704:(itself under the Governor-General of French Indochina, also in Hanoi); the French Resident was represented locally by Administrators. In addition to the territory acquired, France was given the right to connect the bay by railway with the city and harbour situated on the west side of the peninsula; however when they attempted to take possession of the land to build the railway, forces of the provincial government offered armed resistance. As a result, France demanded and obtained exclusive mining rights in the three adjoining prefectures. The return of the leased territory to China was promised after the
725:
912:
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315:
881:
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68:
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696:". The colony was described as "commercially unimportant but strategically located"; most of France's energies went into their administration of the mainland of French Indochina, and their main concern in China was the protection of Roman Catholic missionaries, rather than the promotion of trade. Kwangchow Wan, while not a constituent part of Indochina, was effectively placed under the authority of the French
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716:
The port was also popular with smugglers; prior to the 1928 cancellation of the
American ban on the export of commercial airplanes, Kwangchow Wan was also used as a stop for Cantonese smugglers transporting military aircraft purchased in Manila to China, and US records mention at least one drug smuggler who picked up opium and Chinese emigrants to be smuggled into the United States from there.
954:
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constituted the first step of the
Japanese military occupation of Indochina, a small detachment of Japanese marines had landed at Fort-Bayard without opposition in early July and set up a control and observation post in the harbour. However, as in the rest of French Indochina, the civilian administration of the territory was to remain in the hands of officials of
762:
the night before, disarmed and imprisoned the small French colonial garrison in Fort-Bayard. Just prior to the
Japanese surrender, Chinese forces were prepared to launch a large-scale assault on Kwangchow Wan; however, due to the end of the war, the assault never materialised. While the Japanese were
757:
under full military
Japanese occupation and the French civilian administration was gradually reduced to a mere façade. The Administrator resigned in disgust and Adrien Roques, a local pro-Vichy militant, was appointed to replace him. In May of the same year, Roques signed a convention with the local
732:
As an adjunct of French
Indochina, Kwangchow Wan generally endured the same fate as the rest of the Indochina colony during World War II. Even before the signing of the 30 August 1940 accord with Japan in which France recognised the “privileged status of Japanese interests in the Far East” and which
715:
By 1931, the population of
Kwangchow Wan had reached 206,000, giving the colony a population density of 245 persons per km (630 per square mile); virtually all Chinese, and only 266 French citizens and four other Europeans were recorded as living there. Industries included shipping and coal mining.
771:. Almost immediately after the last Japanese occupation troops had left the territory in late September, representatives of the French and the Chinese governments went to Fort-Bayard to proceed to the transfer of authority; the French flag was lowered for the last time on 20 November 1945.
752:
In mid-February 1943, the
Japanese, after having informed the Vichy government that they needed to strengthen the defence of Kwangchow Wan, unilaterally landed more troops and occupied the airport and all other strategic locations in the Territory. From then on, Kwangchow Wan was
636:
The territory leased to France included the islands lying in the bay, which enclosed an area 29 km long by 10 km wide and a minimum water depth of 10 metres (5.5 fathoms). The islands were recognised at the time as an admirable natural defence, the main island being
77:
569:. The territory did not experience the rapid growth in population that other parts of coastal China experienced, rising from 189,000 in the early 20th century to just 209,000 in 1935. Industries included shipping and coal mining.
2111:
786:, a prominent trial lawyer, recalled in his memoirs how a Japanese military officer helped him escape in this way. However, the escape route was closed when the Japanese occupied the area in February 1943.
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prefecture (Kow Chow Fu) a strip of territory 18 kilometres (11 mi) by 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), and on the right bank a strip 24 kilometres (15 mi) by 18 kilometres (11 mi) from
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prefecture (Lei Chow Fu). The total land area of the leased territory was 1,300 square kilometres (500 sq mi). The city of Fort-Bayard (Zhanjiang) was developed as a port.
3010:
2353:
2097:
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Convention between the
Provisional Government of the French Republic and the National Government of China for the retrocession of the Leased Territory of Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
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Japanese military authorities in which the French authorities promised to cooperate fully with the
Japanese. On 10 March 1945, the Japanese, following up on their
3172:
892:
2346:
2542:
689:
778:, Kwangchow Wan was often used as a stopover on an escape route for civilians fleeing Hainan and Hong Kong and trying to make their way to Thailand,
2066:
845:, were set up in Fort-Bayard. In addition, a Roman Catholic church (St. Victor) constructed during the French occupation is still preserved today.
565:
The
Japanese occupied the territory in February 1943. In 1945, following the surrender of Japan, France formally relinquished Guangzhouwan to the
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of 1921–1922, but the promise was not fulfilled until 1945, by which time the territory had already ceased to be under French rule.
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The limits of the territory inland were fixed in November 1899; on the left bank of the Maxie, France gained from
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A French-language school, École Franco-Chinoise de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, as well as a branch of the
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Kouang Tchéou-Wan, colonie clandestine: Un territoire à bail français en Chine du Sud 1898-1946
53:
645:
farther to the southeast, a lighthouse was constructed. Another island of significant size is
633:). The Maxie is navigable as far as 19 kilometres (12 mi) inland even by large warships.
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2602:
2396:
1354:
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692:) according to the Treaty of 29 May 1898, ratified by China on 5 January 1900, during the "
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8:
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2224:
2185:
2129:
1972:
1962:
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Kwangchouwan was leased to the French for 99 years, or until 1997 (as the British did in
2887:
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and Kuo Chang Wu, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, signed the
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1291:. Languages and culture in history. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 75.
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Revolution in the Village: tradition and transformation in North Vietnam, 1925–1988
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still occupying Kwangchow Wan following the surrender, a French diplomat from the
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A. Choveaux, "Situation économique du territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan en 1923".
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Francophonie and the Orient: French-Asian transcultural crossings (1840-1940)
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1548:"Compte administratif du budget local du territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan"
1378:
Gale, Esson M. (1970), "International Relations: The Twentieth Century",
945:
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1364:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 957.
810:
589:), near Guangzhou, around a bay then called Kwangchowan, now called the
3111:
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State and Smuggling in Modern China: The Case of Guangzhouwan/Zhanjiang
783:
562:. The capital of the territory was Fort-Bayard, present-day Zhanjiang.
2862:
3117:
1568:
1526:, Le Papier Colonial: la France d'outre-mer et ses anciennes colonies
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War Wings: The United States and Chinese Military Aviation, 1929–1949
991:
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Pupils and teachers of the École franco-chinoise de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
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104:
20:
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Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
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on 18 August 1945 after a meeting between the French and Chinese.
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2229:
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1418:[Research on the Victor Catholic Church of Zhanjiang],
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199:
94:
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555:
1420:
Study and Preservation of Chinese Modern Architecture Series
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Landing of Japanese troops in Kwangchow Wan in February 1943
862:
Kwangchow Wan pavilion at the Marseille Colonial Exhibition
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1535:
Includes images of letters sent to and from the territory.
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577:
The leased territory was situated on the east side of the
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1095:
1093:
493:
477:
1268:
1244:
1220:
593:. The bay forms the estuary of the Maxie River (French:
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lettres > par pays > Chine > Kouang-Tcheou-Wan
19:"Guangzhouwan" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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sudden attack on French garrisons throughout Indochina
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Post and Telegraph building in Poteou, Kwangchow Wan
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1516:, Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong University Press
1446:Fort Bayard. Quand la France vendait son opium
1338:Anslinger, H.J.; Tompkins, William F. (1953),
550:, was a territory on the coast of present-day
81:Location of Kwangchow Wan and French Indochina
3173:States and territories disestablished in 1945
2794:
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1624:
1458:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism
1371:Le régime des concessions étrangères en Chine
765:Provisional Government of the French Republic
367:
353:
35:
1862:French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon
1478:France Overseas: Study of Modern Imperialism
1464:
544:
518:
2944:
1743:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820)
1401:, Volume 34, Nr. 187, pp. 74–77, 1925.
794:The territory was formally returned to the
749:, made an official visit to Kwangchow Wan.
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2557:
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1594:Other map about Guangzhouwan and Indochina
75:
66:
16:1898–1945 French enclave in southern China
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1722:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
1847:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
1589:Map of French Indochina and Guangzhouwan
1484:
1475:
1460:, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press
1348:
1101:
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615:), now known as the Zhanjiang Waterway (
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676:French occupation and early development
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1842:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
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1426:, Tsinghua University, archived from
1382:, Ayer Publishing, pp. 200–221,
1274:
1250:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1142:
886:Colonial militia with French officers
741:; in November 1941, Governor-General
558:leased to France and administered by
2034:Governor-General of French Indochina
1638:
1439:, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press
1413:
1407:Intelligence and Military Operations
1377:
1320:
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1067:
805:
3158:Former countries in Chinese history
2808:
2517:French colonization of the Americas
1471:, Cross-Currents e-Journal (No. 25)
220:1,300 km (500 sq mi)
13:
1565:"Historic pictures of Fort Bayard"
1511:
1493:
1448:. Paris: Éditions François Bourin.
1262:
1166:
801:
14:
3194:
1540:
1476:Priestly, Herbert Ingram (1967),
1373:, Académie de droit international
1797:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936)
1113:
966:
952:
938:
924:
910:
891:
879:
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776:Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
656:located to the north-northeast.
334:Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan
313:
288:
52:
3011:French domains of the Holy Land
1305:
1280:
719:
546:Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
494:
478:
3006:French domains of Saint Helena
2123:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
2014:Paris Foreign Missions Society
1768:Cochinchina campaign (1858–62)
1107:
1029:
1004:
629:
611:
455:
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368:
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36:
1:
1753:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
1512:Yu, Patrick Shuk-Siu (2000),
1465:Pieragastini, Steven (2017),
1414:Li, Chuanyi; Ou, Jie (2001),
1179:Anslinger & Tompkins 1953
1046:
745:, newly appointed by Marshal
3143:1898 establishments in China
2741:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
1968:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
1792:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
1748:Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35)
1051:
572:
7:
2981: and Antarctic Lands
1893:Treaty of Versailles (1787)
1837:French–Thai War (1940–1941)
1780:Sino-French War (1884–1885)
1773:Tonkin campaign (1883–1886)
1604:"French Colonial Zhanjiang"
1514:A Seventh Child and the Law
1480:, United Kingdom: Routledge
1409:, United Kingdom: Routledge
903:
710:Washington Naval Conference
690:Hong Kong's New Territories
10:
3199:
2024:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
1758:French conquest of Vietnam
1584:Map of French Guangzhouwan
1552:National Library of France
1485:Vannière, Antoine (2020),
1330:
848:
670:
262:French Indochinese piastre
18:
3094:
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2898:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2871:
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2759:French East India Company
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2721:
2669:
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2522:French West India Company
2512:
2484:
2415:
2372:
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2238:
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2089:
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2006:
1948:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
1936:
1923:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
1885:
1807:1916 Cochinchina uprising
1735:
1682:
1669:France–Thailand relations
1646:
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602:
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148:• French occupation
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110:
100:
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74:
65:
49:
44:
30:
3037: the Indian Ocean
1988:Ernest Doudart de Lagrée
1928:Geneva Conference (1954)
1664:France–Vietnam relations
1444:Matot, Bertrand (2013).
1405:Handel, Michael (1990),
1341:The Traffic in Narcotics
997:
694:scramble for concessions
349:Traditional Chinese
158:• Leased by France
2945:Uninhabited territories
2456:Saint Kitts & Nevis
2019:Tirailleurs indochinois
1953:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
1908:Treaty of Saigon (1874)
1898:Treaty of Saigon (1862)
1872:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
1763:Siege of Tourane (1858)
1599:Map of Kwang Tcheou Wan
1361:Encyclopædia Britannica
1287:Kang, Mathilde (2018).
363:Simplified Chinese
168:• Administered by
3163:Former French colonies
3148:China–France relations
2875: collectivities
2713:Sanjak of Alexandretta
2566:Former French colonies
2363:Former French colonies
2121:Former French colonies
2076:French overseas empire
1785:Pacification of Tonkin
1674:France–China relations
1659:French colonial empire
1559:WorldStatesmen - China
1435:Luong, Hy Van (1992),
1369:Escarra, Jean (1929),
982:China–France relations
729:
685:
684:Fort-Bayard circa 1910
594:
587:Péninsule de Leitcheou
586:
519:
2822:Inhabited territories
2754:France–Asia relations
2309:Somaliland (Djibouti)
1958:Jean-Baptiste Cécille
1654:France–Asia relations
1494:Xu, Guangqiu (2001),
1398:Annales de Géographie
1355:"Kwangchow Bay"
1037:Tsankiang, Chankiang,
843:Banque de l'Indochine
727:
708:by the French at the
683:
111:Common languages
3168:History of Guangdong
3153:Concessions in China
3100:overseas departments
3035:Scattered Islands in
2916: collectivity
2374:French North America
1918:Treaty of Huế (1884)
1913:Treaty of Huế (1883)
1903:Treaty of Huế (1863)
1877:Partition of Vietnam
1817:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
1812:Thái Nguyên uprising
3069:Juan de Nova Island
2956:North Pacific Ocean
2568:in Asia and Oceania
1963:Charles de Montigny
1867:First Indochina War
1822:Bazin assassination
1571:on October 12, 2007
1498:, Greenwood Press,
1430:on October 21, 2014
1344:, Funk and Wagnalls
1277:, pp. 349–350.
1253:, pp. 214–217.
1229:, pp. 209–210.
534:Leased Territory of
181:• Occupied by
2974:Overseas territory
2499:France Antarctique
2486:Equinoctial France
2449:Dominican Republic
1311:Le Papier Colonial
821:. You can help by
730:
686:
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3025:Amsterdam Islands
3016:Kerguelen Islands
2964:Clipperton Island
2935:
2934:
2931:
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2903:Wallis and Futuna
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2671:Mandate for Syria
2661:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
2623:Indochinese Union
2530:
2529:
2327:
2326:
2240:Equatorial Africa
2042:
2041:
1852:August Revolution
1298:978-90-485-4027-3
839:
838:
796:Republic of China
698:Resident Superior
647:Île des Aigrettes
641:. On the smaller
630:Zhànjiāng shuǐdào
591:Port of Zhanjiang
579:Leizhou Peninsula
567:Republic of China
530:
529:
520:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
503:
502:
473:Yale Romanization
429:Standard Mandarin
329:
328:
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32:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
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3178:Unequal treaties
3055:Glorioso Islands
3036:
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2888:Saint Barthélemy
2883:French Polynesia
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2588:Coromandel Coast
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2417:French Caribbean
2397:Terre Neuve
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2100:
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2090:
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2029:Tonkinese Rifles
1727:State of Vietnam
1640:French Indochina
1633:
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1610:
1609:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1567:. Archived from
1555:
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1508:
1490:
1489:, Indes Savantes
1481:
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1461:
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1321:Li & Ou 2001
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1114:Chen, Chienwen.
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1038:
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1027:
1024:Quang-Tchéou-Wan
1008:
987:French Indochina
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960:Geography portal
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1539:
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1456:, ed. (1991),
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1350:Chisholm, Hugh
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1416:"湛江维多尔天主教堂考察"
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2575:French India
2407:French Texas
2263:Ubangi-Shari
2258:Middle Congo
2225:James Island
2130:North Africa
1832:World War II
1717:Guangzhouwan
1575:November 16,
1573:. Retrieved
1569:the original
1528:, retrieved
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436:Hanyu Pinyin
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343:Chinese name
278:Succeeded by
277:
272:
245:• 1935
235:• 1911
198:Returned by
25:
3116:Claimed by
3110:Claimed by
2995:Adélie Land
2913:Sui generis
2644:Cochinchina
2461:Saint Lucia
2215:Upper Volta
2158:West Africa
1802:World War I
1692:Cochinchina
1685:territories
1683:Constituent
1239:Handel 1990
1125:January 21,
1035:Also spelt
1010:Also spelt
946:Asia portal
774:During the
743:Jean Decoux
650: [
508:French name
273:Preceded by
162:29 May 1898
105:Fort-Bayard
3137:Categories
3112:Madagascar
3021:Saint Paul
2853:Martinique
2848:Guadeloupe
2603:Pondichéry
2314:Madagascar
2186:Mauritania
1647:Background
1530:January 1,
1275:Olson 1991
1251:Matot 2013
1227:Matot 2013
1215:Matot 2013
1203:Matot 2013
1191:Matot 2013
1143:Olson 1991
1047:References
784:Patrick Yu
450:Wade–Giles
225:Population
120:(official)
3183:Zhanjiang
3118:Mauritius
2977: (
2387:Louisiana
2268:Cameroons
1068:Gale 1970
1052:Citations
992:Zhanjiang
830:June 2008
573:Geography
552:Zhanjiang
381:Cantonese
309:Zhanjiang
296:Zhanjiang
124:Cantonese
45:1898–1945
21:Guangzhou
2873:Overseas
2833:Overseas
2691:Damascus
2640:Vietnam
2631:Cambodia
2608:Karaikal
2425:Dominica
2220:Togoland
1886:Treaties
1707:Cambodia
904:See also
755:de facto
612:Máxié hé
489:Jyutping
396:Jyutping
258:Currency
3106:Comoros
2863:Réunion
2858:Mayotte
2776:Present
2734:Vanuatu
2722:Oceania
2494:Berbice
2430:Grenada
2286:Anjouan
2278:Comoros
2230:Albreda
2203:Senegal
2171:Dahomey
2148:Tunisia
2143:Morocco
2138:Algeria
1331:Sources
1263:Yu 2000
1167:Xu 2001
849:Gallery
671:History
665:Leizhou
661:Gaozhou
617:Chinese
599:Chinese
249:209,000
239:189,000
196:•
101:Capital
2686:Aleppo
2654:Tonkin
2613:Yanaon
2593:Madras
2471:Tobago
2392:Canada
2382:Acadia
2296:Mohéli
2181:Guinea
2083:Former
1938:French
1736:Events
1697:Tonkin
1502:
1386:
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790:Return
702:Tonkin
627::
625:pinyin
619::
609::
607:pinyin
601::
583:French
514:French
200:France
118:French
95:France
87:Status
2649:Annam
2504:Inini
2445:Haïti
2253:Gabon
2198:Niger
2176:Sudan
1702:Annam
1380:China
1116:"廣州灣"
998:Notes
654:]
556:China
183:Japan
3023:and
2636:Laos
2598:Mahé
2248:Chad
1712:Laos
1577:2010
1532:2007
1500:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1127:2024
1120:國語辭典
621:湛江水道
532:The
384:Yale
215:Area
60:Flag
1022:or
825:.
700:in
603:麻斜河
554:in
369:广州湾
355:廣州灣
93:of
37:廣州灣
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1018:,
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