418:
202:
60:
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42:
534:(MCV), a disease typically affecting children and immuno-compromised patients, has been investigated. Nine of sixteen patients who were treated with 10% strength lemon myrtle oil showed a significant improvement, compared to none in the control group. A study in 2003 which investigated the effectiveness of different preparations of lemon myrtle against bacteria and fungi concluded that the plant had potential as an
547:
Lemon myrtle is a cultivated ornamental plant. It can be grown from tropical to warm temperate climates, and may handle cooler districts provided it can be protected from frost when young. In cultivation it rarely exceeds about 5 metres (16 ft) and usually has a dense canopy. The principal
564:
In plantation cultivation the tree is typically maintained as a shrub by regular harvesting from the top and sides. Mechanical harvesting is used in commercial plantations. It is important to retain some lower branches when pruning for plant health. The harvested leaves are dried for leaf
298:
smell of the crushed leaves. 'Lemon scented myrtle' was the primary common name until the shortened trade name, 'lemon myrtle', was created by the native foods industry to market the leaf for culinary use. Lemon myrtle is now the more common name for the plant and its products.
548:
attraction to gardeners is the lemon smell, which perfumes both the leaves and flowers of the tree. Lemon myrtle is a hardy plant, which tolerates all but the poorest drained soils. It can be slow growing but responds well to slow-release fertilisers.
429:
flavours and is sometimes referred to as the "Queen of the lemon herbs". The leaf is often used as dried flakes, or in the form of an encapsulated flavour essence for enhanced shelf-life. It has a range of uses, such as lemon myrtle flakes in
551:
Seedling lemon myrtle go through a shrubby, slow juvenile growth stage, before developing a dominant trunk. Lemon myrtle can also be propagated from cutting, but is slow to strike. A study into the plant growing
538:
or as a surface disinfectant, or as an anti-microbial food additive. The oil is a popular ingredient in health care and cleaning products, especially soaps, lotions, skin-whitening preparations and shampoos.
560:
for growing cuttings throughout the year. Growing cuttings from mature trees bypasses the shrubby juvenile stage. Cutting propagation is also used to provide a consistent product in commercial production.
556:
found that "actively growing axillary buds, wide stems and mature leaves" are good indicators that a cutting will take root successfully and survive. A further study on temperature recommended
945:
Hayes, A. J. & Markovic, B. (2003), "Toxicity of
Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle). Part 2. Absorption and histopathology following application to human skin",
266:
are creamy-white, 5â7 mm (0.20â0.28 in) in diameter, produced in clusters at the ends of the branches from summer through to autumn. After petal fall, the calyx is persistent.
390:
1236:
1003:
Burke, B. E.; Baillie, J. E. & Olson, R. D. (2004), "Essential oil of
Australian lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children",
909:
Hayes, A. J. & Markovic, B. (2002), "Toxicity of
Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (Lemon myrtle). Part 1. Antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity",
723:
Hayes, A.J.; Markovic, B. (April 2002). "Toxicity of
Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (Lemon myrtle). Part 1. Antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity".
583:
A 2009 study has suggested that drying lemon myrtle leaves at higher temperatures improves the citral content of the dried leaves, but discolours the leaves more.
679:
1264:
2626:
1148:
Buchaillot, A.; Caffin, N.; Bhandari, B. (2009). "Drying of Lemon Myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) Leaves: Retention of
Volatiles and Color".
526:. When diluted to approximately 1%, absorption through the skin and subsequent damage is thought to be minimal. Lemon myrtle oil has a high
2759:
649:
275:) was detected in lemon myrtle plantations in January 2011. Myrtle rust severely damages new growth and threatens lemon myrtle production.
664:
417:
2744:
893:
2574:
1121:
Kibbler, H.; Johnston, M. E.; Williams, R. R. (2004). "Adventitious root formation in cuttings of
Backhousia citriodora F. Muell".
1094:
Kibbler, H.; Johnston, M. E.; Williams, R. R. (2004). "Adventitious root formation in cuttings of
Backhousia citriodora F. Muell".
807:
2587:
1257:
2749:
2509:
632:
262:, 5â12 cm (2.0â4.7 in) long and 1.5â2.5 cm (0.6â1.0 in) broad, glossy green, with an entire margin. The
192:
2379:
1250:
888:
Functional
Properties of Australian Bushfoods â A Report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation,
683:
2371:
988:
828:
F. Muell. â Rediscovery and chemical characterization of the L-citronellal form and aspects of its breeding system",
2514:
2631:
2613:
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348:. It is also considered to have a "cleaner and sweeter" aroma than comparable sources of citralâlemongrass and
2670:
527:
1231:
2724:
911:
17:
2734:
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2522:
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531:
1078:
530:, a measure of antimicrobial potency. Use of lemon myrtle oil as a treatment for skin lesions caused by
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709:
59:
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758:
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1974:
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1633:
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Archived analysis results, Wollongbar
Agricultural Institute, Department of Primary Industry, NSW
496:
in steam distilled lemon myrtle oil is typically 90â98%, and oil yield 1â3% from fresh leaf. The
646:
2449:
1450:
1403:
337:
304:
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1917:
1857:
1543:
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have long used lemon myrtle, both in cuisine and as a healing plant. The oil has the highest
308:. Other common names are sweet verbena tree, lemon scented verbena (not to be confused with
176:
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Atkinson W, Brice H. (1955), "Antibacterial substances produced by flowering plants.",
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Wilkinson, J. M.; Hipwell, M.; Ryan, T.; Cavanagh, H. M. A. (2003). "Bioactivity of
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856:"Development ofMelaleucaoils as effective natural-based personal insect repellents"
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chemotype is uncommon, and can be used as an insect repellent. The dried leaf has
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The species can reach 6 m (20 ft) in height, but is often smaller. The
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2009:
1934:
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450:, including tea blends. It can also be used as a lemon flavour replacement in
2713:
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484:. The citral chemotype is more prevalent and is cultivated in Australia for
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Doran, J. C.; Brophy, J. J.; Lassak, E. V. & House, A. P. N. (2001), "
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properties; however, the undiluted essential oil is toxic to human cells
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234:. It is endemic to subtropical rainforests of central and south-eastern
41:
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Lemon myrtle is sometimes confused with 'lemon ironbark', which is
133:
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was investigated as a potential leaf spice and commercial crop by
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Australian
Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science
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2018:
2004:
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was established by The Essential Oils Unit, Wollongbar, and
2063:
1778:
1408:
1398:
1279:
1226:
451:
439:
251:
447:
354:. In 1888, Bertram first isolated the essential oil from
1147:
242:, with a natural distribution from Mackay to Brisbane.
1120:
1093:
823:
1185:
1041:
citriodora: Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity".
759:"Lemon Myrtle Essential Oil (Backhousia Citriodora)"
572:
The majority of commercial lemon myrtle is grown in
1002:
791:Standards Australia, "Australia Standard, Oil of
2711:
2216:
1232:Broad range of lemon myrtle products and recipes
795:, citral type (lemon myrtle oil)", AS 4941-2001.
666:Myrtle rust confirmed on lemon myrtle plantation
978:
362:, and it was later shown to be antimicrobial.
1272:
1258:
1227:Australian Bushfood and Native Medicine Forum
944:
908:
722:
647:Myrtle rust host list, NSW Primary Industries
466:without the curdling problem associated with
358:. In 1925, it was found to be significantly
269:A significant fungal pathogen, myrtle rust (
1265:
1251:
1043:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
283:Lemon myrtle was given the botanical name
245:
40:
979:Lassak, E. V. & McCarthy, T. (1983),
871:
625:Ornamental Rainforest Plants of Australia
703:
416:
324:
200:
1076:Lemon Myrtle Uses, Products and Patents
697:
618:
616:
614:
612:
14:
2712:
853:
569:, or distilled for the essential oil.
425:Lemon myrtle is one of the well known
2448:
2447:
1246:
622:
421:Dried and crushed lemon myrtle leaves
333:) essential oil in a clear glass vial
609:
294:The common name reflects the strong
287:in 1853 after the English botanist,
2760:Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller
24:
1179:
983:, Australia: Methuen, p. 98,
890:2007, RIRDC Publication No 07/030
401:. In 2001, a Standards for Oil of
25:
2771:
1220:
446:or vegetable oils; and made into
391:Wollongbar Agricultural Institute
2745:Crops originating from Australia
2671:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:591026-1
1215:APNI Australian Plant Name Index
873:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2009.00736.x
860:Australian Journal of Entomology
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58:
1141:
1114:
1087:
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996:
972:
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817:
798:
1629:Peppercorn (black/green/white)
785:
776:
751:
716:
672:
658:
640:
542:
344:purity; typically higher than
13:
1:
2750:Medicinal plants of Australia
1135:10.1016/j.scienta.2004.02.007
1108:10.1016/j.scienta.2003.12.012
959:10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00159-5
925:10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00103-X
830:Flavour and Fragrance Journal
805:The Cook and the Chef, ABC TV
737:10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00103-X
603:
369:was the first company to use
312:), and sweet verbena myrtle.
1017:10.1016/j.biopha.2003.11.006
947:Food and Chemical Toxicology
912:Food and Chemical Toxicology
725:Food and Chemical Toxicology
680:"The Aromatic Plant Project"
278:
7:
1441:Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)
981:Australian Medicinal Plants
586:
532:molluscum contagiosum virus
412:
49:Garden specimen, in flower
10:
2776:
710:Cambridge University Press
320:
2456:
2405:
2364:
2087:
1577:
1363:Coriander leafâ/âCilantro
1278:
1273:Culinary herbs and spices
1162:10.1080/07373930802683740
854:Greive, Kerryn A (2010).
528:RidealâWalker coefficient
182:
175:
55:Scientific classification
53:
48:
39:
34:
2261:Montreal steak seasoning
704:Simonsen, J. L. (1953),
438:; whole leaf with baked
886:Zhao, J., Agboola, S.,
576:and the north coast of
389:, who commissioned the
315:
246:Description and ecology
2217:
1123:Scientia Horticulturae
1096:Scientia Horticulturae
480:has two essential oil
454:-based foods, such as
422:
338:Indigenous Australians
334:
305:Eucalyptus staigeriana
224:lemon scented ironwood
206:
2730:Myrtales of Australia
2515:Backhousia_citriodora
2488:Backhousia citriodora
2458:Backhousia citriodora
826:Backhousia citriodora
793:Backhousia citriodora
763:Native Oils Australia
623:Jones, J. L. (1986),
478:Backhousia citriodora
420:
331:Backhousia citriodora
328:
285:Backhousia citriodora
211:Backhousia citriodora
204:
186:Backhousia citriodora
2112:Beau monde seasoning
1477:Limnophila aromatica
706:The Terpenes, Vol. I
504:scavenging ability.
220:lemon scented myrtle
214:, commonly known as
2725:Flora of Queensland
2236:Jamaican jerk spice
1858:Japanese pricklyash
1200:10.1038/icb.1955.56
1005:Biomed Pharmacother
708:(Second ed.),
407:Standards Australia
2735:Trees of Australia
2212:Herbes de Provence
1843:Grains of paradise
1706:Crushed red pepper
1420:Houttuynia cordata
1239:from Vic Cherikoff
1081:2013-06-11 at the
896:2009-09-21 at the
810:2009-08-06 at the
652:2011-02-16 at the
554:adventitious roots
458:, lemon flavoured
423:
399:gas chromatography
335:
207:
168:B. citriodora
2707:
2706:
2640:Open Tree of Life
2450:Taxon identifiers
2441:
2440:
2413:Chinese herbology
2291:Pumpkin pie spice
2271:Old Bay Seasoning
2231:Italian seasoning
2177:Five-spice powder
1479:(rice-paddy herb)
1322:Indian bay leaf (
1150:Drying Technology
1055:10.1021/jf0258003
953:(10): 1409â1416,
712:, pp. 83â100
634:978-0-7301-0113-0
397:selections using
199:
198:
16:(Redirected from
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2475:
2445:
2444:
2222:
2029:Tasmanian pepper
2010:Sichuan pepper (
1965:Pomegranate seed
1779:Dillâ/âDill seed
1634:Brazilian pepper
1597:Alligator pepper
1351:garlicâ/âChinese
1267:
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1253:
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682:. Archived from
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434:; flavouring in
188:
63:
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44:
32:
31:
21:
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2336:Tandoori masala
2083:
1960:Peruvian pepper
1848:Grains of Selim
1833:Aromatic ginger
1766:Bunium persicum
1573:
1274:
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1223:
1182:
1180:Further reading
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1083:Wayback Machine
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492:. Citral as an
415:
373:oil as a lemon
323:
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289:James Backhouse
281:
248:
228:flowering plant
195:
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171:
57:
28:
27:Species of tree
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22:
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5:
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2755:Essential oils
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2697:wfo-0000305828
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2406:Related topics
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2266:Mulling spices
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1743:Coriander seed
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1221:External links
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1086:
1068:
1029:
1011:(4): 245â247,
995:
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971:
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919:(4): 535â543,
901:
879:
846:
836:(5): 325â328,
816:
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784:
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731:(4): 535â543.
715:
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627:, Reed Books,
607:
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600:
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588:
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414:
411:
387:Peter Hardwick
365:In the 1940s,
329:Lemon myrtle (
322:
319:
317:
314:
280:
277:
272:Uredo rangelii
247:
244:
230:in the family
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2241:Khmeli suneli
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2187:Garlic powder
2185:
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1194:(5): 547â54,
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990:0-454-00438-9
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686:on 2019-11-24
685:
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619:
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598:Lemon verbena
596:
594:
591:
590:
584:
581:
580:, Australia.
579:
575:
570:
568:
562:
559:
555:
549:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:
519:
518:antimicrobial
515:
514:essential oil
512:Lemon myrtle
508:Antimicrobial
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:essential oil
487:
483:
479:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
442:; infused in
441:
437:
433:
428:
419:
410:
408:
404:
403:B. citriodora
400:
396:
395:B. citriodora
392:
388:
384:
383:B. citriodora
380:
376:
372:
371:B. citriodora
368:
363:
361:
357:
356:B. citriodora
353:
352:
351:Litsea cubeba
347:
343:
339:
332:
327:
313:
311:
310:lemon verbena
307:
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177:Binomial name
174:
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90:
89:
86:
85:Tracheophytes
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Lemon myrtle
33:
30:
19:
2457:
2286:Powder-douce
2276:Panch phoron
2246:Lemon pepper
2182:Garam masala
2172:Fines herbes
2152:Curry powder
2132:Chaat masala
2011:
1990:Sarsaparilla
1950:Onion powder
1898:Mango-ginger
1764:
1757:
1691:Chili powder
1476:
1466:Lemon myrtle
1465:
1423:
1419:
1374:
1373:Vietnamese (
1323:
1287:
1237:Lemon Myrtle
1191:
1187:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1071:
1049:(1): 76â81.
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1008:
1004:
998:
980:
974:
950:
946:
940:
916:
910:
904:
887:
882:
863:
859:
849:
833:
829:
825:
819:
800:
792:
787:
778:
766:. Retrieved
762:
753:
728:
724:
718:
705:
699:
688:. Retrieved
684:the original
674:
665:
660:
642:
624:
582:
571:
563:
550:
546:
521:
511:
502:free radical
477:
476:
424:
402:
394:
382:
379:World War II
370:
364:
355:
349:
336:
330:
303:
301:
293:
284:
282:
270:
268:
258:, opposite,
249:
223:
219:
216:lemon myrtle
215:
210:
209:
208:
185:
183:
167:
166:
154:
117:
104:
91:
78:
29:
18:Lemon myrtle
2601:iNaturalist
2482:Wikispecies
2385:Bangladeshi
2316:Sharena sol
2311:Recado rojo
2296:QĂąlat daqqa
2256:Mixed spice
2192:Garlic salt
2157:Doubanjiang
1893:Long pepper
1853:Horseradish
1671:Celery seed
1544:SanshĆ leaf
1461:Lemon grass
1102:: 133â143.
668:, ABC Rural
558:glasshouses
543:Cultivation
498:citronellal
393:to analyse
381:. In 1989,
98:Angiosperms
2720:Backhousia
2714:Categories
2653:Plant List
2423:Marination
2418:Herbal tea
2380:Australian
2376:By region
2351:Yuzu koshĆ
2341:Thuna paha
2281:Persillade
2034:Tonka bean
1970:Poppy seed
1878:Dried lime
1801:Fingerroot
1716:New Mexico
1624:Asafoetida
1456:Lemon balm
1414:Hoja santa
1394:Curry leaf
1156:(3): 445.
1129:(3): 343.
1039:Backhousia
768:30 October
690:2008-06-01
604:References
574:Queensland
536:antiseptic
516:possesses
486:flavouring
482:chemotypes
456:cheesecake
432:shortbread
375:flavouring
360:germicidal
346:lemongrass
260:lanceolate
236:Queensland
155:Backhousia
2684:100151753
2658:kew-18718
2433:Spice rub
2428:Seasoning
2395:Pakistani
2226:Idli podi
2197:Gochujang
2147:Crab boil
2064:Yuzu zest
1995:Sassafras
1883:Liquorice
1789:Fenugreek
1726:Cultivars
866:: 40â48.
745:0278-6915
460:ice-cream
444:macadamia
279:Etymology
256:evergreen
240:Australia
232:Myrtaceae
162:Species:
144:Myrtaceae
68:Kingdom:
2740:Bushfood
2679:Tropicos
2619:591026-1
2473:Q2708073
2467:Wikidata
2372:Culinary
2346:Vadouvan
2321:Shichimi
2219:HĂșng lĂŹu
2039:Turmeric
2024:Tamarind
1873:Korarima
1806:Galangal
1774:Deulkkae
1733:Cinnamon
1711:Jalapeño
1701:Chipotle
1649:Cardamom
1602:Allspice
1569:Woodruff
1559:Tarragon
1524:Rosemary
1489:Marjoram
1451:Lavender
1446:Kkaennip
1384:Culantro
1368:Bolivian
1317:Bay leaf
1289:Angelica
1208:13283937
1170:96070434
1079:Archived
1063:12502388
1025:15183850
967:12909275
933:11893412
894:Archived
808:Archived
650:Archived
587:See also
523:in vitro
427:bushfood
413:Culinary
193:F.Muell.
140:Family:
134:Myrtales
111:Eudicots
2580:3185109
2554:3012918
2356:Za'atar
2251:Mitmita
2202:Harissa
2117:Berbere
2107:Baharat
2074:Zereshk
2069:Zedoary
2049:Vanilla
2012:huÄjiÄo
1985:Saffron
1975:Radhuni
1955:Paprika
1940:Njangsa
1935:Nigella
1913:Mustard
1811:greater
1721:Tabasco
1696:Cayenne
1676:Charoli
1644:Caraway
1639:Camphor
1607:Amchoor
1519:Perilla
1514:Parsley
1509:Oregano
1504:Mitsuba
1499:Mugwort
1424:giáș„p cĂĄ
1404:Epazote
1375:rau rÄm
1341:Chervil
494:isolate
472:acidity
377:during
321:History
264:flowers
226:, is a
205:Flowers
150:Genus:
130:Order:
72:Plantae
2645:238737
2606:122826
2528:571119
2502:103321
2390:Indian
2207:Hawaij
2162:Douchi
2137:Chaunk
2102:Advieh
2097:Adjika
2089:Blends
2059:Wasabi
2000:Sesame
1945:Nutmeg
1908:Mahleb
1903:Mastic
1838:Golpar
1828:Ginger
1823:Garlic
1816:lesser
1784:Fennel
1681:Chenpi
1661:Cassia
1592:Ajwain
1587:Aonori
1579:Spices
1554:Sorrel
1539:Savory
1484:Lovage
1431:Hyssop
1358:Cicely
1346:Chives
1336:Borage
1324:tejpat
1206:
1168:
1061:
1023:
987:
965:
931:
743:
631:
593:Citral
470:fruit
464:sorbet
342:citral
252:leaves
124:Rosids
2632:39976
2567:BKOCI
2541:5VYFN
2365:Lists
2331:Tajin
2326:Tabil
2167:Duqqa
2127:Buknu
2044:Uzazi
2019:Sumac
2005:Shiso
1928:white
1923:brown
1918:black
1868:Kokum
1753:Cumin
1748:Cubeb
1738:Clove
1686:Chili
1654:black
1612:Anise
1564:Thyme
1549:Shiso
1436:Jimbu
1389:Cress
1331:Boldo
1310:Lemon
1295:Basil
1280:Herbs
1166:S2CID
567:spice
468:lemon
436:pasta
367:Tarax
296:lemon
118:Clade
105:Clade
92:Clade
79:Clade
2666:POWO
2627:NCBI
2614:IPNI
2593:6250
2588:GRIN
2575:GBIF
2562:EPPO
2523:BOLD
2510:ATRF
2497:APNI
2079:Zest
1980:Rose
1794:blue
1617:star
1534:Sage
1494:Mint
1409:Hemp
1399:Dill
1305:Thai
1300:Holy
1204:PMID
1059:PMID
1021:PMID
985:ISBN
963:PMID
929:PMID
770:2023
741:ISSN
629:ISBN
488:and
462:and
452:milk
440:fish
316:Uses
254:are
2692:WFO
2549:EoL
2536:CoL
1529:Rue
1196:doi
1158:doi
1131:doi
1127:102
1104:doi
1100:102
1051:doi
1013:doi
955:doi
921:doi
868:doi
838:doi
733:doi
448:tea
222:or
2716::
2694::
2681::
2668::
2655::
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