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2402:, the "Charter affirming the values of State secularism and religious neutrality and of equality between women and men, and providing a framework for accommodation requests." The bill would alter the provincial human rights law to prohibit public employees from wearing objects that overtly indicate a religious preference. The people who would be most impacted by such a law would be Muslim women wearing a
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2437:, a secularism law banning public officials in positions of coercive power from wearing or displaying any religious symbols. However, the display of religious symbols affixed in public institutions like hospitals will be left for each administration thereof to decide. To counter charges of hypocrisy, the crucifix in the Quebec National Assembly was also removed.
2477:. Critics of the amendment reject the idea that "Utilitarians, Nihilists, Capitalists, and Socialists can all bring their philosophy to bear on public life, but Catholics (or religious minorities) must check their religion at the door" in a sort of "second-class citizenship" which they consider nothing more than religious discrimination.
2125:, though not by any means prohibited from making religious remarks, mostly refrain from it. Religious considerations are generally considered incompatible with reasoned political debate. Political leaders are not allowed to practice any religion and are expected to differentiate whatever religious beliefs from their political arguments.
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French people with redefining the political and social foundations: the executive, legislative and judicial powers; the organization of the state, its components, its representations; the education system, the rites of civil life, and the development of law and morality; regardless of religious beliefs. The
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is commonly interpreted as the separation of civil society and religious society. It discourages religious involvement in government affairs, especially in the determination of state policies as well as the recognition of a state religion. It also forbids government involvement in religious affairs,
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managed to pass the security doors of a post office in their full veils, after which the two removed their head coverings, pulled out a gun, and held up the post office. Following March 2011, local elections strong disagreement appeared within the governing UMP over the appropriateness of holding a
1932:
In the 19th century, secularization laws gradually separated the state from historical ties with the
Catholic Church and created new sociopolitical values constructed on the principles of republican universalism. This process, which took place in a larger movement linked to modernity, entrusted the
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It is best described as a belief that government and political issues should be kept separate from religious organizations and religious issues (as long as the latter do not have notable social consequences). This is meant to both protect the government from any possible interference from religious
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has criticized the characterization of France's political structure as truly secular, remarking: "I have never understand how a country that called herself secular could call some of her citizens 'French
Muslims', and deprive them of some of their rights merely because they belonged to a religion
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that the word appeared explicitly as a constitutional principle entailing legal effect, but without being further specified. If built before 1905 religious buildings in France (mostly
Catholic churches, Protestant chapels, and Jewish synagogues) became the property of the city councils. Those now
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regardless of their personal religious convictions. In contrast to France, the wearing of religious insignia in public schools is largely noncontroversial as a matter of law and culture in the US; the main cases where there have been controversies are when the practice in question is potentially
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knife in public places) and even then the issue is usually settled in favor of allowing the practice. In addition, the US government regards religious institutions as tax-exempt non-profit organizations, subject to limitations on their political involvement. In contrast to Europe, however, the
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Coming on the heels of the Church's vocal objection to legalization of abortion as well as same-sex unions and adoptions in Mexico City, "together with some statements of its supporters, suggests that it might be an attempt to suppress the
Catholic Church's ability to engage in public policy
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had retained its influence—to mean the freedom of public institutions (especially primary schools) from the influence of the Church. Today, the concept covers other religious movements as well. Secularism took form for the first time during the French
Revolution: the abolition of the
1945:(established in 1886) on the organization of primary education, article 17 of which provides that education in public schools is exclusively entrusted to secular staff. This process culminated in 1905 with the Law of Separation of Churches and State, which solidified secularization.
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were incorporated into the preamble to the
Constitution of October 4, 1958. Among them is article 10 of the declaration "No one should be worried about his opinions, even religious, provided that their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law."
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is not used either in the
Constitution or elsewhere and is sometimes used as a term to contrast European secularism with American secularism. That amendment includes clauses prohibiting both congressional governmental interference with the
2383:, the only predominantly French-speaking province in Canada, has been greatly influenced by the secularism of France since the 1960s. Prior to this time, Quebec was seen as a very observant Catholic society, where Catholicism was a
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Public education has been secular since the laws of March 28, 1882, and
October 30, 1886, which established "moral and civic instruction" in place of teaching religious morals and secularism of personnel and programs, respectively.
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In fact, it is fundamental, on the one hand, to insist upon the distinction between the political realm and that of religion in order to preserve both the religious freedom of citizens and the responsibility of the state toward
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On the other hand, to become more aware of the irreplaceable role of religion for the formation of consciences and the contribution which it can bring to – among other things – the creation of a basic ethical consensus within
2391:. Quebec politicians have tended to adopt a more French-style understanding of secularism rather than the rest of Canada which is similar to the United States. This came to the fore during the debate on what constitutes the "
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permeates both the government and the religious sphere. The content of the weekly sermons in all state-funded mosques has to be approved by the state. Independent Sunni communities are also illegal. Minority religions, like
82:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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government cannot display religious symbols (such as the cross) in public schools, courts, and other government offices, although some exceptions are made (e.g. recognition of a cultural group's religious holiday). The
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A law was passed on 2011 April 11 with strong support from political parties, as well as from
Sarkozy, which made it illegal to hide the face in public spaces, affecting a few thousand women in France wearing the
165:, Var department, which was installed after the 1905 law on the Separation of the State and the Church. Such inscriptions on a church are very rare; this one was restored during the 1989 bicentennial of the
2469:—meaning 'lay' or 'secular'. Critics of the move say the "context surrounding the amendment suggests that it might be a step backward for religious liberty and true separation of church and state".
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Many find that being discreet with one's religion is a necessary part of being French, which has led to frequent divisions with some non-Christian immigrants, especially with part of France's large
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of religion and congressional laws regarding the establishment of religion. Originally this prevented the federal government from interfering with state-established religions. However, after the
2534:, and is state-funded while other religions or sects have independence on religious affairs. Islamic views that are deemed political are censored in accordance with the principle of secularism.
2285:(2016) and secularist policies of France provoked religious violence in France (though the main islamist attacks happened in 2015, which evidencies the lacks of Roy's point of view), to which
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to all other citizens, not putting the emphasis on any ethnic, religious, or other particularities. According to this concept, the government must refrain from taking positions on
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itself does not necessarily imply any hostility of the government with respect to any religion, asserting that French state secularism is actually based upon respect for
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whether the sole purpose of the organization is to organize religious activities (so that, for instance, the pretense of being a religious organization is not used for
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and most state legislatures typically open with a prayer by a minister of some faith or other, and many if not most politicians and senior public servants in
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became a political issue in regard to Turkey's accession to EU membership. The EU considers such prohibition to amount to suppression of religious freedom.
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but not, for example, to Syrian-Orthodox or Roman
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at that time, and which did not return to France until 1918, some arrangements for the cooperation of church and state are still in effect today (see
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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have the duty to maintain the (often historical) buildings but cannot subsidize the religious organizations using them. In areas that were part of
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French secularism has a long history: Enlightenment thinkers emphasized reason and self direction. Revolutionaries in 1789 violently overthrew the
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Nonetheless, separation is not extended to bar religious conduct in public places or by public servants. Public servants, up to and including the
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notably recreated the organization of the school system, by establishing public, secular, and compulsory education (Jules Ferry laws). The
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in August 1789 was accompanied by the end of religious privileges and the affirmation of universal principles, including the
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Other countries have followed in the French model, having forms of secularism—examples include Albania, Mexico, and Turkey.
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said that it was time to revisit the debate over the relationship between church and state, advocating a "healthy" form of
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has been used from the end of the 19th century to denote the freedom of public institutions from the influence of the
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as a legal principle is open to question, as it was never defined as such by the text of a law. It was not until the
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and especially prohibits government influence in the determination of religion, such that it includes a right to the
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responded that Britain, which has no such policies, still suffered a greater number of attacks in 2017 than France.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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In 2009, Sarkozy changed footing on the place of religion in French society, as he publicly declared the
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One of the architects of the law against religious symbols in schools defends the liberalism of laicite
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3472:"Les minorités non musulmanes en Turquie: "certains rapports d'ONG parlent d'une logique d'attrition""
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has also banned any activity in public schools and other government-run areas that can be viewed as a
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available regardless of the sex of the partners, quickly became the butt of late-night comedy jokes.
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as "not welcome" in France, and favoring legislation to outlaw it. In February 2010, two people in
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organizations and to protect the religious organization from political quarrels and controversies.
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3220:"London Gave Shelter to Radical Islam and Now It's Paying the Price, French Terrorism Expert Says"
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and equal rights expressed by the 1789 Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. The texts of the
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signed by representatives of 6 religious bodies opposing the appropriateness of such a debate.
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The French Laic Laws, 1879-1889: The First Anti-Clerical Campaign of the Third French Republic
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and consider religious subjects only for their practical consequences on inhabitants' lives.
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does not specify any nationality or ethnicity and simply identifies non-Muslims in general.
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introduced legislation to amend the Constitution to make the Mexican government formally
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3133:"Sarkozy breaks French taboo on church and politics - Christian News on Christian Today"
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and on the government endorsing any religious position, be it a religion or atheism.
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faiths and are mostly tolerated, but this guarantee does not give any rights to any
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which included the Catholic Church. Secularism was an important ideology during the
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state religion. Quebec then underwent a period of rapid secularization called the
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that made bringing religion into public affairs a major taboo." Former President
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Turkey. Islam and Laicism Between the Interests of State, Politics and Society
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in France is implemented through a number of policies, primarily based on the
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3474:(in French). Observatoire de la Vie Politique Turque(Ovipot.hypotheses.org).
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as desired by the French President. On 30 March 2011, a letter appeared in
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2004:"La France est une République indivisible, laïque, démocratique et sociale"
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to the Constitution contains a similar federal concept, although the term
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system and gradually after that, all religious influence from the state.
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3084:. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. pp.
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OffNews March 18, 2010, originally published in the Wall Street Journal
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See drop-down essay on "The Third Republic and the 1905 Law of Laïcité"
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes
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in the early 20th century. On March 3, 1924, Turkey removed the
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branches of government. This includes prohibitions on having a
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1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State
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International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties
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Clinton criticizes Turkey for shrinking Christian population
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Taming the gods: religion and democracy on three continents
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Nouveau dictionnaire de pédagogie et d'instruction primaire
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in hospitals—as advocated by the Minister of the Interior,
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to this template: there are already 1,502 articles in the
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Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
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1905 law on the separation of the Churches and the State
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Secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools
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Greek Orthodox seminary on Heybeli Island near Istanbul
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Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe
3107:
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2962:"Jeunes Laïques - la Laïcité selon Ferdinand Buisson"
2925:
Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs
2398:
In September 2013, the government of Quebec proposed
1736:, in which each individual should appear as a simple
3038:
Divided houses: religion and gender in modern France
2752:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2703:
2205:
in December 2007 and publicly acknowledged France's
1732:, where adherents believe religion belongs, and the
75:
3324:"Secularism and its discontents – The McGill Daily"
2690:, a devout Catholic convert and a critic of French
2597:
Separation of church and state in the United States
2091:(except for legacy statutes like those of military
71:
a machine-translated version of the French article.
3163:"Pope in France: The case for 'healthy secularism"
3102:
2590:
2185:initially criticized this approach as a "negative
3506:Xinhuanet.com from Chinaview.cn, 3 November 2009.
3113:French President's religious mixing riles critics
2799: – State or country without a state religion
2560:including Muslim ones. Turkey's view is that the
2487:Separation of church and state § Switzerland
2459:maintaining strong influence. In March 2010, the
5229:
2622:, these clauses have been held by the courts to
2475:history of religious suppression and persecution
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
2624:apply to both the federal and state governments
2300:
2118:whether the organization disrupts public order.
1992:
3156:
3154:
1251:Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance
870:Free Democratic Party/Radical Democratic Party
812:Democratic Union-Agricultural and Labour Party
117:accompanying your translation by providing an
62:Click for important translation instructions.
49:expand this article with text translated from
4194:
3812:
3663:
2464:
1626:
4570:
4549:
4409:
3368:
2828:
2691:
2661:dangerous (for instance, the wearing of the
2626:. Together, the "free exercise clause" and "
2538:
2446:
2259:
2253:
2224:
2214:
2192:
2186:
2165:
2074:
2010:
2002:
1967:
1961:
1898:
1756:
1723:
1706:
1645:
3585:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 189,
3469:
3151:
2910:, New York: Columbia University Press, 1941
2883:Collins Robert French Dictionary Unabridged
2418:, was defeated in the 2014 election by the
2087:is legally prohibited from recognizing any
1960:However, the 1905 law did not use the word
1897:From the end of the 19th century, the word
4201:
4187:
3819:
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3670:
3656:
2913:
1949:1905 law and the Constitution of 1946–1958
1633:
1619:
3698:Separation of the Churches and the State
3639:(PRIF), Germany, PRIF-Report No. 78/2007.
3465:
3463:
2744: – Opposition to religious authority
2351:Learn how and when to remove this message
2061:Learn how and when to remove this message
1119:Progressive Democratic Party of the North
775:Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party
3826:
3677:
3411:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies
3383:Mexico's Separation of Church and State
3189:"Burqa-clad robbers hold up post office"
2552:, are guaranteed by the constitution as
1922:Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
1057:Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente
152:
27:Separation of church and state in France
3248:
3041:, Cornell University Press, p. 6,
2987:Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
2583:In 2009, the desire to reestablish the
2209:, while highlighting the importance of
14:
5230:
3578:
3460:
3401:
3290:, Princeton Univ. Press, p. 111,
3217:
1662:') is the constitutional principle of
1444:Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club
4182:
3800:
3651:
3558:from the original on 6 September 2018
3478:from the original on 28 November 2017
3402:Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi (1 October 2016).
3283:
3199:from the original on 17 November 2010
3160:
3071:
3069:
2895:Religion and Society in Modern Europe
2684:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1697:, which is however not applicable in
1653:
3643:Conference on Laicite and secularism
3304:from the original on 18 January 2023
3161:Allen, John L. (12 September 2008),
3139:from the original on 7 February 2012
3055:from the original on 18 January 2023
3034:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2856:Dictionnaire GLOBAL Français-Anglais
2738: – French law against sacrilege
2658:Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle
2410:, and Sikh men (or women) wearing a
2333:adding citations to reliable sources
2304:
2191:" and wanted to develop a "positive
2043:adding citations to reliable sources
2014:
1997:Secularism is a core concept in the
1941:(1881–1882) are supplemented by the
1012:Movement for Constitutional Freedoms
795:Democratic Socialist Party of Greece
157:Motto of the French Republic on the
31:
3626:The deep roots of French secularism
3525:from the original on 15 August 2018
3075:
3016:from the original on 7 January 2020
2229:. Meeting with Sarkozy, he stated:
1379:Republican Democratic Concentration
865:Federal Democratic Republican Party
24:
3637:Peace Research Institute Frankfurt
3551:, Internal Revenue Service, 2007,
3521:, Internal Revenue Service, 2018,
3211:
3122:Christianity Today, Jan. 23, 2008,
3066:
2677:government endorsement of religion
2630:" are considered to accomplish a "
2564:gives certain religious rights to
2366:
2174:—and in public service generally.
1907:process—among countries where the
1903:has been used in the context of a
1775:separation of the state and church
1351:Radical Socialist Republican Party
25:
5269:
4208:
3608:
3356:from the original on 5 April 2019
3330:from the original on 4 March 2016
3321:
2944:
2506:, a strong stance of secularism (
1857:, beginning to develop since the
1027:National Progressive Center Union
5248:History of Catholicism in France
2720:
2706:
2309:
2019:
1825:, 'of the people'), itself from
1600:
1588:
977:Liberals, Democrats and Radicals
925:Italian Democratic Liberal Party
824:Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
36:
3536:
3509:
3490:
3448:from the original on 6 May 2020
3395:
3342:
3315:
3277:
3242:
3230:from the original on 4 May 2022
3218:Lerner, Davide (14 June 2017).
3181:
3125:
2864:from the original on 4 May 2022
2821:
2591:Contrast with the United States
2532:Department of Religious Affairs
2320:needs additional citations for
2030:needs additional citations for
1837:, 'people'). The French suffix
1787:History of secularism in France
1728:relies on the division between
885:Free-thinking Democratic League
706:Authentic Radical Liberal Party
4540:Government of National Defense
3028:
3002:
2980:
2900:
2888:
2876:
2846:
2639:President of the United States
2632:separation of church and state
2480:
1769:. Therefore, the absence of a
1017:National and Social Liberation
726:Union of the Democratic Centre
127:You may also add the template
13:
1:
4449:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
4444:War of the Spanish Succession
3423:10.1080/14683857.2016.1233663
2840:
1966:itself, and so the notion of
1865:gained control of the state.
1843:is equivalent to the English
1459:Union, Progress and Democracy
1067:Party of Independence and '48
1062:Party of Democratic Socialism
834:European Republicans Movement
3582:Christ And Culture Revisited
2301:Influence on other countries
2292:Lebanese-born French author
1993:Constitution of 1958–present
1827:
1815:
785:Democratic Left of Catalonia
334:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
7:
2885:, Harper Collins publishers
2769:Freemasonry and Catholicism
2699:
2682:The French philosopher and
2673:United States Supreme Court
2473:debates." Mexico has had a
2395:" of religious minorities.
1874:(i.e., everyone who is not
1853:is a concept rooted in the
1449:Transnational Radical Party
1211:Radical Federative Movement
1107:Portuguese Republican Party
1097:Political Party of Radicals
790:Democratic-Republican Party
765:Czech National Social Party
99:will aid in categorization.
10:
5274:
4930:French subdivisions by GDP
4677:2022 presidential election
4662:2017 presidential election
3168:National Catholic Reporter
3080:Secularism Confronts Islam
3035:Ford, Caroline C. (2005),
2594:
2495:
2484:
2372:
2103:). Instead, it recognizes
1833:
1821:
1784:
1780:
1718:
1144:Progressive People's Party
875:Free-minded People's Party
74:Machine translation, like
5191:
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4434:Second Hundred Years' War
4385:
4338:
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4284:
4276:Liberalism and radicalism
4228:
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4128:
4090:
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3781:Radical Party of the Left
3749:
3724:
3685:
2491:
2440:
2011:Current status and debate
1673:free exercise of religion
1301:Radical Party of the Left
1180:Radical Democratic Party
829:European Radical Alliance
800:Georgios Papandreou Party
721:Centre Union – New Forces
129:{{Translated|fr|Laïcité}}
51:the corresponding article
4705:Administrative divisions
3741:Briand-Ceretti Agreement
2814:
2393:reasonable accommodation
2123:French political leaders
1335:Radical Socialist Party
1326:Radical Republican Party
940:Italian Republican Party
845:German Free-minded Party
4925:Franc (former currency)
4530:Coup of 2 December 1851
4503:Long nineteenth century
3631:Karakas, Cemal (2007):
2736:1825 Anti-Sacrilege Act
2537:This system of Turkish
2406:, Jewish men wearing a
2105:religious organizations
1560:Conservative liberalism
1439:Socialist Radical Party
1434:Social Democratic Party
1305:Radical People's Party
1285:Radical Party of Chile
1176:Radical Democracy Party
1076:People's Radical Party
1047:Opportunist Republicans
997:Manhood Suffrage League
962:Labour Democratic Party
738:Colombian Liberal Party
696:Alsatian Progress Party
691:Alfarista Radical Front
138:For more guidance, see
4945:Science and technology
4602:Provisional Government
4571:
4550:
4410:
3875:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3786:Grand Orient de France
3579:Carson, D. A. (2008),
3545:Revenue Ruling 2007-41
3249:Maalouf, Amin (2000).
2829:
2748:Centre d'action laïque
2692:
2643:United States Congress
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2514:) has held sway since
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2453:Constitution of Mexico
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1978:French Fourth Republic
1968:
1962:
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1757:
1755:Proponents argue that
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1707:
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1220:Radical Liberal Party
1022:National Radical Party
170:
5258:Secularism by country
3118:20 April 2016 at the
3076:Roy, Olivier (2007).
2558:religious communities
2516:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2297:other than her own."
2231:
2179:political correctness
1859:French Third Republic
1607:Liberalism portal
1032:National Reform Union
1002:Mexican Liberal Party
992:Liberal Swedish Party
930:Italian Radical Party
850:German People's Party
232:History of liberalism
156:
140:Knowledge:Translation
111:copyright attribution
5238:Secularism in France
4750:World Heritage Sites
4667:Coronavirus pandemic
3827:Secularism in Europe
3679:Secularism in France
3388:18 July 2011 at the
2996:3 March 2016 at the
2779:Secularism in Turkey
2649:, attend the annual
2628:establishment clause
2498:Secularism in Turkey
2420:Quebec Liberal Party
2379:Public discourse in
2329:improve this article
2281:has argued that the
2131:domestic partnership
2039:improve this article
1974:Constitution of 1946
1773:—and the subsequent
1664:secularism in France
1655:[la.i.si.te]
1575:Liberalism in Europe
1565:History of socialism
1360:Radicals of the Left
945:Jacksonian Democrats
915:Independent Radicals
733:Civic Workers' Party
280:Classical radicalism
270:Classical liberalism
205:Atlantic Revolutions
200:Age of Enlightenment
4888:Automotive industry
4672:2021 labor protests
4429:Peace of Westphalia
4297:History of Normandy
4292:History of Brittany
4091:States with limited
3736:Affair of the Cards
3284:Burma, Ian (2010),
3255:. London: Harvill.
3195:. 6 February 2010.
2968:on 7 September 2012
2162:into effect in 2004
1999:French Constitution
1767:freedom of religion
1668:French Constitution
1666:. Article 1 of the
1570:Irish republicanism
1331:Radical Republicans
1159:Radical Civic Union
905:Historical Far Left
895:Giustizia e Libertà
770:Czech Realist Party
327:Left-libertarianism
295:Freedom of movement
275:Cultural radicalism
210:American Revolution
4955:Telecommunications
4657:2015 Paris attacks
4520:Revolution of 1848
4348:Visigothic Kingdom
3620:Harvard Law Record
3502:1 May 2010 at the
2809:Self-determination
2774:Politics of Turkey
2578:Treaty of Lausanne
2562:Treaty of Lausanne
2520:Turkish revolution
2433:government passed
2211:freedom of thought
1918:freedom of opinion
1763:freedom of thought
1746:religious doctrine
1595:History portal
1236:Radical Left Party
1123:Progressive Party
568:Mill (John Stuart)
349:Left-wing populism
222:Belgian Revolution
171:
119:interlanguage link
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4857:Political parties
4793:Foreign relations
4758:
4757:
4687:
4686:
4470:French Revolution
4424:Thirty Years' War
4405:Absolute monarchy
4370:Kingdom of France
4266:Foreign relations
4246:Political history
4176:
4175:
3794:
3793:
3470:Jean-Paul Burdy.
3095:978-0-231-14102-4
3010:"TLFi dictionary"
2906:Evelyn M. Acomb,
2785:Secular education
2425:In 2019, Premier
2361:
2360:
2353:
2221:Pope Benedict XVI
2150:Christian crosses
2138:Muslim population
2085:French government
2073:The principle of
2071:
2070:
2063:
1855:French Revolution
1705:. While the term
1643:
1642:
1374:Republican Action
1171:Radical Democracy
987:Liberal Reformers
910:Independence Club
880:Free-minded Union
425:Utopian socialism
403:Social liberalism
310:Liberal socialism
260:Civic nationalism
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167:French Revolution
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4454:Seven Years' War
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4395:Early modern era
4375:Fundamental laws
4251:Military history
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4129:Dependencies and
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2927:. Archived from
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2461:Chamber Deputies
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2427:François Legault
2389:Quiet Revolution
2375:Quiet Revolution
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1939:Jules Ferry laws
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1414:Rose in the Fist
1409:Resolution Party
1404:Republican Union
1383:Republican Left
1246:Radical Movement
1112:Democratic Party
1102:Popular Councils
935:Italian Radicals
855:FDP.The Liberals
807:Democratic Union
413:Women's suffrage
315:Social democracy
285:Direct democracy
255:Anti-clericalism
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80:Google Translate
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2616:"free exercise"
2607:First Amendment
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2550:Greek Orthodoxy
2500:
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2457:Catholic Church
2451:influenced the
2443:
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2367:Quebec (Canada)
2357:
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2207:Christian roots
2183:Nicolas Sarkozy
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1995:
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47:You can help
43:
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19:
5106:Coat of arms
5096:Architecture
5068:Social class
5055:
5026:Homelessness
5011:Demographics
4965:Trade unions
4898:Central bank
4840:criminal law
4803:Human rights
4786:presidential
4630:Algerian War
4613:Contemporary
4587:Vichy France
4582:World War II
4552:Belle Époque
4485:First Empire
4387:Early Modern
4358:West Francia
4120:Transnistria
3914:
3761:Émile Combes
3726:Concepts and
3678:
3618:
3596:, retrieved
3581:
3560:, retrieved
3544:
3538:
3527:, retrieved
3517:
3511:
3492:
3482:28 September
3480:. Retrieved
3450:. Retrieved
3414:
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3344:
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3317:
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3192:
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3166:
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3037:
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3004:
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2982:
2970:. Retrieved
2966:the original
2956:
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2929:the original
2915:
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2471:
2455:despite the
2444:
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2378:
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2362:
2347:
2338:
2327:Please help
2322:verification
2319:
2294:Amin Maalouf
2291:
2287:Gilles Kepel
2283:burkini bans
2276:
2268:
2242:
2232:
2176:
2135:
2121:
2104:
2088:
2072:
2057:
2051:October 2014
2048:
2037:Please help
2032:verification
2029:
1996:
1959:
1952:
1931:
1927:
1896:
1869:
1867:
1790:
1754:
1750:
1730:private life
1722:
1679:
1677:
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1647:
1644:
1392:Spain (1977)
1387:Spain (1934)
1241:Radical Left
1042:New Liberals
955:The Mountain
819:Democrats 66
716:Centre Union
563:Mill (James)
548:Lloyd George
385:
115:edit summary
106:
86:
56:
48:
29:
5216:WikiProject
5031:Immigration
5021:Health care
4883:Agriculture
4835:enforcement
4592:Free France
4561:World War I
4508:Restoration
4495:Late Modern
4365:Middle Ages
4340:Middle Ages
4325:Celtic Gaul
4158:Isle of Man
4093:recognition
4067:Switzerland
4002:Netherlands
3771:Jean Jaurès
3598:10 February
3308:10 February
3252:On identity
3174:10 February
3059:10 February
2955:Excerpt of
2935:15 December
2868:28 February
2686:co-drafter
2528:Sunni Islam
2481:Switzerland
2279:Olivier Roy
2113:tax evasion
1888:legislative
1863:Republicans
1797:comes from
1537:Switzerland
1164:Radicales K
1132:South Korea
1052:Parti rouge
1007:More Europe
967:Left Centre
760:Clear Grits
603:Robespierre
543:La Follette
361:Rationalism
5232:Categories
5159:Philosophy
5144:Literature
5056:secularism
4852:Parliament
4647:2005 riots
4597:Liberation
4463:Revolution
4330:Roman Gaul
4315:Prehistory
4271:Journalism
4037:San Marino
3997:Montenegro
3977:Luxembourg
3957:Kazakhstan
3860:Azerbaijan
3751:People and
3048:0801443679
3020:6 November
2972:6 November
2841:References
2803:Secularism
2554:individual
2373:See also:
2252:debate on
1943:Goblet law
1861:after the
1851:Secularism
1660:secularism
1339:Luxembourg
1279:Luxembourg
1224:Luxembourg
900:GroenLinks
841:(elements)
753:Hébertists
748:Dantonists
743:Cordeliers
711:Blue Party
623:Saint-Just
593:Papandreou
478:Clemenceau
473:Cartwright
381:Secularism
376:Revolution
300:Jacobinism
186:Radicalism
5016:Education
4970:Transport
4820:Judiciary
4781:Elections
4735:Mountains
4693:Geography
4439:Louis XIV
4229:Overviews
4148:Gibraltar
3972:Lithuania
3562:14 August
3529:14 August
3439:151448076
3431:1468-3857
2574:Armenians
2524:caliphate
2097:local law
2093:chaplains
1976:from the
1880:executive
1810:from the
1481:By region
638:Venizelos
608:Roosevelt
598:Plastiras
578:Mossadegh
528:Jefferson
498:Garibaldi
339:Modernity
133:talk page
85:Consider
53:in French
5206:Category
5139:Language
5051:Religion
4996:Abortion
4950:Taxation
4847:Military
4808:Intersex
4798:Politics
4764:Politics
4566:Interwar
4261:Economic
4256:Language
4241:Timeline
4168:Svalbard
4153:Guernsey
4100:Abkhazia
4052:Slovenia
4047:Slovakia
4022:Portugal
3880:Bulgaria
3553:archived
3523:archived
3500:Archived
3476:Archived
3443:Archived
3386:Archived
3360:19 April
3354:Archived
3334:29 April
3328:Archived
3302:archived
3271:44398190
3228:Archived
3203:29 April
3197:Archived
3193:ABC News
3143:29 April
3137:Archived
3116:Archived
3053:archived
3014:Archived
2994:Archived
2959:, 1911:
2921:"France"
2862:Archived
2830:laïcisme
2700:See also
2654:Red Mass
2546:Armenian
2385:de facto
2277:Scholar
2262:La Croix
2239:society.
2095:and the
2089:religion
2081:1905 law
1884:judicial
1808:loanword
1522:Paraguay
1487:Bulgaria
1229:Paraguay
1184:Bulgaria
860:Far Left
613:Rosselli
523:Hobhouse
408:Suffrage
344:Populism
227:Chartism
178:a series
176:Part of
159:tympanum
109:provide
5197:Outline
5179:Theatre
5174:Symbols
5134:Gardens
5124:Fashion
5116:Cuisine
5083:Culture
5073:Welfare
5046:Poverty
4984:Society
4960:Tourism
4920:Exports
4893:Banking
4871:Economy
4830:history
4725:Islands
4720:Borders
4353:Francia
4307:Ancient
4285:Regions
4236:History
4221:History
4077:Ukraine
4027:Romania
3987:Moldova
3945:Ireland
3940:Iceland
3935:Hungary
3925:Germany
3920:Georgia
3910:Finland
3905:Estonia
3900:Denmark
3885:Croatia
3870:Belgium
3865:Belarus
3855:Austria
3850:Armenia
3845:Andorra
3840:Albania
3728:history
3617:in the
3452:19 July
3322:admin.
3224:Haaretz
2858:, 2018"
2693:laïcité
2656:at the
2611:laicity
2601:In the
2540:laïcité
2512:laiklik
2508:Turkish
2448:laïcité
2445:French
2435:Bill 21
2400:Bill 60
2255:laïcité
2226:laïcité
2216:laïcité
2194:laïcité
2188:laïcité
2167:laïcité
2144:, Sikh
2076:laïcité
1983:Germany
1969:laïcité
1963:laïcité
1900:laïcité
1781:History
1758:laïcité
1740:who is
1738:citizen
1725:Laïcité
1719:Concept
1708:laïcité
1703:Moselle
1648:Laïcité
1554:Related
1527:Romania
1512:Hungary
1502:Ecuador
1497:Denmark
1344:Estonia
1309:Finland
1269:Hungary
1259:Bolivia
1204:Ukraine
1189:Estonia
1127:Belgium
950:Jacobin
643:Virchow
628:Stevens
573:Mommsen
553:Mazzini
538:Leclerc
533:Lacombe
483:Cobbett
463:Bolívar
458:Bentham
453:Atatürk
430:Welfare
386:Laicité
194:History
131:to the
113:in the
55:.
18:Laicity
5211:Portal
5111:Cinema
5091:Anthem
5063:Racism
5041:People
4935:Mining
4910:Energy
4745:Rivers
4710:Cities
4642:May 68
4213:topics
4210:France
4163:Jersey
4105:Kosovo
4072:Turkey
4062:Sweden
4042:Serbia
4032:Russia
4017:Poland
4012:Norway
3992:Monaco
3962:Latvia
3930:Greece
3915:France
3890:Cyprus
3700:(1905)
3589:
3437:
3429:
3294:
3269:
3259:
3234:9 June
3092:
3045:
2667:kirpan
2605:, the
2572:, and
2570:Greeks
2504:Turkey
2492:Turkey
2441:Mexico
2412:turban
2408:kippah
2381:Quebec
2249:burqas
2236:
2158:kippah
2146:turban
2083:. The
1886:, and
1876:clergy
1822:λᾱϊκός
1816:lāïkós
1803:lāicus
1699:Alsace
1507:France
1424:ROSSEM
1319:Turkey
1314:Norway
1264:France
890:Foxite
670:Groups
653:Wilson
648:Wilkes
633:Varlet
518:Hébert
508:Godwin
503:George
442:People
5169:Sport
5154:Music
5149:Media
5006:Crime
4730:Lakes
4138:Åland
4057:Spain
3982:Malta
3952:Italy
3556:(PDF)
3549:(PDF)
3446:(PDF)
3435:S2CID
3407:(PDF)
3088:–18.
2815:Notes
2466:laico
2404:hijab
2272:niqab
2245:burqa
2234:them.
2142:hijab
1871:laity
1812:Greek
1799:Latin
1742:equal
1532:Spain
1517:Italy
1492:Chile
1397:Italy
1274:Italy
1199:Spain
1194:India
583:Paine
513:Green
488:Dewey
468:Bryan
249:Ideas
76:DeepL
5129:Flag
4915:Euro
4813:LGBT
3686:Laws
3600:2012
3587:ISBN
3564:2018
3531:2018
3484:2013
3454:2020
3427:ISSN
3362:2019
3336:2016
3310:2012
3292:ISBN
3267:OCLC
3257:ISBN
3236:2018
3205:2016
3176:2012
3145:2016
3090:ISBN
3061:2012
3043:ISBN
3022:2008
2991:laic
2974:2008
2937:2011
2870:2020
2663:Sikh
2566:Jews
2203:pope
2156:and
1846:-ity
1840:-ité
1834:λᾱός
1828:lāós
1794:laïc
1765:and
1701:and
1689:and
1294:2018
1289:1863
1090:1990
1085:1919
1080:1881
684:1942
679:1853
618:Roux
448:Alem
163:Aups
107:must
105:You
69:View
5101:Art
4825:Law
3419:doi
2634:."
2548:or
2518:'s
2502:In
2431:CAQ
2429:'s
2331:by
2099:of
2041:by
2007:).
1989:).
1675:.
1658:; '
493:Fox
78:or
5234::
3635:.
3571:^
3462:^
3441:.
3433:.
3425:.
3415:16
3413:.
3409:.
3370:^
3326:.
3300:,
3265:.
3226:.
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