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316:, powered by a 450 MJ energy bank. It was essentially a smaller version of the lines in the main design, with four beams instead of eight. It came online in 2002 and made 1,595 pulses and carried out 636 experiments before it shut down in February 2014. Its last experiment was carried out by LULI, Ecole Polytechnique and CELIA at the University of Bordeaux.
212:
When the amplification is complete, the beams travel towards the "line end", closest to the target chamber in the center of the building. Each beam is reflected off a series of six mirrors to rearrange them from their parallel orientation in the beamlines to be arranged around the target chamber. The
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lasers, one for each hall. The laser light from these sources is amplified in a series of 120 preamplifier modules (PAM), exiting the PAMs as a square beam about 40 by 40 millimetres (1.6 by 1.6 in). The system is arranged so that beams from the PAMs are sent into the amplifiers in groups of
295:
and start fusion reactions. If the rate of reactions is high enough the heat generated by these reactions will cause surrounding fuel to fuse as well. This continues until the majority of the fuel in the pellet is consumed. This process is known as "ignition", and has long been a goal of fusion
290:
Although considerable laser energy is lost to heating the hohlraum, x-rays are much more efficient at heating the fuel pellet, making the indirect drive method applicable to nuclear weapons research. The x-rays heat the outer layer of the pellet so quickly that it explodes outward, causing the
224:
The experimental chamber consists of a 10-metre (33 ft) diameter sphere of 10-centimetre (3.9 in) thick aluminum, weighing around 140 metric tons. It is covered by a 40-centimetre (16 in) layer of borated concrete that forms a biological shield.
1301:
291:
remainder of the pellet to be forced inward and causes a shock wave to travel in through the pellet to the middle. When the shock wave converges from all directions and meets in the middle, the density and temperature briefly reach the
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Laser Mégajoule uses a series of 22 laser "beamlines". They are arranged into four separate "halls", two each side-by-side on either side of the experimental area in the center. Two of the halls have five lines, the other two have six.
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eight, arranged as two groups of four beams, a "quad", one quad above the other. This allows each amplifier line to produce eight separate beams. In contrast, NIF uses individual amplifiers for each of its 192 beams.
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LMJ was delayed several times, but only for short periods. Designed to come into operation in early 2014, the schedule was pushed back to
December, but ultimately pushed forward again to October.
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Laser Mégajoule plans to deliver over 1 MJ of laser energy to its targets, compressing them to about 100 times the density of lead. It is about half as energetic as its US counterpart, the
205:. In order to extract more power from the amplifiers, which are not particularly efficient in transmitting power to the beam, the laser pulse is sent through the amplifiers twice by an
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Construction of the LMJ took 15 years and cost 3 billion euros. It was declared operational on 23 October 2014, when it ran its first set of nuclear-weapon-related experiments.
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454:"Study of laser megajoule calorimeter's thermal behaviour for energy measurement uncertainty optimisation"
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Construction on the Laser Mégajoule started with a single prototype beamline known as the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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174:. A portion of the system's time is set aside for materials science experiments.
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163:(NIF). Laser Mégajoule is the largest ICF experiment outside the US.
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338:. CEA - Direction des Applications Militaires. Archived from
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Each beamline contains two main glass amplifiers, which are
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279:, which are used to heat a small fuel pellet containing a
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ZEUS-HLONS (HMMWV Laser
Ordnance Neutralization System)
606:
452:
Charles
Crespya; Denis Villate; Olivier Lobios (2013).
16:"LMJ" redirects here. For the international school in
261:" approach, where the laser light is used to heat a
2162:
International Fusion
Materials Irradiation Facility
152:, built by the French nuclear science directorate,
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166:Laser Mégajoule's primary task will be refining
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507:"Premier tir le 2 décembre au Laser Megajoule"
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2937:Inertial confinement fusion research lasers
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265:cylinder made of some heavy metal (often
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
2363:Neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride
227:
44:This article includes a list of general
2841:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator
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391:
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387:
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2381:Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate
2185:
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30:
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13:
257:Like NIF, LMJ intends to use the "
50:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
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2392:Yttrium calcium oxoborate (YCOB)
538:
505:Hélène Arzeno (11 January 2014).
154:Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique
24:. For the stage of Japanese, see
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459:Review of Scientific Instruments
217:to boost the frequency into the
97:
35:
2517:Laboratory for Laser Energetics
2167:ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility
521:
275:". The hohlraum then gives off
2750:Amplified spontaneous emission
2439:Diode-pumped solid-state laser
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238:potassium dihydrogen phosphate
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213:beams then travel through an
831:Field-reversed configuration
215:optical frequency multiplier
172:France's own nuclear weapons
7:
2806:Chirped pulse amplification
144:(ICF) research device near
142:inertial confinement fusion
10:
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2610:List of laser applications
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545:Optical systems in the LMJ
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161:National Ignition Facility
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685:Fusion energy gain factor
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306:Ligne d'Intégration Laser
106:This article needs to be
2913:44.6419111°N 0.7877528°W
2357:Yttrium lithium fluoride
2238:Yttrium aluminium garnet
439:"Laser Integration Line"
2547:List of petawatt lasers
610:, processes and devices
466:(1): 014902–014902–10.
376:"Benefits for industry"
240:grown from solution by
65:more precise citations.
2918:44.6419111; -0.7877528
2600:List of laser articles
2340:Terbium gallium garnet
310:Laser Integration Line
249:
209:in front of a mirror.
189:Lasing starts in four
22:Liceo Mexicano Japonés
2371:Yttrium orthovanadate
2351:Solid-state dye laser
362:"The Megajoule Laser"
231:
2775:Population inversion
747:Triple-alpha process
695:Magnetohydrodynamics
647:List of technologies
336:"Le Laser Mégajoule"
246:frequency conversion
26:Late Middle Japanese
2909: /
2826:Laser beam profiler
2745:Active laser medium
2685:Free-electron laser
2605:List of laser types
2334:Yttrium iron garnet
2230:Semiconductor laser
1825:Lockheed Martin CFR
779:Proton–proton chain
642:List of experiments
472:2013RScI...84a4902C
411:"Experimental hall"
2218:Solid-state lasers
858:Dense plasma focus
550:2010-11-05 at the
287:(DT) fusion fuel.
250:
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2891:
2846:Optical amplifier
2695:Solid-state laser
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2353:(SSDL/SSOL/SSDPL)
2346:Ti:sapphire laser
2225:Distinct subtypes
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2072:Asterix IV (PALS)
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950:Bubble (acoustic)
932:Magnetized target
909:Toroidal solenoid
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480:10.1063/1.4788940
342:on 11 August 2016
170:calculations for
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2856:Optical isolator
2821:Injection seeder
2801:Beam homogenizer
2780:Ultrashort pulse
2770:Lasing threshold
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1891:Magneto-inertial
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927:Magnetized liner
919:Magneto-inertial
836:Levitated dipole
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690:Lawson criterion
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490:. Archived from
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397:"The laser line"
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293:Lawson criterion
203:xenon flashlamps
199:optically pumped
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61:this article by
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2755:Continuous wave
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2624:Types of lasers
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2522:Laser Mégajoule
2470:Specific lasers
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841:Magnetic mirror
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804:Silicon-burning
789:Lithium burning
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675:Nuclear reactor
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567:Laser Mégajoule
557:Laser Mégajoule
552:Wayback Machine
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529:"A unique tool"
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2861:Output coupler
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2851:Optical cavity
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2811:Gain-switching
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2760:Laser ablation
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2170:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1958:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1908:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1867:
1862:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1822:
1810:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1769:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1727:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1668:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1606:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1584:
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1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1531:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1428:
1423:
1411:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1282:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1199:
1194:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1111:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1063:
1054:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1020:Muon-catalyzed
1017:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1003:Colliding beam
999:
997:
993:
992:
989:
988:
986:
985:
980:
974:
972:
966:
965:
963:
962:
957:
952:
946:
944:
938:
937:
935:
934:
929:
923:
921:
915:
914:
912:
911:
906:
905:
904:
903:
902:
892:
882:
877:
876:
875:
870:
865:
863:Reversed field
860:
850:
849:
848:
838:
833:
827:
825:
819:
818:
816:
811:
806:
801:
799:Oxygen-burning
796:
791:
786:
784:Carbon-burning
781:
776:
775:
774:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
737:
728:
717:
711:
710:
708:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
680:Atomic nucleus
677:
672:
666:
663:
662:
660:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
632:Burning plasma
628:
626:
624:Nuclear fusion
617:
613:
612:
604:
603:
596:
589:
581:
575:
574:
564:
554:
540:
539:External links
537:
535:
534:
520:
497:
494:on 2013-07-11.
444:
430:
416:
402:
381:
367:
353:
326:
324:
321:
301:
298:
269:) known as a "
259:indirect drive
254:
251:
207:optical switch
191:optoelectronic
182:
179:
125:
124:
105:
103:
96:
89:
88:
43:
41:
34:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2954:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2901:44°38′30.88″N
2885:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Gaussian beam
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:Beam expander
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2737:Laser physics
2734:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Mercury laser
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Cyclops laser
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Trident laser
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2408:
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2397:
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2379:
2378:
2372:
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2332:
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2327:
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2317:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1928:Fusion Engine
1926:
1924:
1923:FRX-L – FRCHX
1921:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:ASDEX Upgrade
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:Alcator C-Mod
1112:
1110:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:International
1067:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:Metal lattice
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
994:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
971:
970:Electrostatic
967:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
945:
943:
939:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
922:
920:
916:
910:
907:
901:
898:
897:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
883:
881:
878:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
826:
824:
820:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
773:
770:
769:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
742:Alpha process
740:
738:
736:
735:Gravitational
732:
729:
725:
721:
718:
712:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
670:Nuclear power
668:
667:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
627:
625:
621:
618:
614:
609:
602:
597:
595:
590:
588:
583:
582:
579:
572:
568:
565:
562:
558:
555:
553:
549:
546:
543:
542:
530:
524:
508:
501:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:
455:
448:
440:
434:
426:
420:
412:
406:
398:
392:
390:
388:
386:
377:
371:
363:
357:
341:
337:
331:
327:
320:
317:
315:
311:
307:
297:
296:researchers.
294:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:
268:
264:
260:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
220:
216:
210:
208:
204:
200:
195:
192:
187:
178:
175:
173:
169:
164:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:) is a large
135:
131:
121:
118:February 2022
109:
104:
95:
94:
85:
82:
74:
71:November 2022
64:
60:
54:
53:
47:
42:
33:
32:
27:
23:
19:
2904:0°47′15.91″W
2894:
2836:Mode locking
2789:Laser optics
2542:Vulcan laser
2521:
2487:Nova (laser)
2251:Er:YAG laser
2246:Nd:YAG laser
2083:
1725:Perhapsatron
1025:Pyroelectric
955:Laser-driven
794:Neon-burning
762:Helium flash
608:Fusion power
523:
511:. Retrieved
500:
492:the original
463:
457:
447:
433:
419:
405:
370:
356:
344:. Retrieved
340:the original
330:
318:
313:
305:
303:
289:
270:
258:
256:
242:Saint-Gobain
223:
211:
196:
188:
184:
176:
165:
158:
133:
129:
128:
115:
107:
77:
68:
49:
2916: /
2866:Q-switching
2727:X-ray laser
2720:Ti-sapphire
2690:Laser diode
2668:Helium–neon
2507:Shiva laser
2502:Argus laser
2497:Janus laser
2445:Fiber laser
2308:Er:Yb:glass
1940:confinement
1686: [
1616:Heliotron J
1520:Stellarator
1388: [
1305: [
1212: [
1052:confinement
1041:experiments
996:Other forms
880:Stellarator
846:Bumpy torus
724:Confinement
616:Core topics
509:. Sud Ouest
253:Experiments
248:on the LMJ.
234:monocrystal
219:ultraviolet
181:Description
63:introducing
18:Mexico City
2931:Categories
2455:Disk laser
2432:Structures
2329:Ruby laser
2321:gain media
960:Ion-driven
714:Processes,
657:Aneutronic
652:Commercial
513:25 October
323:References
46:references
2831:M squared
2653:Gas laser
2636:Dye laser
2279:Ce:Gd:YAG
2261:Nd:Ce:YAG
2255:Nd:Cr:YAG
2145:Z machine
2126:Non-laser
2037:GEKKO XII
1989:Long path
1683:Uragan-3M
1678:Uragan-2M
1175:Riggatron
895:Spheromak
890:Spherical
814:S-process
809:R-process
752:CNO cycle
281:deuterium
2884:Category
2678:Nitrogen
2527:LULI2000
2460:F-center
2406:Ce:LiCAF
2403:Ce:LiSAF
2365:(Nd:YLF)
2311:Yb:glass
2304:Er:glass
2299:Nd:glass
2089:LULI2000
1955:Americas
1938:Inertial
1528:Americas
1095:Americas
1050:Magnetic
1039:Devices,
983:Polywell
942:Inertial
823:Magnetic
772:remnants
637:Timeline
548:Archived
488:23387680
272:hohlraum
146:Bordeaux
2942:Gironde
2663:Excimer
2537:ISKRA-6
2441:(DPSSL)
2424:Yb:SFAP
2409:Cr:ZnSe
2396:Nd:YCOB
2383:(Nd:YVO
1974:Cyclops
1906:SPECTOR
1877:Trisops
1737:Sceptre
1590:Oceania
1562:Model C
1448:IGNITOR
1380:COMPASS
1227:Oceania
1209:Novillo
1170:Pegasus
1061:Tokamak
900:Dynomak
885:Tokamak
716:methods
700:Neutron
571:English
468:Bibcode
425:"targe"
346:12 June
300:History
285:tritium
232:A huge
156:(CEA).
140:-based
108:updated
59:improve
2705:Nd:YAG
2700:Er:YAG
2641:Bubble
2589:Lasers
2418:Sm:CaF
2359:(YLF)
2319:Other
2283:Gd:YAG
2276:Ce:YAG
2273:Tb:YAG
2270:Sm:YAG
2267:Dy:YAG
2264:Ho:YAG
2258:Yb:YAG
2113:Vulcan
2046:Europe
1820:Astron
1793:Mirror
1630:Europe
1496:MAST-U
1460:ISTTOK
1426:TEXTOR
1354:Europe
1280:ADITYA
1268:SUNIST
1138:DIII-D
1109:STOR-M
705:Plasma
561:French
486:
312:), or
277:x-rays
263:high-Z
201:using
168:fusion
150:France
48:, but
20:, see
2710:Raman
2512:HiPER
2462:laser
2412:U:CaF
2398:laser
2342:(TGG)
2336:(YIG)
2292:Glass
2140:PACER
2101:ISKRA
2060:HiPER
2014:Shiva
2009:OMEGA
1979:Janus
1969:Argus
1948:Laser
1918:Linus
1846:Other
1706:Pinch
1690:]
1666:TJ-II
1604:H-1NF
1588:Asia,
1579:SCR-1
1552:HIDRA
1501:START
1392:]
1385:GOLEM
1333:KSTAR
1321:GLAST
1309:]
1302:QUEST
1297:JT-60
1285:SST-1
1263:HL-2M
1258:HL-2A
1241:CFETR
1225:Asia,
1216:]
1197:TCABR
1131:SPARC
1086:PROTO
1008:Migma
978:Fusor
868:Theta
853:Pinch
757:Fusor
138:laser
2715:Ruby
2373:(YVO
2023:Asia
2004:Nova
1999:Nike
1984:LIFE
1865:PFRC
1830:MFTF
1742:ZETA
1644:WEGA
1567:NCSX
1506:STEP
1472:T-15
1409:WEST
1345:TT-1
1251:HT-7
1246:EAST
1180:SSPX
1163:TFTR
1153:NSTX
1081:DEMO
1076:ITER
873:Zeta
767:Nova
727:type
569:(in
559:(in
515:2014
484:PMID
348:2012
267:gold
244:for
2673:Ion
2084:LMJ
1994:NIF
1860:LDX
1835:TMX
1808:GDT
1779:MST
1767:RFX
1752:RFP
1621:LHD
1557:HSX
1547:CTH
1542:CNT
1484:TCV
1443:FTU
1438:DTT
1404:TFR
1368:JET
1192:ETE
1158:PLT
1148:LTX
1126:ARC
476:doi
314:LIL
236:of
134:LMJ
2933::
2377:)
1688:uk
1390:cs
1307:ja
1214:es
482:.
474:.
464:81
462:.
456:.
384:^
148:,
2581:e
2574:t
2567:v
2420:2
2414:2
2387:)
2385:4
2375:4
2205:e
2198:t
2191:v
600:e
593:t
586:v
573:)
563:)
531:.
517:.
478::
470::
441:.
427:.
413:.
399:.
378:.
364:.
350:.
308:(
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