Leo von Caprivi - Knowledge

1658:, and now supported a law against the "revolutionary parties." Accordingly, Eulenburg announced an Imperial law against "revolutionary tendencies." It was clear that the Reichstag would not agree to this law, so he proposed that the Reichstag be dissolved and new elections held. Since a new Reichstag was also likely to reject the law against "revolutionary tendencies," he also proposed to enact a new electoral law which would insure the desired majority. In addition, Eulenburg's plan was also intended to get rid of Caprivi, who would not support a law akin to the Anti-Socialist laws that he himself had abolished. Wilhelm II made his own support for a battle against the "parties of revolution" clear. Caprivi remained opposed and offered his resignation. At first Wilhelm attempted to prevent this and turned against Eulenberg. But Eulenburg managed to persuade Wilhelm II that Caprivi was responsible for the publication of important private conversations between the emperor and the chancellor. Thus, on 26 October 1894, Wilhelm II required both Caprivi and Eulenburg to resign. They were succeeded by 1743:

Mann, Caprivi sought only to do what was right, but was politically inexperienced and naively expected to receive support from "good men," failing to realise that in politics few people are "good," nor can be good. Current research is more sober, but acknowledges that Caprivi had some important achievements. In 2006, Klaus Rüdiger Metze considered that Caprivi had understood that Germany was transforming from an agrarian economy to an industrial one and had helped this process through his social and trade policies. In Metze's view, Caprivi was capable of compromise and self-criticism, as well as tenacious pursuit of his goals. Metze attributes the failure of his policy of liberal-conservative reform to his inability to negotiate effectively with his internal political opponents.

2275: 2039: 2053: 1934: 2210: 2182: 1453:. The employment of children under the age of 13, who had not yet completed their compulsory schooling, in factories was forbidden and 13- to 18-year-olds restricted to a maximum 10-hour day. In 1891 Sunday working was forbidden and a guaranteed minimum wage introduced, and working hours for women were reduced to a maximum of 11. In addition, labour regulations were passed and industrial tribunals were established in 1890 to arbitrate in industrial disputes. Caprivi explicitly invited social-democratic representatives of trade unions to sit on these tribunals. An amendment of the Prussian mining law was proposed and support was offered for 33: 1900: 4528: 1779: 2297: 2131: 2069: 333: 2046: 4283: 5547: 4278: 4112: 4087: 1175:. However, the German relationship with Russia had already deteriorated in the final years of Bismarck's chancellorship, especially as a result of trade disputes regarding Russian agricultural exports. At the same time, strong forces in Russian politics were already pushing for a rapprochement with France in the late 1880s. It is unclear that renewing the Reinsurance Treaty could have overcome these factors. Although the ending of the Reinsurance Treaty was not the beginning of the crisis in German-Russian relations, it did have considerable consequences. In 1893 and 1894, Russia forged the 5055: 4842: 2359: 2329: 357: 345: 2109: 2090: 2022: 5467: 375: 1893: 321: 1956: 2001: 2243: 4172: 1984: 2164: 4971: 991:. Though his exact motives are unknown, Wilhelm appears to have viewed Caprivi as a moderate who would make a sufficiently strong replacement for Bismarck, should the former chancellor make trouble in retirement, yet lacked the ambition to seriously oppose the throne. For his part, Caprivi was unenthusiastic, yet felt duty-bound to obey the Emperor. He said to one gathering, "I know that I shall be covered in mud, that I shall fall ingloriously". After his appointment, Caprivi wrote in the 2343: 2147: 1873: 653: 5099: 5626: 303: 1327: 1103:. A new factor, however, was that the Emperor now wished to exercise direct political influence. His changing positions and apparently absolutist desires became a decisive political factor from the time of Caprivi's appointment onwards. Opposition from Bismarck also remained a significant factor. A further problem for Caprivi was the relationship between the German Empire and Prussia. Unlike Bismarck, Caprivi's leadership style within the 4321: 2224: 1203: 5158: 1691: 1683: 1621:

through considerable personal effort with the support of Bismarck in the 1860s. Some modernisers welcomed the measures, because they raised the number of reservists, but overall Caprivi lost support in military circles. Wilhelm II initially opposed the bill, but eventually allowed himself to be persuaded by the chancellor. Caprivi was unable to get the bill through the Reichstag, so he had it dissolved and called an

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Wilhelm wanted an offensive navy with large battleships, which could compete with the English on the high seas. Meanwhile, Caprivi supported a traditional continental military policy, in which the fleet played an entirely defensive role. After being overruled on the issue by the Kaiser, Caprivi resigned in 1888. He was briefly appointed to the command of his old army corps, the

5614: 1301:. This general support subsided quickly after Caprivi ended the trade war with Russia in 1894. This not only allowed the export of German industrial products but also a limited increase in agricultural imports to Germany. The damaged relationship with Russia was clearly improved, but internally it brought fierce opposition from agriculturalists. 1585:. Caprivi, although himself a Protestant, needed the 100 votes of the Catholic Centre Party but that alarmed the Protestant politicians. The publication of the draft law prompted an unexpectedly strong storm of indignation from civic liberals and moderate conservatives. Wilhelm II withdrew his support from the law. After the culture minister, 1277:

prevent the outbreak of military conflicts. He obtained commercial treaties with Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Serbia, Romania, Belgium, and Russia. These treaties reduced protective agricultural tariffs, which lowered the price of food in Germany. They also assisted the expansion of German trade through exports of industrial products.

1111:. Unlike Bismarck, he never demanded to be present with the emperor when one of his ministers was exercising his rights of immediate authority. However, this made it more difficult for him to get political policies implemented and allowed the Prussian finance minister Miquel to gain influence well beyond his area of authority. 1481: 1517:

We must scream until it is heard at the steps of the throne!... I suggest nothing more or less than that we join with the social democrats and earnestly form a front against the government, show it that we are not minded to allow ourselves to be so badly treated, as we have been up till now, and make

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Caprivi saw the state as a monarchical-social authority, based on Christian traditions. He sought to include all political parties through a balance of opposing domestic viewpoints. This was welcomed in the Reichstag and in public discourse. Caprivi saw himself as a kind of mediator between the crown

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status was not sustainable in the long-term without a powerful industrial sector. He also considered trade policy part of general foreign policy and sought to bind other countries to Germany politically through commercial treaties. A tightly intertwined "economic area of 130 million men" was meant to

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characterised him as a capable orator but a poor persuader. In his view, he was not a political general and as a "chancellor in uniform" was a politician of limited ability, a conscientious character who sought to persuade and be persuaded, and managed only through great toil and study to match what

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Humble, honourable, and earnest, he explained to me that the greatest difficulty, which he now faced, was the question of the renewal of the Russian treaty, since, unlike Prince Bismarck, whom Wilhelm I famously compared to a juggler juggling five glass balls, he could only hold two glass balls at a

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Bismarck's judgement was closely linked to negative judgements on his decision not to extend the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia. This decision appeared to have been a catastrophic reversal of the principles of Bismarck's policy. For a long time, historians characterised Caprivi as a hard-working and

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in East Africa. More generally, the treaty was intended as a signal to Britain that Germany did not seek to challenge its status as the dominant colonial power. Caprivi hoped that the treaty would be the beginning of closer relations between the two countries, culminating in an alliance. The British

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became emperor in 1888, he made naval politics one of his personal concerns and Caprivi quickly came into conflict with the Emperor. Up to this point administration of the navy and naval military command had both been invested in the Admiralty; Wilhelm wished to separate them. Even more importantly,

730:, this appointment was made by Bismarck and caused great dissatisfaction among the officers of the navy. He says that at the time of Caprivi's appointment, he "had no interest in naval affairs and did not know the names of his officers or the emblems of rank on the uniforms they wore." According to 474:

for agreements. Caprivi's downfall came with trade agreements that favored German industry and urban workers over more powerful agricultural interests. However, historians praise his refusal to renew the harsh restrictions on socialists, and his success in the reorganization of the German military.

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painted a picture of Caprivi that was almost diametrically opposed to the negative evaluations of the first half of the twentieth century, characterising him as single-minded, unbiased, and incorruptible: "among the series of German chancellors between 1890 and 1918, he was the best." According to

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Otto von Bismarck had initially praised Caprivi, saying that he "has a clear head, a good heart, a magnanimous nature, and a great capacity for work. All in all, a man of the first rank." But the old chancellor soon became one of Caprivi's fiercest critics. His portrayal of Caprivi as a "political

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After the conclusion of the Zanzibar treaty with Britain, supporters of colonialism attacked Caprivi for selling off German interests. Even Bismarck, whose attitudes towards overseas expansion were lukewarm, participated in the attacks, with sharp criticism. An important opponent of the restrained

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was launched in 1893 to protest the reduction in tariffs against imported grains. The league was organized nationally like a political party, with local chapters, centralized discipline, and a clear-cut platform. It fought against free trade, industrialization, and liberalism. Its most hated enemy

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was a central aspect of the reforms. Initially, these reforms were fully supported by Wilhelm II, in line with his idea of a "social empire." Caprivi attempted to use socio-political measures to neutralise the "revolutionary threat" supposedly posed by social democracy. In addition to the initial

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By 1893, Gaprivi's position had been weakened by several factors. Caprivi clashed with Wilhelm increasingly during his term as Chancellor, offering his resignation nearly a dozen times in four years. The Kaiser privately called him "a sensitive old fathead". In the Reichstag, there was no stable

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Caprivi, fifty-nine, was the model Prussian officer. He lived a Spartan life, had never married, did not smoke, and had few inimate friends and few enimies. He read history and spoke fluent English. His movements were quiet, his manner open and friendly, his language sensible. With a large round

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at the time, the opposition of special interest groups, the tension between Prussia and the rest of the Empire, and the supercilious attitude of feudal agrarian conservativism and the semi-absolute military monarchy towards Caprivi's rational-bureaucratic brand of conservativism. Nipperdey also

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from three years to two. The shortening of military service provoked considerable criticism from traditional military men in the Emperor's circle. Wilhelm himself harshly criticised the reduction of military service, since his grandfather Wilhelm I had instituted the three-year military service

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An important role in the development of right-wing opposition was played by Otto von Bismarck, who took advantage of positive statements about Caprivi from his "support parties", in order to publicly campaign against the "leftist policy" of his successor. Bismarck's position was strengthened by

1410:. However, this policy had clear limits: the executive, police, and judiciary continued to oppose the social democrats even without a special law. The attempt to modify the Prussian three-class franchise was rebuffed by the traditional elites, who forced the resignation of the interior minister 1259:

In general, Caprivi did not believe that Germany should compete with other powers for overseas colonies but rather should focus on its position within Europe, since he did not think that Germany would be able to defend an extensive colonial empire against the British in the event of a war. As a

1237:. Caprivi's goal in acquiring Heligoland was to secure the German North Sea coast and he hoped that the Caprivi strip would allow Germany to use the Zambezi for trade and communications with eastern Africa (the river proved to be unnavigable). In return, Germany gave up its protectorate over 1170:

The decision led to the Reinsurance Treaty becoming public knowledge for the first time and prompted sharp criticism from supporters of Bismarck. In the press, Caprivi was subsequently attacked as a dilettante in foreign policy. Several historians have argued that this decision caused the

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honourable, but limited general, who was not capable of continuing Bismarck's genius. In the 1920s, General von Schweidnitz, who had been ambassador to Russia under Caprivi, made a statement which has been frequently cited as evidence of Caprivi's incompetence in foreign affairs:

1373:. Caprivi believed that the support of the Poles would be required in the event of a war with Russia and - more immediately - he needed the votes of their representatives in the Reichstag. He made concessions on the question of Polish language use in schools, eased work of Polish 1166:

that the treaty would be renewed. When Caprivi discussed the issue with the Emperor, Wilhelm II yielded to his Chancellor, unwilling to dismiss another chancellor one week after dismissing Bismarck. The treaty was not renewed, and Shuvalov was shocked at the sudden reversal.

1539:, criticism focussed especially on the rural district reforms, the commercial treaty with Austria in 1891, and the failure of a school reform based on religious confession. Hitherto, the party had been friendly to government, but it now become an oppositional force. At the 1708:, in which he said that Caprivi had "the most earnest wish to eliminate the dirty corruption, which had pervaded the German sphere under Bismarck... so long as society remains the same, it will not deliver an Imperial Chancellor better than Caprivi was." 1669:

the next day. He made no public appearances for months and, throughout his retirement, he refused to speak or write publicly about his experiences as Chancellor or share his opinions on current events. He lived with his nephew at Skyren (today known as

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This image has been nuanced in recent years. Current scholarship no longer considers the decision not to extend the Reinsurance Treaty to have been a catastrophe and the treaty itself is seen as a stopgap rather than a stroke of diplomatic genius.

1604:, leading to an untenable division of powers between the Chancellor and the Prussian premier. Caprivi had lost the Emperor's trust, even as the conflict between Caprivi and Eulenburg increased the Emperor's ability to exercise personal authority. 1039:

Caprivi promised at the beginning of his tenure "To adopt what is good, wherever and whomever it comes from, if it is compatible with the national interest." However, the important economic policies of his government derived from the ideas of

734:, the appointment was made against the express wishes of Bismarck, who had not wanted the Prussian Army to lose one of its best officers. He refers to Caprivi's appointment as a "deportation to the navy." In 1884, Caprivi was appointed to the 1749:

concludes that Caprivi and his allies in the Imperial service were motivated by an honest desire for reform, but that Caprivi undermined these efforts as a result of "major mistakes" like the school reform law and the military plan.

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Due to his "Policy of Compromise" and especially his foreign and trade policies, opposition to Caprivi became widespread. It was particularly strong on the right, but eventually the army and Wilhelm II became opponents as well.

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sought a compromise with Caprivi. The Centre Party was initially prepared to support Caprivi, but withdrew from him after the failure of the school reforms and as the criticism of the military plan increased.

1513:, a popular right-wing organisation. Meanwhile, Caprivi's trade policy led to strong opposition among conservative landowners. There were massive protests, in which large landowners were notable participants. 4555: 3922: 4548: 587: 446:

During his tenure as chancellor, Caprivi promoted industrial and commercial development, and concluded numerous bilateral treaties for reduction of tariff barriers. However, this movement toward

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and the Reichstag. However, he could not rely on the support of a strong party in the Reichstag and had to cobble together regularly shifting majorities. Nonetheless, the policy of compromise (

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for the first time, which was supported by lower-income earners and also benefited landowners. In connection with the tax reform, new rural district regulations were passed, which extended

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to 200,000 people who had hitherto been excluded from political participation. The conservatives successfully watered down the reform so that only a minority of manors were affected.

1308:, a coalition emerged that included peasant farmers, artisans, and conservative intellectuals hostile to the emerging industrial society. They demanded the Kaiser remove Caprivi. The 1754:

argued that Caprivi's New Course was a promising and optimistic attempt at a systematic and open re-orientation of Imperial politics and that it failed as a result of the particular

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The actual end of Caprivi's chancellorship was triggered by his approach to the social democrats. The emperor had moved away from his initial social policy, under the influence of

5789: 4437: 1297:. Caprivi's policy enjoyed the support of a majority in the Reichstag and Wilhelm II cited his economic policies as grounds for his decision to promote Caprivi to the status of 5380: 1505:

of Austria-Hungary. Bismarck had been unpopular at the end of his chancellorship, but he now improved his reputation and became a centre of a right-wing opposition movement.

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whom he had tried to bring into his tent. The reason for this was an educational bill providing denominational board schools, a failed attempt to re-integrate the Catholic

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Caprivi's origins differentiated him from the majority of the Prussian upper class, since he was not a large landowner. Accordingly, he later described himself as "without

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midget" had an enduring impact on his reputation. Additionally, Caprivi's rival characterised him mockingly as a "mixture of a junior officer and an audit committee."

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judged that Caprivi's New Course represented a sharp break with Bismarck's policy, but that the problems he faced were not resolvable without firm political support.

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were strengthened, and appointments in the judiciary went to trusted conservatives. Nipperdey characterises this policy as "enlightened bureaucratic-conservatism."

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was socialism, which it blamed on Jewish financial capitalism. The League helped establish grassroots anti-Semitism of the sort that flourished into the 1930s.

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told its readers, "a typical Teuton of the hugest and most impressive type. He might very well pass for a brother, or even a double of Prince Bismarck himself.

711:. From 1878 he was placed in charge of a range of different divisions in rapid succession. In 1882, he became commander of the 30th Infantry Division at Metz. 2711: 5794: 3917:

Lebovics, Herman. "'Agrarians' Versus 'Industrializers': Social Conservative Resistance to Industrialism and Capitalism in Late Nineteenth Century Germany."

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Herman Lebovics, "'Agrarians' Versus 'Industrializers': Social Conservative Resistance to Industrialism and Capitalism in Late Nineteenth Century Germany."

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Die Reden des Grafen von Caprivi im Deutschen Reichstage, Preußischen Landtage und bei besonderen Anlässen. 1883-1893. Mit der Biographie und dem Bildnis.

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also wanted closer relations, but Caprivi's government failed to make an agreement. This was partially due to conflicting approaches and interests in the

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that the main task of Bismarck's successor would be "to lead the nation back after the preceding epoch of great men and deeds to an everyday existence."

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He attempted not only to win the support of civic liberals and conservative forces, but also to forge a working arrangement with representatives of the

5729: 5591: 987:, if the latter resisted Wilhelm's proposed changes to the government. Upon Bismarck's dismissal on 18 March, Caprivi became chancellor of Germany and 1179:

and Germany was thus more closely committed to Austria-Hungary. Thus, the decision contributed to the formation of competing power blocks in Europe.

1134:, a secret alliance Bismarck had made with Russia. Although he was a military man, war was not a political option for Caprivi and he opposed General 741:

Caprivi showed significant administrative talent, in reforming and expanding the German navy. Caprivi emphasized the development and construction of

1048:. In various areas, including social policy, reforms were announced. Within Prussia, Caprivi's most important collaborators were the trade minister 983:

In February 1890, Caprivi was summoned to Berlin by Emperor Wilhelm II and informed that he was Wilhelm's intended candidate to replace Bismarck as

5739: 4492: 4065: 3712: 638: 4878: 4663: 4132: 1659: 104: 4035: 1712:, the Centre Party's expert on history, also evaluated Caprivi positively. Unlike his successors, Caprivi had a positive reputation in Britain. 5492: 4633: 4487: 2173: 1625:. The newly elected Reichstag approved a plan which accorded with Caprivi's intentions. The left-liberals splintered on the military question. 1088:. Caprivi's policy of moderation had clear limits; the authority of the monarchy and the state was not to be diminished. Legal restrictions of 592: 1402:, Caprivi sought to win over the Catholic camp represented by the Centre Party. He conciliated the SDB by abandoning any attempt to renew the 5415: 1709: 1359: 5689: 5734: 5719: 2119: 1191: 463: 3909: 3899: 5345: 5278: 4815: 3984:"The Speeches of Count von Caprivi in the German Reichstag, in the Prussian Landtag, and on special occasions" in German (Google Books) 3940:

Nottleman, Dirk (2012). "From Ironclads to Dreadnoughts: The Development of the German Navy 1864–1918– Part III: The von Caprivi Era".

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played a substantial role in the collapse of Caprivi's chancellorship and was his successor as Minister-President of Prussia.

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of July 1890, which had been largely prepared under Bismarck. In this treaty, the British gave Germany the small island of

1005: 3552: 3548: 3540: 1591: 5642: 5320: 2660: 2380: 5704: 1393: 1001: 577: 458:"new course" in foreign policy, Caprivi abandoned Bismarck's military, economic, and ideological cooperation with the 3845: 2623: 1910: 1108: 3739: 5694: 2334: 2139: 1655: 1560: 1120: 1045: 858: 5340: 2951: 1272:

Caprivi pursued an aggressive trade policy, saying "either we export goods or we export men." In his view, German

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Simultaneously, a conflict arose over a new military bill. This consisted of an increase in the strength of the

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concludes that he failed to manage the Emperor's volatility and desire to participate directly in government.

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Rainer F. Schmidt (2021). "Kap. "4. Die Innenpolitik der Wilhelminischen Ära (1890–1914): Die Entlassung"".

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Opponents were angry at the downplaying of German agriculture in favor of urban workers. Led by East Elbian

1162:. Unaware of the Foreign Office's determination, Wilhelm II had personally assured Russian Ambassador Count 1099:

In order to carry out his political agenda, Caprivi, like Bismarck before him, required the approval of the

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Sempell, Charlotte. "The Constitutional and Political Problems of the Second Chancellor, Leo Von Caprivi,"

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James C. Hunt, "The 'Egalitarianism' of the Right: The Agrarian League in Southwest Germany, 1893-1914."

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resigned in 1892, Caprivi offered his own resignation as well. As a result, Caprivi lost his position as

1250:. The treaty also sparked opposition to Caprivi within Germany from colonialist pressure-groups like the 1071: 684: 4868: 5699: 5604: 5455: 5315: 5135: 4688: 4157: 4082: 2214: 2061: 2030: 1993: 1457:. However, this policy had already come to a standstill in the later part of Caprivi's chancellorship. 1163: 805: 455: 350: 68: 3982:

Die Reden des Grafen von Caprivi im deutschen Reichstage, preussischen Landtage und besondern Anlässen

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express support of Wilhelm II, the reforms were especially pushed by the Prussian minister of trade,

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German Foreign Policy, 1890-1914, and Colonial Policy to 1914: A Handbook and Annotated Bibliography

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Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim u. a. 2003, ISBN 3-487-11005-9 (Bd. 8/I), ISBN 3-487-11827-0 (Bd. 8/II), (

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German Foreign Policy, 1890-1914, and Colonial Policy to 1914: A Handbook and Annotated Bibliography

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and was confirmed in his post as chief of the general staff of the X Army Corps with the rank of

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Die Schalen des Zorns. Großbritannien, Deutschland und das Heraufziehen des ersten Weltkriegs

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Caprivi's contemporaries differed in their evaluations of him. The social democrat historian

1564: 1089: 984: 787: 499:), the son of jurist Julius Leopold von Caprivi (1797–1865), who later became a judge at the 471: 47: 5435: 5145: 4908: 4668: 4137: 3671: 3616: 5684: 5679: 5365: 5335: 5081: 4898: 4608: 4517: 4512: 4350: 2280: 1939: 1613: 1510: 1287: 1252: 1135: 969: 863: 832: 680: 618: 614: 439:; 24 February 1831 – 6 February 1899) was a German general and statesman. He served as the 408: 338: 4320: 3808: 3804: 1107:

was markedly collegial. This change was made clear even in his appointment speech in the

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spoke of an "unbridgeable chasm between the chancellor and the conservatives." In the

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of the later part of Bismarck's chancellorship, but it was far from being a policy of

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not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty and focus on a more straightforward alliance with

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Germany and the Great Powers, 1866–1914; A Study in Public Opinion and Foreign Policy

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Sonderausgabe. Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung, Bonn 2002, ISBN 3-89331-463-6 (

3841: 3586:"Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogthums Braunschweig für das Jahr 1898". (1898). In 3123: 2666: 2619: 2302: 2264: 2193: 2057: 1634: 1396:. By reimbursing the Catholic Church for state money that had been frozen during the 907: 708: 602: 532: 92: 4778: 3462: 1814: 688: 291: 5618: 5017: 3972:

German Agrarian Politics After Bismarck’s Fall the Formation of the Farmers’ League

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Von der deutschen Doppelrevolution bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges. 1849–1914

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Kaiserdämmerung: Berlin, London, Paris, St. Petersburg und der Weg in den Untergang

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Die nervöse Großmacht. Aufstieg und Untergang des deutschen Kaiserreichs 1871–1918

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Germany Without Bismarck: The Crisis of Government in the Second Reich, 1890–1900.

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Germany Without Bismarck: The Crisis of Government in the Second Reich, 1890–1900

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Deutsche Politik und Handelspolitik unter Reichskanzler Leo von Caprivi 1890–1894

2839:. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-596-11694-5, S. 186. 2613: 2452:

Germany Without Bismarck: The Crisis of Government in the Second Reich, 1890–1900

2371: 2095: 1904: 1892: 1877: 1434: 1172: 1159: 1139: 894: 876: 488: 467: 4997: 1665:

Caprivi destroyed his papers on the evening of his resignation and departed for

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The German Problem Reconsidered:Germany and the World Order 1870 to the Present

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Brandenburg-Preußische Standeserhebungen und Gnadenakte für die Zeit 1873-1918

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majority. Prussia had become an independent centre of power. The anger of the

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encirclement of Germany which finally led to it fighting on two fronts in the

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Caprivi's clumsiness, when he blocked a planned meeting between Bismarck and

1438: 1234: 1226: 742: 598: 380: 362: 263: 3913:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 291–292. 3765:

Aufbau-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-7466-8032-8, pp. 39–54 (

652: 5581: 5212: 5189: 5104: 5060: 5012: 4953: 4769: 4740: 4358: 4293: 4273: 4263: 4238: 4228: 4218: 4213: 4195: 3796:(in German), vol. 47, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 445–450 2310: 2077: 2026: 1755: 1548: 1531: 1480: 1130:

Only a week into office, Caprivi was forced to choose whether to renew the

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and then in spring 1870 he was temporarily appointed chief of staff of the

634: 540: 527:. His mother was Emilie Köpke, daughter of Gustav Köpke, headmaster of the 4452: 5130: 5125: 4398: 4374: 4233: 3748:(in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 134–135 2152: 2135: 1651:

intensified, accompanied by constant public attacks by retired Bismarck.

1581: 1398: 1273: 1000:

Caprivi's administration was marked by moves towards conciliation of the

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during his tenure as naval chief. He submitted two long memoranda to the

5625: 3104:, p. 705, on the content of the educational bill, cf. Thomas Nipperdey: 520: 5240: 4730: 3965: 1808: 1331: 1294: 1218: 1207: 750: 555: 551: 544: 447: 3636:

Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach

2909: 1326: 663:

Caprivi had gained a reputation as one of the most gifted students of

1739: 1222: 610: 3614: 2337:: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Schaumburg-Lippe, 1st Class 1733:

An alternative evaluation of Caprivi developed gradually. In 1957,

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angered Germany's conservative agrarian interests, especially the

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characterises Caprivi at the time of his appointment as follows:

759: 524: 237: 3900:"Caprivi de Caprera de Montecuccoli, Georg Leo von, Count" 3545:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie

3802:

Die Protokolle des Preußischen Staatsministeriums 1817–1934/38.

3588:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogtums Braunschweig (Vol. 1898)

1280:

In sum, Caprivi's approach marked the end of the protectionist

1213:

Success in Caprivi's pro-British policy was exemplified by the

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After the war Caprivi first served as a department head in the

583: 512: 496: 269: 227: 3821:

Die Protokolle des Preußischen Staatsministeriums 1817–1934/38

3315:

Frankfurt am Main 1992 (originally Frankfurt 1958), pp. 502 f.

1677: 5636: 3777:

Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918. Machtstaat vor der Demokratie.

2662:

Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War

1694:

Otto von Bismarck significantly affected the image of Caprivi

1150:. Nevertheless, he followed the decision of officials of the 1554: 1190:. He then sought to expand this through good relations with 1092:, for example, were not removed, the disciplinary rules for 718:, a fierce opponent of Chancellor Bismarck, as Chief of the 2347: 1298: 1031:

head, fringe of white hair, and sweeping mustache, he was,

539:

Raimund von Caprivi and his nephew, Leo von Caprivi was an

3106:

Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918. Arbeitswelt und Bürgergeist

1522:

This proclamation in 1893 led to the establishment of the

641:. Afterwards he was appointed to the general staff of the 3015:. Droste, Düsseldorf 1978, ISBN 3-7700-0484-1, pp. 9–15. 1182:

In place of the Reinsurance Treaty, Caprivi pursued the

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Klaus Rüdiger Metze, "Leo von Caprivi (1831–1899)." In

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Württemberg (Kingdom). Statistisches Landesamt (1894).

3437:"Georg Leo Graf von Caprivi de Caprara de Montecucculi" 3212:, 1930 (= Historische Studien, Band 192), Metze, p. 52. 2174:

Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig

1019:" ("New Course"), a term coined by Wilhelm II in 1890. 5790:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

3375:

Handbuch über den Königlich Preussischen Hof und Staat

2790:

Germany and England: Background of Conflict, 1848–1894

515:). The Caprivis were ennobled during the 17th century 433:

Count George Leo of Caprivi, Caprara, and Montecuccoli

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Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung. Schriftenreihe

3734: 2980:

Caprivi in summer 1890 on combatting social democracy

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and in 1865 he was made the commander of an infantry

425:

Georg Leo Graf von Caprivi de Caprara de Montecuccoli

5710:

German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War

3974:(Columbia University Press, 1951) pp. 299–334. 3527:(1894) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" 5780:

Grand Crosses of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria)

1330:"The February Concessions": idealised depiction of 5800:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class 4570: 3970:Tirrell, Sarah Rebecca. "The Fall of Caprivi." in 3930:Germany after Bismarck: The Caprivi Era, 1890-1894 3826: 3782: 3653:Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1888/89 2467:Germany after Bismarck, the Caprivi era, 1890-1894 1771:He received the following orders and decorations: 5805:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania 5765:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class) 5555:State Secretaries of the Naval Office (1889–1919) 3313:Deutsche Geschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. 3117: 2564: 2562: 2455:. University of California Press. pp. 77–90. 1074:. At the imperial level, his key allies were the 5671: 5293: 4830: 3572:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden 1125: 703:. There he was involved in drafting a law about 5785:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion 3763:Die deutschen Kanzler. Von Bismarck bis Merkel. 3085: 2448: 1607: 1428: 1008:. This approach is known to historians as the " 586:. After graduating in 1849, he enlisted in the 5810:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class 5775:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1870), 2nd class 5770:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1870), 1st class 3469:The Knights of the Order of the Pour le Mérite 3464:Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite 1812–1913 3108:. München 1990, ISBN 3-406-34453-4, pp. 535 f. 2602:), Vol. 1, Bodung-Verlag, Berlin 1929, p. 949. 2559: 1579:into the conservative establishment after the 5493: 5279: 4816: 4556: 4438: 4059: 3779:C. H. Beck, München 1992, ISBN 3-406-34801-7. 3663: 3615:Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). 3525:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt 1738:came naturally to others. In the late 1950s, 1660:Prince Chlodwig von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 1388:More consequential were his overtures to the 5795:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun 5520:Chiefs of the Imperial Admiralty (1872–1889) 4133:Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 4036:Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 3650: 1260:result, he did not support expansion of the 3492:"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.)" 3242: 3240: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 1678:Contemporary evaluations and historiography 1334:and the announcement of a "social empire" ( 749:regarding the interests of the fleet. When 464:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 5500: 5486: 5286: 5272: 4823: 4809: 4563: 4549: 4445: 4431: 4066: 4052: 2618:. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. 2611: 1421:and his replacement with the conservative 1347:) initially had a real chance of success. 31: 5730:Vice admirals of the Imperial German Navy 3939: 3731:New York: Random House, 1991. p. 110 2220: 1952: 1555:Education bill and resignation in Prussia 529:Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster 4199:(as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) 3651:Sachsen (1888–1889). "Königlich Orden". 3486: 3484: 3482: 3471:] (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: 3237: 2412: 2293: 2239: 2217:: Cross of Honour, 1st Class with Swords 1689: 1681: 1495: 1479: 1475: 1377:, and permitted a Polish archbishop for 1325: 1201: 765: 651: 621:of 1864 as a member of the staff of the 60:20 March 1890 – 26 October 1894 16:German general and statesman (1831–1899) 5740:People from the Province of Brandenburg 3893: 3621:. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 3460: 3429: 3393: 3391: 3389: 2581:Univ. of California Press, 1974. p. 57. 2504: 2405: 2105: 2086: 1460:The "Miquelsche tax reform", named for 1358:in the Reichstag. The abolition of the 1321: 1233:, thus linking that territory with the 588:2nd (Emperor Francis) Guards Grenadiers 5672: 4634:Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 3919:International Review of Social History 3618:Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia 2920: 2918: 2893:International Review of Social History 2712:Neueste Mittheilungen of 18 April 1890 2658: 2605: 2176:, with Golden Crown and Swords on Ring 1633:rejected the plan completely, but the 1529:On 20 December 1893, the conservative 124:20 March 1890 – 22 March 1892 105:Chlodwig von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 5513:State Secretaries of the Naval Office 5481: 5267: 4804: 4664:Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 4544: 4426: 4047: 3702:Ernst Hofmann & Co., Berlin 1894 3593: 3479: 3187: 3185: 3143:Neueste Mittheilungen of 18 July 1893 2990: 2988: 2425: 1138:'s proposal for Germany to ally with 1004:on the domestic front, and towards a 531:and teacher of Caprivi's predecessor 5643: 3676:. Druck von W. Kohlhammer. pp. 3638:(1891), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" 3602:Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste 3386: 3210:Der Sturz des Reichskanzlers Caprivi 2429:"Caprivi, Georg Leo, Graf von" 2381:Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown 1921:Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen 1543:of 1892 it declared its support for 694: 466:. Frustrated, Britain turned to the 172:20 March 1883 – 5 July 1888 5690:19th-century chancellors of Germany 4075:Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) 3399:"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste" 2915: 2157:Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion 613:in the topographic division of the 511:origin (Caprara Montecuccoli, from 13: 5735:Independent politicians in Germany 5720:German people of Slovenian descent 5587:Ernst Karl August Klemens von Mann 4526: 4457:– 20 March 1890 to 20 October 1894 3964:(September 1953) 25#3 pp 234–254, 3883:(Scarecrow Press, 1970) pp 94–103. 3873: 3813:21. März 1890 bis 9. Oktober 1900. 3473:Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn 3182: 2985: 2235:Grand Cross of the Star of Romania 1316: 1197: 561: 443:from March 1890 to October 1894. 14: 5826: 3833:Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte: 3514:, 1886 – via hathitrust.org 3425:, 1886 – via hathitrust.org 2994:Metze, pp. 49 f., cf. Nipperdey, 2495:Massie, p. 110; Meisner, p. 134. 2426:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). 2352:Grand Cross of the White Elephant 1796:; 1st Class with Swords on Ring, 1559:Caprivi was also attacked by the 1114: 1109:Prussian House of Representatives 1083:Secretary for the Foreign Affairs 828:Secretary for the Foreign Affairs 5715:German people of Italian descent 5652: 5624: 5612: 5545: 5509:Chiefs of the Imperial Admiralty 5465: 5156: 5097: 5053: 4969: 4840: 4619:Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg 4531:Coat of Arms of the Second Reich 4319: 4281: 4276: 4170: 4110: 4085: 3574:(1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" 2998:, pp. 700 f., p. 704, Spenkuch, 2357: 2341: 2327: 2295: 2273: 2241: 2222: 2208: 2180: 2162: 2145: 2140:Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown 2129: 2107: 2088: 2067: 2051: 2044: 2037: 2020: 1999: 1982: 1954: 1932: 1898: 1891: 1871: 1777: 1656:Carl Ferdinand von Stumm-Halberg 1121:History of German foreign policy 974:20 March 1890 – 26 October 1894 956:22 April 1890 – 26 October 1894 886:20 March 1890 – 2 February 1891 868:20 March 1890 – 26 October 1894 850:26 March 1890 – 26 October 1894 819:20 March 1890 – 26 October 1894 795:20 March 1890 – 26 October 1894 656:Contemporary press image of the 639:Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia 503:supreme court and member of the 373: 355: 343: 331: 319: 301: 4478:Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein 3721: 3709:Letters: M. Schneidewin (ed.): 3644: 3629: 3608: 3580: 3565: 3533: 3518: 3454: 3366: 3353: 3340: 3327: 3318: 3305: 3296: 3283: 3266: 3253: 3224: 3215: 3198: 3173: 3160: 3147: 3136: 3111: 3094: 3079: 3066: 3053: 3044: 3031: 3018: 3005: 2972: 2959: 2944: 2937:, p. 272 f., p. 704, Spenkuch, 2927: 2906:Journal of Contemporary History 2898: 2885: 2882:(Scarecrow Press, 1970) p. 101. 2872: 2855: 2842: 2826: 2817: 2804: 2795: 2782: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2738: 2729: 2716: 2705: 2688: 2679: 2652: 2639: 2584: 2571: 2550: 2541: 2285:Grand Cross of the White Falcon 1840:Commander's Cross of the Royal 1267: 925:10 July 1893 – 26 October 1894 899:2 February 1891 – 2 March 1892 707:and in the introduction of the 687:, receiving the military order 573:Friedrichswerdersches Gymnasium 441:chancellor of the German Empire 160:Chief of the Imperial Admiralty 48:Chancellor of the German Empire 5815:Military personnel from Berlin 5745:Generals of Infantry (Prussia) 4639:Adolf of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 4572:Minister-presidents of Prussia 3863:Deutsche Geschichte 1806–1933. 3793:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 3698:Speeches: Rudolf Arndt (ed.): 3673:Staatshandbuch für Württemberg 3278:Kontroversen um die Geschichte 2969:, pp. 700 f., Metze, pp. 49 f. 2528: 2519: 2510: 2489: 2476: 2459: 2442: 2101:Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun 1802:War Commemorative Cross (1866) 1587:Robert von Zedlitz-Trützschler 1408:Prussian three-class franchise 1406:and announcing reforms to the 1229:after him, which was added to 1225:and a strip of land named the 943:26 March 1890 – 22 April 1890 837:20 March 1890 – 26 March 1890 1: 5386:Arnim-Heinrichsdorff-Werbelow 4674:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 4143:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 3655:. Dresden: Heinrich. p. 3261:Einleitung in Acta Borussica. 3248:Einleitung in Acta Borussica. 3166:Metze, pp. 51 f., Nipperdey, 3000:Einleitung in Acta Borussica. 2939:Einleitung in Acta Borussica. 2861:Metze, pp. 46 f., Nipperdey, 1826:, 2nd Class with Oak Leaves, 1206:Parade for the annexation of 1126:Ending the Reinsurance Treaty 989:Minister President of Prussia 507:. His father's family was of 478: 112:Minister President of Prussia 5760:Foreign ministers of Prussia 5295:Foreign Ministers of Prussia 4832:Foreign Ministers of Germany 4473:Karl Heinrich von Boetticher 4326:Bundeskanzler (1949–present) 2775:Metze, pp. 44f.; Nipperdey, 2700:Einleitung in Acta Borussica 1608:Clash over the Military bill 1429:Social policy and tax reform 912:2 March 1892 – 10 July 1893 571:Caprivi was educated at the 483:Leo von Caprivi was born in 81:Karl Heinrich von Boetticher 7: 5164:Federal Republic of Germany 4599:Adolf von Arnim-Boitzenburg 3692: 3659:– via hathitrust.org. 3122:(3 ed.). Klett-Cotta. 2810:Metze, pp. 44f; Nipperdey, 2393: 1848:; Grand Commander's Cross, 1842:House Order of Hohenzollern 1598:Prussian Minister President 1518:our strength known to them. 1369:decreased tension with the 1072:Hans von Kaltenborn-Stachau 685:Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande 10: 5831: 5105:German Democratic Republic 4304:Count Schwerin von Krosigk 4176:Reichskanzler (1919–1933) 4158:Prince Maximilian of Baden 4083:North German Confederation 3962:Journal of Modern History, 3859:Der lange Weg nach Westen. 3191:"Leo, count von Caprivi." 2659:Massie, Robert K. (2013). 2120:Knight of the Annunciation 2062:Saxe-Ernestine House Order 2031:Order of the Double Dragon 1834:; Grand Cross with Crown, 1766: 1674:) and died there in 1899. 1631:Free-minded People's Party 1600:and was replaced by Count 1444:Hans Hermann von Berlepsch 1215:Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty 1164:Pavel Andreyevich Shuvalov 1118: 1076:Secretary for the Interior 1050:Hans Hermann von Berlepsch 1006:pro-British foreign policy 859:Secretary for the Treasury 810:Secretary for the Interior 806:Vice-Chancellor of Germany 351:North German Confederation 5705:German Empire politicians 5554: 5543: 5519: 5462: 5301: 5254: 5154: 5095: 5051: 4967: 4879:Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 4838: 4791: 4768: 4710: 4697: 4578: 4524: 4462: 4411: 4315: 4287:Reichskanzler (1933–1945) 4272: 4166: 4116:Reichskanzler (1871–1918) 4106: 4091:Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) 4081: 4032: 4023: 4013: 4007:Prime Minister of Prussia 4004: 3996: 3991: 3936:; the main scholarly book 3289:Full discussion in Frie, 3037:Metze, p. 46, Nipperdey, 3024:Metze, p. 51, Nipperdey, 2848:A. Freiherr von Houwald: 2665:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2400:Caprivi cabinet (Prussia) 2196:, 1st Class in Brilliants 1855:Knight of the Black Eagle 1792:, 3rd Class with Swords, 1790:Knight of the Crown Order 1702:wrote a retrospective in 1537:German Conservative Party 1437:meant that a progressive 1354:and the recently annexed 1186:with Austria-Hungary and 932: 877:Secretary for the Justice 875: 826: 781: 778: 775: 772: 418: 404: 394: 386: 368: 314: 309: 297: 287: 277: 245: 217: 212: 208: 196: 184: 176: 165: 158: 146: 136: 128: 117: 110: 98: 86: 74: 64: 53: 46: 42: 30: 23: 4498:Rudolf Arnold Nieberding 4402:(SPD, 2021–present) 3800:Hartwin Spenkuch (ed.), 3745:Neue Deutsche Biographie 3496:Preussische Ordens-Liste 3461:Lehmann, Gustaf (1913). 3403:Preussische Ordens-Liste 3361:Gesellschaftsgeschichte. 3274:Das Deutsche Kaiserreich 3193:Encyclopædia Britannica. 3086:John C. G. Röhl (1967). 2449:John C. G. Röhl (1967). 1911:Knight of the Iron Crown 1882:Order of Albert the Bear 1509:colonial policy was the 1231:German South West Africa 1059:, the interior minister 921:Rudolf Arnold Nieberding 535:. Caprivi's brother was 5695:Politicians from Berlin 4894:Hatzfeldt zu Wildenburg 4593:Office established 1848 3910:Encyclopædia Britannica 3895:Headlam, James Wycliffe 3855:Heinrich August Winkler 3807:(PDF; 2,8 MB) and 2865:, pp. 701 f., Winkler, 2685:quoted in Metze, p. 43. 2647:Gesellschaftsgeschichte 2320:Knight of the Rue Crown 2267:, 2nd Class with Swords 2011:Order of Henry the Lion 1944:House Order of Fidelity 1824:Knight of the Red Eagle 1747:Heinrich August Winkler 1641: 1371:German-Hanoverian Party 1105:Prussian State Ministry 1070:, and the war minister 1022:The American historian 609:and from 1860 he was a 566: 519:. They later moved to 505:Prussian House of Lords 493:Province of Brandenburg 5567:Friedrich von Hollmann 4919:Tschirschky-Bögendorff 4624:Adalbert von Ladenberg 4532: 4508:Friedrich von Hollmann 4191:(as Ministerpräsident) 3819:Neue Folge, 1. Reihe: 3291:Deutsches Kaiserreich. 3208:, pp. 707f., R. Geis: 2852:. Görlitz 1939, p. 81. 2788:Raymond James Sontag, 2590:Erich Ekkehard (ed.): 2435:Encyclopedia Americana 1992:: Grand Cordon of the 1727: 1695: 1687: 1623:early election in 1893 1524:German Agrarian League 1520: 1503:Emperor Franz Joseph I 1488: 1466:progressive income tax 1412:Ernst Ludwig Herrfurth 1345:Politik des Ausgleichs 1339: 1262:German Colonial Empire 1210: 1156:Friedrich von Holstein 1061:Ernst Ludwig Herrfurth 1037: 965:Secretary for the Post 952:Friedrich von Hollmann 934:Secretary for the Navy 714:In 1883, he succeeded 677:Battle of Mars-la-Tour 660: 658:Battle of Mars-la-Tour 607:Prussian Staff College 495:, today a district of 398:General der Infanterie 4699:Free State of Prussia 4530: 4483:Otto von Oehlschläger 4394:(CDU, 2005–2021) 4386:(SPD, 1998–2005) 4378:(CDU, 1982–1998) 4370:(SPD, 1974–1982) 4362:(SPD, 1969–1974) 4354:(CDU, 1966–1969) 4346:(CDU, 1963–1966) 4338:(CDU, 1949–1963) 4307:(as Leading Minister) 4209:Constantin Fehrenbach 4026:Chancellor of Germany 3942:Warship International 3886:Carroll, E. Malcolm. 3788:Caprivi, Leo Graf von 3759:Wilhelm von Sternburg 3736:Heinrich Otto Meisner 3272:cited in Ewald Frie: 2954:deutsche-und-polen.de 2908:10.3 (1975): 513-530 2200:Order of the Medjidie 2076:: Grand Cross of the 2060:: Grand Cross of the 2009:: Grand Cross of the 1880:: Grand Cross of the 1735:Heinrich Otto Meisner 1722: 1693: 1685: 1515: 1496:Right-wing opposition 1483: 1476:Opposition to Caprivi 1329: 1205: 1119:Further information: 1090:rights of association 1086:Adolf von Bieberstein 1028: 882:Otto von Oehlschläger 846:Adolf von Bieberstein 766:Chancellor of Germany 701:Prussian War Ministry 655: 554:and straw." He was a 517:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 472:French Third Republic 437:Georg Leo von Caprivi 387:Years of service 222:Georg Leo von Caprivi 5750:Prussian politicians 5087:Schwerin von Krosigk 4609:Rudolf von Auerswald 4604:Gottfried Camphausen 4518:Helmuth von Maltzahn 4513:Heinrich von Stephan 4351:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 3811:(PDF; 2,3 MB): 3767:Aufbau-Taschenbücher 3441:the Prussian Machine 3179:Massie, pp. 116–117. 2952:Entry on Caprivi on 2726:, pp. 114, 485, 700. 2698:, p. 700; Spenkuch, 2406:Notes and references 2281:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 2256:Knight of St. Andrew 1975:Military Merit Order 1969:Knight of St. Hubert 1614:Imperial German Army 1569:Free-minded liberals 1511:Alldeutscher Verband 1322:Policy of compromise 1253:Alldeutscher Verband 1177:Alliance with France 1136:Alfred von Waldersee 970:Heinrich von Stephan 864:Helmuth von Maltzahn 833:Herbert von Bismarck 619:Second Schleswig War 615:German General Staff 409:Second Schleswig War 339:German Confederation 5562:Karl Eduard Heusner 5537:Alexander von Monts 5527:Albrecht von Stosch 5346:Canitz und Dallwitz 4758:Kurt von Schleicher 4629:Otto von Manteuffel 4503:Karl Eduard Heusner 4414:List of chancellors 4259:Kurt von Schleicher 4188:Philipp Scheidemann 3928:Nichols, J. Alden. 3921:12.1 (1967): 31-65 3879:Carlson, Andrew R. 3259:cited in Spenkuch: 2895:12.1 (1967): 31-65. 2878:Andrew R. Carlson, 2612:Calleo, D. (1980). 2033:, Class I Grade III 1973:Grand Cross of the 1919:Grand Cross of the 1805:Service Award Cross 1462:Johannes von Miquel 1404:Anti-Socialist Laws 1356:Province of Hanover 1079:Karl von Boetticher 1042:Johannes von Miquel 939:Karl Eduard Heusner 815:Karl von Boetticher 722:, with the rank of 716:Albrecht von Stosch 673:Franco-Prussian War 631:Austro-Prussian War 629:. He served in the 617:. He served in the 413:Austro-Prussian War 203:Alexander von Monts 191:Albrecht von Stosch 5725:German Protestants 5577:Eduard von Capelle 5572:Alfred von Tirpitz 4988:Brockdorff-Rantzau 4959:Brockdorff-Rantzau 4684:Georg von Hertling 4669:Bernhard von Bülow 4659:Botho zu Eulenburg 4580:Kingdom of Prussia 4533: 4153:Georg von Hertling 4138:Bernhard von Bülow 4017:Botho zu Eulenburg 3992:Political offices 3828:Hans-Ulrich Wehler 3784:Bernhard von Poten 3740:"Caprivi, Leo von" 3600:"Ludewigs-orden", 3230:Robert K. Massie, 2722:Thomas Nipperdey, 2694:Thomas Nipperdey, 2465:J. Alden Nichols, 2265:Knight of St. Anna 1761:Hans-Ulrich Wehler 1696: 1688: 1616:and a decrease in 1602:Botho zu Eulenburg 1573:Free Conservatives 1489: 1485:Botho zu Eulenburg 1423:Botho zu Eulenburg 1340: 1211: 1132:Reinsurance Treaty 994:Berliner Tageblatt 669:lieutenant colonel 665:Helmuth von Moltke 661: 605:, he attended the 537:lieutenant general 232:Kingdom of Prussia 153:Botho zu Eulenburg 5700:Counts in Germany 5600: 5599: 5475: 5474: 5351:Arnim-Boitzenburg 5261: 5260: 4929:Kiderlen-Waechter 4798: 4797: 4793:Co-prime minister 4787: 4786: 4644:Otto von Bismarck 4538: 4537: 4420: 4419: 4224:Gustav Stresemann 4123:Otto von Bismarck 4098:Otto von Bismarck 4042: 4041: 4033:Succeeded by 4014:Succeeded by 4000:Otto von Bismarck 3840:. München: Beck. 3547:, 1899, pp. 3195:17 February 2018. 3129:978-3-608-98318-0 3090:. pp. 77–90. 2702:, vol. 8/I, p. 5. 2672:978-1-78185-668-0 2577:Röhl, John C. G. 2370:Commander of the 2309:Commander of the 2258:, in Brilliants, 2194:Order of Osmanieh 2058:Ernestine duchies 1811:(1870), 1st Class 1635:Free-minded Union 1561:National Liberals 1375:cooperative banks 1283:Schutzzollpolitik 1046:National Liberals 981: 980: 695:Chief of the Navy 603:second lieutenant 533:Otto von Bismarck 422: 421: 273: 241: 180:Otto von Bismarck 142:Otto von Bismarck 93:Otto von Bismarck 5822: 5665: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5645: 5629: 5628: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5608: 5592:Maximilian Rogge 5549: 5548: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5469: 5441:Bethmann Hollweg 5288: 5281: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5056: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4726:Heinrich Ströbel 4708: 4707: 4704: 4585: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4542: 4541: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4424: 4423: 4403: 4395: 4387: 4383:Gerhard Schröder 4379: 4371: 4363: 4355: 4347: 4339: 4323: 4317:Federal Republic 4308: 4285: 4280: 4249:Heinrich Brüning 4200: 4192: 4174: 4114: 4089: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4045: 4044: 3997:Preceded by 3989: 3988: 3957: 3914: 3902: 3851: 3797: 3773:Thomas Nipperdey 3752:full text online 3749: 3727:Massie, Robert. 3717:Vol. 47/2, 1922. 3686: 3685: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3648: 3642: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3591: 3584: 3578: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3537: 3531: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3488: 3477: 3476: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3395: 3384: 3383: 3378:. 1899. p. 3370: 3364: 3363:vol. 3, p. 1005. 3357: 3351: 3344: 3338: 3335:Weg nach Westen. 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3309: 3303: 3302:Meisner, p. 135. 3300: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3270: 3264: 3263:Vol. 8/I, p. 27. 3257: 3251: 3250:Vol. 8/I, p. 27. 3244: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3202: 3196: 3189: 3180: 3177: 3171: 3164: 3158: 3151: 3145: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3115: 3109: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3083: 3077: 3070: 3064: 3057: 3051: 3050:Metze, pp. 48 f. 3048: 3042: 3035: 3029: 3022: 3016: 3011:Rolf Weitowitz: 3009: 3003: 2992: 2983: 2976: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2948: 2942: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2913: 2902: 2896: 2889: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2859: 2853: 2846: 2840: 2830: 2824: 2823:Metze, pp. 45 f. 2821: 2815: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2786: 2780: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2720: 2714: 2709: 2703: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2656: 2650: 2649:Vol. 3, p. 1005. 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2609: 2603: 2588: 2582: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2557: 2556:Metze, pp. 42 f. 2554: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2480: 2474: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2431: 2423: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2335:Schaumburg-Lippe 2333: 2331: 2330: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2279: 2277: 2276: 2251: 2247: 2245: 2244: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2151: 2149: 2148: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2124:10 November 1890 2117: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2056: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1994:Order of Leopold 1988: 1986: 1985: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1942:: Knight of the 1938: 1936: 1935: 1903: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1752:Thomas Nipperdey 1618:military service 1595: 1455:workers' housing 1452: 1420: 1394:Social Democrats 1368: 1291: 1142:and carry out a 1069: 1058: 1044:, leader of the 1024:Robert K. Massie 1018: 1002:Social Democrats 792:Leo von Caprivi 770: 769: 732:Thomas Nipperdey 728:Robert K. Massie 637:in the staff of 596: 581: 491:in the Prussian 456:Kaiser Wilhelm's 379: 377: 376: 361: 359: 358: 349: 347: 346: 337: 335: 334: 325: 323: 322: 310:Military service 305: 267: 256: 254: 235: 225:24 February 1831 213:Personal details 199: 187: 170: 149: 139: 122: 101: 89: 58: 35: 21: 20: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5644:sister projects 5641:at Knowledge's 5639:Leo von Caprivi 5635: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5603: 5601: 5596: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5532:Leo von Caprivi 5515: 5506: 5476: 5471: 5464: 5460: 5297: 5292: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5167:(1949–present) 5166: 5157: 5155: 5150: 5107: 5098: 5096: 5091: 5063: 5054: 5052: 5047: 4979: 4977:Weimar Republic 4970: 4968: 4963: 4869:B. E. von Bülow 4850: 4841: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4799: 4794: 4783: 4764: 4753:Franz von Papen 4747:Reichskommisars 4736:Adam Stegerwald 4702: 4701: 4693: 4679:Georg Michaelis 4654:Leo von Caprivi 4614:Ernst von Pfuel 4583: 4582: 4574: 4569: 4539: 4534: 4522: 4467:Leo von Caprivi 4458: 4455:Caprivi Cabinet 4451: 4421: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4393: 4385: 4377: 4369: 4361: 4353: 4345: 4337: 4335:Konrad Adenauer 4324: 4311: 4306: 4299:Joseph Goebbels 4286: 4268: 4254:Franz von Papen 4198: 4190: 4183:Friedrich Ebert 4175: 4168:Weimar Republic 4162: 4148:Georg Michaelis 4128:Leo von Caprivi 4115: 4102: 4090: 4077: 4072: 4038: 4029: 4019: 4010: 4002: 3876: 3874:Further reading 3848: 3817:Acta Borussica. 3724: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3668: 3664: 3649: 3645: 3634: 3630: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3585: 3581: 3570: 3566: 3557: 3555: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3523: 3519: 3490: 3489: 3480: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3397: 3396: 3387: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3358: 3354: 3345: 3341: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3271: 3267: 3258: 3254: 3245: 3238: 3229: 3225: 3221:Massie, p. 117. 3220: 3216: 3203: 3199: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3170:, pp. 209, 544. 3165: 3161: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3116: 3112: 3099: 3095: 3084: 3080: 3071: 3067: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3023: 3019: 3010: 3006: 3002:Band 8/I, S. 4. 2993: 2986: 2977: 2973: 2964: 2960: 2949: 2945: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2916: 2903: 2899: 2890: 2886: 2877: 2873: 2867:Weg nach Westen 2860: 2856: 2847: 2843: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2809: 2805: 2801:Massie, p. 137. 2800: 2796: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2770: 2766:Massie, p. 115. 2765: 2761: 2757:Massie, p. 114. 2756: 2752: 2743: 2739: 2735:Massie, p. 113. 2734: 2730: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2706: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2610: 2606: 2589: 2585: 2576: 2572: 2568:Massie, p. 111. 2567: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2525:Massie, p. 110. 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2477: 2464: 2460: 2447: 2443: 2424: 2413: 2408: 2396: 2391: 2372:Friedrich Order 2358: 2356: 2342: 2340: 2328: 2326: 2296: 2294: 2274: 2272: 2242: 2240: 2223: 2221: 2209: 2207: 2181: 2179: 2163: 2161: 2146: 2144: 2130: 2128: 2108: 2106: 2089: 2087: 2074:Hesse-Darmstadt 2068: 2066: 2050: 2043: 2036: 2021: 2019: 2013:, with Swords, 2000: 1998: 1983: 1981: 1955: 1953: 1933: 1931: 1905:Austria-Hungary 1897: 1890: 1872: 1870: 1865:; in Brilliants 1863:17 January 1891 1861:; with Collar, 1846:12 January 1878 1832:18 January 1884 1819:18 January 1871 1778: 1776: 1769: 1686:Leo von Caprivi 1680: 1672:Skórzyn, Poland 1644: 1610: 1589: 1557: 1541:Tivoliparteitag 1498: 1478: 1464:, introduced a 1446: 1435:social question 1431: 1414: 1362: 1336:Neuruppin print 1324: 1319: 1317:Domestic policy 1310:Agrarian League 1285: 1270: 1200: 1198:Colonial policy 1184:Triple Alliance 1173:First World War 1160:Austria-Hungary 1140:Austria-Hungary 1128: 1123: 1117: 1063: 1052: 1012: 808: 768: 726:. According to 697: 590: 575: 569: 564: 562:Military career 481: 468:Empire of Japan 411: 399: 374: 372: 356: 354: 353: 344: 342: 341: 332: 330: 329: 320: 318: 278:Political party 266: 258: 252: 250: 249:6 February 1899 234: 226: 224: 223: 197: 185: 171: 166: 147: 137: 123: 118: 99: 87: 59: 54: 38: 37:Caprivi in 1880 26: 25:Leo von Caprivi 17: 12: 11: 5: 5828: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5755:Zambezi Region 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5667: 5666: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5621: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5505: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5482: 5473: 5472: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5169: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5110: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4884:Limburg-Stirum 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4836: 4835: 4828: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4779:Hermann Göring 4775: 4773: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4705: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4588: 4586: 4576: 4575: 4568: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4536: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4493:Eduard Hanauer 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4396: 4388: 4380: 4372: 4367:Helmut Schmidt 4364: 4356: 4348: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4288: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4244:Hermann Müller 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4204:Hermann Müller 4201: 4193: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4079: 4078: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4048: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4031: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4012: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3978: 3968: 3958: 3948:(4): 317–355. 3937: 3926: 3915: 3905:Chisholm, Hugh 3891: 3884: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3852: 3846: 3824: 3798: 3780: 3770: 3755: 3732: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3713:Deutsche Revue 3707: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3662: 3643: 3628: 3607: 3592: 3590:. Meyer. p. 11 3579: 3564: 3541:"Ritter-Orden" 3532: 3517: 3478: 3475:. p. 511. 3453: 3428: 3385: 3365: 3352: 3339: 3326: 3317: 3304: 3295: 3282: 3265: 3252: 3236: 3223: 3214: 3197: 3181: 3172: 3159: 3146: 3135: 3128: 3110: 3093: 3078: 3065: 3052: 3043: 3030: 3017: 3004: 2984: 2971: 2958: 2943: 2941:vol. 8/I, p. 5 2926: 2914: 2897: 2884: 2871: 2854: 2841: 2833:Volker Ullrich 2825: 2816: 2803: 2794: 2781: 2768: 2759: 2750: 2737: 2728: 2715: 2704: 2687: 2678: 2671: 2651: 2638: 2624: 2604: 2600:Semi-Kürschner 2596:Philipp Stauff 2583: 2570: 2558: 2549: 2547:Massie, p. 110 2540: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2507:, p. 291. 2497: 2488: 2475: 2458: 2441: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2378: 2354: 2338: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2291: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2262: 2237: 2218: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2197: 2188:Ottoman Empire 2177: 2159: 2142: 2126: 2103: 2084: 2082:7 October 1890 2064: 2034: 2017: 1996: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1971: 1950: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1917: 1888: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1852: 1838: 1821: 1815:Pour le Mérite 1812: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1679: 1676: 1643: 1640: 1609: 1606: 1556: 1553: 1545:Adolf Stoecker 1497: 1494: 1477: 1474: 1430: 1427: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1269: 1266: 1248:Ottoman Empire 1199: 1196: 1152:Foreign Office 1144:preventive war 1127: 1124: 1116: 1115:Foreign Policy 1113: 979: 978: 975: 972: 967: 961: 960: 957: 954: 948: 947: 944: 941: 936: 930: 929: 926: 923: 917: 916: 913: 910: 908:Eduard Hanauer 904: 903: 900: 897: 891: 890: 887: 884: 879: 873: 872: 869: 866: 861: 855: 854: 851: 848: 842: 841: 838: 835: 830: 824: 823: 820: 817: 812: 802: 801: 796: 793: 790: 784: 783: 780: 777: 774: 767: 764: 696: 693: 689:Pour le Mérite 568: 565: 563: 560: 485:Charlottenburg 480: 477: 460:Russian Empire 420: 419: 416: 415: 406: 402: 401: 396: 392: 391: 388: 384: 383: 370: 369:Branch/service 366: 365: 316: 312: 311: 307: 306: 299: 295: 294: 292:Pour le Mérite 289: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 268:(Now Skórzyn, 257:(aged 67) 247: 243: 242: 221: 219: 215: 214: 210: 209: 206: 205: 200: 194: 193: 188: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 163: 162: 156: 155: 150: 144: 143: 140: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 115: 114: 108: 107: 102: 96: 95: 90: 84: 83: 78: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 51: 50: 44: 43: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5827: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5663: 5662: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5640: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5620: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5498: 5496: 5491: 5489: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5468: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 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4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4849: 4848:German Empire 4837: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4790: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4529: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4456: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4415: 4410: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4391:Angela Merkel 4389: 4384: 4381: 4376: 4373: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4349: 4344: 4343:Ludwig Erhard 4341: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4108:German Empire 4105: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4009: 4008: 4001: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3847:3-406-32490-8 3843: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3716: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3704:(Digitalisat) 3701: 3697: 3696: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3611: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3498:(in German), 3497: 3493: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3457: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3405:(in German), 3404: 3400: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3349: 3343: 3336: 3330: 3324:Metze, p. 53. 3321: 3314: 3308: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3233: 3227: 3218: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3194: 3188: 3186: 3176: 3169: 3163: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3139: 3131: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3103: 3097: 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2236: 2231: 2219: 2216: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2047: 2040: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1913:, 2nd Class, 1912: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1850:16 March 1894 1847: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1830:; with Star, 1829: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1798:22 March 1884 1795: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1705:Die Neue Zeit 1701: 1700:Franz Mehring 1692: 1684: 1675: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1649:Conservatives 1639: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627:Eugen Richter 1624: 1619: 1615: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1593: 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As part of 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 417: 414: 410: 407: 403: 397: 393: 389: 385: 382: 381:Prussian Army 371: 367: 364: 363:German Empire 352: 340: 328: 317: 313: 308: 304: 300: 296: 293: 290: 286: 283: 280: 276: 271: 265: 264:German Empire 261: 248: 244: 239: 233: 229: 220: 216: 211: 207: 204: 201: 195: 192: 189: 183: 179: 175: 169: 164: 161: 157: 154: 151: 145: 141: 135: 131: 127: 121: 116: 113: 109: 106: 103: 97: 94: 91: 85: 82: 79: 77: 73: 70: 67: 63: 57: 52: 49: 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 5664:from Commons 5659: 5638: 5582:Paul Behncke 5531: 5425: 5256:East Germany 5180:von Brentano 5061:Nazi Germany 4909:B. von Bülow 4851:(1871–1918) 4745: 4741:Wilhelm Marx 4689:Max of Baden 4653: 4591: 4488:Robert Bosse 4469:(Chancellor) 4466: 4359:Willy Brandt 4294:Adolf Hitler 4274:Nazi Germany 4264:Adolf Hitler 4239:Wilhelm Marx 4229:Wilhelm Marx 4219:Wilhelm Cuno 4214:Joseph Wirth 4196:Gustav Bauer 4127: 4024: 4005: 3981: 3971: 3961: 3945: 3941: 3929: 3918: 3908: 3887: 3880: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3838: 3834: 3831: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3801: 3791: 3776: 3766: 3762: 3750:; ( 3743: 3729:Dreadnought. 3728: 3722:Bibliography 3710: 3699: 3672: 3665: 3652: 3646: 3635: 3631: 3617: 3610: 3601: 3595: 3587: 3582: 3571: 3567: 3556:, retrieved 3544: 3535: 3524: 3520: 3499: 3495: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3444:. Retrieved 3440: 3431: 3406: 3402: 3374: 3368: 3360: 3355: 3347: 3342: 3334: 3329: 3320: 3312: 3307: 3298: 3290: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3260: 3255: 3247: 3231: 3226: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3192: 3175: 3167: 3162: 3154: 3149: 3138: 3119: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3087: 3081: 3073: 3068: 3060: 3055: 3046: 3038: 3033: 3025: 3020: 3012: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2979: 2974: 2966: 2961: 2953: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2924:Metze, p. 50 2905: 2900: 2892: 2887: 2879: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2849: 2844: 2836: 2828: 2819: 2814:, pp. 623 f. 2811: 2806: 2797: 2789: 2784: 2779:, pp. 621 f. 2776: 2771: 2762: 2753: 2745: 2740: 2731: 2723: 2718: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2681: 2661: 2654: 2646: 2641: 2629:. Retrieved 2614: 2607: 2599: 2591: 2586: 2578: 2573: 2552: 2543: 2535: 2530: 2521: 2512: 2505:Headlam 1911 2500: 2491: 2483: 2478: 2466: 2461: 2451: 2444: 2433: 2384: 2375: 2314: 2311:Albert Order 2288: 2259: 2123: 2081: 2078:Ludwig Order 2014: 1947: 1924: 1914: 1885: 1862: 1859:17 June 1890 1858: 1849: 1845: 1836:12 June 1892 1835: 1831: 1827: 1818: 1817:(military), 1797: 1793: 1770: 1756:party system 1745: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1703: 1697: 1664: 1653: 1645: 1611: 1580: 1577:Centre Party 1565:Progressives 1558: 1549:anti-semitic 1540: 1532:Kreuzzeitung 1530: 1528: 1521: 1516: 1507: 1499: 1490: 1459: 1432: 1397: 1390:Centre Party 1387: 1349: 1344: 1341: 1303: 1281: 1279: 1271: 1268:Trade policy 1258: 1251: 1212: 1181: 1169: 1129: 1098: 1038: 1032: 1029: 1021: 999: 992: 982: 895:Robert Bosse 756:X Army Corps 740: 724:Vice-admiral 713: 709:Mauser rifle 698: 662: 647:X Army Corps 643:Guards Corps 623:5th Division 570: 549: 541:aide-de-camp 482: 445: 436: 432: 424: 423: 405:Battles/wars 400:Vize Admiral 198:Succeeded by 167: 148:Succeeded by 119: 100:Succeeded by 55: 18: 5685:1899 deaths 5680:1831 births 5391:Brandenburg 5381:H. A. Bülow 5376:Brandenburg 5228:Westerwelle 5146:de Maizière 4721:Paul Hirsch 4703:(1918–1947) 4584:(1701–1918) 4399:Olaf Scholz 4375:Helmut Kohl 4234:Hans Luther 3348:Machtstaat. 3346:Nipperdey: 3311:Golo Mann, 3204:Nipperdey, 3153:Nipperdey, 3100:Nipperdey, 3072:Nipperdey, 3059:Nipperdey, 2965:Nipperdey, 2933:Nipperdey, 2792:(1938) ch 9 2744:Nipperdey, 2631:27 February 2534:Nipperdey, 2482:Nipperdey, 2473:pp 367–377. 2365:Württemberg 2202:, 1st Class 2153:Netherlands 2136:Mecklenburg 1710:Karl Bachem 1590: [ 1582:Kulturkampf 1447: [ 1415: [ 1399:Kulturkampf 1363: [ 1360:Welfenfonds 1286: [ 1274:Great Power 1064: [ 1053: [ 1013: [ 671:during the 591: [ 576: [ 543:to Emperor 282:Independent 262:, Prussia, 186:Preceded by 138:Preceded by 88:Preceded by 5674:Categories 5416:Bernstorff 5411:Schleinitz 5406:Manteuffel 5396:Schleinitz 5361:Schleinitz 5321:Bernstorff 5316:Hardenberg 5232:Steinmeier 5223:Steinmeier 5218:J. Fischer 5136:O. Fischer 5108:(1949–90) 5077:Ribbentrop 5064:(1933–45) 5028:Stresemann 4980:(1918–33) 4939:Zimmermann 4914:Richthofen 4731:Otto Braun 4030:1890–1894 4011:1890–1892 3558:14 January 3502:, Berlin: 3409:, Berlin: 3350:pp. 708 f. 3293:pp. 57–67. 3246:Spenkuch: 3206:Machtstaat 3168:Machtstaat 3155:Machtstaat 3102:Machtstaat 3074:Machtstaat 3061:Machtstaat 3039:Machtstaat 3026:Machtstaat 2996:Machtstaat 2967:Machtstaat 2935:Machtstaat 2869:, pp. 267. 2863:Machtstaat 2812:Machtstaat 2777:Machtstaat 2746:Machtstaat 2724:Machtstaat 2696:Machtstaat 2536:Machtstaat 2484:Machtstaat 2215:Reuss-Gera 1809:Iron Cross 1551:position. 1338:from 1890) 1332:Wilhelm II 1295:free trade 1219:Heligoland 1208:Heligoland 1010:Neuer Kurs 985:Chancellor 788:Chancellor 779:In office 776:Incumbent 751:Wilhelm II 556:Protestant 545:Wilhelm II 479:Early life 448:free trade 315:Allegiance 253:1899-02-07 177:Chancellor 132:Wilhelm II 69:Wilhelm II 5619:Biography 5446:Michaelis 5431:Marschall 5366:Auerswald 5306:Hertzberg 5121:Ackermann 5116:Dertinger 5023:Rosenberg 4904:Marschall 3954:0043-0374 3809:Band 8/II 3786:(1903), " 3333:Winkler: 3157:, p. 533. 3076:, p. 326. 3063:, p. 703. 3028:, p. 700. 2538:, p. 243. 2486:, p. 699. 2170:Oldenburg 2007:Brunswick 1740:Golo Mann 1223:North Sea 1101:Reichstag 1033:The Times 747:Reichstag 611:Hauptmann 390:1849–1888 298:Signature 168:In office 120:In office 56:In office 5631:Politics 5451:Hertling 5436:B. Bülow 5421:Bismarck 5401:Radowitz 5341:H. Bülow 5326:Ancillon 5246:Baerbock 5209:Genscher 5200:Genscher 5185:Schröder 5175:Adenauer 5018:Rathenau 4944:Kühlmann 4899:Bismarck 4874:Radowitz 3966:in JSTOR 3897:(1911). 3861:Vol. 1: 3835:Vol. 3: 3830:(1995). 3805:Band 8/I 3738:(1957), 3711:Briefe: 3693:Writings 3359:Wehler: 3041:, p. 603 2748:, p. 212 2645:Wehler, 2394:See also 1667:Montreux 1629:and his 1547:and his 1470:suffrage 1392:and the 1243:Zanzibar 1239:Wituland 1146:against 705:barracks 683:and the 501:Prussian 487:(then a 470:and the 5605:Portals 5426:Caprivi 5371:Dönhoff 5336:Maltzan 5331:Werther 5236:Gabriel 5205:Schmidt 5072:Neurath 5043:Neurath 5038:Brüning 5033:Curtius 3976:oenline 3932:(1958) 3907:(ed.). 3890:(1938). 3761:(ed.): 3446:1 March 3337:p. 268. 2469:(1958) 2230:Romania 1990:Belgium 1962:Bavaria 1784:Prussia 1767:Honours 1383:Gniezno 1306:Junkers 1221:in the 1192:Britain 1154:around 773:Office 760:Hanover 627:company 601:. As a 597:of the 525:Silesia 509:Italian 452:Junkers 435:; born 429:English 327:Prussia 251: ( 238:Germany 129:Monarch 65:Monarch 5213:Kinkel 5195:Scheel 5190:Brandt 5161: 5141:Meckel 5131:Winzer 5102: 5058: 5003:Simons 4998:Köster 4993:Müller 4974: 4949:Hintze 4924:Schoen 4845: 4772:period 4714:period 4712:Weimar 3952: 3934:Online 3923:online 3844: 3769:8032). 3126: 2910:online 2669: 2622: 2471:online 2362: 2332: 2303:Saxony 2300: 2278: 2249:Russia 2246: 2227: 2185: 2167: 2150: 2112: 2093: 2004: 1987: 1959: 1937: 1878:Anhalt 1571:, and 1379:Poznań 1148:Russia 1094:Beamte 782:Party 679:, the 584:Berlin 521:Landau 513:Modena 497:Berlin 378: 360: 348: 336: 324: 288:Awards 270:Poland 260:Skyren 228:Berlin 76:Deputy 5661:Media 5456:Baden 5356:Arnim 5311:Goltz 5013:Wirth 5008:Rosen 4934:Jagow 4889:Busch 4864:Balan 4859:Thile 3903:. In 3640:p. 28 3576:p. 64 3529:p. 20 3467:[ 2115:Italy 2096:Japan 2027:China 1940:Baden 1725:time. 1594:] 1451:] 1419:] 1367:] 1352:Poles 1299:Count 1290:] 1188:Italy 1068:] 1057:] 1017:] 977:None 959:None 946:None 928:None 915:None 902:None 889:None 871:None 853:None 840:None 822:None 635:major 595:] 580:] 236:(Now 5511:and 5241:Maas 5126:Bolz 4954:Solf 4770:Nazi 4649:Roon 4453:The 3950:ISSN 3946:LXIX 3869:85). 3842:ISBN 3560:2021 3448:2021 3124:ISBN 2950:cf. 2667:ISBN 2633:2015 2620:ISBN 2385:1890 2376:1875 2348:Siam 2315:1875 2289:1891 2260:1894 2015:1889 1948:1890 1925:1890 1915:1872 1886:1893 1828:1879 1794:1866 1642:Fall 1433:The 1381:and 1241:and 1081:and 799:None 567:Rise 489:town 395:Rank 246:Died 218:Born 3823:.). 3790:", 3553:100 3512:129 3423:939 3419:560 3276:(= 2598:'s 649:. 582:in 552:are 523:in 5676:: 3944:. 3857:: 3775:, 3742:, 3682:98 3680:, 3678:43 3657:90 3623:54 3551:, 3549:60 3543:, 3510:, 3506:, 3494:, 3481:^ 3439:. 3421:, 3417:, 3415:60 3413:, 3411:14 3401:, 3388:^ 3380:54 3239:^ 3184:^ 2987:^ 2917:^ 2835:: 2561:^ 2432:. 2414:^ 2383:, 2367:: 2350:: 2306:: 2287:, 2283:: 2252:: 2233:: 2190:: 2172:: 2155:: 2138:: 2122:, 2118:: 2099:: 2080:, 2029:: 1965:: 1946:, 1923:, 1907:: 1884:, 1857:, 1844:, 1786:: 1662:. 1592:de 1567:, 1563:, 1526:. 1449:de 1425:. 1417:de 1365:de 1288:de 1264:. 1256:. 1194:. 1066:de 1055:de 1015:de 762:. 738:. 691:. 593:de 578:de 547:. 431:: 230:, 5647:: 5607:: 5501:e 5494:t 5487:v 5287:e 5280:t 5273:v 4824:e 4817:t 4810:v 4564:e 4557:t 4550:v 4446:e 4439:t 4432:v 4067:e 4060:t 4053:v 3956:. 3925:. 3850:. 3754:) 3715:. 3684:. 3625:. 3508:7 3504:5 3500:1 3450:. 3407:1 3382:. 3132:. 2912:. 2675:. 2635:. 2438:. 427:( 272:) 255:) 240:)

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