303:
324:, consisting of an inner cone surrounded by a larger coaxial cone section, both with reflecting surfaces. This optical element converts the cylindrical laser beam into a larger diameter hollow cylinder surface. This optical component allows radial distribution of the laser energy over the molten zone, reducing radial thermal gradients. The axial
310:
Until 1980, laser-heated crystal growth used only two laser beams focused over the source material. This condition generated a high radial thermal gradient in the molten zone, making the process unstable. Increasing the number of beams to four did not solve the problem, although it improved the
293:
materials. However, single-crystal fibers must have equal or superior optical and structural qualities compared to bulk crystals to substitute for them in technological devices. This can be achieved by carefully controlling the growth conditions.
288:
The geometric shape of the crystals (the technique can produce small diameters), and the low production cost, make the single-crystal fibers (SCF) produced by LHPG suitable substitutes for bulk crystals in many devices, especially those that use
28:
740:
Prokofiev, V.V.; Andreeta, J.P.; Delima, C.J.; et al. (1995). "The influence of temperature gradients on structural perfection of single-crystal sillenite fibers grown by the LHPG method".
777:
Andreeta, M.R.B.; Andreeta, E.R.M.; Hernandes, A.C.; et al. (2002). "Thermal gradient control at the solid–liquid interface in the laser-heated pedestal growth technique".
257:, is moved along the crystal. The molten region melts impure solid at its forward edge and leaves a wake of purer material solidified behind it. This technique for growing
572:
De
Vicente, F.S.; Hernandes, A.C.; De Castro, A.C.; et al. (1999). "Photoluminescence spectrum of rare earth doped zirconia fibre and power excitation dependence".
443:
Andreeta, M.R.B.; Hernandes, A.C. (2010). "Laser-Heated
Pedestal Growth of Oxide Fibers". In Dhanaraj, G.; Byrappa, K.; Prasad, V.; Dudley, M. (eds.).
328:
in this technique can go as high as 10000 °C/cm, which is very high when compared to traditional crystal growth techniques (10–100 °C/cm).
959:
Liu, M.; Chen, J.C.; Chiang, C.H.; Hu, L.J.; Lin, S.P. (2006). "Mg-doped sapphire crystal fibers grown by laser-heated pedestal growth method".
607:
De
Camargo, A.S.S.; Andreeta, M.R.B; Hernandes, A.C.; et al. (2006). "1.8 µm emission and excited state absorption in LHPG grown Gd
515:
De
Camargo, A.S.S; Nunes, L.A.O.; Andreeta, M.R.B.; et al. (2002). "Near-infrared and upconversion properties of neodymium-doped RE
344:. It is possible to see that it spins very fast. Even when it appears to be standing still, it is in fact spinning fast on its axis.
210:
881:
Fejer, M.M.; Byer, R.L.; Feigelson R.; Kway W. (1982). "Growth and characterization of single crystal refractory oxide fibers".
373:
139:
894:
452:
427:
368:
529:
961:
169:
705:
Prokofiev, V.V.; Andreeta, J.P.; Delima, C.J.; et al. (1995). "Microstructure of single-crystal sillenite fibers".
1060:
849:
Haggerty, J.S. (1972). "Production of fibers by a floating zone fiber drawing technique, Final Report". NASA-CR-120948.
114:
393:
203:
119:
78:
273:
The main advantages of this technique are the high pulling rates (60 times greater than the conventional
1050:
468:
Ardila, D.R.; Andreeta, M.R.B.; Cuffini, S.L.; et al. (1997). "Laser heated pedestal growth of Sr
867:
656:
Romero, J.J.; Montoya, E.; Bausa, L.E.; et al. (2004). "Multiwavelength laser action of Nd:YAlO
1045:
250:
196:
911:
814:
277:) and the possibility of growing materials with very high melting points. In addition, LHPG is a
149:
812:
Burrus, C.A.; Stone, J. (1975). "Single−crystal fiber optical devices: A Nd:YAG fiber laser".
854:
274:
970:
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671:
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538:
489:
325:
243:
8:
1055:
527:(RE = Y, Gd) single-crystal fibres grown by the laser-heated pedestal growth technique".
144:
1003:
The video presented in the following reference shows the liquid phase convection during
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19:
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An improvement to the laser-heated crystal growth technique was made by Fejer
1034:
290:
945:
398:
254:
184:
83:
937:
912:"The reflaxicon: a new reflective optical element, and some applications"
739:
704:
359:
134:
982:
606:
571:
418:
Feigelson, R.S. (1985). "Growth of fiber crystals". In Kaldis, E (ed.).
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514:
383:
337:
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52:
835:
1012:
660:
single crystals grown by the laser heated pedestal growth method".
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278:
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242:
technique. A narrow region of a crystal is melted with a powerful
958:
258:
129:
42:
655:
886:
318:, who incorporated a special optical component known as a
883:
Proceedings of the SPIE, Advances in
Infrared Fibers II
442:
1018:"Convection in Laser Heated Pedestal Growth technique"
302:
619::Tm single crystal fibers for miniature lasers".
1032:
1015:wire inside the liquid that is allowed to spin.
811:
285:to be grown with high purity and low stress.
204:
1011:) fiber pulling using a very small piece of
336:A feature of the LHPG technique is its high
211:
197:
417:
848:
301:
909:
707:Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids
574:Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids
1033:
420:Crystal Growth of Electronic Materials
530:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
962:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
445:Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth
331:
297:
170:Shaping processes in crystal growth
13:
14:
1072:
885:. Vol. 320. Bellingham, WA:
340:speed in the liquid phase due to
265:) is used in materials research.
476:single-crystal fibers from SrRuO
26:
997:
952:
903:
874:
842:
805:
770:
253:laser. The laser and hence the
140:Fractional crystallization
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698:
649:
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508:
461:
436:
411:
394:Recrystallization (metallurgy)
281:-free technique, which allows
1:
799:10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01736-5
684:10.1016/S0925-3467(03)00179-4
502:10.1016/S0022-0248(96)00904-9
405:
268:
764:10.1016/0925-3467(94)00123-5
643:10.1016/j.optmat.2005.07.002
261:from the melt (liquid/solid
224:Laser-heated pedestal growth
160:Laser-heated pedestal growth
7:
551:10.1088/0953-8984/14/50/314
347:
150:Hydrothermal synthesis
115:Bridgman–Stockbarger method
10:
1077:
374:Fractional crystallization
1061:Methods of crystal growth
779:Journal of Crystal Growth
727:10.1080/10420159508227216
594:10.1080/10420159908230149
482:Journal of Crystal Growth
306:Schematic of a LFZ system
192:
120:Van Arkel–de Boer process
106:
101:
65:
60:
39:
34:
25:
18:
145:Fractional freezing
815:Applied Physics Letters
125:Czochralski method
910:Edmonds, W.R. (1973).
862:Cite journal requires
307:
102:Methods and technology
305:
275:Czochralski technique
938:10.1364/AO.12.001940
342:Marangoni convection
326:temperature gradient
983:10.1143/JJAP.45.194
975:2006JaJAP..45..194L
930:1973ApOpt..12.1940E
828:1975ApPhL..26..318B
791:2002JCrGr.234..759A
756:1995OptMa...4..521P
719:1995REDS..134..209P
676:2004OptMa..24..643R
635:2006OptMa..28..551D
586:1999REDS..149..153D
543:2002JPCM...1413889D
537:(50): 13889–13897.
494:1997JCrGr.177...52A
369:engineering aspects
232:laser floating zone
94:Single crystal
74:Crystal growth
379:Micro-pulling-down
308:
165:Micro-pulling-down
1051:Materials science
896:978-0-89252-355-9
743:Optical Materials
663:Optical Materials
622:Optical Materials
454:978-3-540-74182-4
429:978-0-444-86919-7
355:Crystal structure
311:growth process.
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155:Kyropoulos method
84:Seed crystal
79:Recrystallization
48:Crystal structure
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389:Protocrystalline
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1046:Crystallography
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1024:. 23 July 2008.
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1005:lithium niobate
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969:(1A): 194–199.
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365:Crystallization
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283:single crystals
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180:Verneuil method
69:Crystallization
20:Crystallization
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917:Applied Optics
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889:. p. 50.
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864:|journal=
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185:Zone melting
159:
35:Fundamentals
360:Crystallite
135:Flux method
1056:Mineralogy
1035:Categories
822:(6): 318.
406:References
384:Nucleation
338:convection
321:reflaxicon
269:Advantages
53:Nucleation
991:120615103
559:250907003
1041:Crystals
1013:platinum
946:20125635
692:95249182
348:See also
279:crucible
259:crystals
61:Concepts
1022:YouTube
971:Bibcode
926:Bibcode
824:Bibcode
787:Bibcode
752:Bibcode
715:Bibcode
672:Bibcode
631:Bibcode
582:Bibcode
539:Bibcode
490:Bibcode
238:) is a
130:Epitaxy
43:Crystal
1007:(LiNbO
989:
944:
893:
690:
557:
451:
426:
316:et al.
110:Boules
987:S2CID
688:S2CID
555:S2CID
289:high-
230:) or
942:PMID
891:ISBN
887:SPIE
868:help
449:ISBN
424:ISBN
367:and
228:LHPG
979:doi
934:doi
832:doi
795:doi
783:234
760:doi
723:doi
711:134
680:doi
639:doi
613:0.2
609:0.8
590:doi
578:149
547:doi
521:0.2
517:0.8
498:doi
486:177
480:".
472:RuO
251:YAG
249:or
236:LFZ
1037::
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615:VO
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244:CO
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