2493:
magnificent portal and include a number of beautiful rooms along with a great salon, all made from incorruptible timber (teak) and adorned outside and inside with excellent bas-reliefs, so delicately gilded that they seem to be plated with gold rather than covered with gold leaf. From the king's apartments, on entering the very spacious courtyards, one sees first a great series of houses, all of brick and covered with tiles, where usually live the secondary wives of the king; and beyond them a line of more houses, built in the same symmetrical form for the officials of the court. I could write a whole volume if I tried to describe exactly all the other parts of the palace, its riches, apartments, gardens, and all the other similar things.
396:
382:
1826:
410:
1647:
2511:
1989:
74:
484:
2419:
357:
1586:
3158:
2261:
5671:
2878:
2116:
5229:
2032:. Vientiane was the principal city of Lan Xang, and lay at the confluence of trade routes, but that access also made it the focal point for invasion from which it was difficult to defend. The move allowed Photisarath to better administer the kingdom and to respond to the outlying provinces which bordered the Đại Việt,
3386:. Trade with Europeans for weapons began as early as 1511 in Ayutthaya, and by contrast the first European trade mission to Lan Xang was not until the 1640s. Access to advanced European weapons proved decisive during the Burmese invasions of Lan Xang and would become more important in subsequent wars with
2341:
Bayinnaung invaded
Vientiane in 1574, Sen Soulintha ordered the city to be evacuated but he lacked the support of the people and the army. Vientiane fell to the Burmese. Sen Soulintha was sent as a captive to Burma along with Setthathirath's heir Prince Nokeo Koumane. A Burmese vassal, Chao Tha Heua,
2302:
The
Burmese then focused their attack on Ayutthaya and took the city. King Setthathirath upon reaching Vientiane ordered an immediate evacuation. The Burmese took several weeks to regroup and rest having taken Ayutthaya, which allowed Setthathirath to rally his forces and plan for prolonged guerrilla
2224:
While the procession was en route, Maha
Thammaracha ambushed the princess and sent her to his overlords in Burma; she committed suicide shortly thereafter or en route. Facing the threat of a superior Burmese force, King Chakkraphat had lost a potential alliance with Lan Xang, the northern territories
2286:
The plan was discovered and reinforcements were sent to
Phitsanulok. Realizing Phitsanulok was too fortified, King Setthathirath withdrew his attack, but set up a devastating counter ambush on his retreat to Vientiane in which five pursuing Burmese generals were killed. Seizing on the weakness, King
2527:
put in place applied to the nobility and peasantry equally, and when the crown prince committed adultery with a palace attendant the king ordered his death. When
Sourigna Vongsa died in 1694, he left two young grandsons (Prince Kingkitsarat and Prince Inthasom) and two daughters (Princess Kumar and
2078:
The succession disputes in Lanna continued, but the position of Lanna between the aggressive states of Burma and
Ayutthaya necessitated that the kingdom be brought back to order. In recognition for his assistance against Ayutthaya, and his strong familial ties to Lanna, King Photisarath was offered
2599:瀾滄 is synonymous with the Lao kingdom. The river provided the means for the people, commerce and armies of Lan Xang to move between regional power centers, but also formed important geographic and defensive barriers. Major rapids formed the boundaries between the areas (and subsequent kingdoms) of
2290:
King
Bayinnaung sent a massive invasion in 1568 in response to the uprising. In early 1569, the city of Ayutthaya was directly under threat and Vientiane sent reinforcements. The Burmese had planned on the reinforcements however and King Setthathirath fell into a trap. After a two-day struggle the
1816:
Prince Thaen Kham then offered to restore his father
Chakkphat to the throne, but he refused and abdicated in favor of his son who was crowned as Suvanna Balang (The Golden Chair) in 1479. The Vietnamese would not invade the unified Lan Xang for the next 200 years, and Lanna became a close ally to
1768:
requested the animal's hair to be brought as a gift to the
Vietnamese court. The request was seen as an affront, and according to legend, a box filled with dung was sent instead. The pretext having been set, a massive Viet force of 180,000 men marched in five columns to subdue Muang Phuan, and was
3169:
and forest timber. Both were labor-intensive and were difficult to transport using the overland routes. Subsistence farming of root crops, bananas, gourds, cucumbers, yams, water buffalo, chickens, pigs and other domesticated animals was indigenous within Lan Xang. Forest products were generally
1812:
rallied under King
Chakkaphat's younger son Prince Thaen Kham. The combined forces destroyed the Vietnamese forces, which fled in the direction of Muang Phuan. Although numbering only about 4,000 men, the Vietnamese destroyed the Muang Phuan capital in one last act of vengeance before retreating.
2274:
In 1567, King Mahinthrathirat approached King Setthathirath with covert plans for Ayutthaya to rebel against Burma by launching a counterattack against Mahathammarachathirat in Phitsanulok. The plan would involve an overland invasion from Lan Xang with assistance from the royal navy in Ayutthaya
2106:
but failed to take the capital; that same year Photisarath was approached by Burma with offers of an alliance. Photisarath neither accepted the alliance, nor did he support Ayutthaya which had unsuccessfully tried to invade Lan Xang only eight years earlier. In 1550 Photisarath returned to Luang
2169:
In 1560, King Setthathirath formally moved the capital of Lan Xang from Luang Prabang to Vientiane, which would remain the capital over the next two hundred and fifty years. The formal movement of the capital followed an expansive building program which included strengthening city defenses, the
3338:
Trade and the economy of Lan Xang were based on high value commodities which could be easily transported using overland trade routes. Agricultural products like rice were too heavy for transport, and were both taxed and consumed by the regional mueang. The narrow valleys and climate along the
2492:
The royal palace, of which the structure and symmetry are admirable, can be seen from afar. Truly it is of prodigious size, so large one would take it for a city, both with respect to its situation and the infinite number of people who live there. The apartments of the king are adorned with a
2236:
The Burmese then turned north to depose King Mekuti of Lanna, who had failed to support the Burmese invasion of Ayutthaya in 1563. When Chiang Mai fell to the Burmese, a number of refugees fled to Vientiane and Lan Xang. King Setthathirath, realizing that Vientiane could not be held against a
2070:
and then in 1545 by Ayutthaya. Both attempted invasions were repulsed although significant damage had been done in the surrounding countryside. Lan Xang dispatched reinforcements to support their allies in Lanna. In response, Chairacha set out at the head of a second army in 1547 to take
2409:
and called off the attack. In 1596, King Nokeo Koumane died suddenly and without an heir. Although he had united Lan Xang, and restored the kingdom to a point that it could repel an outside invasion, a succession dispute took place and a series of weak kings followed until 1637.
3284:
developed a distinct cultural, linguistic, religious, and political history during the four hundred-year period of Lan Xang. The monarchy in Laos, which was a direct continuation from the traditions of Lan Xang would continue for seven hundred and fifty years through the
3038:
were an important folk custom which were used to ensure balance with the natural and supernatural world. Astrology was also a vital part to understanding the natural and spiritual worlds and became an important cultural means to enforce social taboos and customs.
2673:, and were based on trade or military importance. Say Fong was a Khmer trading post which became famous as a Lao cultural center for writing and arts. Vieng Khuk was mentioned by Van Wuysthoff, and was the "port city" for Vientiane, where trade between
2157:
In 1553 King Setthathirath sent an army to retake Lanna but was defeated. Again in 1555 King Setthathirath sent an army to retake Lanna at the command of Sen Soulintha, and managed to take Chiang Saen. For his success, Sen Soulintha was given the title
2840:
Lao society was divided with the religious and secular authority of the royal family at the top, followed by nobles, and then the peasantry which included merchants, artisans, farmers, and general laborers. Outside the system but above all were the
1554:
Fa Ngum again led Lan Xang to war in the 1360s against Sukhothai, in which Lan Xang was victorious in defense of their territory but gave the competing court factions and the war weary population a justification to depose Fa Ngum in favor of his son
1293:
were preserved in the origin myths and traditions of Lan Xang. The cultural, linguistic, and political roots which highlight the commonality of these early legends can help to understand Lan Xang and its relations with neighboring kingdoms. The
2552:
The Lao kingdoms remained independent until 1779 when they then would become vassals to Siam. However, the kingdoms maintained their monarchical roots and a degree of autonomy. For instance, Vientiane also had a tributary relationship with the
2750:
formed an important interdependent system of trade and tribute, which was based more on controlling resources and local populations than it was regional territories. Both wars and the production of rice required large scale labor forces. In
2333:
Setthathirath's general Sen Soulintha returned to Vientiane with the remnants of the Lan Xang expedition. He fell under immediate suspicion, and a civil war raged in Vientiane as a succession dispute took place. In 1573, he emerged as king
1753:. Also in 1471, Muang Phuan revolted and several Vietnamese were killed. By 1478 preparations were being made for a full-scale invasion of Lan Xang in retribution for the rebellion in Muang Phuan and, more importantly, for supporting the
3201:
Lao craftsmanship in silk production, weaving, gold, and especially silver was in high demand. Villages would specialize in a particular craft or skill where they would manufacture tools, weapons, pottery, paper, jewelry, alcohol
2666:) in Sip Song Panna. These major cities were known as "muang" or "vieng" and were classified based on substantial fortifications and city walls, the Lao chronicles record five supporting cities, and ninety-seven border "muang."
1469:. However, the remains of the Khmer Empire were in direct conflict with the growing power of Ayutthaya and the two became rivals rather than allies. Throughout the 1350s Ayutthaya expanded over western Khmer territories and the
3335:. Over time however social distinctions became more entrenched and the bureaucracy became based on hereditary title. The political institutions in Lan Xang created disputes and instability especially during royal successions.
2900:. The temples were centers of learning, and all males were expected to spend at least some part of their life in religious contemplation as a monk or novice. Kings could establish their legitimacy through supporting the
239:
2241:
attacks and small raids to harass the Burmese troops. Facing disease, malnutrition and demoralizing guerrilla warfare, King Bayinnaung was forced to retreat in 1565 leaving Lan Xang the only remaining independent
1985:, and his great grandson Nokeo Koumane would provide Lan Xang with a succession of strong leaders who were able to preserve and restore the kingdom despite tremendous international challenges in the years ahead.
2307:, northeast of Vientiane. In 1570 Bayinnaung retreated, Setthathirath counterattacked and more than 30,000 were taken prisoner, along with 100 elephants, and 2,300 pieces of ivory from the retreating Burmese.
3289:
until 1975. The decline of Lan Xang vis-à-vis their neighboring kingdoms was primarily due to geography, weak internal political structures, limited agricultural production, and the international arms trade.
2314:. Defeating the Khmer would have greatly strengthened Lan Xang, giving it vital sea access, trade opportunities, and most importantly, European firearms which had been growing use since the early 1500s. The
2532:
emerged; Sourigna Vongsa's grandsons fled into exile in Sipsong Panna and Princess Sumangala to Champasak. In 1705, Prince Kingkitsarat took a small force from his uncle in Sipsong Panna and marched toward
2237:
prolonged siege, ordered the city to be evacuated and stripped of supplies. When the Burmese took Vientiane they were forced into the countryside for supplies, where King Setthathirath had organized
2442:
revised many of the laws of Lan Xang and established judicial courts. He also concluded a series of treaties which established both trade agreements and boundaries between the surrounding kingdoms.
1306:
or court chronicles which were read aloud during auspicious occasions and festivals. Throughout the history of Lan Xang the legitimacy of the monarchy was tied to the single dynasty of
2310:
In 1571, the Ayutthaya Kingdom and Lan Na were Burmese vassals. Having twice defended Lan Xang from Burmese invasions, King Setthathirath moved south to conduct a campaign against the
2926:
was also one of the earliest, enduring and most important belief systems to the Lao-Tai groups, and the traditions and practices which began in Lan Xang have remained a vital part of
2896:
in 1527, but had been a growing part of cultural legacy since Fa Ngum. Within the villages, monasteries and towns of Lan Xang much of daily life revolved around the local temple or
1522:. Uthong sent 100 elephants, gold, silver, over 1,000 pieces of ivory and betrothed his daughter Nang Keo Lot Fa to be a second wife to Fa Ngum. By 1357 Fa Ngum had established the
3186:, beeswax, rhinoceros horn, along with porcupine quills and a variety of skins were commonly traded. Of particular importance was the deer skin trade, which was in high demand in
2537:. Sai Ong Hue's brother, the governor of Luang Prabang, fled and Kingkitsarat was made crowned as a rival king in Luang Prabang. In 1707 Lan Xang was divided and the kingdoms of
2405:, forcing the Burmese to accept Ayutthaya as independent and Lanna as a vassal kingdom. King Nokeo Koumane realized he was outnumbered by the combined strength of Ayutthaya and
2338:
but lacked support. Upon hearing reports of the unrest, Bayinnaung dispatched emissaries demanding the immediate surrender of Lan Xang. Sen Soulintha had the emissaries killed.
3297:, which formed the major means of transportation in the kingdom, is navigable only along certain stretches. Surrounding Lan Xang were populous and powerful neighboring states:
2083:, who in 1547 was crowned King in Chiang Mai. Lan Xang was at the height of their political power, with Photisarath as King of Lan Xang and Setthathirath his son as King of
3327:(senior members of the clergy) would choose a suitable successor based on both legitimacy and individual merit. The state bureaucracy as originally designed by Fa Ngum and
2303:
warfare. The Burmese arrived in Vientiane and were able to take the lightly defended city. Just as in 1565, Setthathirath began a guerrilla campaign from his base near the
1699:"The Cruel". It is possible that from 1440 to 1442 she ruled Lan Xang as the first and only female leader, before being drowned in the Mekong in 1442 as an offering to the
5782:
3020:
which are guardian deities of places, or towns are celebrated at festivals with communal gatherings and offerings of food. The spirits run throughout Lao folk literature.
1431:. Despite three attacks the King of Muang Sua, who was Fa Ngum's uncle, was unable to deter the size of Fa Ngum's army and committed suicide rather than be taken alive.
3016:
are spirits of buildings or territories, natural places, or phenomena; they are also ancestral spirits that protect people, or can also include malevolent spirits. The
1361:. The opportunity for the Khmer was to create a friendly buffer state in an area they could no longer effectively control with only a moderately sized military force.
424:
343:
2815:. Perhaps because of the complicated ethnic diversity of Lan Xang the structure of society was fairly straightforward, especially in comparison to the neighboring
1454:, forcing Lanna to cede some its territory and provide valuable gifts in exchange for mutual recognition. Having secured his immediate borders Fa Ngum returned to
2221:. It was only then in 1564 that King Chakkraphat sent Princess Thepkasattri to Lan Xang along with a massive dowry in an attempt to buy back the broken alliance.
2287:
Chakkraphat ordered a second attack on Phitsanulok in which he successfully took the city, but could only briefly hold it having suffered repeated heavy losses.
1345:
In 1349 Fa Ngum was granted an army known as the "Ten Thousand" to take the crown. At the time the Khmer Empire was in decline (possibly from an outbreak of the
2579:. This political situation would last until 1828 for the Kingdom of Vientiane and the late 19th/20th centuries for the Kingdoms of Luang Prabang and Champasak.
6227:
2951:
inhabited major waterways, carving out the surrounding countryside and protecting key points along rivers or other bodies of water. The earliest name for the
2279:. Mahathammarachathirat was in Burma at the time, and Maha Chakkraphat had been allowed to return to Ayutthaya as Burma was facing small rebellions in the
5660:
6222:
2299:
broke south toward Ayutthaya. The Burmese rallied and were able to destroy the divided forces, and King Setthathirath had to retreat toward Vientiane.
1769:
met with a Lan Xang force of 200,000 infantry and 2,000 elephant cavalry in support which was led by the crown prince and three supporting generals.
5640:
1384:(Muang Phoueune) offered assistance and vassalage to Fa Ngum for assistance in a succession dispute of his own and help in securing Muang Phuan from
3154:
areas to exchange cloth, iron and silver for forest products, which would be floated via streams on bamboo rafts until they met with larger rivers.
2225:
of Ayutthaya and his daughter. To prevent further incursions, King Chakkraphat became a vassal of Burma and had to deliver both himself and his son
5600:
5166:
5133:
2017:
throughout the kingdom. In 1532 the period of peace ended for Lan Xang when Muang Phuan rebelled and took Photisarath two years to fully suppress.
2005:(1520–1550) was one of the great kings of Lan Xang, he took Nang Yot Kham Tip from Lanna as his queen as well as lesser queens from Ayutthaya, and
649:
2107:
Prabang, but was killed in an accident while riding an elephant in front of the fifteen international delegations which were seeking an audience.
6197:
2346:
was established but faced internal rebellions. In 1580 Sen Soulintha returned as a Burmese vassal, and in 1581 Bayinnaung died with his son King
2150:. Arriving in Lan Xang, Setthathirath was crowned as King of Lan Xang. The departure emboldened the rival factions at court, who in 1551 crowned
2197:
In 1563, a treaty was signed between Lan Xang and Ayutthaya, which was sealed by the betrothal of Princess Thepkasattri (whose mother was Queen
1570:(King of 300,000 Tai) a carefully chosen name for the Lao-Khmer prince, which showed preference for the Lao-tai population he governed over the
1364:
Fa Ngum's campaign started in southern Laos, taking the towns and cities in the region around Champasak and moving northward through Thakek and
6182:
3362:
The demand for Lan Xang's high value trade commodities had to pass through intermediary kingdoms to reach world markets, thus for example when
5595:
2166:
invaded Lanna. King Mekuti of Lanna surrendered Chiang Mai without a fight, but was reinstated as a Burmese vassal under military occupation.
2755:
it was common practice for an invading army to forcibly move a population to where they may be more accessible for taxation, conscription or
1086:
853:
6247:
6187:
6177:
6167:
1483:
remained independent and powerful, and the growing power of Ayutthaya threatened regional stability. In 1356 Fa Ngum marched south to take
1689:. From 1428 to 1440 seven kings ruled Lan Xang; all were killed by assassination or intrigue guided by a Queen known only by her title as
6172:
2382:. King Nokeo Koumane then marched toward Muang Phuan and then to the central provinces reuniting all the former territories of Lan Xang.
2059:
of Ayutthaya for a failed rebellion. The incident resulted in a series of full-scale invasion of Lan Xang which was soundly defeated at
734:
5819:
3224:
was the largest most populous city (as well as the political capital beginning in 1560) and thus was of crucial commercial importance.
2990:
became a potent symbol of the kingdom of Lan Xang, so much so that when Thailand was forced to cede the territories which would become
6192:
2760:
2747:
2739:
2214:
1523:
791:
1839:
Through subsequent kings Lan Xang would repair the damage of the war with Đại Việt, which led to a blossoming of culture and trade.
1764:
had been captured and brought to King Chakkaphat. The elephant was recognized as a symbol of kingship throughout Southeast Asia and
1678:, and sought Lan Xang's assistance. An army of 30,000 with 100 elephant cavalry was dispatched, but instead sided with the Chinese.
2576:
2393:, but rebellions throughout the empire prevented any support. In desperation a request was sent to the Burmese vassal in Ayutthaya
1353:), both Lanna and Sukhothai had been established in what had been Khmer territory, and the Siamese were growing in the area of the
1342:, where he was given princess Keo Kang Ya. In 1343 King Souvanna Khampong died, and a succession dispute for Muang Sua took place.
856:
724:
6237:
5721:
3206:), elephant training or other unique trades. Iron ore was mined in Muang Phuan, tin and gems would also be mined in the north of
2210:
1443:
1172:
73:
5511:
5467:
5448:
5408:
5389:
5370:
5351:
5332:
5313:
5294:
5249:
5183:
5150:
5117:
5098:
5033:
5014:
4995:
4921:
4902:
4860:
4841:
4818:
4799:
3745:
2255:
2103:
1843:(1500–1520) was a major patron of the arts and during his reign the classical literature of Lan Xang was first written. The
6232:
5736:
1724:
4944:
Golomb, Louis (1976). "The Origin, Spread and Persistence of Glutinous Rice as a Staple Crop in Mainland Southeast Asia".
2318:
record that armies from Lan Xang invaded in 1571 and 1572, during the second invasion King Barom Reacha I was slain in an
2146:
and Ayutthaya were growing. Following the untimely death of his father, King Setthathirath left Lanna leaving his wife as
2099:(which would later become the palladium of Vientiane) and was given the princesses Nang Thip and Nang Tonkham as queens.
2075:
where he was again defeated and forced into full retreat to Ayutthaya, where he died almost immediately upon his return.
31:
2449:
made formal trade contacts with Lan Xang. Van Wuysthoff left detailed European accounts of trade goods, and established
2009:. Photisarath was a devout Buddhist, and declared it as the state religion Lan Xang. In 1523 he requested a copy of the
1438:"The Land of a Million Elephants and the White Parasol", Fa Ngum continued his conquests to secure the areas around the
1407:
as both a cultural and territorial barrier between the two kingdoms. Continuing his conquests Fa Ngum turned toward the
5804:
5650:
2066:
Lanna had a series of internal succession disputes throughout the 1540s. The weakened kingdom was invaded first by the
2343:
5826:
5635:
5212:
5079:
5056:
4883:
704:
2430:(1637–1694) Lan Xang experienced a fifty seven-year period of peace and restoration. During the period the Lan Xang
6123:
5762:
17:
2209:
instead tried to exchange Princess Kaeo Fa, which was immediately rejected. In the midst of the disagreement, the
1792:. One branch continued west, taking Sipsong Panna and threatening Lanna, and another force headed south along the
6242:
1466:
2472:
missionary to arrive in Lan Xang. After five years, he had very little success with conversions in the heavily
3351:
grown in Thailand. Both Ayutthaya and Thailand profited immensely from the international rice trade with the
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
5956:
784:
2738:
or "city-states" formed independent polities bound to the regional power of the king in a system known as a
5809:
2909:
2096:
1917:
1403:
to the south sought a clearly defined border with the growing power of Fa Ngum. The result was to use the
1289:
The cultural memory of the early migrations and the mixing of Tai influence with the indigenous, Mon, and
6095:
5590:
5524:
2186:
was constructed perhaps in compensation for the loss of status as the former capital of Lan Xang, and in
629:
599:
2986:
have endured as common motifs not only in myth and legend, but also on Lao temples, and silk weavings.
2845:
or clergy, which provided not only social mobility but also a means for education. The hill peoples or
2759:
labor. War was also an important means of generating wealth via tribute, and it was not uncommon in the
5978:
5900:
5701:
2528:
Princess Sumangala) with claims to the throne. A succession dispute took place where the king's nephew
619:
6044:
6034:
5971:
5777:
5570:
5504:
5200:
2615:
region were not navigable and provided a natural defense for Lan Xang from invasion coming upriver.
2600:
2538:
1526:
for the Kingdom of Lan Xang which extended from the borders of the Sipsong Panna with China south to
1278:
556:
375:
1825:
1423:. Having secured a sizable force of Lao from each territory under his domain Fa Ngum moved down the
5975:
5929:
5814:
5691:
3244:
which means "Walled City of Sandalwood and a Million Nagas," later shortening it further to simply
2692:
2689:(or Muang Dan) was a major fortified city and traditionally administered by the Lao crown princes.
2686:
2450:
2446:
1196:
777:
463:
2510:
1133:
6064:
6001:
5895:
5645:
5091:
Gathering Leaves and Lifting Words: Histories of Buddhist Monastic Education in Laos and Thailand
5048:
2678:
1761:
1518:
In Roi Et, Fa Ngum directly challenged Ayutthaya, which acknowledged Lan Xang's control over the
1176:
1105:
899:
2378:
where he reunited the cities, declared Lan Xang independence and cast off any allegiance to the
2370:
asking for Nokeo Koumane to be returned to Lan Xang as a vassal king. In 1591 he was crowned in
5872:
5841:
5836:
5726:
5716:
5670:
5484:
2905:
2853:
or "prisoners" which were either taken in war or were working for criminal offences or debts.
1646:
1195:
migrated south in a series of waves beginning in the 7th century and accelerated following the
979:
825:
from 1353 to 1707. For three and a half centuries, Lan Xang was one of the largest kingdoms in
1988:
5696:
2503:
The palace and the entire city of Vientiane were completely destroyed by the Thai during the
2591:
formed the political and economic arteries for the Kingdom of Lan Xang, so much so that the
1765:
1746:
1574:
factions at court. Samenthai consolidated the gains of his father, and fought back Lanna in
5991:
5946:
5910:
5787:
5767:
5580:
5575:
5497:
5110:
Paths to Conflagration: Fifty Years of Diplomacy and Warfare in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam
3261:
2635:
2604:
2546:
2542:
2135:
1575:
576:
546:
403:
389:
2162:(Victorious) and offered one of his daughters to King Setthathirath. In 1556 Burma, under
1326:
a mythical serpent of the Mekong and a protector spirit of the kingdom) with the birth of
8:
5867:
5792:
5204:
3323:(a council which could include senior royal family members, ministers, and generals) and
3005:
of Lan Xang as a thinly veiled threat that the territorial loss had not been forgotten.
2712:
2695:
was where the Lao defeated Ayutthaya in 1571, and was the site of a major battle against
2292:
1808:). King Tilok and Lanna preemptively destroyed the northern army, and the forces around
1365:
1141:
1002:
843:
314:
213:
4973:
Gorman, Chester (1976). "Ban Chiang: A mosaic of impressions from the first two years".
2350:
in control of the Toungoo Empire. From 1583 to 1591 a civil war took place in Lan Xang.
1738:
1667:
1640:
1396:
1385:
6054:
5655:
5160:
5127:
5068:
4961:
4872:
2998:
2920:(the "Emerald" Buddha), Phra Saekham, and Phra Luk (the crystal Buddha of Champasak).
2504:
2327:
1933:
1734:
1416:
1161:
714:
113:
3370:
which benefited from the trade. Maritime trade routes became more important than the
2771:
Lan Xang had ethnic diversity from trade and overland ethnic migrations. The multiple
2322:. The Khmer must have rallied and Lan Xang retreated, Setthathirath went missing near
1928:
as a gift from her father. The image is traditionally believed to have been forged in
1527:
1334:
and his father Chao Fa Ngiao was the crown prince. As a youth Fa Ngum was sent to the
6162:
5951:
5915:
5831:
5772:
5679:
5630:
5620:
5463:
5444:
5404:
5385:
5366:
5347:
5328:
5309:
5290:
5245:
5218:
5208:
5179:
5146:
5113:
5094:
5075:
5052:
5029:
5010:
4991:
4965:
4917:
4898:
4879:
4856:
4837:
4830:
4814:
4795:
3741:
3324:
3253:
3195:
2901:
2842:
2699:
in 1827 when the city was totally destroyed by Thailand for its symbolic importance.
2643:
2562:
2554:
2434:
was at the apex of power, drawing monks and nuns for religious study from throughout
2431:
2363:
2051:
to reinforce Lan Xang's southern regional power. Also in 1539 Photisarath accepted a
2044:
1848:
1616:
1608:
1408:
1358:
1354:
1234:
868:
694:
123:
2865:
formed the majority of the itinerant merchants, but there were small populations of
2418:
1904:
also sponsored several major temples or "wats" throughout the country. He chose the
1388:. Fa Ngum agreed and quickly moved his army to take Muang Phuan and then on to take
1253:), came increasingly under Tai influence. Following the death of the Sukhothai king
1199:(1253–1256) into the northern reaches of what would become the kingdom of Lan Xang.
5996:
5966:
5750:
5731:
5540:
5427:
5259:
Solheim, Wilhelm (1973). "Northern Thailand, Southeast Asia and World Prehistory".
4953:
3347:. The rice varieties were both low yield, and labor-intensive in comparison to the
3056:
2974:
in particular were believed to be protection spirits which inhabited the cities of
2893:
2800:
2592:
2529:
2406:
2323:
2206:
2202:
2033:
1695:
1412:
1113:
1077:
903:
872:
195:
3733:
3026:
were believed to influence natural phenomena including human illness and thus the
1715:
began in 1453 and ended in 1456 with the crowning of King Chakkaphat (1456–1479).
1465:, who was married to a daughter of the Khmer King Suphanburi, founded the city of
483:
6088:
6016:
5905:
5890:
5855:
5610:
5532:
3363:
2728:
2524:
2439:
2427:
2402:
2386:
2359:
2264:
2230:
2226:
2183:
2024:, the commercial capital of Lan Xang which was located on the floodplains of the
1896:
Epic poems were written along with treatises on medicine, astrology and law. Lao
1885:
1801:
765:
760:
682:
639:
472:
183:
1772:
The Vietnamese forces won a hard-fought victory and continued north to threaten
1585:
1038:
936:
909:
6039:
5961:
5885:
5615:
5325:
Naga Cities of the Mekong: A Guide to the Temples, Legends, and History of Laos
3371:
3367:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3293:
Despite its relative size, Lan Xang was landlocked throughout its history. The
3269:
3211:
3166:
3103:
3092:
3068:
3048:
2917:
2866:
2796:
2752:
2704:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2469:
2435:
2379:
2175:
2120:
2092:
1864:
1682:
1663:
1659:
1578:
during the 1390s. In 1402 he received formal recognition for Lan Xang from the
1543:
1539:
1519:
1500:
1470:
1404:
1109:
1044:
829:. The kingdom is the basis for Laos's national historic and cultural identity.
826:
310:
5431:
5026:
Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space Between Indochina and Siam, 1860–1945
4957:
1104:
The geography Lan Xang would occupy had been originally settled by indigenous
6156:
6138:
6125:
6104:
6069:
6059:
6024:
6006:
5941:
5233:
3418:
3316:
3309:
3217:
3207:
3171:
3072:
3060:
3027:
3008:
The natural world was also home to a number of spirits which are part of the
2979:
2724:
2651:
2619:
2534:
2375:
2319:
2296:
2268:
2187:
2171:
2131:
2080:
2029:
2010:
1982:
1969:
1789:
1785:
1339:
1274:
1254:
1242:
1227:
1145:
956:
949:
915:
171:
87:
5222:
2385:
In 1593 King Nokeo Koumane launched an attack against Lanna and the Taungoo
1671:
6049:
5986:
3331:
was along a military structure which included some social mobility through
3298:
3294:
3175:
3157:
3139:
3123:
3035:
2952:
2858:
2828:
2824:
2812:
2708:
2655:
2588:
2311:
1876:
1860:
1859:) first appeared in written form, along with several transcriptions of the
1624:
1571:
1535:
1335:
1290:
1215:
876:
863:
847:
809:
362:
103:
52:
4874:
The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present
3958:
3308:, Ayutthaya, Sukhothai, Lanna, the Đại Việt and the Khmer. Politically, a
2904:
and caring for or constructing new temples. Lan Xang had several powerful
6109:
6029:
5799:
5585:
5555:
5306:
A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Trade, Tribute and Influence
3332:
3179:
3131:
3127:
3107:
3009:
2862:
2854:
2816:
2792:
2631:
2612:
2608:
2571:
2347:
2342:
was left to administer Vientiane, but he would rule only four years. The
2280:
2260:
2243:
2218:
2191:
2052:
2048:
2014:
2002:
1978:
1963:
image was so revered that the capital city was renamed in its honor from
1754:
1712:
1675:
1579:
1556:
1451:
1381:
1350:
1346:
1302:" was central to these origin stories and formed the introduction to the
1192:
1168:
566:
417:
209:
159:
4578:
2994:
in 1893, the kings of Thailand ordered new state seals which showed the
5625:
5605:
5550:
5545:
5361:
Tossa, Wajupp; Nattavong, Kongdeuane; MacDonald, Margaret Read (2008).
3399:
3379:
3328:
3281:
3237:
3229:
3147:
3088:
3031:
2935:
2927:
2846:
2776:
2772:
2663:
2367:
2330:
and Lao Chronicles record only the presumption that he died in battle.
2198:
2179:
2163:
2139:
2072:
1889:
was also written. The earliest and continuously used Theravada temple,
1856:
1655:
1567:
1496:
1420:
1299:
1211:
1121:
1117:
818:
659:
5194:
3257:
3249:
3225:
3221:
3084:
3083:
where it could then be transported overland to the headwaters of the
3080:
2975:
2913:
2889:
2804:
2780:
2720:
2716:
2639:
2627:
2623:
2485:
2371:
2362:
court for sixteen years, and by 1591 was about twenty years old. The
2276:
2238:
2151:
2124:
2056:
2021:
1974:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1868:
1844:
1840:
1809:
1797:
1777:
1773:
1742:
1708:
1704:
1560:
1508:
1504:
1499:
control over the areas seized by Ayutthaya. Fa Ngum moved across the
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1455:
1428:
1377:
1331:
1266:
1250:
1238:
1219:
1207:
500:
92:
3312:
of relatively independent mueang and nobles held regional autonomy.
3170:
easier to transport and traded at a higher value. Elephants, ivory,
1951:
until that time, in part because of the strength of the traditional
1900:
was also systematized and the classical court orchestra took shape.
1477:
was attacked by Ayutthaya in a failed attempt to take the capital.
871:". The kingdom's name alludes to the power of the king, his ties to
5711:
5565:
4093:
4069:
3183:
3151:
2967:
2942:
2931:
2833:
2808:
2788:
2784:
2696:
2659:
2566:
2473:
2398:
2394:
2304:
1880:
1686:
1389:
1380:
in attacking Muang Sua, which they refused. However, Prince Nho of
1157:
1137:
1129:
942:
609:
450:
4457:
4455:
3220:
was important as the religious and royal capital of Lan Xang, but
2877:
2484:
in 1647. He left an eyewitness description of the royal palace in
1450:. King Phayu of Lanna raised an army which Fa Ngum overwhelmed at
5877:
5232:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4428:
3387:
3383:
3286:
3203:
3115:
3111:
2938:
2923:
2647:
2558:
2481:
2454:
2006:
1952:
1805:
1327:
1307:
1226:"The City of Flame Trees beside the River Dong", (modern city of
1188:
446:
226:
147:
38:
5489:
3264:
were also regional trading powers for central Lan Xang, just as
3002:
2987:
2983:
2971:
2963:
2882:
2791:
were ethnically dominant and there were several closely related
1700:
1323:
1218:, where the principal city-state in the north was known then as
5706:
4767:
4452:
3375:
3356:
3340:
3265:
3135:
3119:
3096:
3076:
3064:
2995:
2947:
2869:
and Vietnamese around major trading cities and in Muang Phuan.
2756:
2735:
2700:
2465:
2458:
2335:
2147:
2115:
2110:
2025:
1929:
1925:
1909:
1800:. A contingent of Vietnamese troops managed to reach the upper
1793:
1781:
1750:
1632:
1600:
1531:
1512:
1474:
1462:
1447:
1439:
1424:
1400:
1373:
1369:
1258:
1203:
1184:
1153:
923:
896:
348:
4622:
4620:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4030:
4028:
4026:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3390:
and Thailand during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
1707:
revolted, but despite the years of instability the capital at
5485:
Legend of the Founding of Xieng Dong-Xieng Thong at Muang Sua
3581:
3305:
3301:
3191:
3187:
3052:
2477:
2438:. Literature, art, music, court dance experienced a revival.
2390:
2143:
2084:
2067:
2037:
1913:
1546:. It was thus one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia.
1149:
919:
4878:(Fourth ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.
4566:
4482:
4440:
4047:
4045:
4043:
3491:
3051:. In the north and northwest the overland trade routes from
5520:
4617:
4595:
4593:
4351:
4264:
4210:
4141:
4023:
3939:
3937:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3886:
3820:
3798:
3796:
3709:
3617:
3605:
3047:
Lan Xang was at the center of the overland trade routes in
2991:
2775:
peoples were grouped into the broad cultural categories of
2142:
still had powerful factions at court, and the threats from
1872:
1446:) and began moving south to the borders of Lanna along the
1125:
822:
442:
4380:
3571:
3569:
3503:
3454:
3452:
2763:
to pay tribute to more than one regional power at a time.
1924:
had been brought by Fa Ngum's Khmer wife Keo Kang Ya from
1741:
and several skirmishes took place against Lanna along the
4731:
4709:
4707:
4329:
4327:
4254:
4252:
4227:
4225:
4040:
4013:
4011:
4009:
3876:
3874:
3861:
3859:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3315:
The succession of the monarchs was never based solely on
2897:
1847:
monks and monasteries became centers of learning and the
1820:
1318:
The traditional court histories of Lan Xang begin in the
1310:, the legendary king of Muang Sua and son of Khun Borom.
5007:
Spirits of the Place: Buddhism and Lao Religious Culture
4743:
4668:
4590:
4530:
4494:
4368:
4276:
4117:
3982:
3934:
3844:
3793:
3740:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press.
3556:
3554:
3515:
2912:
and spiritual symbols of the kingdom which included the
2707:
was also heavily fortified, and had been founded by the
1495:
and the surrounding plains, and marched south to assert
5360:
4719:
4692:
4584:
4542:
4472:
4470:
4416:
4339:
3964:
3566:
3479:
3449:
1718:
4931:
Gaspardone, Émile (1971). "L'inscription du Ma-Nhai".
4704:
4404:
4324:
4312:
4249:
4222:
4198:
4170:
4168:
4105:
4081:
4006:
3970:
3871:
3856:
3832:
3808:
3771:
3769:
3692:
3680:
3527:
3194:
and would reach its way to market having gone through
1662:. The Viet Chronicles record that during the reign of
1549:
1330:. Fa Ngum's Grandfather Souvanna Khampong was king of
5458:
Wyatt, David K.; Wichienkeeo, Aroonrut, eds. (1995).
5141:
Ngaosyvathn, Mayoury; Pheuiphanh Ngaosyvathn (2009).
5108:
Ngaosyvathn, Mayoury; Pheuiphanh Ngaosyvathn (1998).
5045:
Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present
4518:
3629:
3551:
3469:
3467:
2970:, were believed to bring rains, or change shape, and
2295:, at which point one of the commanding generals from
2229:as hostages to King Bayinnaung leaving another son
5418:
Wyatt, David K. (1963). "Siam and Laos, 1767–1827".
5382:
Civility and Savagery: Social Identity in Tai States
4755:
4554:
4506:
4467:
4392:
2291:
Lan Xang forces prevailed at the Pa Sak Valley near
4680:
4656:
4644:
4632:
4605:
4300:
4288:
4237:
4165:
4153:
4129:
4057:
3994:
3781:
3766:
3754:
3653:
3593:
2677:merchants took place before being destroyed in the
1434:In 1353 Fa Ngum was crowned, and named his Kingdom
996:
986:
5272:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1993). "Who was Maha Thevi?".
5242:The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History
5074:(Revised ed.). New York: Facts On File, Inc.
5067:
4871:
4829:
3670:
3668:
3641:
3464:
3110:and Xam Neua were regular points of commerce with
3034:identity and religious health over the millennia.
2930:spirituality. Among the ethnic hill tribes of the
2892:was the state religion of Lan Xang beginning with
2087:. In the elaborate court ceremony recorded in the
2013:from King Kaeo in Lanna, and in 1527 he abolished
1776:. King Chakkaphat and the court fled south toward
4790:Askew, Marc; Long, Colin; Logan, William (2007).
3539:
2945:believed that ancient mythical serpents known as
2561:, a relationship that, in the wake of the failed
1749:of Đại Việt invaded and destroyed the kingdom of
1589:Mainland Southeast Asia in the early 15th century
6154:
5457:
4099:
4075:
3374:in northern Lan Xang, the river trade along the
3366:demand for forest products increased it was the
2422:Seated Buddha figure from Lan Xang, 17th century
2170:construction of a massive formal palace and the
1313:
1036:
1026:
1016:
1006:
929:Other names for the kingdom include the Chinese
916:still used for the upper stretches of the Mekong
4933:Bulletin de la Société des Études Indochinoises
3665:
2849:were outside the social system, along with the
2779:(which included most indigenous groups and the
1996:
1851:grew in both cultural and political power. The
4828:Bush, Austin; Elliot, Mark; Ray, Nick (2011).
4789:
4488:
4461:
4446:
4386:
3955:Holt, J. C. (2009). p. 38.
3126:, where the goods would then be portaged past
3091:, or overland by ox cart or elephant over the
1487:for failing to support his earlier advance on
1257:, and internal disputes within the kingdom of
6228:States and territories disestablished in 1707
5505:
5287:The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline
4827:
4792:Vientiane: Transformations of a Lao Landscape
3916:
2618:The major cities of Lan Xang were located in
2549:emerged after a rebellion against Vientiane.
2413:
1650:Lan Xang and Mainland Southeast Asia in 1540
1084:
934:
907:
785:
5176:The Mekong: Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future
5165:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5132:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4914:A Short History of Laos: The Land in Between
4911:
4500:
4189:
3059:passed through Lan Xang and Sipsong Panna (
2111:King Setthathirath and the Burmese invasions
2102:The peace would not last long. In 1548, the
1788:, and then divided their forces to create a
1376:, Fa Ngum sought assistance and supply from
1284:
5140:
5107:
4870:Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993).
4773:
4572:
4422:
4180:
3343:was suitable for only certain varieties of
1916:or position of "dispelling fear" to be the
1538:, and from the Vietnamese border along the
1419:valleys, which were heavily populated with
1071:
1061:
1051:
27:Kingdom in Southeast Asia from 1353 to 1707
6223:States and territories established in 1353
5512:
5498:
5403:. New York: Paragon Book. pp. 50–51.
5341:
5322:
5303:
5284:
5271:
4930:
4811:Buddhist Textiles of Laos: Lan Na the Isan
4674:
4626:
4599:
4548:
4536:
4374:
4362:
4282:
4270:
4216:
4147:
4123:
4034:
3988:
3943:
3928:
3904:
3892:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3802:
3720:
3623:
3611:
3575:
3509:
3497:
3458:
3165:The principle Lao agricultural crops were
2358:Prince Nokeo Koumane had been held in the
973:
963:
867:), meaning "the Million Elephants and the
821:kingdom that held the area of present-day
792:
778:
72:
5143:The Enduring Sacred Landscape of the Naga
3435:"(City of the) Royal Skinny Buddha Image"
2742:. Each city was headed by a city lord or
2582:
2514:Pha That Luang and its place in Vientiane
2389:. Tharrawaddy Min sought assistance from
851:
5398:
5088:
5023:
4512:
4398:
4345:
4051:
3156:
2959:or "Great River of the Giant Serpent."
2876:
2509:
2488:during the height of power in Lan Xang.
2464:In 1642, Father Giovanni Maria Leria, a
2445:In 1641, Gerritt van Wuysthoff with the
2417:
2259:
2114:
1987:
1824:
1645:
1584:
1442:by moving to take Sipsong Panna (modern
1281:until the founding of Lan Xang in 1353.
5258:
5173:
5112:. Southeast Asia Program Publications.
5042:
4585:Tossa, Nattavong & MacDonald (2008)
4434:
3965:Tossa, Nattavong & MacDonald (2008)
3880:
3738:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
3521:
2669:Supporting cities were found along the
2569:, the last king of Vientiane, became a
2091:, Setthathirath took possession of the
2079:the throne of Lanna for his son Prince
2055:noble who was seeking asylum from King
1829:Wat Visoun, as seen by Louis Delaporte
1733:, Muang Phuan and some areas along the
1711:was able to suppress the rebellion. An
1685:ushered in a period of uncertainty and
1563:, where he died between 1373 and 1390.
1444:Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture
1392:and several smaller towns of Đại Việt.
14:
6198:Former countries in Vietnamese history
6155:
5379:
5192:
4985:
4972:
4943:
4912:Evans, Grant; Osborne, Milton (2003).
4725:
4476:
3787:
3732:
3726:
3545:
3533:
3268:was crucial for overland trade on the
2711:as a major trading center between the
2518:
2401:dispatched a large army and turned on
1821:King Visoun and a Flowering of Culture
1175:provide the first written accounts of
1173:southward expansion of the Han dynasty
1094:
6183:Former countries in Cambodian history
5493:
5438:
5417:
5239:
5028:. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
4892:
4869:
4808:
4761:
4749:
4737:
4713:
4698:
4686:
4662:
4650:
4638:
4611:
4560:
4410:
4333:
4318:
4306:
4294:
4258:
4243:
4231:
4204:
4174:
4159:
4135:
4111:
4087:
4063:
4017:
4000:
3976:
3865:
3814:
3775:
3760:
3703:
3686:
3659:
3647:
3635:
3599:
3587:
3560:
3485:
3473:
3161:The Khone Falls, on the Mekong River.
2831:and concepts of a divine kingship or
2723:Rivers. Trade cities also existed at
2646:(which in later periods would become
1784:. The Vietnamese took the capital of
862:
808:
5065:
5004:
4524:
2353:
2119:Statue of King Sai Setthathirath at
1719:The White Elephant War with Đại Việt
6248:Former monarchies of Southeast Asia
6188:Former countries in Chinese history
6178:Former countries in Burmese history
6168:Former countries in Laotian history
5193:Savada, Andrea Matles, ed. (1995).
4850:
3674:
3106:formed a barrier, but the areas of
2681:in 1827. South of Vientiane on the
2634:, Muang Sa or Muang Champa Nakhon (
1863:which recall previous lives of the
1729:In 1448 during the disorder of the
1658:died and was succeeded by his song
1550:King Samsenthai and Queen Maha Devi
78:Kingdom of Lan Xang (green) in 1400
24:
6173:Former countries in Southeast Asia
5420:Journal of Southeast Asian History
5199:(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
5093:. University of Washington Press.
4946:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
2374:, gathered an army and marched to
2217:the royal viceroy and governor of
2211:Burmese invaded northern Ayutthaya
1893:was built in 1513 by King Visoun.
1566:In 1371, Oun Huean was crowned as
1503:taking the major cities along the
1372:. From his position on the middle
1245:) and south to the twin cities of
1183:who inhabited the areas of modern
25:
6259:
5519:
5478:
4195:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 266–268
3067:, where they would join with the
2498:Fr. Giovanni Maria Leria, (1663)
2047:and he also made improvements to
1542:to the western escarpment of the
1031:, "Ten Thousand Elephants"), and
705:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos
6193:Former countries in Thai history
5669:
5227:
4988:The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia
2577:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34)
2565:for independence (1826–1829) of
2182:in Vientiane. In Luang Prabang,
2043:In 1539 he made a pilgrimage to
1725:Vietnamese-Laotian War (1479–80)
725:Lao People's Democratic Republic
482:
422:
408:
394:
380:
355:
341:
240:Đại Việt–Lan Xang War(1479–1484)
5240:Simms, Peter and Sanda (1999).
4895:The Last Century of Lao Royalty
3949:
3736:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.).
3412:
2941:was the dominant religion. The
2249:
2190:major renovations were made to
1737:were annexed by the kingdom of
6238:1707 disestablishments in Asia
5009:. University of Hawaii Press.
4990:. Cambridge World Archeology.
4489:Askew, Long & Logan (2007)
4462:Askew, Long & Logan (2007)
4447:Askew, Long & Logan (2007)
4387:Askew, Long & Logan (2007)
4100:Wyatt & Wichienkeeo (1995)
4076:Wyatt & Wichienkeeo (1995)
3182:(used in lacquer production),
3118:and Champasak flowed down the
2366:in Lan Xang sent a mission to
2344:First Taungoo Empire (1510–99)
2020:In 1533 he moved his court to
1932:, which was the center of the
1654:In 1416, at the age of sixty,
879:. Other romanizations include
660:Free Lao Movement (Lao Issara)
13:
1:
5344:Historical Dictionary of Laos
4853:Angkor and Khmer Civilization
4782:
3917:Bush, Elliot & Ray (2011)
3382:, or the overland trade with
3142:in the south. Lao merchants (
2523:The legal reforms which King
2256:Burmese–Siamese War (1568–70)
2134:(as King of Lanna) had taken
1940:an alloy of gold and silver.
1879:, and the Lao version of the
1830:
1559:. Fa Ngum became an exile in
1399:, concerned with their rival
1314:The Conquests of King Fa Ngum
1237:the principal city-states of
1206:valleys were occupied by the
5380:Turton, Andrew, ed. (2000).
5346:. The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
5066:Kohn, George Childs (1999).
3443:
3242:Vieng Chanthaburi Sisattanak
3236:or "City of the Moon." The
3030:became an important part of
2453:relations with Lan Xang via
1997:Lanna and war with Ayutthaya
7:
6233:1353 establishments in Asia
5342:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2008).
5323:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2006).
5304:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2003).
5285:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1998).
3393:
2966:which have been "tamed" by
2872:
2178:, and major renovations to
1511:and moving as far south as
1349:and the combined influx of
1277:) were independent Lao-Tai
875:, and his army's countless
735:Laos after Soviet dominance
630:French Protectorate of Laos
251:• Kingdom partitioned
10:
6264:
4501:Evans & Osborne (2003)
3275:
3042:
2795:groups which included the
2766:
2727:, and Nong Han Noi on the
2505:Lao-Siamese War of 1827–28
2414:The Golden Age of Lan Xang
2253:
2233:as a vassal in Ayutthaya.
1936:tradition and was made of
1722:
1395:The Vietnamese kingdom of
1099:
997:
987:
864:[lâːnsâːŋhōmkʰǎːw]
36:
29:
6082:
6015:
5937:
5928:
5863:
5854:
5758:
5749:
5687:
5678:
5667:
5531:
5443:. Yale University Press.
5441:Thailand: A Short History
5432:10.1017/S0217781100002787
5201:Federal Research Division
5089:McDaniel, Justin (2008).
4958:10.1017/s0022463400010237
4437:, p. 18–19; 136–154.
3240:would change the name to
2104:Burmese invaded Ayutthaya
2036:and the growing power of
1992:Wat Visoun, Luang Prabang
1338:to live as a son of King
1285:The Legends of Khun Borom
1197:Mongol conquest of Yunnan
1085:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1011:and the historical names
974:
964:
935:
908:
852:
715:Anti-Communist Insurgency
557:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
438:
376:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
320:
306:
302:
292:
282:
272:
268:
263:
259:
249:
236:
223:
219:
205:
201:
189:
177:
165:
153:
141:
137:
129:
119:
109:
99:
83:
71:
66:
46:
5763:Administrative divisions
5460:The Chiang Mai Chronicle
5439:Wyatt, David K. (2003).
5401:History of Laos (trans.)
5174:Osborne, Milton (2001).
5024:Ivarsson, Soren (2008).
4986:Higham, Charles (1996).
4851:Coe, Michael D. (2003).
4809:Bunce, Fredrick (2004).
3405:
2476:country and returned to
2447:Dutch East India Company
1908:a standing image of the
1760:Around the same time, a
1214:and subsequently by the
39:Lancang (disambiguation)
30:Not to be confused with
5399:Viravong, Sila (1964).
5365:. Libraries Unlimited.
5049:Oxford University Press
4855:. Thames & Hudson.
3590:, p. 45,51; 33–35.
3359:and European traders.
2626:including the towns in
2213:with the assistance of
1357:which would become the
1116:which gave rise to the
834:
6243:2nd millennium in Laos
3162:
3069:Chinese Tea-Horse Road
2886:
2583:Political organization
2515:
2501:
2423:
2387:Prince Tharrawaddy Min
2271:
2231:Prince Mahinthrathirat
2127:
1993:
1836:
1651:
1643:
1224:Xieng Dong Xieng Thong
1106:Austroasiatic-speaking
1007:
5601:Japanese puppet state
5308:. Allen & Unwin.
5289:. White Lotus Press.
5196:Laos: a country study
5043:Kiernan, Ben (2019).
4916:. Allen & Unwin.
4893:Evans, Grant (2009).
3425:can be translated as
3421:Note on translation:
3160:
2880:
2545:emerged. In 1713 the
2513:
2490:
2421:
2263:
2207:King Maha Chakkraphat
2118:
2089:Chiang Mai Chronicles
2028:below the capital at
1991:
1871:was transcribed from
1828:
1747:Emperor Lê Thánh Tông
1649:
1588:
1263:Vieng Chan Vieng Kham
1247:Vieng Chan Vieng Kham
1233:With the rise of the
1202:The fertile northern
1171:'s chronicles of the
650:Japanese puppet state
620:Franco-Siamese crisis
537:Regional kingdoms era
491:Muang city-states era
418:Principality of Phuan
100:Common languages
6218:17th century in Asia
6213:16th century in Asia
6208:15th century in Asia
6203:14th century in Asia
5737:World Heritage Sites
5274:Siam Society Journal
4813:. D.K. Print World.
4186:Harvey 1925: 167–168
3138:again and on to the
3075:would flow down the
2547:Kingdom of Champasak
2440:King Sourigna Vongsa
2428:King Sourigna Vongsa
577:Kingdom of Champasak
547:Kingdom of Vientiane
404:Kingdom of Champasak
390:Kingdom of Vientiane
37:For other uses, see
6135: /
5636:Vietnamese invasion
5591:French protectorate
5205:Library of Congress
5005:Holt, John (2009).
2827:with their complex
2607:and Champasak. The
2595:name for the river
2519:Succession disputes
2426:Under the reign of
1222:and alternately as
1142:Xiangkhoang Plateau
1095:Historical overview
1008:Vương quốc Lan Xang
953:Siri Satanāganahuta
214:Early Modern Period
48:Kingdom of Lan Xang
5901:Telecommunications
5651:History since 1945
5646:History until 1945
5462:. Silkworm Books.
5261:Asian Perspectives
5070:Dictionary of Wars
4897:. Silkworm Books.
4776:, p. 117–120.
4774:Ngaosyvathn (1998)
4740:, p. 109–110.
4573:Ngaosyvathn (2009)
4423:Ngaosyvathn (1998)
4102:, p. 120–122.
4078:, p. 118–119.
3967:, p. 116–117.
3500:, p. 143–146.
3488:, p. ix-xiii.
3210:or east along the
3163:
3146:) would travel to
2999:symbol of Thailand
2957:Nam Nyai Ngu Luang
2890:Theravada Buddhism
2887:
2881:Monk repainting a
2658:), and Xiang Hun (
2530:Prince Sai Ong Hue
2516:
2424:
2272:
2154:as king of Lanna.
2132:King Setthathirath
2128:
1994:
1934:Therevada Buddhist
1845:Theravada Buddhist
1837:
1652:
1644:
1491:. In 1357 he took
1177:Tai–Kadai speaking
1162:Champasak Province
993:Lan Chang Hom Khao
970:Lan Chang Rom Khao
946:Srī Śatanāganayuta
810:[lâːnsâːŋ]
225:• Founded by
114:Theravada Buddhism
6118:
6117:
6078:
6077:
5924:
5923:
5850:
5849:
5827:Political parties
5815:National Assembly
5783:General Secretary
5778:Foreign relations
5745:
5744:
5661:2007 coup attempt
5631:Laotian Civil War
5621:Ho Chi Minh trail
5596:Japanese invasion
5469:978-974-7100-62-4
5450:978-0-300-08475-7
5410:978-0-685-41963-2
5391:978-0-7007-1173-4
5372:978-1-59158-345-5
5353:978-0-8108-5624-0
5334:978-981-05-5923-6
5327:. Media Masters.
5315:978-1-86448-954-5
5296:978-974-8434-33-9
5251:978-0-7007-1531-2
5185:978-0-8021-3802-6
5152:978-974-303-160-1
5119:978-0-87727-723-1
5100:978-0-295-98849-8
5035:978-87-7694-023-2
5016:978-0-8248-3327-5
4997:978-0-521-56505-9
4923:978-1-86448-997-2
4904:978-616-215-008-1
4862:978-0-500-02117-0
4843:978-1-74179-153-2
4836:. Lonely Planet.
4820:978-81-246-0250-8
4801:978-0-415-33141-8
4752:, p. 93; 73.
4701:, p. 17; 84.
4675:Stuart-Fox (2006)
4627:Stuart-Fox (1998)
4600:Stuart-Fox (1998)
4549:Stuart-Fox (2006)
4537:Stuart-Fox (2008)
4375:Stuart-Fox (2006)
4363:Stuart-Fox (2006)
4283:Stuart-Fox (1998)
4271:Stuart-Fox (2006)
4217:Stuart-Fox (1998)
4148:Stuart-Fox (2006)
4124:Stuart-Fox (1998)
4035:Stuart-Fox (1998)
3989:Stuart-Fox (1998)
3944:Stuart-Fox (1998)
3929:Stuart-Fox (2006)
3905:Stuart-Fox (2006)
3893:Stuart-Fox (1998)
3851:Stuart-Fox (1998)
3839:Stuart-Fox (1993)
3827:Stuart-Fox (2006)
3803:Stuart-Fox (2003)
3747:978-0-8248-0368-1
3721:Stuart-Fox (1998)
3624:Stuart-Fox (2006)
3612:Stuart-Fox (1998)
3576:Stuart-Fox (2006)
3524:, p. 145-62.
3510:Stuart-Fox (1998)
3498:Stuart-Fox (1998)
3459:Stuart-Fox (1998)
3228:was originally a
3134:to join with the
3089:Chao Praya rivers
2885:at Pha That Luang
2563:Laotian Rebellion
2354:Lan Xang Restored
2205:). However, King
1947:had been kept in
1920:of Lan Xang. The
1853:Nithan Khun Borom
1670:took place under
1617:Ayutthaya Kingdom
1609:Sukhothai Kingdom
1436:Lan Xang Hom Khao
1409:Sip Song Chau Tai
1368:along the middle
1359:Ayutthaya Kingdom
1355:Chao Phraya River
1296:Nithan Khun Borum
1235:Sukhothai Kingdom
1068:Srei Satneakonhot
902:of the kingdom's
840:Lān Xāng Hôm Khāo
802:
801:
748:
747:
695:Laotian Civil War
668:
667:
585:
584:
532:
531:
509:
508:
456:
455:
434:
433:
430:
429:
368:
367:
191:• 1700–1707
179:• 1637–1694
167:• 1548–1571
155:• 1373–1416
143:• 1353–1385
124:Absolute monarchy
61:
51:ອານາຈັກລ້ານຊ້າງ (
16:(Redirected from
6255:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6098:
6091:
5935:
5934:
5881:
5861:
5860:
5756:
5755:
5685:
5684:
5673:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5491:
5490:
5473:
5454:
5435:
5414:
5395:
5376:
5357:
5338:
5319:
5300:
5281:
5268:
5255:
5244:. Curzon Press.
5231:
5230:
5226:
5189:
5170:
5164:
5156:
5145:. Mekong Press.
5137:
5131:
5123:
5104:
5085:
5073:
5062:
5039:
5020:
5001:
4982:
4969:
4940:
4927:
4908:
4889:
4877:
4866:
4847:
4835:
4824:
4805:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4716:, p. 84–85.
4711:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4629:, p. 48–49.
4624:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4588:
4587:, p. 75–89.
4582:
4576:
4575:, p. 55–56.
4570:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4527:, p. 10–15.
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4465:
4464:, p. 20–40.
4459:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4413:, p. 13–32.
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4365:, p. 74–77.
4360:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4336:, p. 88–90.
4331:
4322:
4321:, p. 85–88.
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4273:, p. 72–73.
4268:
4262:
4261:, p. 79–81.
4256:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4234:, p. 78–79.
4229:
4220:
4219:, p. 81–82.
4214:
4208:
4207:, p. 73–75.
4202:
4196:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4150:, p. 61–72.
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4114:, p. 71–73.
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4090:, p. 64–68.
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4054:, p. 50–51.
4049:
4038:
4037:, p. 74–75.
4032:
4021:
4020:, p. 56–61.
4015:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3979:, p. 37–39.
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3932:
3931:, p. 22–25.
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3907:, p. 21–22.
3902:
3896:
3895:, p. 66–67.
3890:
3884:
3878:
3869:
3868:, p. 51–52.
3863:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3829:, p. 20–21.
3824:
3818:
3817:, p. 47–48.
3812:
3806:
3800:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3730:
3724:
3723:, p. 38–43.
3718:
3707:
3706:, p. 30–35.
3701:
3690:
3689:, p. 30–49.
3684:
3678:
3672:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3626:, p. 11–15.
3621:
3615:
3614:, p. 22–29.
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3564:
3563:, p. 24–26.
3558:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3536:, p. 14–26.
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3512:, p. 43–44.
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3462:
3456:
3437:
3416:
3102:In the east the
2962:Ngueak, and the
2908:which served as
2894:King Photisarath
2729:Song Khram River
2703:on the southern
2499:
2468:, was the first
2316:Khmer Chronicles
2215:Maha Thammaracha
2138:as his capital.
2095:as his personal
1835:
1832:
1696:Nang Keo Phimpha
1668:Lam Sơn Uprising
1320:Year of the Nāga
1134:Đông Sơn culture
1108:tribes, such as
1090:
1089:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1042:
1041:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1000:
999:
990:
989:
977:
976:
967:
966:
940:
939:
913:
912:
873:Laotian Buddhism
866:
860:
859:
812:
794:
787:
780:
744:
743:
689:
679:
678:
596:
595:
543:
542:
520:
519:
497:
496:
486:
476:
458:
457:
426:
425:
412:
411:
398:
397:
384:
383:
372:
371:
359:
358:
345:
344:
338:
337:
322:
321:
196:Setthathirath II
76:
57:
44:
43:
21:
18:Lan Xang Kingdom
6263:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6153:
6152:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6114:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6074:
6065:Public holidays
6011:
6002:Sex trafficking
5920:
5879:
5846:
5805:Law enforcement
5741:
5722:Protected areas
5674:
5665:
5611:Kingdom of Laos
5527:
5518:
5481:
5476:
5470:
5451:
5411:
5392:
5373:
5354:
5335:
5316:
5297:
5252:
5228:
5215:
5186:
5178:. Grove Press.
5158:
5157:
5153:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5101:
5082:
5059:
5036:
5017:
4998:
4924:
4905:
4886:
4863:
4844:
4821:
4802:
4785:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4728:, p. 1–15.
4724:
4720:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4637:
4633:
4625:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4598:
4591:
4583:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4547:
4543:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4519:
4513:McDaniel (2008)
4511:
4507:
4499:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4453:
4445:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4421:
4417:
4409:
4405:
4399:Viravong (1964)
4397:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4361:
4352:
4346:Ivarsson (2008)
4344:
4340:
4332:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4257:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4052:Viravong (1964)
4050:
4041:
4033:
4024:
4016:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3987:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3879:
3872:
3864:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3813:
3809:
3801:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3731:
3727:
3719:
3710:
3702:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3638:, p. 9–10.
3634:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3574:
3567:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3396:
3287:Khun Lo Dynasty
3278:
3124:Island of Khong
3045:
3001:feeding on the
2875:
2769:
2693:Nong Bua Lamphu
2687:Nong Bua Lamphu
2679:Lao-Siamese War
2585:
2525:Sourigna Vongsa
2521:
2500:
2497:
2416:
2403:Tharrawaddy Min
2368:King Nandabayin
2356:
2275:passing up the
2265:Wat Xieng Thong
2258:
2252:
2227:Prince Ramesuan
2184:Wat Xieng Thong
2164:King Bayinnaung
2113:
1999:
1981:, his grandson
1886:Pra Lak Pra Lam
1833:
1823:
1802:Irrawaddy River
1727:
1721:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1568:King Samsenthai
1552:
1316:
1287:
1210:culture of the
1124:(today part of
1102:
1097:
1001:); the present
837:
798:
766:History of Isan
761:History of Laos
741:
739:
729:1975–1991
719:1975–2007
709:1958–1959
699:1953–1975
688:1946–1975
687:
683:Kingdom of Laos
673:Independent era
664:1945–1949
644:1940–1941
640:Franco-Thai War
634:1893–1953
614:1865–1890
604:1826–1828
581:1713–1904
571:1707–1899
561:1707–1893
551:1707–1828
528:1353–1707
474:
467:
449:
445:
423:
409:
395:
381:
356:
342:
295:
285:
275:
252:
242:
229:
192:
184:Sourigna Vongsa
180:
168:
156:
144:
91:
79:
62:
59:anachak lansang
56:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6261:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6100:
6099:
6092:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6021:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5981:hybrid variant
5969:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5896:Stock exchange
5893:
5888:
5883:
5875:
5870:
5864:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5842:Prime Minister
5839:
5837:Vice President
5834:
5829:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5616:Indochina Wars
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5571:Luang Phrabang
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5537:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5517:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5480:
5479:External links
5477:
5475:
5474:
5468:
5455:
5449:
5436:
5415:
5409:
5396:
5390:
5377:
5371:
5358:
5352:
5339:
5333:
5320:
5314:
5301:
5295:
5282:
5269:
5256:
5250:
5237:
5213:
5190:
5184:
5171:
5151:
5138:
5118:
5105:
5099:
5086:
5080:
5063:
5057:
5040:
5034:
5021:
5015:
5002:
4996:
4983:
4970:
4941:
4928:
4922:
4909:
4903:
4890:
4884:
4867:
4861:
4848:
4842:
4825:
4819:
4806:
4800:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4766:
4754:
4742:
4730:
4718:
4703:
4691:
4679:
4667:
4655:
4643:
4631:
4616:
4604:
4589:
4577:
4565:
4563:, p. 247.
4553:
4541:
4529:
4517:
4505:
4493:
4481:
4466:
4451:
4439:
4435:Osborne (2001)
4427:
4415:
4403:
4391:
4379:
4367:
4350:
4348:, p. 113.
4338:
4323:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4275:
4263:
4248:
4236:
4221:
4209:
4197:
4188:
4179:
4164:
4152:
4140:
4128:
4116:
4104:
4092:
4080:
4068:
4056:
4039:
4022:
4005:
3993:
3981:
3969:
3957:
3948:
3933:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3885:
3883:, p. 211.
3870:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3792:
3780:
3765:
3753:
3746:
3734:Coedès, George
3725:
3708:
3691:
3679:
3664:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3616:
3604:
3592:
3580:
3565:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3522:Solheim (1973)
3514:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3463:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3427:"skinny/small"
3410:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3392:
3345:glutinous rice
3319:, as both the
3277:
3274:
3270:Khorat Plateau
3212:Annamite Range
3198:trade posts.
3167:glutinous rice
3104:Annamite Range
3093:Khorat Plateau
3049:Southeast Asia
3044:
3041:
2874:
2871:
2823:system or the
2768:
2765:
2761:mandala system
2753:Southeast Asia
2705:Khorat Plateau
2683:Khorat Plateau
2671:Khorat Plateau
2584:
2581:
2520:
2517:
2495:
2436:Southeast Asia
2415:
2412:
2380:Toungoo Empire
2355:
2352:
2251:
2248:
2176:Emerald Buddha
2121:Pha That Luang
2112:
2109:
2093:Emerald Buddha
2015:spirit worship
1998:
1995:
1822:
1819:
1762:white elephant
1723:Main article:
1720:
1717:
1683:Lan Kham Daeng
1664:Lan Kham Daeng
1660:Lan Kham Daeng
1551:
1548:
1544:Khorat Plateau
1540:Annamite Range
1520:Khorat Plateau
1501:Khorat Plateau
1471:Khorat Plateau
1405:Annamite Range
1315:
1312:
1286:
1283:
1114:Vietic peoples
1110:Khmuic peoples
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
998:ล้านจ๊างฮ่มขาว
975:ล้านช้างร่มขาว
836:
833:
827:Southeast Asia
800:
799:
797:
796:
789:
782:
774:
771:
770:
769:
768:
763:
755:
754:
750:
749:
746:
745:
737:
731:
730:
727:
721:
720:
717:
711:
710:
707:
701:
700:
697:
691:
690:
685:
675:
674:
670:
669:
666:
665:
662:
656:
655:
652:
646:
645:
642:
636:
635:
632:
626:
625:
622:
616:
615:
612:
606:
605:
602:
592:
591:
587:
586:
583:
582:
579:
573:
572:
569:
563:
562:
559:
553:
552:
549:
539:
538:
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
516:
515:
511:
510:
507:
506:
505:698–1353
503:
493:
492:
488:
487:
479:
478:
469:
468:
461:
454:
453:
440:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
420:
414:
413:
406:
400:
399:
392:
386:
385:
378:
369:
366:
365:
360:
352:
351:
346:
334:
333:
328:
318:
317:
308:
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
293:
290:
289:
286:
283:
280:
279:
276:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
237:
234:
233:
230:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
207:
206:Historical era
203:
202:
199:
198:
193:
190:
187:
186:
181:
178:
175:
174:
169:
166:
163:
162:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
85:
81:
80:
77:
69:
68:
64:
63:
50:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6260:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6151:
6148:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6035:Dramatic arts
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5957:Ethnic groups
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5697:Deforestation
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5510:
5508:
5503:
5501:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5471:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5384:. Routledge.
5383:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5364:
5363:Lao Folktales
5359:
5355:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5234:public domain
5224:
5220:
5216:
5214:0-8444-0832-8
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5154:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5121:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5081:0-8160-3928-3
5077:
5072:
5071:
5064:
5060:
5058:9780190053796
5054:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4885:0-06-270056-1
4881:
4876:
4875:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:. Routledge.
4793:
4788:
4787:
4775:
4770:
4764:, p. 74.
4763:
4758:
4751:
4746:
4739:
4734:
4727:
4726:Golomb (1976)
4722:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4700:
4695:
4689:, p. 76.
4688:
4683:
4677:, p. 53.
4676:
4671:
4665:, p. 31.
4664:
4659:
4653:, p. 95.
4652:
4647:
4641:, p. 96.
4640:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4614:, p. 24.
4613:
4608:
4602:, p. 49.
4601:
4596:
4594:
4586:
4581:
4574:
4569:
4562:
4557:
4550:
4545:
4539:, p. 33.
4538:
4533:
4526:
4521:
4514:
4509:
4502:
4497:
4491:, p. 36.
4490:
4485:
4479:, p. 16.
4478:
4477:Turton (2000)
4473:
4471:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4449:, p. 35.
4448:
4443:
4436:
4431:
4424:
4419:
4412:
4407:
4400:
4395:
4388:
4383:
4377:, p. 75.
4376:
4371:
4364:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4347:
4342:
4335:
4330:
4328:
4320:
4315:
4309:, p. 83.
4308:
4303:
4297:, p. 85.
4296:
4291:
4285:, p. 83.
4284:
4279:
4272:
4267:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4246:, p. 82.
4245:
4240:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4177:, p. 81.
4176:
4171:
4169:
4162:, p. 80.
4161:
4156:
4149:
4144:
4138:, p. 73.
4137:
4132:
4126:, p. 78.
4125:
4120:
4113:
4108:
4101:
4096:
4089:
4084:
4077:
4072:
4066:, p. 78.
4065:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4003:, p. 56.
4002:
3997:
3991:, p. 53.
3990:
3985:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3961:
3952:
3946:, p. 74.
3945:
3940:
3938:
3930:
3925:
3919:, p. 26.
3918:
3913:
3906:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3867:
3862:
3860:
3853:, p. 65.
3852:
3847:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3805:, p. 80.
3804:
3799:
3797:
3789:
3788:Savada (1995)
3784:
3778:, p. 36.
3777:
3772:
3770:
3763:, p. 52.
3762:
3757:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3662:, p. 26.
3661:
3656:
3649:
3644:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3608:
3602:, p. 51.
3601:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3546:Higham (1996)
3542:
3535:
3534:Gorman (1976)
3530:
3523:
3518:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3476:, p. 32.
3475:
3470:
3468:
3461:, p. 40.
3460:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3436:
3432:
3431:Luang Prabang
3428:
3424:
3420:
3419:Luang Prabang
3415:
3411:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3349:floating rice
3346:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3317:primogeniture
3313:
3311:
3310:feudal system
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3218:Luang Prabang
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:Luang Prabang
3205:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:benzoin resin
3168:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3114:. Trade from
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:Luang Prabang
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:Xishuangbanna
3058:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3037:
3036:Spirit houses
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2982:in Lan Xang.
2981:
2980:Luang Prabang
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2906:Buddha images
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:King Anouvong
2694:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:Nakhon Phanom
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:Luang Prabang
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:Luang Prabang
2598:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:Luang Prabang
2536:
2535:Luang Prabang
2531:
2526:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:King Naresuan
2396:
2395:King Naresuan
2392:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2376:Luang Prabang
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:elephant duel
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2297:Nakhon Phanom
2294:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2269:Luang Prabang
2266:
2262:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:Nakhon Phanom
2185:
2181:
2177:
2174:to house the
2173:
2172:Haw Phra Kaew
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:Setthathirath
2076:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:Luang Prabang
2027:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:Setthathirath
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1970:Luang Prabang
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:pincer attack
1787:
1786:Luang Prabang
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1766:Lê Thánh Tông
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:The death of
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1340:Jayavarman IX
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1291:Khmer peoples
1282:
1280:
1276:
1275:Luang Prabang
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:Ram Khamhaeng
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:Luang Prabang
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1228:Luang Prabang
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1191:, China. The
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Plain of Jars
1143:
1140:peoples near
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:ស្រីសតនាគនហុត
1069:
1059:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1014:
1009:
1004:
994:
984:
981:
971:
961:
958:
954:
951:
947:
944:
938:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
911:
905:
901:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:war elephants
874:
870:
869:White Parasol
865:
858:
855:
849:
845:
841:
832:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
806:
795:
790:
788:
783:
781:
776:
775:
773:
772:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
756:
752:
751:
738:
736:
733:
732:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
716:
713:
712:
708:
706:
703:
702:
698:
696:
693:
692:
686:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
672:
671:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
651:
648:
647:
643:
641:
638:
637:
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
621:
618:
617:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
601:
600:Lao rebellion
598:
597:
594:
593:
589:
588:
580:
578:
575:
574:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
536:
535:
527:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
513:
512:
504:
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
490:
489:
485:
481:
480:
477:
471:
470:
465:
460:
459:
452:
448:
444:
441:
439:Today part of
437:
421:
419:
416:
415:
407:
405:
402:
401:
393:
391:
388:
387:
379:
377:
374:
373:
370:
364:
361:
354:
353:
350:
347:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
319:
316:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
291:
287:
281:
277:
271:
267:
262:
258:
254:
248:
244:
241:
235:
231:
228:
222:
218:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
197:
194:
188:
185:
182:
176:
173:
172:Setthathirath
170:
164:
161:
158:
152:
149:
146:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
94:
89:
88:Luang Prabang
86:
82:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
45:
40:
33:
19:
6120:
5992:Prostitution
5947:Demographics
5911:Trade unions
5873:Central bank
5788:Human rights
5768:Constitution
5560:
5459:
5440:
5426:(2): 13–32.
5423:
5419:
5400:
5381:
5362:
5343:
5324:
5305:
5286:
5277:
5273:
5264:
5260:
5241:
5195:
5175:
5142:
5109:
5090:
5069:
5044:
5025:
5006:
4987:
4978:
4974:
4949:
4945:
4936:
4932:
4913:
4894:
4873:
4852:
4831:
4810:
4791:
4769:
4762:Wyatt (2003)
4757:
4750:Wyatt (2003)
4745:
4738:Wyatt (2003)
4733:
4721:
4714:Wyatt (2003)
4699:Evans (2009)
4694:
4687:Wyatt (2003)
4682:
4670:
4663:Simms (1999)
4658:
4651:Simms (1999)
4646:
4639:Wyatt (2003)
4634:
4612:Simms (1999)
4607:
4580:
4568:
4561:Bunce (2004)
4556:
4551:, p. 7.
4544:
4532:
4520:
4508:
4496:
4484:
4442:
4430:
4418:
4411:Wyatt (1963)
4406:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4341:
4334:Simms (1999)
4319:Simms (1999)
4314:
4307:Wyatt (2003)
4302:
4295:Simms (1999)
4290:
4278:
4266:
4259:Simms (1999)
4244:Wyatt (2003)
4239:
4232:Simms (1999)
4212:
4205:Simms (1999)
4200:
4191:
4182:
4175:Wyatt (2003)
4160:Wyatt (2003)
4155:
4143:
4136:Simms (1999)
4131:
4119:
4112:Simms (1999)
4107:
4095:
4088:Simms (1999)
4083:
4071:
4064:Wyatt (2003)
4059:
4018:Simms (1999)
4001:Simms (1999)
3996:
3984:
3977:Simms (1999)
3972:
3960:
3951:
3924:
3912:
3900:
3888:
3881:Kiernan 2019
3866:Simms (1999)
3846:
3834:
3822:
3815:Simms (1999)
3810:
3790:, p. 8.
3783:
3776:Simms (1999)
3761:Wyatt (2003)
3756:
3737:
3728:
3704:Simms (1999)
3687:Wyatt (2003)
3682:
3660:Simms (1999)
3655:
3650:, p. 2.
3648:Evans (2009)
3643:
3636:Wyatt (2003)
3631:
3619:
3607:
3600:Wyatt (2003)
3595:
3588:Wyatt (2003)
3583:
3578:, p. 6.
3561:Simms (1999)
3541:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3486:Simms (1999)
3481:
3474:Simms (1999)
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3361:
3337:
3320:
3314:
3295:Mekong River
3292:
3279:
3262:Nakon Phanom
3254:Sikhottabong
3245:
3241:
3233:
3216:
3200:
3176:Frankincense
3174:(similar to
3164:
3143:
3101:
3046:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2961:
2956:
2953:Mekong River
2946:
2922:
2888:
2850:
2839:
2832:
2829:caste system
2820:
2813:Phuan people
2770:
2743:
2733:
2691:
2668:
2656:Sakon Nakhon
2644:Sikhottabong
2617:
2596:
2589:Mekong River
2586:
2570:
2551:
2522:
2502:
2491:
2463:
2444:
2425:
2384:
2357:
2340:
2332:
2315:
2312:Khmer Empire
2309:
2301:
2289:
2285:
2273:
2250:Covert plans
2235:
2223:
2196:
2168:
2159:
2156:
2129:
2101:
2088:
2077:
2065:
2060:
2045:Sikhottabong
2042:
2019:
2000:
1968:
1942:
1937:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1861:Jataka Tales
1852:
1838:
1815:
1804:(modern-day
1771:
1759:
1730:
1728:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1674:against the
1666:in 1421 the
1653:
1636:
1628:
1625:Khmer Empire
1620:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1565:
1553:
1536:Khong Island
1517:
1479:
1460:
1435:
1433:
1394:
1363:
1344:
1336:Khmer Empire
1319:
1317:
1304:Phongsavadan
1303:
1295:
1288:
1270:
1262:
1246:
1232:
1223:
1201:
1180:
1166:
1120:cultures in
1103:
1080:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1032:
1022:
1012:
992:
982:
969:
959:
952:
945:
930:
928:
900:romanization
892:
888:
884:
880:
844:romanization
839:
838:
831:
814:
804:
803:
590:Colonial era
523:
514:Lan Xang era
363:Khmer Empire
331:Succeeded by
330:
325:
294:• 1700
284:• 1600
274:• 1500
58:
6142: /
5868:Agriculture
5793:LGBT rights
5586:Muang Phuan
5556:Tai peoples
4981:(4): 14–26.
4952:(1): 1–15.
4939:(1): 71–84.
4525:Holt (2009)
3333:meritocracy
3232:city named
3132:Khone Falls
3128:Si Phan Don
3108:Muang Phuan
3071:. Trade in
3010:Satsana Phi
2817:Thai people
2744:chao mueang
2636:Champassack
2632:Muang Phuan
2613:Si Phan Don
2609:Khone Falls
2572:casus belli
2348:Nanda Bayin
2219:Phitsanulok
2192:That Phanom
2152:Chao Mekuti
2136:Chiang Saen
2049:That Phanom
2003:Photisarath
1979:Photisarath
1975:King Visoun
1955:beliefs in
1902:King Visoun
1898:court music
1841:King Visoun
1834: 1867
1755:Ming Empire
1735:Black River
1713:interregnum
1613:Blue Violet
1594:: Lan Xang
1580:Ming Empire
1576:Chiang Saen
1452:Chiang Saen
1417:Black River
1382:Muang Phuan
1351:Tai peoples
1347:Black Death
1193:Tai peoples
1179:peoples or
1169:Han dynasty
1136:as well as
1076:); and the
1048:Lean Cheang
891:. The name
740:1991–
567:Muang Phuan
473:History of
326:Preceded by
210:Middle Ages
160:Samsenethai
95:(1560–1707)
90:(1353–1560)
6157:Categories
6139:19°N 102°E
6055:Literature
5880:(currency)
5702:Ecoregions
5656:Insurgency
5641:Neutrality
5626:Pathet Lao
5606:Lao Issara
5551:Lao people
5546:Khun Borom
5267:: 145–162.
4975:Expedition
4783:References
3675:Coe (2003)
3400:Vat Yotkeo
3380:Chao Praya
3372:Tea Routes
3329:Samsenthai
3246:Vieng Chan
3234:Chandapuri
3196:Ayutthayan
3148:Lao Theung
2936:Lao Theung
2910:palladiums
2847:Lao Theung
2777:Lao Theung
2773:hill tribe
2664:Muang Sing
2555:Vietnamese
2293:Phetchabun
2254:See also:
2199:Suriyothai
2180:That Luang
2140:Chiang Mai
2073:Chiang Mai
1977:, his son
1891:Wat Visoun
1857:Khun Borom
1855:(Story of
1817:Lan Xang.
1780:along the
1745:. In 1471
1703:. In 1440
1656:Samsenthai
1582:in China.
1534:rapids at
1530:below the
1509:Chi Rivers
1473:. In 1352
1411:along the
1366:Kham Muang
1322:1316 (the
1300:Khun Borom
1298:"Story of
1212:Mon people
1132:) and the
1122:Ban Chiang
1118:Bronze Age
1058:Lean Damri
1033:Nam Chưởng
1003:Vietnamese
264:Population
120:Government
6045:Festivals
5952:Education
5916:Transport
5832:President
5820:President
5773:Elections
5680:Geography
5581:Champasak
5576:Vientiane
5161:cite book
5128:cite book
4966:163052600
3444:Citations
3258:Khammouan
3250:Vientiane
3226:Vientiane
3222:Vientiane
3081:Vientiane
3063:) toward
2976:Vientiane
2914:Phra Bang
2819:with the
2801:Tai Daeng
2781:Mon-Khmer
2662:) (later
2640:Nong Khai
2628:Nong Khai
2624:Vientiane
2605:Vientiane
2557:court at
2543:Vientiane
2486:Vientiane
2372:Vientiane
2277:Nan River
2246:kingdom.
2239:guerrilla
2203:Ayutthaya
2125:Vientiane
2097:palladium
2063:in 1540.
2061:Sala Kham
2057:Chairacha
2034:Ayutthaya
2022:Vientiane
2011:Tripiṭaka
1965:Muang Sua
1961:Phra Bang
1957:Muang Sua
1949:Vientiane
1945:Phra Bang
1922:Phra Bang
1918:palladium
1906:Phra Bang
1869:Tripitaka
1810:Vientiane
1798:Vientiane
1778:Vientiane
1774:Muang Sua
1757:in 1421.
1743:Nan River
1731:Maha Devi
1709:Muang Sua
1705:Vientiane
1691:Maha Devi
1561:Muang Nan
1557:Oun Huean
1493:Vientiane
1489:Muang Sua
1485:Vientiane
1481:Vientiane
1467:Ayutthaya
1456:Muang Sua
1429:Muang Sua
1378:Vientiane
1332:Muang Sua
1271:Muang Sua
1267:Vientiane
1251:Vientiane
1239:Muang Sua
1220:Muang Sua
1208:Dvaravati
1023:Vạn Tượng
983:Lan Chang
960:Lan Chang
889:Lane Xang
885:Lane Sang
501:Muang Sua
245:1479–1484
110:Religion
93:Vientiane
67:1353–1707
6163:Lan Xang
6105:Category
5997:Religion
5987:Language
5972:COVID-19
5810:Military
5751:Politics
5732:Wildlife
5712:Phou Bia
5566:Vat Phou
5561:Lan Xang
5541:Peopling
5525:articles
5223:32394600
3394:See also
3364:Japanese
3184:cardamom
3152:Lao Sung
3130:and the
2968:Buddhism
2943:Lao Loum
2932:Lao Sung
2918:Phra Keo
2873:Religion
2834:devaraja
2821:sakdi na
2809:Tai Yuan
2789:Lao Loum
2785:Lao Sung
2660:Jinghong
2597:Lán Cāng
2575:for the
2567:Anouvong
2496:—
2474:Buddhist
2470:Catholic
2457:and the
2305:Nam Ngum
2130:In 1548
1881:Ramayana
1739:Đại Việt
1687:regicide
1641:Đại Việt
1461:In 1351
1427:to take
1397:Đại Việt
1390:Xam Neua
1386:Đại Việt
1279:mandalas
1158:Vat Phou
1138:Iron Age
1130:Thailand
1087:လင်းဇင်း
988:ล้านจ๊าง
965:ล้านช้าง
948:and the
943:Sanskrit
931:Nánzhǎng
881:Lan Sang
854:ລ້ານຊ້າງ
805:Lan Xang
753:See also
610:Haw wars
524:Lan Xang
464:a series
462:Part of
451:Thailand
307:Currency
32:Lanxiang
6144:19; 102
6089:Outline
6030:Cuisine
6017:Culture
5930:Society
5906:Tourism
5891:Fishing
5856:Economy
5692:Borders
5533:History
3388:Vietnam
3384:Vietnam
3368:Siamese
3353:Chinese
3276:Decline
3204:lao-lao
3122:to the
3116:Thakhek
3112:Vietnam
3043:Economy
2939:animism
2924:Animism
2867:Chinese
2855:Siamese
2797:Tai Dam
2767:Society
2748:mandala
2740:mandala
2675:Chinese
2648:Thakhek
2593:Chinese
2482:Vietnam
2455:Longvek
2451:Company
2360:Taungoo
2328:Burmese
2324:Attapeu
2283:areas.
2068:Burmese
2007:Longvek
1953:animist
1912:in the
1806:Myanmar
1796:toward
1524:mandala
1328:Fa Ngum
1308:Khun Lo
1261:, both
1189:Guangxi
1144:on the
1100:Origins
1078:Burmese
1063:លានដំរី
1043:); the
978:); the
941:); the
904:Chinese
895:is the
893:Láncāng
857:ຮົ່ມຂາວ
846:of the
842:is one
815:Lancang
742:present
447:Vietnam
298:371,000
288:319,000
278:400,000
238:•
227:Fa Ngum
148:Fa Ngum
84:Capital
6110:Portal
6070:Sports
6040:Emblem
6025:Anthem
5962:Health
5886:Energy
5717:Rivers
5707:Mekong
5523:
5466:
5447:
5407:
5388:
5369:
5350:
5331:
5312:
5293:
5248:
5221:
5211:
5182:
5149:
5116:
5097:
5078:
5055:
5032:
5013:
4994:
4964:
4920:
4901:
4882:
4859:
4840:
4817:
4798:
3744:
3423:"Bang"
3376:Mekong
3357:Muslim
3341:Mekong
3325:Sangha
3266:Roi Et
3136:Mekong
3120:Mekong
3097:Roi Et
3077:Mekong
3065:Yunnan
2996:garuda
2948:ngueak
2902:sangha
2843:sangha
2811:, and
2805:Tai Lu
2787:. The
2783:) and
2757:corvee
2746:. The
2736:mueang
2701:Roi Et
2654:, and
2480:, via
2466:Jesuit
2459:Mekong
2432:sangha
2364:sangha
2336:regent
2326:. The
2148:regent
2026:Mekong
1959:. The
1930:Ceylon
1926:Angkor
1910:Buddha
1867:. The
1865:Buddha
1849:sangha
1794:Mekong
1782:Mekong
1751:Champa
1693:or as
1672:Lê Lợi
1633:Champa
1629:Yellow
1605:Orange
1601:Lan Na
1597:Purple
1532:Mekong
1528:Sambor
1513:Roi Et
1475:Angkor
1463:Uthong
1448:Mekong
1440:Mekong
1425:Nam Ou
1401:Champa
1374:Mekong
1370:Mekong
1269:) and
1259:Lan Na
1204:Mekong
1185:Yunnan
1181:Ai Lao
1156:(near
1154:Chenla
1152:, and
1081:Linzin
1066:), or
1053:លានជាង
1013:Ai Lao
991:) and
968:) and
955:; the
924:Yunnan
897:pinyin
887:, and
817:was a
466:on the
349:Mueang
133:
6130:102°E
6096:Index
6060:Music
6007:Women
5976:Delta
5942:Crime
5727:Towns
4962:S2CID
3406:Notes
3306:Burma
3302:China
3192:Japan
3188:China
3140:Khmer
3057:Lanna
3053:Burma
2859:Khmer
2825:Khmer
2709:Khmer
2478:Macao
2407:Lanna
2391:Burma
2160:Luxai
2144:Burma
2085:Lanna
2038:Burma
2001:King
1938:thong
1914:mudra
1572:Khmer
1216:Khmer
1164:).
1150:Funan
1045:Khmer
1005:name
980:Lanna
920:Tibet
906:name
850:name
813:) or
6127:19°N
6050:Flag
5979:cron
5974:and
5878:Kip
5521:Laos
5464:ISBN
5445:ISBN
5405:ISBN
5386:ISBN
5367:ISBN
5348:ISBN
5329:ISBN
5310:ISBN
5291:ISBN
5246:ISBN
5219:OCLC
5209:ISBN
5180:ISBN
5167:link
5147:ISBN
5134:link
5114:ISBN
5095:ISBN
5076:ISBN
5053:ISBN
5030:ISBN
5011:ISBN
4992:ISBN
4918:ISBN
4899:ISBN
4880:ISBN
4857:ISBN
4838:ISBN
4832:Laos
4815:ISBN
4796:ISBN
3742:ISBN
3378:and
3321:Sena
3299:Ming
3280:The
3260:and
3252:).
3190:and
3150:and
3087:and
3055:and
3028:baci
3003:nāga
2992:Laos
2988:Nāga
2984:Nāga
2978:and
2972:nāga
2964:nāga
2955:was
2934:and
2883:Nāga
2863:Shan
2861:and
2734:The
2725:Loei
2719:and
2611:and
2587:The
2541:and
2281:Shan
2053:Thai
1943:The
1873:Pali
1701:naga
1676:Ming
1637:Blue
1592:Teal
1507:and
1415:and
1324:nāga
1187:and
1167:The
1126:Isan
1112:and
957:Thai
950:Pali
922:and
835:Name
823:Laos
654:1945
624:1893
475:Laos
443:Laos
255:1707
232:1353
212:and
130:King
5967:HIV
5800:Law
5428:doi
4954:doi
3433:is
3429:so
3282:Lao
3256:in
3238:Lao
3230:Mon
3214:.
3180:lac
3178:),
3144:lam
3095:to
3085:Nan
3079:to
3032:Lao
3024:Phi
3018:phi
3014:Phi
2928:Lao
2898:wat
2851:kha
2837:.
2793:Tai
2731:.
2721:Chi
2717:Mun
2713:Pao
2638:),
2559:Huế
2244:Tai
2201:of
1967:to
1883:or
1877:Lao
1875:to
1621:Red
1505:Mun
1497:Lao
1458:.
1421:Lao
1413:Red
1230:).
1160:in
1091:).
1056:),
1021:),
918:in
848:Lao
819:Lao
315:Hoi
311:Lat
104:Lao
53:Lao
6159::
5422:.
5278:81
5276:.
5265:13
5263:.
5217:.
5207:.
5203:,
5163:}}
5159:{{
5130:}}
5126:{{
5051:.
5047:.
4979:18
4977:.
4960:.
4948:.
4937:46
4935:.
4706:^
4619:^
4592:^
4469:^
4454:^
4353:^
4326:^
4251:^
4224:^
4167:^
4042:^
4025:^
4008:^
3936:^
3873:^
3858:^
3795:^
3768:^
3711:^
3694:^
3667:^
3568:^
3553:^
3466:^
3451:^
3355:,
3304:,
3272:.
3099:.
3012:.
2916:,
2857:,
2807:,
2803:,
2799:,
2715:,
2685:,
2650:,
2642:,
2630:,
2622:,
2603:,
2507:.
2461:.
2397:.
2267:,
2194:.
2123:,
2040:.
1973:.
1831:c.
1639::
1631::
1623::
1615::
1607::
1599::
1515:.
1148:,
1128:,
1039:南掌
1028:萬象
1018:哀牢
937:南掌
926:.
914:,
910:瀾滄
883:,
313:,
5513:e
5506:t
5499:v
5472:.
5453:.
5434:.
5430::
5424:4
5413:.
5394:.
5375:.
5356:.
5337:.
5318:.
5299:.
5280:.
5254:.
5236:.
5225:.
5188:.
5169:)
5155:.
5136:)
5122:.
5103:.
5084:.
5061:.
5038:.
5019:.
5000:.
4968:.
4956::
4950:7
4926:.
4907:.
4888:.
4865:.
4846:.
4823:.
4804:.
4515:.
4503:.
4425:.
4401:.
4389:.
3841:.
3750:.
3677:.
3548:.
3248:(
3202:(
1273:(
1265:(
1249:(
1241:(
1083:(
1070:(
1060:(
1050:(
1035:(
1025:(
1015:(
995:(
985:(
972:(
962:(
933:(
861:(
807:(
793:e
786:t
779:v
55:)
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.