Labor force in the United States

1398:

nonparticipation rate much higher than those who hold an advanced degree. There were studies that showed that the demand in low-skilled workers had been down during 1970 to 1980. Alternatively, the demand of middle-skilled labors during that period of time increased significantly, this could be explained since organizations tried to replace the low-skilled workers and used middle-skilled workers. During the Great Recession, overall, the nonparticipation rate increased for everyone regardless of their education level. However, the author tried to dig deeper and categorized men into four different groups: those, who do not have a high school diploma, who have a high school diploma, who have an associate's degree, and who have a bachelor's degree or higher. It was obvious that the greatest increase was from the group with only a high school diploma.

1682: 1977:. The findings cite a desire to seek employment that will allow them to live a more balanced life, and having access to growth opportunities lacking in their current roles, for the workforce exodus of their respondents. These reasons are not isolated to the SHRM respondents, however. A shift in worker attitudes, overall priorities, and perception of their relationship with their jobs is a symptom of the pandemic, which forced many to drastically change the way they work and live. For example, some workers developed a quiet quitting mindset by deliberately limiting their work activities to formal job descriptions, meeting yet not exceeding the preestablished expectations, and never volunteering for additional tasks. 1641:, SPM is a measure of economic deprivation. This tool helps to collect, effort, and report the data of individuals, households, etc., living with a lack of financial resources to reach a certain standard of living. Poverty thresholds are family size and composition. People will be considered their poverty status based on their financial resources against the thresholds. Those whose financial resources are lower than thresholds will be regarded as poor. In 2021, the official poverty rate was 11.6%, equal to 37.9 million people in poverty, and SPM was 7.8%, slightly decreasing compared with 9.2% in 2020 and 11.7% in 2019. SPM in 2021 was also the lowest rate since 2009. 184: 1717: 1282:

nonparticipation rate much higher than who holds an advanced degree. The demand for middle-skilled laborers could explain this during that period. During the Great Recession, overall, the nonparticipation rate increased for everyone regardless of their education level. However, the author tried to dig deeper and categorized men into four different groups: those who do not have a high school diploma, who have a high school diploma, who have an associate's degree, and who have a bachelor's degree or higher. It was apparent that the tremendous increase was from the group with only a high school diploma.

1394:, male LFP decreased and has continued decreasing since 1950 with 86.4%, 79.7% in 1970, 76.4% in 1990, and 73.3% in 2005. Experts predict that this decrease could remain and become higher over the years because of different policies such as the Social Security Act (1960). In addition, a decline in male education participation, age of marriage, the rise of substance abuse, and addiction to video gaming could lead to the decrease in male LFP. This decrease in male labor force participation rate was probably from the benefit of disability insurance, especially in the group of less-educated men. 863: 796: 2004: 969:, there was a significant change in women's first marriage and education careers. More than a 20% increase for first-year law students, fewer than 30% of young women would like to marry before their 23rd birthday. Most women interviewees answered that the change was because of the pill. It was natural that men kept working regardless their pay was up or down and were not affected by their wives. However, women, especially young students, would be different. However, from 1980, married women were willing to work regardless of their husband's employment situation. 935:, the gap between women and men has been smaller since 1979. The cumulative % change in real wages for women was increased by 9.6% (10th percentile), while men decreased by -7.7%. However, with the incredible increase, women's real wage was still lower than men's. Different starting points could explain this. In 1979, women had more options and opportunities to earn a higher degree than a high school diploma. Also, according to the research, only men with bachelor's degrees or higher would have higher actual earnings than women. 149: 1673:

than 50 employees may qualify for the mandate. COVID-19 affected workers disproportionately, with Black and non-White races more likely to make up the baseline of the essential workforce this exposes to them to infections causing them to be unable to or to continue to work; FFCRA (2020) was passed in hopes of protecting workers but the ambiguity of the law puts minorities' paid sick leave at risk. Less than 30% of the workforce in the United States have paid sick leave that is protected by state law

731: 4890: 949:, and the adjustment of age of majority laws. The use of birth control gave women the flexibility of opting to invest and advance their career while maintaining a relationship. By having control over the timing of their fertility, they were not running a risk of thwarting their career choices. However, only 40% of the population actually used the birth control pill. This implies that other factors may have contributed to women choosing to invest in advancing their careers. 1838: 1918: 121: 1526:

person's socioeconomic status. The U.S. health care system is connected to employment and it is very likely that a worker is paying for health insurance through their employer; low-wage workers who opt for coverage through their employment pay a higher portion from their income than their middle- income and higher- income counterparts. There is a disproportionate number of employed workers, based on race across the labor sectors, especially those of high- risk.

5817: 4905: 1892: 2038:

the Bureau of Labor Statistics, foreign-born added more than 670,000 in 2021. This number was unchanged for the native-born. Regarding gender, foreign-born men contributed to the market more than men native-born in 2021, with 76.8%, and women's foreign-born rate is lower than women native-born at 56.6%. Regarding median earnings, foreign-born workers tend to be paid less than native-born workers, with weekly payments of $ 898 and $ 1,017, respectively.

2056:

men workers (10.4 percent), Mexico and Central American foreign-born immigrant men workers (11.4 percent), and other foreign-born immigrant men workers (8.6 percent). Foreign-born immigrant men have a similar unemployment rate to native workers, but the unemployment rate for foreign-born immigrant men that are from Mexico and Central America is considerably more than other groups of foreign-born immigrant men looking for work in the United States.

1402:

the labor force participation rate remained same, the aging in population still could affect and drag the LFPR down. According to the 2020 Current Population Survey, most men reported that they were not able to work due to higher education, ill health, or disability, however, this is a self-report. Regarding the Social Security Disability Program, 35% of recipients responded that their disability was due to mental health disorder. According to

24: 5827: 1410:

addition, COVID-19 created a threat to most people, especially who have problem with their health before. Another reason could be many companies are trying to move their plant to different countries where could cut companies' costs and benefits. According to Science Advances, more than half of men in their 30s has a criminal history arrest. This could be another reason explains why men nonparticipation rate increases.

1290:

created a threat to most people, especially those who had a problem with their health before. Another reason is that many companies are trying to move their plant to different countries, which could cut companies' costs and benefits. According to Science Advances, more than half of men in their 30s have a criminal arrest history. This is another reason why the men's nonparticipation rate increases.

1278:, men's LFP decreased since 1950 with 86.4%, 79.7% in 1970, 76.4% in 1990, and 73.3% in 2005. Experts predict this decrease could remain higher over the year because of different policies such as the Social Security Act (1960). In addition, a decline in male education participation, age of marriage, the rise of substance abuse, and addiction to video games could lead to a decrease in Men LFP. 1286:

Survey, most men reported that they could not work due to higher education, illness, or disability. However, this is a self-report. Regarding the Social Security Disability Program, there was 35% of recipients responded that their disability due to mental health disorder. Another 30% responded their disability correlated to musculoskeletal disorders, many of which are due to obesity.

1814:

Recession. Out of those that left the labor force, women accounted for 2.4 million, which is more than half of those that left despite the fact that they account for less than half of the labor force. Employers have cut 417,500 jobs so far in 2023, the most since 2020. Layoffs have been largely concentrated in the technology sector, which has seen 136,800 layoffs so far this year.

1406:, the percentage of men diagnosed with depression was lower than women, yet the effect on the male labor force participation rate was considerable. There were different reasons leading to this, it could be unrecognized, undiagnosed, and untreated. Another 30% responded that their disability correlated to musculoskeletal disorder, much due to obesity. 1664:. Similarly to SPM, there is no significant change in revenue in 2021 compared to 2020, $ 70,784 vs. $ 71,186. Although the total number of workers in both years is the same, the status of employees tends to move from part-time to full-time employees in 2021. Part-time employees have higher median earnings than full-time employees, about 4.1%. 1656:, the ratio of adult aged from 18 to 64 that are uninsured tend to decrease and is related to households' income level. The percentage of uninsured people from 18 to 64 fell and significantly decreased as the following 24.5%, 23.7%, and 8.4%. The Federal Poverty Level (FPL) is divided into less than 100%, above 100%, less than 200%, and 200%. 2042:

lower than native born males. In terms of labor force participation, the foreign-born immigrant women from Mexico and Central America are the smallest number of participants in the labor force. As far as foreign-born immigrants that are trying to participate in the labor force but cannot find employment, the

2055:

In terms of labor force participation, the foreign-born immigrant men from Mexico and Central America are the largest number of participants in the labor force. The number of potential labor force participants for foreign-born immigrant men are foreign-born immigrant men workers (9.9 percent), native

1789:

Teens who do not want to attend college have competition from individuals that are more experienced such as individuals who have graduated from college with a degree, individuals that are adults, and individuals from other countries that move to the United States and try to obtain jobs. This has also

1755:, the rate was 83.3% in November 2007, then fell to a trough of 80.5% in July 2015, before steadily climbing back to 81.7% in January 2018. It is one of the few key labor market variables that had yet to recover its pre-crisis level as of January 2018 and is an indicator of slack in the labor market. 1672:

The Family First Coronavirus Act (FFCRA), provided mandated paid sick leave for workers that are impacted by COVID-19 and people of color are affected since because of the exemptions in that law; only certain public employers, private employers of less than 500 employees, and small business with less

1409:

The men LFPR tend to increase further after COVID-19. Experts said that there are many reasons could lead to this results. People within the age that about to retire would like to retire earlier, even though they are healthy, they would prefer to spend their time for family, hobbies, or voluntary. In

1707:

The labor force participation rate decreases when the percentage increase in the defined population (denominator) is greater than the percentage increase in the labor force (i.e., the sum of employed and unemployed, the numerator). With respect to the unemployment rate, if the percentage increase in

1694:

From 1962 to 1999, women entering the U.S. workforce represented a nearly 8 percentage point increase in the overall LFPR. The U.S. overall LFPR (age 16+) has been falling since its all-time high point of 67.3% reached in January–April 2000, reaching 62.7% by January 2018. This decline since 2000 is

1772:

explained in 2018 higher educational attainment is correlated with higher labor force participation. Prime-aged men tend to be out of the labor force due to disability, while a key reason for women is caring for family members. To the extent an aging population requires the assistance of prime-aged

1401:

The aging in U.S population also explained the decrease in Men LFP. The median-age of male was increased from 34 years old to 37.2 years old. In addition, baby-boomer numbers increased which meant more people over 65 years old, and fewer people who were of labor age. With these numbers, even though

1285:

The aging in the U.S. population also explained the decrease in Men LFP. The median age of males increased from 34 years old to 37.2 years old. In addition, the baby boomer was raised, which meant more people over 65 years old, and fewer people in labor age. According to the 2020 Current Population

941:

and others, specifically point out that by the mid-1970s there was a period of revolution of women in the labor force brought on by different factors. Women more accurately planned for their future in the work force, choosing more applicable majors in college that prepared them to enter and compete

893:

In the United States, there were three significant stages of women's increased participation in the labor force. During the late 19th century through the 1920s, very few women were employed. Working women were often young single women who typically withdrew from labor force at marriage unless their

827:, the labor force participation rate in the U.S. increased significantly during the later half of the 20th century, largely because of women entering the workplace in increasing numbers. Labor force participation has declined steadily since 2000, primarily because of the aging and retirement of the 2041:

Since 1960, foreign-born immigrant women have the lowest labor market participation rate between all of the groups in the United States. The groups include immigrant men and individuals born in the United States. Foreign-born immigrant women participate in the labor force between 75 and 78 percent

2037:

People who stay in the United States but were not born in the U.S. is considered foreign-born. In most cases, they were born in different countries with parents who were not U.S. citizens. Hispanic makes up almost haft of foreign-born workers in the labor market. According to the News Release from

1949:

states by July 2021 4 million workers had voluntarily separated from their employer. A number of factors were impacting the trend which started in early 2021. With the large shift to working from home, and the risks associated with returning to unsafe working conditions, lack of childcare, coupled

1289:

The men's LFPR tends to increase further after COVID-19. Experts said that many reasons could lead to these results. People the age about to retire would like to bed earlier; even though they are healthy, they would prefer to spend their time on family, hobbies, or voluntary. In addition, COVID-19

1785:

The reason for the decrease in teen labor force participation was the environment teens were in, including pressures by their family. The environment pressured many to go to college, summer school became more prevalent, and schoolwork became more exhausting. The cost of college has risen over the

1525:

A person's occupation is one of the main social determinants of health which greatly contributes to health inequalities and health disparities, racially and ethnically. Determinants under the occupation category include: income, housing, paid sick leave and health insurance; they are related to a

959:

In 1963, Equal Pay Act passed, the Civil Rights Act (1964), and Title IX (1972); these policies supported increasing women's LFP. The Equal Pay Act protects both men and women against discrimination on account of sex in the payments of wages. These policies also ensure that the labor market pays

1651:

statistics, in 2021, 13.5% of people aged 18–64 were uninsured, 39.5% used public insurance, and 60.4% used private insurance. Even though personal insurance coverage is more common than public insurance coverage, and people typically change insurance type during the calendar year, in 2021, the

972:

Since 2000, LFP was kept the same and slightly changed though other developed countries keep increasing. Many factors could lead to this result. The U.S. government was seen as having a weakness in "family-friendly policy." According to Claire Cain Miller, NYT, other wealthy countries such as

2028:

labor force in the United States were individuals from Mexico and Central America. They made up of 40.3 percent of the immigrant labor force participation. Mexico heavily outweighed Central America in which they held the majority of workers with 32 percent of workers just from Mexico. In 2013,

1281:

According to the article "Why are prime-age men vanishing from the labor force?" (Economic review , Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, first quarter 2018), the author found that from 1996 to 2015, most men in the prime-age who only hold a high-school degree or associate's degree would have a

1813:

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a massive drop in employees persons in the labor force. According to Pew Research Center, from February 2020 to February 2021 an estimated 4.2 million people left the labor force because of COVID-19, a loss of employment that far exceeds that seen during the Great

1763:

Women's prime-aged labor force participation rose consistently from at least the early 1960s, reaching a peak of 77.2% in August 1997. It has fluctuated around 75% since then, resisting the decline in men's prime age participation. Women have increased their educational attainment relative to

1750:

Economists also analyze the LFPR for those prime-aged workers, aged 25–54. Mathematically, this ratio is computed with a numerator (labor force age 25–54) and denominator (civilian population age 25–54). This can help remove the impact of aging demographics, to better understand trends among

1817:

Before the COVID-19 pandemic transformed the American workplace, about 76.7 percent of employers reported little or no telecommuting among employees. The percentage of organizations reporting that some of their employees work from home was around 30% in 2021, but has dropped to 16% in 2022.

1695:

primarily driven by the retirement of the Baby Boom generation. Since the overall labor force is defined as those age 16+, an aging society with more persons past the typical prime working age (25-54) exerts a steady downward influence on the LFPR. The decline was forecast by economists and

1397:

According to the article "Why are prime-age men vanishing from the labor force?" (Economic review , Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, first quarter 2018), author found that from 1996 to 2015, most men in the prime-age who only hold a high-school degree or associate's degree would have a

1781:

In 1979, there had been the highest teen labor force participation rate with 57.9 percent of teens participating. In the early 21st century, there had been a drastic decrease in the teen labor force participation rate with the decrease expected to only decline more from 2017 to 2024.

1759:

Men's prime-aged labor force participation has been falling consistently since at least the 1960s. It ranged between 93 and 95% during the 1980s, fell to around 90% during the 2000s and was 88.5% in October 2017. Higher labor force participation is correlated with higher educational

2046:

rates are as follows. The unemployment are foreign-born immigrant women workers (9.1 percent), native women workers (7.9 percent), Mexico and Central American foreign-born immigrant women workers (12.1 percent), and other foreign-born immigrant women workers (7.7 percent).

835:

explained in 2018 that higher educational attainment is correlated with higher labor force participation for workers aged 25–54. Prime-aged men tend to be out of the labor force because of disability, while a key reason for women is caring for family members.

964:

approved the medicine in 1960, the change happened later that year since every state needed to settle its regulations and restrictions. After the pill, women could extend their time for professional education and the age of first marriage. According to the

1786:

years, but it has not persuaded teens not to go to college. There is a higher number of teens requesting assistance to attend college. There is an increased number of teens attending school and a decreased number of teens participating in the labor force.

852:

Included are persons 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia who are not inmates of institutions (for example, penal and mental facilities, homes for the aged), and who are not on active duty in the Armed

942:

in the labor market. In the United States, the labor force participation rate rose from approximately 59% in 1948 to 66% in 2005, with participation among women rising from 32% to 59% and participation among men declining from 87% to 73%.

831:. Analyzing labor force participation trends in the prime working age (25-54) cohort helps separate the impact of an aging population from other demographic factors (e.g., gender, race, and education) and government policies. The 973:

Denmark, Germany, Norway, etc. spend an average of $ 14,000 annually for childcare while the U.S. government support only $ 500. In addition, a guaranteed spot in after-school care while U.S parents need to compete for a place.

3213: 3237: 3234: 3192: 916:

Starting from 1960, the world and the U.S. witnessed a significant increase in female LFP in the labor market, especially in developed countries such as Europe and the U.S. The main reasons leading to this increase could be:

2023:

There were 27.8 million foreign-born workers in the labor force as of January 2018. This group had an overall LFPR of 65.1% in January 2018. As of 2013, the highest group of people participating in the Foreign-born

956:, which aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex. Such legislation diminished sexual discrimination and encouraged more women to enter the labor market by receiving fair remuneration to help raise children. 1699:

going back into the 1990s, if not earlier. For example, during 1999 the BLS forecast that the overall LFPR would be 66.9% in 2015 and 63.2% in 2025. A 2006 forecast by Federal Reserve economists (i.e., before the

3248: 779:

is the actual number of people available for work and is the sum of the employed and the unemployed. The U.S. labor force reached a high of 164.6 million persons in February 2020, just at the start of the

4748:

Donato, Katherine; Piya, Bhumika; Jacobs, Anna (September 1, 2014). "The Double Disadvantage Reconsidered: Gender, Immigration, Marital Status, and Global Labor Force Participation in the 21st Century".

3068:

Abraham, Katharine G., and Melissa S. Kearney. 2020. "Explaining the Decline in the US Employment-to-Population Ratio: A Review of the Evidence." Journal of Economic Literature, 58 (3): 585–643.

1622: 1387:

According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of 2019 Asians are most likely to hold a management position, while Hispanics or Latinos are most likely to hold a job in the service sector.

245: 1805:

aged more than 16 represented the largest generation in the U.S. labour force and the highest quote since the postwar, with more than 35% of participants working or looking for a work.

1958:, all industries in the U.S. labor market were impacted with highest numbers in hospitality and healthcare, while construction, mining, and oil/gas industries saw little to no impact. 945:

A common theory in modern economics claims that the rise of women participating in the US labor force in the late 1960s was due to the introduction of a new contraceptive technology,

4223: 428: 2068:

ranked the U.S. as having the fourth largest labor force in the world at about 160 million, behind China (807 million), India (522 million), and the European Union (235 million).

905:

Between 1930 and 1950, female labor force participation increased primarily due to the increased demand for office workers, women participating in the high school movement, and

909:

which reduced the time spent on household chores. In the 1950s to the 1970s, most women were secondary earners working mainly as secretaries, teachers, nurses, and librarians (

762: 4398: 4209:

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System-The Recent Decline in the Labor Force Participation Rate and Its Implications for Potential Labor Supply-See Figure 3-2006

466: 5750: 5314: 4967: 3233:

Breaking down the male participation rate by age bracket shows a marked decline in participation among men 55 and over from approximately 71% in 1948 to 44% in 2005

420: 309: 4783: 5600: 490: 5274: 4878: 210: 1708:

the number of unemployed (numerator) is greater than the percentage increase in the number in the labor force (denominator), the unemployment rate will rise.

5066: 1266:

According to the US Department of Labor, as of 2017 women make up 47% of the total labor force with 70% of them mothers with children under 18 years of age.

2076:

Below is a chart taken from the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. It is a list of job classifications and the annual growth rate in each category.

5294: 5147: 1685:

The line chart shows the long-term decline in labor force participation for U.S. males of prime-working age (25–54 years), based on educational attainment.

230: 5638: 5557: 4590: 4502: 755: 5170: 41: 5487: 5304: 5745: 5547: 3729: 5689: 5127: 5039: 4916: 1848: 88: 748: 412: 60: 5760: 5542: 5256: 4439: 4220: 335: 330: 3394: 5799: 5653: 5595: 5565: 5252: 4994: 4851: 4127: 713: 653: 200: 67: 5570: 5507: 4939: 4871: 407: 220: 183: 5789: 5517: 5090: 5019: 4856: 4477: 3818: 1615: 5707: 5472: 5454: 5085: 5075: 4979: 3867: 1984: 325: 4374: 2029:

California held most of the foreign-born worker immigrants in the United States, with about half from Mexico and Central America.

902:. This profession empowered women and allowed them to earn a living wage. At times, they were a financial help to their families. 74: 5612: 5527: 5397: 5377: 5289: 5208: 5203: 5115: 5105: 5014: 4984: 4908: 3891: 960:

attention to and obey the regulation regard of sex term. Nevertheless, the big move was the pill's power (1960). Even though the

389: 289: 205: 4554:"The human capital management perspective on quiet quitting: Recommendations for employees, managers, and national policymakers" 3533:"Changes in men's and women's labor force participation rates : The Economics Daily : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics" 5284: 5009: 4954: 1681: 781: 258: 4128:"White House Council of Economic Advisors-The Long-Term Decline in Prime-Age Male Labor Force Participation-June 2016-Page 13" 1618:

in September 2022 does not change or is slightly different compared to last year's period. Three factors are being discussed:

5820: 5772: 5532: 5464: 5369: 5365: 5340: 5240: 5225: 5095: 5029: 4924: 4864: 4528: 1860: 984:

According to Ellen DuBoise and Lynn Dumenil, they estimate that the number of women in the labor force from 1800 - 1900 are:

682: 299: 215: 193: 167: 56: 5537: 5522: 5477: 5309: 5185: 4999: 1751:

working-aged persons. The prime-aged LFPR peaked at 84.5% at three times between October 1997 and April 2000. Prior to the

981:

According to the US Census in 1861, one third of women were in the labor force and of these one fourth were married women.

485: 351: 1980:

The shifting sentiment of workers during a time of instability, women's rate of exit were twice that of men, according to

784:. Before the pandemic, the U.S. labor force had risen each year since 1960 with the exception of the period following the 5856: 5575: 5269: 5264: 5100: 225: 4424: 5697: 5512: 5407: 5220: 5193: 4962: 4161:

CEPR-Multiple Authors-Understanding the decline in the labour force participation rate in the United States-August 2014

3342: 513: 317: 279: 4803: 1945:

The pandemic created a shift in the labor market where workers began voluntarily leaving their jobs in large numbers.

5767: 5717: 5622: 5617: 5590: 5482: 5350: 3046: 3026: 1955: 1926: 1878: 709: 692: 687: 548: 129: 107: 5735: 5387: 5355: 5235: 5132: 5059: 4974: 946: 643: 274: 1704:

that began in December 2007) estimated the LFPR would be below 64% by 2016, close to the 62.7% average that year.

5740: 5607: 5230: 5110: 5070: 4934: 4827: 583: 543: 495: 376: 356: 235: 5702: 5502: 4208: 3317: 3041: 1638: 633: 573: 381: 366: 284: 45: 81: 5712: 5492: 5330: 5213: 5175: 5044: 5034: 3593:"Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2019 : BLS Reports: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics" 3569:"Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2019 : BLS Reports: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics" 588: 553: 397: 371: 304: 3915: 5830: 5794: 5580: 5392: 5279: 5122: 4894: 4591:"The Great Resignation: Why People Are Leaving Their Jobs In Growing Numbers : Consider This from NPR" 961: 598: 533: 523: 402: 361: 175: 4265: 1856: 5054: 5024: 5004: 4929: 2065: 1769: 1652:

percentage of general insurance coverage will be higher than private compared to 2020. The data from the

832: 648: 456: 294: 3469:"Barred from employment: More than half of unemployed men in their 30s had a criminal history of arrest" 5299: 5080: 5049: 4841: 4198:

BLS-Howard Fullerton-Labor force participation: 75 years of change, 1950–98 and 1998–2025-December 1999

1954:, employers were experiencing higher turnover rates with little evidence of slowdown. According to the 1946: 845: 603: 480: 4886: 5449: 5198: 5137: 4989: 3467:

Bushway, Shawn; Cabreros, Irineo; Paige, Jessica Welburn; Schwam, Daniel; Wenger, Jeffrey B. (2022).

1798: 1660: 623: 538: 4073: 3592: 3568: 5835: 5497: 5165: 3117:"The Great Resignation: The great knowledge exodus or the onset of the Great Knowledge Revolution?" 593: 240: 4160: 3270: 1653: 5679: 5648: 5444: 5419: 5335: 3056: 1981: 674: 608: 563: 34: 3116: 5727: 5439: 3819:"She got a job at Starbucks for access to IVF treatment. It cost more than her actual paycheck" 3402: 3358: 1773:

family members at home, this also presents a downward pressure on this cohort's participation.

578: 568: 1716: 862: 4553: 3673:

Noordt, Maaike van der; IJzelenberg, Helma; Droomers, Mariël; Proper, Karin I. (2014-10-01).

953: 895: 618: 446: 4074:"State Paid Sick Leave and Paid Sick-Leave Preemption Laws Across 50 U.S. States, 2009–2020" 3160:

CBO-Factors Affecting the Labor Force Participation of People Ages 25 to 54-February 7, 2018

5382: 3480: 3309: 3303: 1951: 820: 735: 638: 628: 4399:"U.S. labor market inches back from the COVID-19 shock, but recovery is far from complete" 795: 8: 3843: 3769:

McWilliams, J. Michael; Meara, Ellen; Zaslavsky, Alan M.; Ayanian, John Z. (2007-12-26).

2003: 1794: 3484: 1648: 1403: 5861: 4766: 4725: 4572: 4109: 4049: 4024: 4000: 3967: 3892:"Arts, Entertainment & Recreation and Accommodation & Food Services | Data USA" 3710: 3650: 3509: 3468: 3139: 966: 613: 558: 528: 518: 461: 4708:

Cordero-Guzman, Hector (May 2013). "Immigrant Labor and the U.S. Economy: A Profile".

3532: 1391: 1275: 1124: 5345: 4770: 4729: 4639: 4576: 4303: 4277: 4113: 4101: 4093: 4054: 4005: 3987: 3800: 3792: 3751: 3702: 3694: 3655: 3637: 3514: 3496: 3446: 3338: 3313: 3278: 3143: 1992: 1827: 789: 697: 4072:

Pomeranz, Jennifer L.; Silver, Diana; Lieff, Sarah A.; Pagán, José A. (2022-02-09).

3714: 1950:

with a labor market where one can leave a job and higher pay elsewhere, and overall

5669: 5643: 5433: 5160: 5155: 4758: 4717: 4564: 4353: 4085: 4044: 4036: 3995: 3979: 3782: 3741: 3686: 3645: 3629: 3504: 3488: 3436: 3131: 899: 451: 4425:"US jobs market remains strong despite high interest rates and debt ceiling fight" 5402: 4665: 4615: 4453: 4240: 4227: 4089: 3550: 3376: 1752: 1701: 906: 785: 343: 4784:

CIA World Factbook-Country Comparison on Labor Force-Retrieved February 20, 2018

4346:"Teen Labor Force Participation before and after the Great Recession and beyond" 4040: 3939: 823:(national population of the same age range). Much as in other countries in the 5423: 4197: 4135: 3983: 3966:

Gemelas, Jordan; Davison, Jenna; Keltner, Case; Ing, Samantha (February 2022).

3633: 938: 266: 148: 3690: 3441: 3428: 3236:. Among younger age groups a decline is noticeable, but not nearly as drastic. 5850: 4721: 4568: 4172: 4097: 3991: 3796: 3787: 3770: 3698: 3641: 3617: 3500: 3450: 3282: 3135: 3089: 824: 3746: 3616:

Gemelas, Jordan; Davison, Jenna; Keltner, Case; Ing, Samantha (2022-02-01).

1995:." As a result, their participation in the labor force is at a 30-year low. 4795: 4503:"Worker Shortage Crisis Intensifying as Job Openings Rise Month over Month" 4105: 4058: 4009: 3804: 3755: 3706: 3659: 3518: 3492: 3036: 2043: 1974: 1970: 1966: 828: 4852:

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics page on the Labor Force Participation Rate

4266:

Bloomberg-Jamrisko et al.-Yellen's Labor Market Dashboard-February 2, 2018

3675:"Health effects of employment: a systematic review of prospective studies" 1988: 932: 5783: 5755: 5414: 3968:"Inequities in Employment by Race, Ethnicity, and Sector During COVID-19" 3771:"Health of Previously Uninsured Adults After Acquiring Medicare Coverage" 3618:"Inequities in Employment by Race, Ethnicity, and Sector During COVID-19" 3051: 2025: 1962: 1802: 910: 792:

resulted in record numbers in voluntary turn over for American workers.

4358: 4345: 3674: 3171: 3159: 4944: 4762: 1917: 1696: 120: 3868:"Educational Services, Health Care & Social Assistance | Data USA" 819:), is the ratio between the labor force and the overall size of their 5674: 4440:"Millions of Americans stopped working from home in 2022: Labor Dept" 3728:

Forchuk, Cheryl; Corring, Kevin Dickins and Deborah J. (2016-01-14).

3031: 1891: 1414:

Statistics from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics 2019 Annual Survey

788:, when it remained below 2008 levels from 2009 to 2011. In 2021, The 3844:"Nonfatal Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses — United States, 2010" 23: 5777: 1647:. There are two sector, public and private insurance. According to 1541:

Arts, Entertainment, Recreation, Accommodation & Food Services

154: 4478:"Trends in Employee Resignation Rates: Watch Out for Summer 2021" 4221:"Taking Apart Taking Part: Local Labor Force Participation Rates" 4375:"Millennials are the largest generation in the U.S. labor force" 5429: 4613: 3768: 3672: 1790:

contributed to the decrease in teen labor force participation.

1676: 894:

family needed two incomes. These women worked primarily in the

866:

US labor force participation rate from 1948 to 2021, by gender.

3335:

Through Women's Eyes : An American History with Documents

3271:"How Other Nations Pay for Child Care. The U.S. Is an Outlier" 952:

Another factor that may have contributed to the trend was the

4454:"Job Openings and Labor Turnover Summary - 2021 M09 Results" 4304:"Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate - Women Aged 25-54" 3916:"Transportation & Warehousing, and Utilities | Data USA" 4147: 3337:(2nd ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 338. 4278:"Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate - Men Aged 25-54" 3466: 1847:

deal primarily with United States and do not represent a

1520: 4071: 3965: 3615: 3433:

The Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review

3429:"Why Are Prime-Age Men Vanishing from the Labor Force?" 4666:"Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate Foreign Born" 5295:

Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States

4296: 4241:"Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate Age 25-54" 3730:"Social Determinants of Health: Housing and Income" 48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5639:U.S. International Development Finance Corporation 4393: 4391: 4270: 3961: 3959: 1298:According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: 857: 1969:have a higher probably to look for new work than 1776: 1425:Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 5848: 5488:Office of the United States Trade Representative 4747: 4025:"U.S. frontline workers and COVID-19 inequities" 1808: 1422:Production, transportation, and material moving 1377: 4388: 3972:Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 3956: 3622:Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 2378:Services-providing excluding special industries 4707: 4614:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (1948-01-01). 4233: 4120: 4023:Do, D. Phuong; Frank, Reanne (December 2021). 3727: 2874:Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting(3) 4872: 4632: 3462: 3460: 3332: 1845:The examples and perspective in this section 756: 5543:United States International Trade Commission 4658: 1677:Analyzing the labor force participation rate 1547:Transportation, Warehousing & Utilities 1123:According to the US Department of Labor and 4372: 3333:DuBois, Ellen Carol; Dumenil, Lynn (2009). 3155: 3153: 2059: 5826: 5508:United States Trade and Development Agency 4879: 4865: 3457: 3422: 3420: 1863:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1721:Work Force Participation Rate by Age Group 1538:Educational, Health & Social Services 763: 749: 221:Industrial Revolution in the United States 5518:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 4527:Mirza, Roy Maurer and Beth (2021-09-12). 4357: 4173:"Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate" 4165: 4048: 3999: 3786: 3745: 3649: 3508: 3440: 3084: 3082: 1879:Learn how and when to remove this message 1711: 1649:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 4616:"Labor Force Participation Rate - Women" 3377:"Labor Force Participation Rate - Women" 3150: 2002: 1916: 1890: 1821: 1715: 1680: 861: 794: 147: 119: 5654:Export–Import Bank of the United States 4620:FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4551: 4422: 4078:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 4022: 3679:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 3426: 3417: 3114: 1998: 799:US Census Bureau Employment (NAICS/SIC) 5849: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4529:"Deconstructing the Great Resignation" 4437: 4343: 3551:"Labor Force Participation Rate - Men" 3268: 3079: 2232:Goods-producing, excluding agriculture 2007:Employment level in the United States 1635:The Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) 1623:The Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) 1521:Health Inequalities in the Labor Force 1434:Management, professional, and related 1293: 782:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States 5533:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 4860: 4796:"Employment by major industry sector" 4743: 4741: 4739: 4526: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 3301: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2032: 1654:National Center for Health Statistics 1627:People with Health Insurance coverage 1610:Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance 1139:Women as % of Total Labor Force 996:Women as % of Total Labor Force 877: Total labor force participation 5708:2008–2010 automotive industry crisis 5538:National Credit Union Administration 5523:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau 4640:"Civilian Labor Force: Foreign Born" 1831: 1605:*Numbers in the table are estimated. 1530:Number of People in the Work Sector 976: 46:adding citations to reliable sources 17: 4684: 2624:Professional and business services 2050: 1947:The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 967:University of Chicago Press Journal 226:History of the United States dollar 13: 5528:Securities and Exchange Commission 4736: 4344:Morisi, Teresa (January 1, 2017). 4322: 3269:Miller, Claire Cain (2021-10-06). 3062: 2694:Health care and social assistance 1667: 848:(BLS) defines the labor force as: 57:"Labor force in the United States" 14: 5873: 4821: 3214:"Bureau of Labor Statistics Data" 3193:"Bureau of Labor Statistics Data" 3027:Unemployment in the United States 2191:Nonagriculture wage and salary(2) 927:Changes in attitudes and policies 5825: 5816: 5815: 5388:Bureau of Engraving and Printing 4904: 4903: 4888: 4230:University of Connecticut, 2004. 3539:. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. 3047:List of countries by labor force 1836: 729: 182: 22: 4806:from the original on 2018-04-06 4788: 4777: 4607: 4583: 4561:Journal of Knowledge Management 4545: 4520: 4495: 4470: 4446: 4431: 4416: 4366: 4259: 4219:Peter Barth and Dennis Heffley 4213: 4202: 4191: 4154: 4065: 4016: 3932: 3908: 3884: 3860: 3836: 3811: 3762: 3721: 3666: 3609: 3585: 3561: 3543: 3525: 3401:. March 1, 2017. Archived from 3387: 3369: 3351: 3326: 3308:. New York: Perennial. p. 3295: 3124:Journal of Knowledge Management 2519:Transportation and warehousing 1689: 1276:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 1125:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 924:The decline in reservation wage 858:Gender and the U.S. labor force 33:needs additional citations for 5790:List of Americans by net worth 5503:National Labor Relations Board 4909:Companies of the United States 4751:International Migration Review 4423:Aratani, Lauren (2 Jun 2023). 4373:Richard Fry (April 11, 2016). 3395:"12 Stats about Working Women" 3262: 3241: 3227: 3206: 3185: 3164: 3108: 3042:Employment-to-population ratio 2103:Compound Annual Rate of Change 1797:analysis on monthly 1944-2017 1777:Teen labor force participation 1639:Congressional Research Service 1392:U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics 933:Congressional Research Service 805:labor force participation rate 241:United States dollar § History 1: 5718:China–United States trade war 5513:Customs and Border Protection 5493:Small Business Administration 5176:Metropolitan Statistical Area 3555:Federal Reserve Economic Data 3427:Tuzemen, Didem (2018-02-21). 3381:Federal Reserve Economic Data 3072: 2984:Nonagriculture self-employed 1809:Participation during COVID-19 1382: 1378:Race and the U.S. Labor Force 839: 5831:Outline of the United States 4895:Economy of the United States 4090:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.11.018 3359:"100 Years of Working Women" 2910:Agriculture wage and salary 2071: 1991:, who also coined the term " 1404:National Library of Medicine 429:Companies listed on the NYSE 176:Economy of the United States 7: 5713:2008 economic stimulus plan 5305:Water supply and sanitation 4041:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106833 3020: 2834:State and local government 2066:Central Intelligence Agency 1985:Organizational Psychologist 1859:, discuss the issue on the 1770:Congressional Budget Office 833:Congressional Budget Office 10: 5878: 5857:Labor in the United States 5703:2007–2008 financial crisis 5473:Department of the Treasury 3984:10.1007/s40615-021-00963-3 3634:10.1007/s40615-021-00963-3 2979: 2945:Agriculture self-employed 2868: 2372: 2226: 2185: 2012: Foreign-born workers 1825: 1459:Black or African American 883: Female participation 846:Bureau of Labor Statistics 5808: 5726: 5688: 5662: 5632:International development 5631: 5556: 5463: 5450:Intercontinental Exchange 5364: 5323: 5251: 5184: 5146: 4953: 4915: 4901: 4842:Resources in your library 3940:"Retail Trade | Data USA" 3691:10.1136/oemed-2013-101891 3249:"8=2006&from_month=9" 2018: Native-born workers 1961:A SHRM survey found that 1906: Balanced job market 1799:Current Population Survey 1645:Health Insurance Coverage 508:Economy by city or county 5836:Economy of North America 5698:2006–2012 housing bubble 5498:Internal Revenue Service 5166:Targeted Employment Area 4722:10.1177/1095796013484009 4569:10.1108/JKM-10-2022-0792 3788:10.1001/jama.298.24.2886 3740:(Special Issue): 27–31. 3136:10.1108/JKM-12-2021-0920 2729:Leisure and hospitality 2060:International comparison 1982:Texas A&M University 1956:U.S. Chamber of Commerce 1934: Total job openings 1569:Black/ African American 888: 871: Male participation 736:United States portal 166:This article is part of 137: Total job openings 5680:Pathways out of Poverty 5649:Build Back Better World 5601:State unemployment rate 5465:Government institutions 5445:New York Board of Trade 5420:New York Stock Exchange 4438:SFORZA, LAUREN (2023). 3747:10.12927/hcq.2016.24479 3442:10.18651/er/1q18tuzemen 3302:Yalom, Marilyn (2002). 3057:Feminization of poverty 1927:Total unemployed people 491:State unemployment rate 130:Total unemployed people 5800:Science and technology 5566:International rankings 5478:Department of Commerce 5440:Chicago Board of Trade 5148:Special Economic Zones 3493:10.1126/sciadv.abj6992 3399:US Department of Labor 3363:US Department of Labor 3090:"Civilian Labor Force" 2020: 1942: 1914: 1747: 1712:Prime working age rate 1686: 1614:The updated data from 1269: 1136:% Women in Labor force 993:% Women in Labor force 885: 855: 813:economic activity rate 800: 160: 145: 4940:Industrial Revolution 3365:. The Women's Bureau. 3305:A History of the Wife 2659:Educational services 2589:Financial activities 2006: 1993:The Great Resignation 1920: 1900: Cold job market 1894: 1822:The Great Resignation 1719: 1684: 1307:% Men in Labor force 954:Equal Pay Act of 1963 896:textile manufacturing 865: 850: 798: 151: 123: 5663:Economic initiatives 4552:Serenko, A. (2023). 4350:Monthly Labor Review 3734:Healthcare Quarterly 3115:Serenko, A. (2023). 2098:Percent Distribution 1999:Foreign-born workers 1912: Hot job market 1857:improve this section 829:Baby Boom generation 486:State credit ratings 310:Water and sanitation 201:Agricultural history 42:improve this article 5795:American economists 5483:Department of Labor 5324:Law and regulations 5171:Foreign Trade Zones 4563:. in–press: 27–43. 4403:Pew Research Center 4359:10.21916/mlr.2017.5 4029:Preventive Medicine 3537:The Economics Daily 3485:2022SciA....8J6992B 3405:on January 17, 2021 2799:Federal government 1795:Pew Research Center 1531: 1499:Hispanic or Latino 1415: 947:birth control pills 5773:National Standards 5613:Standard of living 5378:Financial services 5290:Illegal drug trade 5106:Telecommunications 4763:10.1111/imre.12142 4509:. 8 September 2021 4226:2007-07-01 at the 3275:The New York Times 2033:Foreign-born women 2021: 1943: 1915: 1895:Job seekers ratio 1748: 1687: 1529: 1413: 886: 801: 390:Financial services 161: 146: 5844: 5843: 5346:Right-to-work law 4828:Library resources 4507:www.uschamber.com 4148:National Archives 3781:(24): 2886–2894. 3018: 3017: 2088:Thousands of Jobs 1940: Total quits 1889: 1888: 1881: 1828:Great Resignation 1616:U.S Census Bureau 1606: 1602: 1601: 1518: 1517: 1428:Sales and office 1390:According to the 1375: 1374: 1294:Historical Trends 1274:According to the 1264: 1263: 1121: 1120: 977:Historical trends 790:Great Resignation 773: 772: 698:Right-to-work law 421:Largest companies 211:Petroleum history 143: Total quits 118: 117: 110: 92: 5869: 5829: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5670:AmeriCorps VISTA 5644:Blue Dot Network 5434:NASDAQ Composite 5341:Child labor laws 5315:Trading partners 5161:Opportunity Zone 5156:Empowerment Zone 5096:Renewable energy 4907: 4906: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4858: 4857: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4792: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4745: 4734: 4733: 4705: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4558: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4395: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4341: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4274: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4237: 4231: 4217: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4169: 4163: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4132: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4052: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4003: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3790: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3749: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3653: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3512: 3473:Science Advances 3464: 3455: 3454: 3444: 3424: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3245: 3239: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3168: 3162: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3130:(4): 1042–1055. 3121: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3086: 2449:Wholesale trade 2079: 2078: 2051:Foreign-born men 2017: 2011: 1952:employee burnout 1939: 1933: 1924: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1884: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1840: 1839: 1832: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1630:Household Income 1604: 1532: 1528: 1416: 1412: 1301: 1300: 1130: 1129: 987: 986: 921:Higher real wage 900:domestic workers 882: 876: 870: 765: 758: 751: 738: 734: 733: 732: 654:Washington, D.C. 496:Union membership 475:State statistics 441:Economy by state 318:Secondary sector 246:History by state 194:Economic history 186: 163: 162: 142: 136: 127: 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 91: 50: 26: 18: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5804: 5722: 5684: 5658: 5627: 5552: 5459: 5360: 5319: 5247: 5180: 5142: 5067:Pharmaceuticals 4949: 4935:American System 4930:American School 4911: 4897: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4819: 4818: 4809: 4807: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4778: 4746: 4737: 4710:New Labor Forum 4706: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4624: 4622: 4612: 4608: 4599: 4597: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4556: 4550: 4546: 4537: 4535: 4525: 4521: 4512: 4510: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4487: 4485: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4462: 4460: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4436: 4432: 4427:. The Guardian. 4421: 4417: 4408: 4406: 4405:. 14 April 2021 4397: 4396: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4371: 4367: 4342: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4228:Wayback Machine 4218: 4214: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4155: 4141: 4139: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4070: 4066: 4021: 4017: 3964: 3957: 3948: 3946: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3924: 3922: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3898: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3876: 3874: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3852: 3850: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3825:. 28 March 2022 3817: 3816: 3812: 3767: 3763: 3726: 3722: 3685:(10): 730–736. 3671: 3667: 3614: 3610: 3601: 3599: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3575: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3479:(7): eabj6992. 3465: 3458: 3425: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3300: 3296: 3287: 3285: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3151: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3065: 3063:Further reading 3023: 2764:Other services 2083:Industry Sector 2074: 2062: 2053: 2035: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1929: 1922: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1885: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1854: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1824: 1811: 1793:According to a 1779: 1753:Great Recession 1746: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1714: 1702:Great Recession 1692: 1679: 1670: 1668:During COVID-19 1637:. According to 1523: 1385: 1380: 1296: 1272: 979: 907:electrification 898:industry or as 891: 884: 880: 878: 874: 872: 868: 860: 842: 786:Great Recession 769: 730: 728: 727: 720: 719: 669: 659: 658: 509: 501: 500: 442: 434: 433: 413:Stock exchanges 352:Social programs 344:Tertiary sector 261: 251: 250: 206:Banking history 196: 159: 157:worked per week 144: 140: 138: 134: 132: 125: 114: 103: 97: 94: 51: 49: 39: 27: 12: 11: 5: 5875: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5823: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5743: 5738: 5732: 5730: 5728:Related topics 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5576:Social welfare 5573: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5427: 5424:NYSE Composite 5417: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5372: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5275:Postal history 5272: 5270:Communications 5267: 5265:Transportation 5261: 5259: 5257:infrastructure 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5223: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5214:Oil refineries 5211: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5015:Electric power 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4959: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4884: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4822:External links 4820: 4817: 4816: 4787: 4776: 4735: 4683: 4672:. January 2007 4657: 4646:. January 1955 4631: 4606: 4582: 4544: 4519: 4494: 4469: 4445: 4430: 4415: 4387: 4365: 4321: 4310:. January 1955 4295: 4284:. January 1955 4269: 4258: 4247:. January 1948 4232: 4212: 4201: 4190: 4179:. January 1948 4164: 4153: 4136:whitehouse.gov 4119: 4084:(5): 688–695. 4064: 4015: 3978:(1): 350–355. 3955: 3931: 3907: 3883: 3859: 3835: 3810: 3761: 3720: 3665: 3628:(1): 350–355. 3608: 3584: 3560: 3542: 3524: 3456: 3416: 3386: 3368: 3350: 3344:978-0312468873 3343: 3325: 3318: 3294: 3261: 3240: 3226: 3205: 3184: 3172:"BLS Glossary" 3163: 3149: 3107: 3096:. January 1948 3077: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2338:Manufacturing 2335: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2073: 2070: 2064:For 2017, the 2061: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2034: 2031: 2014: 2008: 2000: 1997: 1936: 1930: 1921: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1887: 1886: 1851:of the subject 1849:worldwide view 1844: 1842: 1835: 1826:Main article: 1823: 1820: 1810: 1807: 1778: 1775: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1713: 1710: 1691: 1688: 1678: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1295: 1292: 1271: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1002: 998: 997: 994: 991: 978: 975: 939:Claudia Goldin 929: 928: 925: 922: 890: 887: 879: 873: 867: 859: 856: 841: 838: 771: 770: 768: 767: 760: 753: 745: 742: 741: 740: 739: 722: 721: 718: 717: 701: 700: 695: 690: 685: 679: 678: 670: 665: 664: 661: 660: 657: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 624:Salt Lake City 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 510: 507: 506: 503: 502: 499: 498: 493: 488: 483: 477: 476: 472: 471: 464: 459: 454: 449: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 425: 424: 416: 415: 410: 405: 400: 394: 393: 385: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 357:Transportation 354: 348: 347: 339: 338: 336:Pulp and paper 333: 331:Iron and steel 328: 322: 321: 313: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 271: 270: 267:Primary sector 262: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 243: 238: 236:Tariff History 233: 231:Lumber history 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 197: 192: 191: 188: 187: 179: 178: 172: 171: 152: 139: 133: 124: 116: 115: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5874: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5824: 5822: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571:States by GDP 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5194:Energy policy 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4995:Biotechnology 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4896: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4441: 4434: 4426: 4419: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4376: 4369: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4262: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4205: 4199: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4157: 4149: 4138: 4137: 4129: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3960: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3461: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3421: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3346: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3215: 3209: 3194: 3188: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3083: 3078: 3067: 3066: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2484:Retail trade 2483: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2303:Construction 2302: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2069: 2067: 2057: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2030: 2027: 2005: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1989:Anthony Klotz 1986: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1928: 1919: 1893: 1883: 1880: 1872: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1850: 1843: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1774: 1771: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1718: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1683: 1674: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1544:Retail Trade 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1527: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1267: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1000: 999: 995: 992: 989: 988: 985: 982: 974: 970: 968: 963: 957: 955: 950: 948: 943: 940: 936: 934: 931:According to 926: 923: 920: 919: 918: 914: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 864: 854: 849: 847: 837: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 797: 793: 791: 787: 783: 778: 766: 761: 759: 754: 752: 747: 746: 744: 743: 737: 726: 725: 724: 723: 715: 711: 708: 707: 706: 705: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 677: 676: 672: 671: 668: 663: 662: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 594:New York City 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 505: 504: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 481:State budgets 479: 478: 474: 473: 470: 469: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 438: 437: 430: 427: 426: 423: 422: 418: 417: 414: 411: 409: 408:Largest banks 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 395: 392: 391: 387: 386: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 346: 345: 341: 340: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 315: 314: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 264: 263: 260: 255: 254: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 195: 190: 189: 185: 181: 180: 177: 174: 173: 169: 165: 164: 158: 156: 150: 131: 122: 112: 109: 101: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 59: – 58: 54: 53:Find sources: 47: 43: 37: 36: 31:This article 29: 25: 20: 19: 16: 5782: 5768:Demographics 5618:Urbanization 5591:Unemployment 5585: 5403:Central bank 5351:Minimum wage 5133:Video gaming 4833:Labour force 4832: 4808:. 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