 1158:Archi 1131:Yaqui 1062:Phone 1058:type 1013:, or 987:swoon 985:and 880:vzeti 864:stati 794:Shona 765:Ubykh 731:velar 703:Types 653:Latin 562:is a 7430:Open 6958:Back 6835:t͡pʼ 6069:q𝼄ʼ 6062:k𝼄ʼ 6055:c𝼆ʼ 5921:t̠ʃʼ 5907:t̪θʼ 5900:p̪fʼ 5830:Stop 5281:ɽ̊r̥ 4947:ɹ̠̊˔ 4679:tɹ̝̊ 4100:TIPA 4014:JIPA 3199:ISBN 3126:See 3087:ISBN 3055:link 3020:ISBN 2991:(◌ᶣ) 2964:lab 2947:lab 2932:lab 2917:lab 2902:lab 2887:lab 2872:lab 2857:lab 2799:lab 2774:lab 2726:lab 2695:lab 2648:lab 2537:lab 2532:Lao 2512:lab 2469:lab 2454:lab 2444:Paha 2387:lab 2362:lab 2334:lab 2306:lab 2281:lab 2241:lab 2197:lab 2169:lab 2136:lab 2111:lab 2086:lab 2061:lab 2037:lab 2012:lab 1950:lab 1925:lab 1898:lab 1871:lab 1846:lab 1821:lab 1796:lab 1771:lab 1738:lab 1705:lab 1678:lab 1660:lab 1645:lab 1620:lab 1595:lab 1567:lab 1539:lab 1469:lab 1444:lab 1412:lab 1359:lab 1320:lab 1298:Thai 1270:Igbo 1246:Akan 1205:lab 1180:lab 1170:Paha 1137:lab 1127:Mayo 1066:IPA 1027:/kʷ/ 1007:/kʷ/ 983:soon 975:/z̫/ 973:and 971:/s̫/ 965:and 939:The 922:Hupa 911:/kʷ/ 835:and 815:and 779:/kʷ/ 775:/ɡʷ/ 741:and 684:and 663:and 402:and 86:and 7216:Mid 6820:ɠ͡ɓ 6703:q͡p 6690:q͡ʡ 6678:ɡ͡b 6671:k͡p 6659:ɖ͡b 6652:ʈ͡p 6640:d͡b 6633:t͡p 6614:ŋ͡m 6600:ɳ͡m 6586:n͡m 6281:ɴ𝼊 6279:ŋ𝼊 6219:ɢ𝼊 6217:ɡ𝼊 6157:q𝼊 6155:k𝼊 6044:tɬʼ 5949:qχʼ 5942:kxʼ 5935:tɕʼ 5928:tʂʼ 5914:tsʼ 5641:𝼈̥ 5412:ɡʟ̝ 5405:k𝼄 5398:ɟʎ̝ 5391:c𝼆 5384:d𝼅 4961:ɻ̊˔ 4954:ɹ̠˔ 4686:dɹ̝ 4672:d̪ð 4665:t̪θ 4654:b̪v 4647:p̪f 4577:d̠ʒ 4570:t̠ʃ 3982:IPA 3240:doi 2481:Hiw 1306:Hiw 1166:Lao 1025:or 1023:/p/ 1019:/o/ 1015:/a/ 1011:/o/ 1003:/k/ 991:/ʃ/ 967:zv, 932:or 875:/ʋ/ 857:In 800:of 771:/w/ 686:Mba 632:), 608:In 605:. 7579:: 7283:o̞ 7267:ɤ̞ 7241:ø̞ 7225:e̞ 6776:Sj 6729:ɥ̊ 6517:ʛ̥ 6510:ɠ̊ 6503:ʄ̊ 6496:ᶑ̊ 6487:ɗ̥ 6476:ɓ̥ 6390:ɴǁ 6388:ŋǁ 6358:ɢǁ 6356:ɡǁ 6326:qǁ 6324:kǁ 6290:ɴǂ 6288:ŋǂ 6270:ɴǃ 6268:ŋǃ 6261:ɴǀ 6259:ŋǀ 6250:ɴʘ 6248:ŋʘ 6228:ɢǂ 6226:ɡǂ 6208:ɢǃ 6206:ɡǃ 6199:ɢǀ 6197:ɡǀ 6188:ɢʘ 6186:ɡʘ 6166:qǂ 6164:kǂ 6146:qǃ 6144:kǃ 6137:qǀ 6135:kǀ 6126:qʘ 6124:kʘ 6089:ɬʼ 6021:χʼ 6014:xʼ 6007:ɕʼ 6000:ʂʼ 5993:ʃʼ 5986:sʼ 5979:θʼ 5972:fʼ 5965:ɸʼ 5884:ʡʼ 5877:qʼ 5870:kʼ 5863:cʼ 5856:ʈʼ 5847:tʼ 5836:pʼ 5817:EG 5789:RF 5782:PA 5761:LD 5754:BL 5728:. 5666:ʟ̆ 5657:ʎ̆ 5648:𝼈 5623:ɺ̥ 5587:ʟ̠ 5505:ʟ̝ 5498:𝼄 5491:ʎ̝ 5484:𝼆 5477:𝼅 5377:tꞎ 5366:dɮ 5359:tɬ 5303:ʀ̥ 5288:ɽr 5263:r̥ 5237:ʙ̥ 5219:ʡ̆ 5210:ɢ̆ 5186:ɽ̊ 5168:ɾ̥ 5157:ɾ̼ 5139:ⱱ̟ 5123:ʔ̞ 4968:ɻ˔ 4940:ð̠ 4933:θ̠ 4912:ð̼ 4905:θ̼ 4767:ʔh 4760:ʡʢ 4753:ʡʜ 4746:ɢʁ 4739:qχ 4732:ɡɣ 4725:kx 4718:ɟʝ 4711:cç 4640:bβ 4633:pɸ 4605:dʑ 4598:tɕ 4591:dʐ 4584:tʂ 4563:dz 4556:ts 4427:d̼ 4420:t̼ 4413:b̪ 4406:p̪ 4363:ɴ̥ 4349:ŋ̊ 4335:ɲ̊ 4321:ɳ̊ 4303:n̥ 4292:n̼ 4276:ɱ̊ 4262:m̥ 4190:↓ 4162:→ 3297:– 3293:– 3236:45 3234:. 3230:. 3187:; 3129:. 3051:}} 3047:{{ 3004:^ 2849:, 2827:, 2823:, 2761:, 2612:, 2608:, 2604:, 2565:, 2501:, 2446:, 2442:, 2438:, 1505:, 1435:, 1404:, 1382:, 1351:, 1343:, 1312:, 1304:, 1300:, 1296:, 1288:, 1284:, 1280:, 1276:, 1268:, 1264:, 1260:, 1256:, 1240:, 1236:, 1232:, 1228:, 1172:, 1168:, 1164:, 1160:, 1129:, 1029:. 963:sv 936:. 924:, 842:. 823:. 773:, 717:◌ꟹ 578:. 359:, 322:, 72:◌ʷ 54:◌ᵝ 7504:ɒ 7488:ɑ 7468:ä 7455:ɶ 7439:a 7417:ɐ 7397:æ 7377:ɔ 7361:ʌ 7348:ɞ 7332:ɜ 7319:œ 7303:ɛ 7254:ə 7205:o 7189:ɤ 7176:ɵ 7160:ɘ 7147:ø 7131:e 7111:ʊ 7089:ʏ 7073:ɪ 7053:u 7037:ɯ 7024:ʉ 7008:ɨ 6995:y 6979:i 6793:ɫ 6769:ɧ 6757:w 6750:ʍ 6736:ɥ 6720:/ 6460:ʛ 6453:ɠ 6446:ʄ 6439:ᶑ 6430:ɗ 6419:ɓ 6297:ʞ 5810:U 5803:V 5796:P 5775:A 5768:D 5630:ɺ 5578:ʟ 5569:ʎ 5560:ɭ 5547:l 5470:ꞎ 5459:ɮ 5452:ɬ 5324:ʢ 5317:ʜ 5310:ʀ 5270:r 5244:ʙ 5193:ɽ 5175:ɾ 5148:ⱱ 5106:ɰ 5097:j 5088:ɻ 5075:ɹ 5058:ʋ 5038:ɦ 5031:h 5024:ʕ 5017:ħ 5010:ʁ 5003:χ 4996:ɣ 4989:x 4982:ʝ 4975:ç 4926:ð 4919:θ 4898:v 4891:f 4884:β 4877:ɸ 4849:ʑ 4842:ɕ 4835:ʐ 4828:ʂ 4821:ʒ 4814:ʃ 4807:z 4800:s 4521:ʔ 4512:ʡ 4505:ɢ 4498:q 4491:ɡ 4484:k 4477:ɟ 4470:c 4463:ɖ 4456:ʈ 4445:d 4438:t 4399:b 4392:p 4370:ɴ 4356:ŋ 4342:ɲ 4328:ɳ 4310:n 4283:ɱ 4269:m 4016:) 4012:( 3960:) 3956:( 3945:e 3938:t 3931:v 3276:e 3269:t 3262:v 3248:. 3242:: 3207:. 3111:w 3107:w 3095:. 3069:ɔ 3057:) 3028:. 959:ɡ 915:, 804:. 789:. 548:e 541:t 534:v 326:) 318:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Index

Labialized
Roundedness
sulcalization
Sound change
alternation
Metathesis
Quantitative metathesis
Lenition
Consonant gradation
Consonant voicing and devoicing
Assibilation
Spirantization
L-vocalization
Debuccalization
Fortition
Epenthesis
Prothesis
Paragoge
Unpacking
Vowel breaking
Elision
Apheresis
Syncope
Apocope
Haplology
Cluster reduction
Transphonologization
Compensatory lengthening
Nasalization
Tonogenesis

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.