278:
1737:
512:
Richardson Chief
Justice de Common Banc al assises de Salisbury in Summer 1631 fuit assault per prisoner la condemne pur felony, que puis son condemnation ject un brickbat a le dit justice, que narrowly mist, et pur ceo immediately fuit indictment drawn per Noy envers le prisoner et son dexter manus
426:
Until the early fourteenth century, Law French largely coincided with the French used as an everyday language by the upper classes. As such, it reflected some of the changes undergone by the northern dialects of mainland French during the period. Thus, in the documents mentioned above, 'of the king'
2073:
Five rectangles of red linen, formerly used as curtains for the miniatures.ff. 3–6: Eight miniatures of the kings of
England from Edward the Confessor (r. 1042–1066) to Edward I (r. 1272–1307); each one except the last is accompanied by a short account of their reign in Anglo-Norman prose. 'del Roy
364:
In these works the language is already sophisticated and technical, well equipped with its own legal terminology. This includes many words which are of Latin origin, but whose forms have been shortened or distorted in a way which suggests that they already possessed a long history of French usage.
1167:
out of court, extrajudicial: (1) settlement in pais: voluntary amicable settlement reached without legal proceedings; (2) matter in pais: matter to be proved solely by witness testimony unsupported by any judicial record or other documentary or tangible evidence; (3) estoppel in pais: estoppel in
1915:
is the same in French as in
English; but even under the most favourable analysis, the note represents poor usage of French, English, and Latin simultaneously. What is perhaps most striking is that Treby could not remember the French even for a concept as familiar at the time as being 'hanged'
1206:
Under
English common law, the unnecessary delaying bringing an action against a party for failure to perform is known as the doctrine of laches. The doctrine holds that a court may refuse to hear a case not brought before it after a lengthy period since the right of action arose.
744:
Bound bailiff or bum-bailiff: person employed by the sheriff to serve writs, execute court orders, collect debts, and in some regions, make arrests. In some regions, the bailiff is bound to the sheriff with sureties for the proper execution of the
1031:, the only revenue-generating incidents that remained were escheat, whereby land returned to the Crown if a landholder died both intestate and heirless, and forfeiture, whereby land held by the grantee convicted of treason forfeited to the Crown.
491:, that Law French had almost ceased to be a spoken tongue. It was still used for case reports and legal textbooks until almost the end of 1600s, but only in an anglicized form. A frequently quoted example of this change comes from one of
463:
as part of the education of young lawyers, but essentially it quickly became a written language alone. It ceased to acquire new words. Its grammar degenerated. By about 1500, gender was often neglected, giving rise to such absurdities as
618:. Many of the terms of Law French were converted into modern English in the 20th century to make the law more understandable in common-law jurisdictions. Some key Law French terms remain, including the following:
1320:
a substantive rule of contract law which precludes extrinsic evidence from altering the terms of an unambiguous fully expressed contract; from the Old French for "voice" or "spoken word", i.e., oral, evidence.
1066:
a contractual arrangement in which a third party receives and disburses money or property for the primary transacting parties, with the disbursement dependent on conditions agreed to by the transacting parties
1641:
is properly an adjective, but colloquially now used as a noun, meaning a collection of treasure, whether it is legally treasure trove or not. In the UK (except
Scotland), the legal term is now simply
1920:). Perhaps even more striking is the use of both the French and English words for "immediately" and the use of Old French ("ceo") and Latin ("fuit") forms of non-legal and, in fact, core vocabulary.
448:
During the 14th century, vernacular French suffered a rapid decline. The use of Law French was criticized by those who argued that lawyers sought to restrict entry into the legal profession. The
1722:
a "trial-within-a-trial" held to determine the admissibility of evidence (for example, an accused's alleged confession), i.e. whether the jury (or judge where there is no jury) may receive it.
1280:
now a variety of security interests, either made by conveyance or hypothecation, but originally a pledge by which the landowner remained in possession of the property he staked as security.
1911:
Court." Admittedly, many of the
English words (assault, prisoner, condemn, gibbet, presence, Court) could be interpreted as misspellings (or alternative spellings) of French words, while
2136:
741:
Court bailiff: marshal of the court; a court attendant; any person to whom authority, guardianship or jurisdiction is entrusted whose main duty is keeping order in the courtroom.
456:
must be in
English, so "every Man ... may the better govern himself without offending of the Law". From that time, Law French lost most of its status as a spoken language.
2885:
1501:
In the rights and obligations of the freehold, an heir or tenant has the rights to emblements from the life estate in certain cases (i.e., life estate terminated by a death).
483:, with its emphasis on removing the relics of archaic ritual from legal and governmental processes, struck a further blow at the language. Even before then, in 1628,
897:
the power of a court to transfer the property of one charitable trust to another charitable trust when the first trust may no longer exist or be able to operate.
575:
2545:
1156:
a legal body empowered to conduct official proceedings and investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought.
2121:
1308:
US: court of general criminal jurisdiction in some states; UK: commission or writ empowering a judge to hear and rule on a criminal case at the assizes.
2878:
1955:
320:. Although Law French as a narrative legal language is obsolete, many individual Law French terms continue to be used by lawyers and judges in
3506:
2871:
2107:
1439:, a litigation friend). Refers to one who files a lawsuit on behalf of another not capable of acting on his or her own behalf, such as a
1034:
Present day: The reversion of land to the Crown when a person possessed of the fee dies intestate (i.e., no will) and without heirs (see
2538:
2355:
563:
1042:
by way of sale, will or inheritance. As long as the land is disposed of in one of these three ways it does not revert to the Crown.
1234:
undertaking for the appearance of an accused at trial, given to a magistrate or court even without having the accused in custody;
1959:
1760:
1714:, the questions a prospective juror or witness must answer to determine his qualification to serve; or, in the law of both the
1515:
originally a procedural device for clarifying the ownership of land, involving a stylised lawsuit between fictional litigants.
2531:
2752:
260:
1459:, where one has the right to take the "fruits" of the property of another, such as mining rights, growing rights, etc.
3550:
3540:
523:
492:
2056:
604:—are a heritage from Law French. Native speakers of French may not understand certain Law French terms not used in
336:
date from the third quarter of the thirteenth century, and include two particular documents. The first is the 1258
2502:
527:
342:, consisting of the terms of oaths sworn by the 24 magnates appointed to rectify abuses in the administration of
250:
1770:
1765:
546:, who, following his condemnation, threw a brickbat at the said justice that narrowly missed, and for this, an
3112:
2831:
2348:
1813:
nature of this production can be more easily seen if it is reproduced in a modernized form with the (pseudo)
571:
574:
in
Scotland. It was later extended to Wales, and seven years later a similar act was passed in Ireland, the
3560:
3330:
2269:
449:
3422:
3283:
3037:
3082:
3032:
2600:
1545:
from plevir ("to pledge"), which in turn is from the Latin replegio ("redeem a thing taken by another").
309:
3092:
1565:" indicates that the point to which it refers is uncertain or represents only the judge's opinion. In a
3176:
2620:
2615:
2579:
1535:, to be brought into play if the primary beneficiary were to die or fail to fulfil certain conditions.
1024:
476:, as it was used solely by English, Welsh and Irish lawyers and judges who often spoke no real French.
19:
This article is about the dialect of French used in the courts of
England. For laws of the French, see
3161:
2811:
2089:(Selden Society, vol. 97–8) (London, 1983) (note however that this text also shows instances of
1982:
1785:
1375:
1039:
519:
459:
Law French remained in use for the 'readings' (lectures) and 'moots' (academic debates), held in the
343:
113:
93:
3324:
1293:
perpetual, inalienable ownership of land by the "dead hand" of an organization, usually the church.
3555:
2341:
1371:
942:
on the monarch's death or abdication, whence the modern colloquial meaning "end, downfall, death".
3545:
3124:
2942:
2937:
2894:
2610:
2512:
293:
121:
108:
83:
1342:
the release of prisoners based on giving their word of honour to abide by certain restrictions.
3313:
1016:
Pre-1660: reversion of unclaimed property to a feudal lord, or the state where the property is
587:
205:
3388:
2507:
285:(1779) provided English translations of Law French terms from parliamentary and legal records.
3512:
3399:
3288:
3195:
2470:
301:
148:
878:, meaning "guilty, ready (to prove our case)", words used by prosecutor in opening a trial.
332:
The earliest known documents in which 'French', i.e. Anglo-Norman, is used for discourse on
3535:
3409:
3278:
3019:
496:
452:("Statute of Pleading") acknowledged this change by ordaining that thenceforward all court
338:
3479:
3382:
8:
3298:
3156:
3118:
2947:
2732:
2653:
2554:
2475:
2233:
1775:
1348:
1313:
939:
28:
3468:
2920:
1944:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022).
1583:
person who has the actual possession of land; used specifically for (1) someone owing a
886:
138:
133:
129:
3441:
3097:
3059:
2990:
2957:
2863:
2790:
2765:
2453:
1810:
3107:
2760:
1945:
1097:
wood that tenants may be entitled to from the land in which they have their interest.
894:"so near/close" and can be translated as "as near as possible" or "as near as may be"
479:
In the seventeenth century, the moots and readings fell into neglect, and the rule of
3433:
3268:
3136:
3087:
2970:
2643:
2328:
2012:
1114:
the legal status of adult married women and unmarried women, respectively, under the
977:
810:
705:
692:
313:
103:
2980:
513:
ampute et fix al gibbet, sur que luy mesme immediatement hange in presence de Court.
256:
3474:
3428:
3404:
3353:
3348:
3336:
3213:
3141:
2985:
2975:
2929:
2770:
2638:
2523:
2439:
2002:
1994:
1448:
1299:
596:
473:
88:
1244:
3462:
3394:
3364:
3263:
3186:
3166:
3146:
3000:
2909:
2780:
2690:
2681:
2630:
2563:
2364:
1755:
1750:
1588:
1520:
1508:
1193:
713:
676:
659:
484:
480:
305:
143:
75:
3054:
2775:
2737:
312:
from the 13th century. Its use continued for several centuries in the courts of
277:
3499:
3318:
3308:
3151:
3102:
3049:
3026:
3009:
2965:
2806:
2785:
2742:
2720:
2648:
2584:
2571:
2433:
2293:
1485:"during the term of another person's life" vs. "during the term of one's life"
1017:
653:
Sitting of the court held in different places throughout a province or region.
3223:
2388:
3529:
3303:
3130:
3064:
3044:
2852:
2698:
2671:
2605:
2016:
1790:
1715:
1711:
1570:
1475:
1436:
1124:
1035:
935:
605:
460:
409:, meaning a circumstance that provides exemption from a royal summons. Later
20:
2219:
1637:
treasure found by chance, as opposed to one stolen, inherited, bought, etc.
3293:
3171:
2666:
2443:
2309:
2007:
1998:
1532:
858:
thing, usually as in phrases: "chose in action" and "chose in possession".
752:
609:
558:, on which he himself was immediately hanged in the presence of the Court."
531:
200:
3416:
3218:
2449:
1823:
in italics and bold, and the rest in
English: "Richardson, Chief Justice
1491:
1440:
1432:
1374:: by the half for purposes of survivorship, by the whole for purposes of
591:
551:
333:
61:
3228:
2398:
2306:
From Latin to Modern French, with especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman
2087:
The Eyre of Northamptonshire, 3–4 Edward III, A.D. 1329–1330
554:
against the prisoner and his right hand was cut off and fastened to the
3376:
3247:
3241:
2486:
2408:
1742:
1584:
1566:
1528:
1384:
1168:
respect of out-of-court statements; (4) trial per pais: trial by jury.
1143:
1134:
770:
608:
or replaced by other terms. For example, the current French word for "
600:
547:
501:
321:
215:
210:
24:
1084:
prevention of a party from contradicting a position previously taken.
986:
foetus in utero or in vitro but for beneficial purposes legally born.
570:, the obligatory language for use in the courts of England and in the
361:), a collection of legal maxims, rules and brief narratives of cases.
3207:
2378:
1950:
1780:
1650:
1402:
1115:
902:
801:
786:
688:
684:
535:
237:
195:
2281:"The salient features of the language of the earlier year books" in
1736:
1671:, "that which is true". It is not related to the modern French word
716:
that one was previously acquitted or convicted of the same offence.
2392:
2382:
2044:
The Casus Placitorum and Cases in the King's Courts 1272–1278
1663:) in this combination comes from Old French and derives from Latin
1540:
1285:
1263:
1089:
1072:
992:
453:
367:
268:
2333:
1469:
Scots law term; proof at large; all evidence is allowed in court.
3201:
2429:
1719:
1212:
864:
722:
636:
539:
317:
264:
1983:"Losing touch with the common tongues – the story of law French"
3370:
3358:
3341:
3075:
2836:
2715:
2708:
2402:
1943:
1629:
1562:
1553:
1409:
1326:
1271:
1133:
clause in some contracts that frees parties from liability for
1050:
1028:
923:
818:
764:
Contract between an owner and a hirer (charterer) over a ship.
680:
667:
644:
555:
543:
378:
2204:
Benson, Marjorie L; Bowden, Marie-Ann; Newman, Dwight (2008).
2033:(9th ed., ed. H. C. F. Davis) (Oxford, 1913), pp. 378 et seqq.
2031:
Select Charters illustrative of English Constitutional History
3273:
3070:
3014:
2725:
2703:
1495:
1357:
torture, in particular to force a defendant to enter a plea.
841:
567:
98:
472:('a (masculine) woman'). Its vocabulary became increasingly
2412:
1596:
1569:, the expression precedes a proposition of law which is an
1391:
1174:
955:
acting and liable but without authorization; e.g. executor
392:
2288:"Of the Anglo-French Language in the Early Year Books" in
1038:). Land seldom reverts to the Crown, because it is freely
423:
in Latin, thus replacing into Latin from the French form.
346:, together with summaries of their rulings. The second is
267:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2316:
L'Evolution du Verbe en Anglo-Français, XIIe-XIVe Siècles
918:
the party against whom a criminal proceeding is brought.
16:
Archaic linguistic form used in English courts after 1066
2893:
2329:
The Law-French Dictionary Alphabetically Digested. 1718.
2173:
Contemporary Canadian Business Law: Principles and Cases
581:
1257:
purchasers are deemed to pass good title to the goods.
576:
Administration of Justice (Language) Act (Ireland) 1737
1548:
a suit to recover personal property unlawfully taken.
1397:
a trial jury, now usually just referred to as a jury.
1253:
a designated market in which sales of stolen goods to
952:"by his wrong", i.e. as a result of his own wrong act
2553:
1732:
1609:"wrong, injustice", neuter past participle of Latin
1006:"reversion of property" (gave the legal French verb
2222:. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School.
2203:
1956:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
489:First Part of the Institutes of the Law of England
3527:
1187:a group of citizens sworn for a common purpose.
1573:by the judge, or a suggestion by the reporter.
1431:Law French for what is now more usually called
1027:, which changed all tenures to free and common
283:Dictionary of the Norman or Old French Language
2879:
2539:
2349:
2276:The Mastery of the French Language in England
2137:"Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Amendment No. 1)"
1591:after judgment creditor's lien has attached.
499:'s marginal notes in an annotated edition of
300:) is an archaic language originally based on
2170:
1673:
909:
613:
510:
436:
3507:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
2252:2012 (London, Sweet & Maxwell) at 4-357
1939:
1937:
1693:
1681:
1665:
1611:
1603:
1587:, (2) owner in fee of land acquired from a
1558:"it seems" or "it seems or appears to be"
1333:
849:
826:
418:
411:
404:
386:
372:
2886:
2872:
2546:
2532:
2356:
2342:
2193:(4th ed.). Barron's Education Series.
2085:Many examples in D. W. Sutherland (ed.),
1699:, "true things") as well as the adjective
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2006:
1703:("true") as in the fossilised expression
1435:(or, in England and Wales, following the
564:Proceedings in Courts of Justice Act 1730
2184:
2182:
2046:(Selden Society, vol. 69) (London, 1952)
1987:International Journal of Legal Discourse
1934:
876:Culpable: prest (d'averrer nostre bille)
566:made English, instead of Law French and
377:, meaning the legal right to nominate a
308:and, later, English. It was used in the
276:
2171:Willes, John A; Willes, John H (2012).
1761:French phrases used by English speakers
1655:literally "to say the truth"; the word
783:cestui a que use le feoffment fuit fait
261:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
27:. For dialect once used in Jersey, see
3528:
2197:
2157:
1063:"scrap of paper, scroll of parchment"
435:, whereas by about 1330 it had become
2867:
2527:
2337:
2188:
2179:
1980:
1962:from the original on 11 November 2023
1687:("I see"); but instead to the adverb
793:, "he for whom the trust is created"
582:Survivals in modern legal terminology
23:. For law descended from France, see
2175:(9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
2144:www.assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
1527:originally a substitution-term in a
1331:word, speech (ultimately from Latin
2363:
1111:"covered woman" vs. "single woman"
691:) or attorney-in-fact (one who has
487:acknowledged in his preface to the
13:
3511:Languages between parentheses are
2285:, pp. xxx–xlii. M. D. Legge, 1934.
791:cestui a que use le trust est créé
542:by a prisoner there condemned for
68:13th century until c. 18th century
14:
3572:
2322:
2208:(2nd ed.). Thomson Carswell.
2109:A History Of The Languages Of Law
1418:the person who begins a lawsuit.
304:, but increasingly influenced by
2555:Varieties of the French language
2112:(2012), accessed 2 February 2018
1981:Laske, Caroline (1 April 2016).
1735:
1290:mort + main meaning "dead hand"
1130:modern French, "superior force"
2503:List of Norman language writers
2478:(highly influenced by Jèrriais)
2242:
2226:
2212:
2206:Understanding Property: A Guide
2129:
732:"steward; administrator", from
3515:of the language on their left.
2290:Year Books 1 & 2 Edward II
2115:
2100:
2079:
2057:"Cotton MS Vitellius A XIII/1"
2049:
2036:
2023:
1974:
1901:sur que lui-même immédiatement
1803:
1771:Influence of French on English
1766:English words of French origin
1:
2832:French-based creole languages
2259:
1927:
1407:complaining (from Old French
620:
351:
65:
2661:(England, Wales and Ireland)
2250:Archbold's Criminal Pleading
1354:strong and harsh punishment
1224:theft of personal property.
816:property, goods (Old French
450:Pleading in English Act 1362
7:
2029:Printed in William Stubbs,
1817:elements in bold, (pseudo)
1728:
1679:, which derives from Latin
10:
3577:
1269:"dead pledge" (Old French
1094:"that which is necessary"
1025:Tenures Abolition Act 1660
736:"custody, charge, office"
441:, as in modern French, or
327:
18:
3490:
3455:
3256:
3185:
2999:
2956:
2928:
2919:
2902:
2845:
2824:
2799:
2751:
2689:
2680:
2629:
2593:
2570:
2561:
2495:
2463:
2422:
2371:
2318:by F. J. Tanquerey, 1915.
1835:Salisbury in Summer 1631
1786:List of legal Latin terms
1367:by half and by the whole
1118:principle of common law.
550:was immediately drawn by
511:
247:
235:
230:
188:
72:
56:
52:Great Britain and Ireland
48:
43:
38:
3551:Legal history of England
3541:French legal terminology
2300:The Anglo-Norman Dialect
1796:
1305:"to hear and determine"
824:, ultimately from Latin
785:, "he for whose use the
468:('a (feminine) man') or
339:The Provisions of Oxford
2895:Gallo-Romance languages
2513:Anglo-Norman literature
2389:Guernésiais/Dgèrnésiais
2283:Year Books 10 Edward II
2191:Canadian Law Dictionary
1630:
1410:
1272:
983:"in its mother's womb"
819:
800:; the beneficiary of a
796:sometimes shortened to
668:
645:
588:postpositive adjectives
297:
2302:by L. E. Menger, 1904.
2126:, Peter Tiersma, p. 33
1999:10.1515/ijld-2016-0002
1707:("to say the truth").
1694:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1612:
1604:
1561:The legal expression "
1334:
1184:"oath, legal inquiry"
1150:
1081:"plug, stopper, bung"
910:
850:
827:
665:appointed (Old French
614:
560:
437:
419:
412:
405:
387:
373:
365:Some examples include
286:
249:This article contains
3505:A star (*) indicates
3400:Poitevin-Saintongeais
3331:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
2061:Les roys de Engeltere
1946:"Glottolog 4.8 - Oil"
1229:mainprise, mainprize
1203:"slackness, laxness"
1164:"in the countryside"
1023:Post-1660: After the
934:Transfer, usually of
928:"to send away", from
642:sittings (Old French
508:
310:law courts of England
280:
2409:Sercquiais/Sèrtchais
2292:, pp. xxxiii–lxxxi.
2266:Manual of Law French
2189:Yogis, John (1995).
2074:Phylippe de Fraunce'
2042:W. F. Dunham (ed.),
1691:("even", from Latin
1601:from medieval Latin
907:"defending" (French
627:Literal translation
348:The Casus Placitorum
3561:Legal communication
2958:Bourbonnais Creoles
2508:Jèrriais literature
2476:Jersey Legal French
2278:by B. Clover, 1888.
1897:amputée et fixée au
1776:Jersey Legal French
1349:peine forte et dure
1314:parol evidence rule
630:Definition and use
538:in Summer 1631 was
391:, meaning a female
29:Jersey Legal French
2464:Historic and legal
2423:Continental Europe
2238:. Merriam-Webster.
2106:Peter M. Tiersma,
1455:also known as the
1363:per my et per tout
1059:, from Old French
874:, abbreviation of
847:thing (from Latin
835:personal property
781:shortened form of
683:, equivalent to a
572:court of exchequer
506:, published 1688:
287:
3523:
3522:
3500:extinct languages
3456:Francoprovencalic
3451:
3450:
3434:Wisconsin Walloon
2861:
2860:
2820:
2819:
2662:
2521:
2520:
1881:indictment drawn
1871:narrowly missed,
1726:
1725:
1634:"found treasure"
1238:is the promisor.
978:en ventre sa mère
706:autrefois convict
693:power of attorney
385:, from the Latin
314:England and Wales
275:
274:
257:rendering support
253:phonetic symbols.
3568:
3469:Franco-Provençal
3465:/Faetar-Cigliàje
3354:Louisiana French
3349:Louisiana Creole
3162:Saint-Barthélemy
2930:Antillean Creole
2926:
2925:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2812:Saint-Barthélemy
2687:
2686:
2660:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2253:
2248:See, generally,
2246:
2240:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2119:
2113:
2104:
2098:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2010:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1941:
1921:
1807:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1697:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1633:
1615:
1607:
1449:profit a prendre
1413:
1337:
1300:oyer et terminer
1275:
913:
853:
830:
822:
730:baillis, baillif
714:peremptory pleas
701:autrefois acquit
671:
648:
621:
617:
597:attorney general
515:
440:
422:
415:
408:
390:
376:
360:
356:
353:
240:
78:
67:
36:
35:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3556:Norman language
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3486:
3447:
3365:Moselle Romance
3325:Karipúna Creole
3252:
3181:
3093:Franco-Ontarian
2995:
2952:
2915:
2910:Canadian French
2898:
2892:
2862:
2857:
2841:
2816:
2795:
2747:
2676:
2625:
2589:
2566:
2564:Standard French
2557:
2552:
2522:
2517:
2491:
2459:
2418:
2372:Channel Islands
2367:
2365:Norman language
2362:
2325:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2202:
2198:
2187:
2180:
2169:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2116:
2105:
2101:
2084:
2080:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2008:1854/LU-7239351
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1756:Norman language
1751:French language
1741:
1734:
1731:
1625:treasure trove
1589:judgment debtor
1457:right of common
1045:
789:was made", and
677:attorney-at-law
624:Term or phrase
584:
485:Sir Edward Coke
481:Oliver Cromwell
427:is rendered as
403:from the Latin
371:from the Latin
358:
354:
330:
324:jurisdictions.
306:Parisian French
255:Without proper
236:
226:
191:
184:
126:Gallo-Rhaetian?
114:Western Romance
94:Latino-Faliscan
79:
76:Language family
74:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3574:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:Law of Ireland
3543:
3538:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3503:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3466:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3327:
3322:
3319:Haitian Creole
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3289:Burundi Pidgin
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3006:
3004:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2853:Français signé
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2682:North American
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2437:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2323:External links
2321:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2303:
2297:
2294:F. W. Maitland
2286:
2279:
2273:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2241:
2225:
2211:
2196:
2178:
2156:
2128:
2123:Legal Language
2114:
2099:
2078:
2048:
2035:
2022:
1993:(1): 169–192.
1973:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1708:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1620:civil wrongs.
1618:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1525:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1486:
1483:
1481:cestui que vie
1471:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:prout de jure
1461:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1250:"open market"
1248:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1032:
1021:
1013:
1011:
996:
988:
987:
984:
981:
973:
972:
953:
950:
944:
943:
932:
926:
920:
919:
916:
905:
899:
898:
895:
892:
883:
882:
879:
868:
860:
859:
856:
845:
837:
836:
833:
814:
806:
805:
794:
779:
777:cestui que use
766:
765:
762:
761:(split paper)
755:
749:
748:
747:
746:
742:
737:
726:
718:
717:
711:
709:
697:
696:
674:
663:
655:
654:
651:
640:
632:
631:
628:
625:
590:in many legal
583:
580:
344:King Henry III
329:
326:
294:Middle English
273:
272:
259:, you may see
245:
244:
241:
233:
232:
231:Language codes
228:
227:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
194:
192:
189:
186:
185:
183:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
118:Gallo-Iberian?
82:
80:
73:
70:
69:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3573:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:Frainc-Comtou
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3131:Middle French
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3020:St. Marys Bay
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Langues d'oïl
2918:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2753:United States
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2251:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:condemnation
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1791:Legal English
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1733:
1721:
1717:
1716:United States
1713:
1712:United States
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:tresor trouvé
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1578:terre-tenant
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:obiter dictum
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1476:pur autre vie
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:Woolf Reforms
1434:
1430:
1428:close friend
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:joint tenancy
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1338:
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1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1319:
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1307:
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1297:
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1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1245:marché ouvert
1242:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:Anglo-Norman
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1199:Anglo-Norman
1198:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:Anglo-Norman
1179:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1125:force majeure
1122:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:Anglo-Norman
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:Anglo-Norman
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1036:Bona vacantia
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:Anglo-Norman
997:
995:
994:
990:
989:
985:
982:
980:
979:
975:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
941:
937:
936:real property
933:
931:
927:
925:
922:
921:
917:
914:
912:
906:
904:
901:
900:
896:
893:
891:
889:
885:
884:
881:guilty party
880:
877:
873:
869:
867:
866:
862:
861:
857:
854:
852:
846:
844:
843:
839:
838:
834:
831:
829:
823:
821:
815:
813:
812:
808:
807:
803:
799:
795:
792:
788:
784:
780:
778:
774:
772:
768:
767:
763:
760:
759:charte partie
756:
754:
751:
750:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
731:
728:Anglo-Norman
727:
725:
724:
720:
719:
715:
712:
710:
708:
707:
702:
699:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:
672:
670:
664:
662:
661:
657:
656:
652:
649:
647:
641:
639:
638:
634:
633:
629:
626:
623:
622:
619:
616:
611:
607:
606:modern French
603:
602:
598:
593:
589:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:Chief Justice
521:
516:
514:
507:
505:
503:
498:
494:
493:Chief Justice
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
462:
461:Inns of Court
457:
455:
451:
446:
444:
439:
434:
430:
424:
421:
416:
414:
407:
402:
398:
394:
389:
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362:
349:
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319:
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311:
307:
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299:
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284:
279:
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266:
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258:
254:
252:
246:
242:
239:
234:
229:
217:
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
207:
206:Proto-Romance
204:
203:
202:
199:
198:
197:
193:
187:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
135:
131:
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
122:Gallo-Romance
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:Italo-Western
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
84:Indo-European
81:
77:
71:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:Law of France
3495:
3440:
3421:
3410:Saintongeais
3387:
3375:
3363:
3329:
3294:Camfranglais
3240:
3234:
3233:
3206:
3196:Anglo-Norman
3194:
3157:Newfoundland
3142:Metropolitan
3129:
3119:Jersey Legal
3117:
3108:Houma French
2948:Saint Lucian
2903:Areal groups
2897:and dialects
2733:Newfoundland
2658:
2654:Jersey Legal
2481:
2471:Anglo-Norman
2444:Pays de Caux
2315:
2305:
2299:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2265:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2228:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2190:
2172:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:
2131:
2122:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2072:
2065:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2025:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1949:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1907:in presence
1904:
1900:
1895:dexter manus
1894:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1875:immediately
1873:et pour cela
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:que puis son
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1642:
1638:
1617:, "I twist"
1610:
1602:
1498:arrangements
1492:life tenancy
1480:
1474:
1456:
1424:prochein ami
1423:
1408:
1383:
1370:describes a
1362:
1347:
1332:
1298:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1243:
1235:
1218:
1200:
1192:
1181:
1173:
1142:
1123:
1106:
1102:
1079:estoup(p)ail
1078:
1060:
1056:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
976:
968:
964:
960:
956:
947:
940:of the Crown
929:
908:
887:
875:
871:
863:
848:
840:
825:
817:
809:
797:
790:
782:
776:
769:
758:
753:charterparty
733:
729:
721:
704:
700:
666:
658:
643:
635:
595:
592:noun phrases
585:
561:
528:Common Bench
517:
509:
500:
497:George Treby
488:
478:
469:
465:
458:
447:
442:
432:
428:
425:
410:
400:
396:
382:
374:advocationem
366:
363:
347:
337:
331:
302:Anglo-Norman
298:Lawe Frensch
289:
288:
282:
248:
201:Vulgar Latin
153:
149:Anglo-Norman
44:Lawe Frensch
33:
3536:English law
3502:or dialects
3389:Petit nègre
3279:Bourbonnais
3224:Guernésiais
3219:Cotentinais
3098:Frenchville
3060:New England
2991:Seychellois
2791:New England
2766:Frenchville
2450:Cotentinais
2434:Pays d'Auge
2270:J. H. Baker
2220:"Voir dire"
2063:. 1280–1300
1966:11 November
1705:à vrai dire
1433:next friend
1339:, parable)
1135:acts of God
1103:feme covert
969:de son tort
967:, guardian
965:de son tort
961:de son tort
957:de son tort
948:de son tort
938:, but also
870:Originally
855:, "cause")
757:Originally
650:, sitting)
594:in English—
359: 1270
355: 1250
334:English law
263:instead of
190:Early forms
62:English law
3530:Categories
3377:Old French
3299:Champenois
3284:Burgundian
3248:Sercquiais
3242:Old Norman
3235:Law French
3177:Vietnamese
3137:Meridional
2971:Chagossian
2644:Meridional
2616:Vietnamese
2496:Literature
2487:Old Norman
2482:Law French
2310:M. K. Pope
2260:Literature
1928:References
1841:assaulted
1743:Law portal
1585:rentcharge
1567:law report
1533:conveyance
1385:petit jury
1376:alienation
1273:mort gaige
1236:mainpernor
1144:grand jury
959:, trustee
771:cestui que
615:hypothèque
601:fee simple
548:indictment
520:Richardson
357: – c.
322:common law
290:Law French
216:Old Norman
211:Old French
154:Law French
39:Law French
25:Civil code
3513:varieties
3498:indicate
3480:Valdôtain
3471:/Arpitan
3442:Zarphatic
3383:Orléanais
3269:Berrichon
3208:Auregnais
3083:Cambodian
3065:Québécois
2986:Rodriguan
2976:Mauritian
2943:Grenadian
2938:Dominican
2800:Caribbean
2771:Louisiana
2601:Cambodian
2379:Auregnais
2235:voir dire
2017:2364-883X
1951:Glottolog
1891:prisoner
1889:envers le
1867:justice,
1863:brickbat
1847:prisoner
1811:macaronic
1781:Franglais
1651:voir dire
1521:remainder
1403:plaintiff
1255:bona fide
1219:lar(e)cin
1153:" (q.v.)
1116:coverture
1107:feme sole
1061:escro(u)e
1040:alienable
1004:escheoite
911:défendant
903:defendant
872:cul. prit
787:feoffment
689:barrister
685:solicitor
540:assaulted
536:Salisbury
417:replaced
281:Kelham's
238:ISO 639-3
196:Old Latin
3475:Savoyard
3405:Poitevin
3314:Guianese
3229:Jèrriais
3214:Cauchois
3167:Standard
3147:Missouri
3088:Francien
3038:Kinshasa
2781:Missouri
2691:Canadian
2631:European
2621:Lebanese
2580:Maghrebi
2454:Cotentin
2440:Cauchois
2399:Jèrriais
2393:Guernsey
2383:Alderney
1960:Archived
1899:gibbet,
1855:felony,
1831:assizes
1829:Banc aux
1729:See also
1643:treasure
1541:replevin
1509:recovery
1490:Used in
1411:plaintif
1335:parabola
1286:mortmain
1264:mortgage
1221:"theft"
1201:lachesse
1161:in pais
1090:estovers
1073:estoppel
1018:allodial
993:escheats
963:, agent
930:démettre
890:doctrine
828:capitale
660:attorney
610:mortgage
466:une home
454:pleading
381:priest;
368:advowson
269:Help:IPA
60:Used in
3496:Italics
3429:Walloon
3423:Tây Bồi
3337:Lorrain
3264:Angevin
3202:Augeron
3152:Muskrat
3125:Laotian
3103:Haitian
3050:Belgian
3033:Abidjan
3027:African
3010:Acadian
2981:Réunion
2966:Agalega
2825:Related
2807:Haitian
2786:Muskrat
2743:Ontario
2721:Acadian
2649:Belgian
2611:Laotian
2585:African
2572:African
2430:Augeron
2312:, 1956.
2296:, 1903.
2272:, 1979.
2149:30 July
1913:justice
1893:et son
1861:jeta un
1851:condemn
1827:Common
1720:England
1718:and of
1710:in the
1390:"small
1213:larceny
1149:"large
1057:escrowe
1000:eschete
888:cy-près
865:culprit
811:chattel
745:office.
723:bailiff
637:assizes
532:Assizes
530:at the
526:of the
504:Reports
474:English
470:un feme
433:del roy
429:del rey
413:essonia
397:essoyne
328:History
318:Ireland
265:Unicode
130:Arpitan
104:Romance
3463:Faetar
3395:Picard
3371:Nouchi
3359:Michif
3342:Welche
3257:Others
3187:Norman
3113:Indian
3076:Magoua
3045:Aostan
3001:French
2846:Signed
2837:Michif
2716:Brayon
2709:Magoua
2699:Quebec
2672:Aostan
2639:French
2606:Indian
2403:Jersey
2067:1 June
2015:
1865:au dit
1853:é pour
1815:French
1613:torquo
1605:tortum
1563:semble
1554:semble
1327:parole
1194:laches
1051:escrow
1029:socage
1008:échoir
924:demise
820:chatel
798:cestui
681:lawyer
669:atorné
646:assise
556:gibbet
544:felony
502:Dyer's
443:du roy
438:du roi
420:sunnis
406:sunnis
401:essone
395:, and
388:nātīvā
379:parish
144:Norman
89:Italic
49:Region
3309:Gallo
3274:Bolze
3172:Swiss
3071:Joual
3055:Métis
3015:Chiac
2776:Métis
2761:Houma
2738:Métis
2726:Chiac
2704:Joual
2667:Swiss
2594:Asian
2140:(PDF)
1918:pendu
1820:Latin
1797:Notes
1689:voire
1683:video
1667:verum
1661:voire
1639:Trove
1628:from
1597:torts
1496:lease
1441:minor
1182:jurée
851:causa
842:chose
802:trust
773:trust
612:" is
568:Latin
431:, or
99:Latin
64:from
3417:Tayo
2659:Law
2413:Sark
2151:2024
2069:2023
2013:ISSN
1968:2023
1903:hang
1887:Noy
1878:fuit
1838:fuit
1809:The
1701:vrai
1695:vera
1675:voir
1659:(or
1657:voir
1529:will
1494:and
1479:vs.
1392:jury
1175:jury
1151:jury
1105:vs.
734:bail
687:and
586:The
562:The
495:Sir
393:serf
383:neif
316:and
2308:by
2268:by
2095:rey
2093:or
2091:rei
2003:hdl
1995:doi
1884:per
1869:que
1844:per
1531:or
703:or
695:).
552:Noy
534:at
399:or
251:IPA
139:Oïl
134:Oïl
57:Era
3532::
3067:*
3029:*
2181:^
2159:^
2142:.
2071:.
2059:.
2011:.
2001:.
1989:.
1985:.
1958:.
1954:.
1948:.
1936:^
1909:de
1849:là
1833:de
1825:de
1645:.
1443:.
1415:)
1394:"
1378:.
1277:)
1137:.
1010:)
1002:,
971:.
915:)
832:)
804:.
775:,
673:)
599:,
578:.
522:,
445:.
352:c.
296::
66:c.
3321:*
3003:*
2912:*
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2880:t
2873:v
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2540:t
2533:v
2456:)
2452:(
2446:)
2442:(
2436:)
2432:(
2415:)
2411:(
2405:)
2401:(
2395:)
2391:(
2385:)
2381:(
2357:e
2350:t
2343:v
2153:.
2097:)
2019:.
2005::
1997::
1991:1
1970:.
1916:(
1905:é
1020:.
679:(
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350:(
292:(
271:.
243:–
132:–
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
