Mikhail Lermontov - Knowledge

641: 3300: 502: 1661: 402: 971: 440: 1709: 1237:

involuntarily snubbed the Tsar's two daughters) caused concern among the imperial family and in the high military ranks. It transpired that upon his arrival in February Lermontov had failed to report to his commanding officer, as was required, going instead to a ball – a grievous breach for someone serving under condition of punishment. In April Count Kleinmichel issued an order for him to leave the city in 24 hours and join his regiment in the Caucasus. Lermontov approached a seer (the same Gypsy woman who'd predicted Pushkin's death "from a white man's hand") and asked if the time would ever come when he'd be allowed to retire. "You will get your retirement, but of such a kind after which you won't ask for more," she responded, which made Lermontov laugh heartily.

1689:'s in French; his similes and metaphors are utterly commonplace, his hackneyed epithets are only redeemed by occasionally being incorrectly used. Repetition of words in descriptive sentences irritates the purist," he wrote. D.S. Mirsky thought differently. "The perfection of Lermontov's style and narrative manner can be appreciated only by those who really know Russian, who feel fine imponderable shades of words and know what has been left out as well as what has been put in. Lermontov's prose is the best Russian prose ever written, if we judge by the standards of perfection and not by those of wealth. It is transparent, for it is absolutely adequate to the context and neither overlaps it nor is overlapped by it," he maintained. 582:, and Alexander Pushkin. Soon he started editing an amateur student journal. One of his friends, his cousin Yekaterina Sushkova (Khvostova, in marriage) described the young man as "married to a hefty volume of Byron". Yekaterina had at one time been the object of Lermontov's affections and to her he dedicated some of his late 1820s poems, including "Nishchy" (The Beggar). By 1829 Lermontov had written several of his well-known early poems. While "Kavkazsky Plennik" (Caucasian Prisoner), betraying strong Pushkin influence and borrowing from the latter, "The Corsair", "Prestupnik" (The Culprit), "Oleg", "Dva Brata" (Two Brothers), as well as the original version of "The Demon" were impressive exercises in 955:

imagination fly, which was strange, considering how high his poetry soared on its mighty wings. He mocked some of the government's reforms – the ones we couldn't even dream of in our poor youth. Certain essays, promoting the most progressive European ideas which we were so enthusiastic about, – for who could have ever thought it possible for such things to be published in Russia? – left him cold. When approached with a straightforward question, he either kept silent or tried to get away with some sarcastic remark. The more we knew him, the more difficult it was for us to take him seriously. There was a spark of original thought in him, but he was still very young.

1700:. And Lermontov's reputation as an 'heir to Pushkin' there is seldom doubted. His foreign biographers, though, tend to see a more complicated and controversial picture. According to Lewis Bagby, "He led such a wild, romantic life, fulfilled so many of the Byronic features (individualism, isolation from high society, social critic and misfit), and lived and died so furiously, that it is difficult not to confuse these manifestations of identity with his authentic self. …Who Lermontov had become, or who he was becoming, is unclear. Lermontov, like many a romantic hero, once closely examined, remains as open and unfinished as his persona seems closed and fixed." 1594:. This long poem (started as early as 1829 and finished some ten years after) told the story of a fallen angel admitting defeat in the moment of his victory over Tamara, a Georgian "maid of mountains". Having read by censors as the celebration of carnal passions of the "eternal spirit of atheism", it remained banned for years (and was published for the first time in 1856 in Berlin), turning arguably the most popular unpublished Russian poem of the mid-19th century. Even Mirsky, who ridiculed Demon as "the least convincing Satan in the history of the world poetry," called him "an operatic character" and fitting perfectly into the concept of 649:

unpopular professor out of the auditorium), but wasn't formally reprimanded (unlike Hertzen, who found himself incarcerated). A year into his university studies, the final, tragic act of the family discord played itself out. Deeply affected by his son's alienation, Yuri Lermontov left Arsenieva's house for good, only to die a short time later of consumption. His father's death under such circumstances was a terrible loss for Mikhail and is reflected in his poems "Forgive Me, Will We Meet Again?" and "The Terrible Fate of Father and Son". For some time he seriously considered suicide; tellingly, each of his early dramas

1064: 1246: 703:

knee that produced a limp. Learning to enjoy the heady mix of drills and discipline, wenching and drinking sprees, Lermontov continued to sharpen the poisonous wit and cruel humour which would often earn him enemies. "The time of my dreams has passed; the time for believing is long gone; now I want material pleasures, happiness that I can touch, happiness that can be bought with gold, that one can carry it in one's pocket as a snuff-box; happiness that beguiles only my senses while leaving my soul in peace and quiet," he wrote in a letter to Maria Lopukhina dated 4 August 1833.

1347: 1452:

was not permissible for any young upper-class woman for a good part of the 19th century. "Lermontov churned out for his pals whole poems in improvisational manner, dealing with things which were apparently part of their barrack and camp lifestyle. Those poems, which I've never read, for they weren't intended for women, bear all the mark of the author's brilliant, fiery temperament, as people who've read them attest", Yevdokiya Rostopchina admitted. These poems were published only once, in 1936, as part of a scholarly edition of Lermontov's complete works, edited by

1485: 393:(also known as Thomas Learmonth). Lermontov's father, Yuri Petrovich Lermontov, like his father before him, followed a military career. Having moved up the ranks to captain, he married the sixteen-year-old Maria Mikhaylovna Arsenyeva, a wealthy young heiress of a prominent aristocratic Stolypin family. Lermontov's maternal grandmother, Elizaveta Arsenyeva (née Stolypina), regarded their marriage as a mismatch and deeply disliked her son-in-law. On 15 October 1814, in Moscow where the family temporarily moved to, Maria gave birth to her son Mikhail. 58: 181: 659:(1831) ends with a protagonist killing himself. All the while, judging by his diaries, Lermontov, maintained a keen interest in European politics. Some of his University poems like "Predskazaniye" (The Prophecy) were highly politicised; the unfinished "Povest Bez Nazvaniya" (The Untitled Novel)'s theme was the outbreak of popular uprising in Russia. Several other verses written at the time – "Parus" (The Sail), "Angel Smerti" (Angel of Death) and "Ismail-Bei" – later came to be regarded among his best. 535: 691: 817:, in the course of several minutes, was spread around by Rayevsky and caused uproar. The last 16 lines of it, explicitly addressed to the inner circles at the court, all but accused the powerful "pillars" of Russian high-society of complicity in Pushkin's death. The poem portrayed that society as a cabal of self-interested venomous wretches "huddling about the throne in a greedy throng", "the hangmen who kill liberty, genius, and glory" about to suffer the apocalyptic judgment of God. 1019: 1396: 6142: 1203:, for Lermontov to visit Saint Petersburg. "Those three or four months he spent in the capital were, I think, the happiest time of his life. Received quite ecstatically by the high society, each morning he produced some beautiful verse and hasted to recite it to us in the evening. In this warm atmosphere good humour awoke in him again, he was always coming up with new jokes and pranks, making us all laugh for hours on end," Yevdokiya Rostopchina remembered. 1175: 1207: 855: 1562:"So Dull, So Sad..." (1840) expressed skepticism as to the meaning of poetry and life itself. On the other hand, for Lermontov the late 1830s was a period of transition; drawn more to Russian forests and fields rather than Caucasian ranges, he achieved moments of transcendental solemnity and clear vision of heaven and Earth merged into one in poems like "The Branch of Palestine", "The Prayer" and "When yellowish fields get ruffled..." 1330:

mystery, this Paradise Lost, it will be tormenting my mind till the very grave. Sometimes I feel funny about it and am ready to laugh at this first love of mine, but more often I'd rather cry," the 15-year-old wrote in a diary. "Some people, like Byron, think early love is akin to the soul prone to fine arts, but I suppose this is the sign of soul that's got much music in it," added the young man for whom the English poet was an idol.

514:. Having developed a fearful and arrogant temper, he took it out on his grandmother's garden as well as on insects and small animals ("with great delight, he would squash a hapless fly and bristled with joy when a stone he'd thrown would kick a chicken off its feet"). Positive influence came from Lermontov's German governess Christina Rhemer, a religious woman who introduced the boy to the idea of every man, even if that man was a 2179: 791: 1115:, Lermontov received only a mild punishment; the Grand Duke chose to interpret the de Barante incident as a feat for "a Russian officer who came up to champion the honour of the Russian army". With the Tsar's initial demand for three months' imprisonment dropped, Lermontov went back to exile in the Caucasus, to the Tengin infantry regiment. In Karamzin's house where his friends gathered to say farewells, he churned out an 451:. In 1821 they returned to Tarkhany and spent the next six years there. The doting grandmother spared no expense to provide the young Lermontov with the best schooling and lifestyle that money could buy. He received an extensive home education, became fluent in French and German, learned to play several musical instruments and proved a gifted painter. While living with the grandmother, Mikhail hardly met with his father. 2165: 3319: 1196:. "Lermontov's duty was to lead our forefront storm troopers and inform the headquarters of the advancement, which in itself was perilous since the enemy was everywhere around, in the forest and in the bushes. But this officer, defying danger, did an excellent job; he showed great courage and was always amongst those who'd break into the enemy lines first," General Galafeyev informed General Grabbe on 8 October 1840. 942: 1566: 1304: 963:, then stayed in Moscow and Saint Petersburg to enjoy himself at dancing parties and to revel in his immense popularity. "Lermontov's deportation to the Caucasus has made a lot of fuss and turned him into a victim, which did a lot to whip up his fame as a poet. People consumed his Caucasian poems greedily... On return he was met with enormous warmth in the capital and hailed as heir to Pushkin," wrote poet 728:, where his flatmate was his friend Svyatoslav Rayevsky. Grandmother's lavish financial support (he had his personal chefs and coachmen) enabled Lermontov to plunge into a heady high-society mix of drawing-room gossip and ballroom glitter. "Sardonic, caustic and smart, brilliantly intelligent, rich and independent, he became the soul of the high society and the leading spirit in pleasure trips and sprees," 1550:" (1837), arguably the strongest political declaration of its time (its last two lines, "and all of your black blood won't be enough to expiate the poet's pure blood", construed by some as a direct call for violence), made Lermontov not just famous, but almost worshipped, as a "true heir to Pushkin". More introspective but no less subversive was his "The Thought" (1838), an answer to 1611:, or Mtsyri (in Georgian), the harrowing story of a dying young monk who'd preferred dangerous freedom to protected servitude. The Demon defiantly lives on, Mtsyri dies meekly, but both epitomize the riotous human spirit's stand against the world that imprisons it. Both poems are beautifully stylized and written in fine, mellifluous verse which Belinsky found "intoxicating". 640: 637:). Instead he drifted towards an aristocracic clique, but even this cream of the Moscow's "golden youth" detested the young man for being too aloof, while still giving him credit for having charisma. "Everyone could see that Lermontov was obnoxious, rough and daring, and yet there was something alluring in his firm moroseness," fellow-student Wistengof admitted. 1339:'errand boy' he was carrying my hat, umbrella and gloves, leaving them behind from time to time... Both Sashenka and I, while giving him credit for his intelligence, still treated him like a baby which drove him mad. Trying to be perceived as a serious young man, he recited Pushkin and Lamartine and never parted with a huge volume of Byron." 1657:". Tellingly, while Pushkin (whose poem "Tazit"'s plotline was here used) saw the European influence as a healthy alternative to the patriarchal ways of Caucasian natives, Lermontov tended to idealize the local communities' centuries-proven customs, their morality codex and the will to fight for freedom and independence to the bitter end. 1685:(who translated the novel into English) was not so sure about the language: "The English reader should be aware that Lermontov's prose style in Russian is inelegant, it is dry and drab; it is the tool of an energetic, incredibly gifted, bitterly honest, but definitely inexperienced young man. His Russian is, at times, almost as crude as 518:, deserving respect. In fact, Lermontov's poor health served in a way as a saving grace, Skabichevsky argued, for it prevented the boy from further exploring the darker sides of his character and, more importantly, "taught him to think of things... seek pleasures that he couldn't find in the outer world, deep inside himself." 418:, suggested the discord might have been caused by Yuri's affair with a young woman named Yulia, a lodger who worked in the house. Apparently it was her husband's violent, erratic behavior and the resulting stresses that accounted for Maria Mikhaylovna's early demise. Her health quickly deteriorated and she developed 1050:, invited Lermontov to become a regular contributor. The magazine published two parts of the novel, "Bela" and "The Fatalist", in issues 2 and 4, respectively, the rest of it appeared in print during 1840 and earned the author widespread acclaim. The partially autobiographical story, describing prophetically a 679:'s second-year course. This proved impossible and, unwilling to repeat the first year, he enrolled into the prestigious School of Cavalry Junkers and Ensign of the Guard, under pressure from his male relatives but much to Arsenyeva's distress. Having passed the exams, on 14 November 1832, Lermontov joined the 1261:, introduced himself to general Grabbe and asked for permission to stay in the town. Then, on a whim, he changed his course, found himself in Pyatigorsk and sent his seniors a letter informing them of his having fallen ill. The regiment's special commission recommended him treatment at Mineralnye Vody in the 1537:(initially banned, then published in 1837 due to Vasily Zhukovsky's efforts), was unique for its unexpected authenticity. Lermontov, who haven't got a single academic source to rely upon, "entered the realm of folklore as a real master and totally merged with its spirit," according to Belinsky. Lermontov's 1374:' which he's been apparently craving for. "I happened to hear several of Lermontov's victims complaining about his treacherous ways and couldn't restrict myself from openly laughing at the comic finales he used to invent for his vile Casanova feats," obviously sympathetic Yevdokiya Rostopchina recalled. 1407:

Inspired by Lord Byron, Lermontov started to write poetry at the age of 13. His late 1820s poems like "The Corsair", "Oleg", "Two Brothers", as well as "Napoleon" (1830), borrowed somewhat from Pushkin, but invariably featured a Byronic hero, an outcast and an avenger, standing firm and aloof against

1387:, Princess Mary and Vera. In his 1982 biography John Garrard wrote: "The symbolic relationship between love and suffering is of course a favorite Romantic paradox, but for Lermontov it was much more than a literary device. He was unlucky in love and believed he always would be: fate had ordained it." 1329:

Lermontov fell in love for the first time in 1825, while at the Caucasus, a girl of nine being the object of his desires. Five years later he wrote about it with great seriousness, seeing this early awakening of romantic feelings as a sign of his own exclusiveness. "So early in life, at ten! Oh, this

1325:

Mikhail Lermontov was a romantic who seemed to be continuously struggling with strong passions. Not much is known about his private life, though in verses dedicated to loved ones his emotional strife seems to have been exaggerated, while rumours concerning his real life adventures were unreliable and

1265:

region. What he did instead was embark upon the several weeks' spree. "In the mornings he was writing, but the more he worked, the more need he felt to unwind in the evenings," Skabichevsky wrote. "I feel I'm left with very little of my life," the poet confessed to his friend A. Merinsky on 8 July, a

1236:

It soon became clear that for an early retirement there was no hope. Besides, despite General Grabbe's insistence, Lermontov's name had been dropped from the list of officers eligible for awards. In February 1841 an incident at a ball launched by Countess Alexandra Vorontsova-Dashkova (when Lermontov

866:

In the Caucasus Lermontov found himself quite at home. The stern and gritty virtues of the mountain tribesmen against whom he had to fight, no less than the scenery of the rocks and of the mountains themselves, were close to his heart. The place of his exile was also the land he had loved as a child.

702:

The sort of glittering army career which tempted young noblemen of the time proved a challenge for Lermontov. Books there were a rarity and reading was frowned upon. Lermontov had to indulge mostly in physical competitions, one of which resulted in a horse-riding accident which left him with a broken

1668:

Lermontov had a peculiar method of circulating ideas, images and even passages, trying them again and again through the years in different settings until each would find itself a proper place – as if he could "see" in his imagination his future works but was "receiving" them in small fragments. Even

1451:

The Cadet School seemed to have stymied in Lermontov all interests except one, for wanton debauchery. His pornographic (and occasionally sadistic) Cavalry Junkers' poems which circulated in manuscripts, marred his subsequent reputation so much so that admission of familiarity with Lermontov's poetry

1377:

By 1840 Lermontov had sickened of his own reputation of a womanizer and a cruel heartbreaker, hunting for victims at balls and parties and leaving them behind devastated. Some of the stories were myth, like the one concerning the French author Adèle Hommaire de Hell; well-publicised at the time (and

993:

made possible the publication of "Pesn Kuptsa Kalashnikova" (The Song of Merchant Kalashnikov), a historical poem which the author initially sent to Krayevsky in 1837 from the Caucasus, only to be thwarted by censors. His observations of the aristocratic milieu, where fashionable ladies welcomed him

429:

where his five sisters resided. Yelizaveta Arsenyeva launched a formidable battle for her beloved grandson, promising to disinherit him if his father took the boy away. Eventually the two sides agreed that the boy should stay with his grandmother until the age of 16. Father and son separated and, at

1561:

glorification of living nature (e.g., "Alone I set out on the road ...") Some saw Lermontov's early verse as puerile, since, despite his dexterous command of the language, it usually appeals more to adolescents than to adults. Later poems, like "The Poet" (1838), "Don't Believe Yourself" (1839) and

1439:

Even as a Moscow University's boarding school student Lermontov was a socially aware young man. His "The Turk's Lament" (1829) expressed strong anti-establishment feelings ("This place, where a man suffers from slavery and chains; my friend, this is my fatherland"), the "July 15, 1830" poem greeted

1435:

Two branches of Lermontov's early 1830s poetry – one dealing with the Russian Middle Age history, another with the Caucasus – couldn't differ more. The former were stern and stark, featured a dark, reserved hero ("The Last Son of Freedom"), its straightforward storyline developing fast. The latter,

1415:

In 1831, Lermontov's poetry ("The Reed", "Mermaid", "The Wish") started to get less confessional, more ballad-like. The young author, having found taste for plots and structures, was trying consciously to rein in his emotional urge and master the art of storytelling. Critic and literature historian

1403:

In his lifetime, Mikhail Lermontov published only one slender collection of poems (1840). Three volumes, much mutilated by censorship, were published a year after his death in 1841. Yet his legacy – more than 30 large poems, and 600 minor ones, a novel and 5 dramas – was immense for an author whose

1369:

In December 1834, Lermontov met his old sweetheart Yekaterina Sushkova at a ball in Saint Petersburg and decided to have a revenge: first he seduced, then, after a while dropped her, making the story public. Relating the incident in a letter to cousin Sasha Vereshchagina, he blatantly boasted about

1075:

Shallow pleasures offered by Saint Petersburg's high society had started to wear Lermontov down, his bad temper growing even worse. "What an extravagant man he is. Looks like he's heading for the imminent catastrophe. Insolent to a fault. Dying of boredom, getting vexed by his own frivolousness but

1166:

Among officers Lermontov had his admirers and detractors. Generals Pavel Grabbe and Apollon Galafeyev both praised the young man for his reckless bravery. According to Baron Rossilyon, though, "Lermontov was an unpleasant and scornful man, always eager to seem special. He boasted his bravery – the

648:

Attending lectures faithfully, Lermontov would often read a book in the corner of the auditorium, and never took part in student life, making exceptions only for incidents involving grand-scale trouble-making. He took an active part in the notorious 1831 Malov scandal (when a jeering mob drove the

497:

Looking for a better climate and treatment at the mineral springs for the boy, Arsenyeva twice, in 1819 and 1820, took him to the Caucasus where they stayed at her sister E. A. Khasatova's. In summer 1825, as the nine-year-old's health started to deteriorate, the extended family traveled south for

1411:

In the early 1830s Lermontov's poetry grew more introspective and intimate, even diary-like, with dates often serving for titles. But even his love lyric, addressed to Yekaterina Sushkova or Natalya Ivanova, could not be relied upon as autobiographical; driven by fantasies, it dealt with passions

1365:

Having graduated the Saint Petersburg cadet school, Lermontov embarked upon the easy-going lifestyle of a reckless young hussar, as he imagined it should be. "Mikhail, having found himself the very soul of the high society, liked to entertain himself by driving young women mad, feigning love for

687:, the one whose fatal shot would kill the poet several years later, in his biographical "Notes" decades later described him as "the young man who was so far ahead of everybody else, as to be beyond comparison," a "real grown-up who'd read and thought and understood a lot about the human nature." 409:

The marriage proved ill-suited and the couple soon grew apart. "There is no strong evidence as to what precipitated the quarrels they'd had. There are reasons to believe Yuri had grown tired of his wife's nervousness and frail health, and his mother-in-law's despotic ways," according to literary

1523:

Lermontov's fascination with Byron has never waned. "Having made the English pessimism a brand of his own, he's imparted it a strong national favour to produce the very special Russian spleen, which has been there always in the Russian soul... Devoid of cold skepticism or icy irony, Lermontov's

1354:

In 1830, Lermontov met Natalya Ivanova (1813–1875), daughter of a Moscow playwright Fyodor Ivanov and had an affair with her, but little is known about it or why it ended. Judging by thirty or so poems addressed to "N.F.I", she chose a man who was older and richer, much to the distress of young

1294:

In January 1842, the Tsar issued an order allowing the coffin to be transported to Tarkhany, where Lermontov was laid to rest at the family cemetery. Upon receiving the news his grandmother Elizaveta Arsenyeva suffered a minor stroke. She died in 1845. Many of Lermontov's verses were discovered

798:

The death of Pushkin, who, as it was generally suspected, had fallen victim to an intrigue, ignited Russian high society. Lermontov, who himself never belonged to the Pushkin circle (there is conflicting evidence as to whether he'd met the famous poet at all), became especially vexed with Saint

1338:

At Sashenka 's I often met her cousin, a clumsy bow-legged boy of 16 or 17, with reddened eyes, which were clever and expressive nevertheless, who had a turned-up nose and caustic sneer... Everybody was calling him just Michel and so did I, never caring about his second name. Assigned to be my

509:

Fearing that Lermontov's father would eventually claim his right to bring up his son, Arsenyeva strictly limited contact between the two, causing young Lermontov much pain and remorse. Despite all the pampering lavished upon him, and torn by the family feud, he grew up lonely and withdrawn. In

1681:(1840), a set of five loosely linked stories unfolding the drama of the two conflicting characters, Pechorin and Grushnitsky, who move side by side towards a tragic finale as if driven by destiny itself, proved to be Lermontov's magnum opus. Vissarion Belinsky praised it as a masterpiece, but 1162:

and went into action. Lermontov (according to the official report) "has been charged with the commandment of a Cossack troopers' unit whose duty it was to head into the enemy first". He became immensely popular with his men, whom regular army officers referred to as "the international gang of

954:

Lermontov often visited us and talked of all sort of things, personal, social and political. I have to say, we hardly understood each other... We were unpleasantly surprised by the chaotic nature of his views, which were rather vague. He appeared to be a low-brow realist, unwilling to let his

1432:-led peasant uprising, was stylistically flawed and short on ideas. Yet, free of Romantic pathos and featuring well-crafted characters as well as scenes from peasant life, it marked an important turn for the author now evidently intrigued more by history and folklore than by his own dreams. 1226:

had been published, Lermontov, according to Skabichevsky, started to treat his poetic mission seriously. Looking for an early retirement that would have enabled him to start a literary career, he was making plans for his own literary journal which wouldn't follow European trends, unlike (in

1290:

mountain. Lermontov allegedly made it known that he was going to shoot into the air. Martynov was the first to shoot and he aimed straight into the heart, killing his opponent on the spot. On 30 July Lermontov was buried, without military honours, thousands of people attended the ceremony.

521:

Returning from his third trip to the Caucasus in August 1825, Lermontov began his regular studies with tutors in French and Greek, starting to read German, French and English authors' original texts. In summer 1827 the 12-year-old for the first time travelled to his father's estate in

706:

Concealing his literary aspirations from friends (relatives Alexey Stolypin and Nikolai Yuriev among them), Lermontov became an expert in producing scabrous verses (like "Holiday in Petergof", "Ulansha", and "The Hospital") which were published in a school's amateur magazine

498:

the third time. The Caucasus greatly impressed the boy, inspiring a passion for its mountains and stirring beauty. "Caucasian mountains for me are sacred", he wrote later. It was there that Lermontov experienced his first romantic passion, falling for a nine-year-old girl.

1519:

featured another hero whose want was to 'throw a gauntlet' to the unsympathetic society and then get tired of his own conflicting nature, but was interesting mostly for its realistic sketches of the high society life, which Lermontov was getting more and more critical of.

293:

in 1817. A family dispute ensued over Lermontov's custody, resulting in his grandmother, Elizaveta Arsenyeva, raising him. She provided excellent home education, nurturing his talents in languages, music, and painting. However, his health was fragile, and he suffered from

309:

boarding school. He excelled academically, influenced by his tutors Alexey Merzlyakov and Semyon Rayich, and started to write poetry. By 1829, Lermontov had written notable poems. His literary career began to take shape, with his early works reflecting the influences of

1054:

like the one in which he would eventually lose his life, consisted of five closely linked tales revolving around a single character, a disenchanted, bored and doomed young nobleman. Later it came to be considered a pioneering classic of Russian psychological realism.

820:

The poem propelled Lermontov to an unprecedented level of fame. Zhukovsky hailed the "new powerful talent"; popular opinion greeted him as "Pushkin's heir". D'Anthes, still under arrest, felt so piqued he was now himself prepared to challenge the upstart to a duel.

334:," written after the death of Alexander Pushkin, gained Lermontov significant fame, but led to his first exile to the Caucasus due to its controversial content. During his exile, Lermontov continued to write, producing some of his most famous works, including " 875:, especially, people are very honest... The mountain air acts like balsam for me, all spleen has gone to hell, the heart starts beating, the chest heaves," Lermontov wrote to Rayevsky. By the end of the year he had travelled all along the Caucasian line, from 1233:. "I've learnt a lot from Easterners and I am eager to delve deeper into the depth of an Eastern mindset, which remains a mystery not only to us, but to an Easterner himself. The East is a bottomless well of revelations," Lermontov was telling Krayevsky. 1543:"went the whole round: from the original folklore source to literature, and from literature to living folklore. ... For one and a half centuries people have performed these literary lullabies in real lulling situations ," according to Valentin Golovin. 806:

Outraged and agitated, the young man found himself on the verge of nervous breakdown. Arsenyeva sent for Arendt, and the famous doctor who had spent with Pushkin his last hours related to Lermontov the exact circumstances of what had happened. The poem

338:." His experiences in the Caucasus provided rich material for his poetry and prose. Despite returning to St. Petersburg briefly, his rebellious nature and another duel led to his second exile. In 1841, Lermontov was killed in a duel with fellow officer 1420:

regards "The Angel" (1831) as the first of Lermontov's truly great poems, calling it "arguably the finest Romantic verse ever written in Russian." At least two other poems of that period – "The Sail" and "The Hussar" – were later rated among his best.

1119:, "Tuchi nebesnye, vechnye stranniki" (Heavenly clouds, eternal travelers...). It made its way as a final entry into Lermontov's first book of verse, published by Ilya Glazunov & Co in October 1840, and became one of his best-loved short poems. 894:. His voyage back was a prolonged one, he made a point of staying wherever he was welcome. In Shelkozavodskaya Lermontov met A. A. Khastatov (his grandmother's sister's son), a man famous for his bravery, whose stories were later incorporated into 666:

in Moscow. In his second year Lermontov started to have serious altercations with several of his professors. Thinking little of his chances of passing the exams, he opted to leave, and on 18 June 1832, received the two-year-graduate certificate.

1524:

poetry is full instead of typically Russian contempt for life and material values. This mix of deep melancholy on the one hand and wild urge for freedom on the other, could be found only in Russian folk songs," biographer Skabichevsky wrote.

1333:

At sixteen Lermontov fell in love with Yekaterina Sushkova (1812–1868), a friend of his cousin Sasha Vereshchagina, whom he often visited in Srednikovo village. Yekaterina failed to take her suitor seriously and in her "Notes" described him

1095:

and of Countess Emilie Musin-Pushkina caused a lot of ill feeling among men vying for attention of these two most popular Petersburg society girls of the time. In early 1840 Lermontov insulted one of these men, Ernest de Barante, the son of

510:

another early autobiographical piece, "Povest" (The Tale), Lermontov described himself (under the guise of Sasha Arbenin) as an impressionable boy, passionately in love with all things heroic, but otherwise emotionally cold and occasionally

501: 1285:

not unlike Lermontov's Grushnitsky character. Lermontov teased Martynov mercilessly until the latter couldn't stand it anymore. On 25 July 1841, Martynov challenged his offender to a duel. The fight took place two days later at the foot of

841:

regiment to the Caucasus. During the investigation, in an act he considered cowardice, Lermontov faulted his friend, Svyatoslav Rayevsky, and as a result the latter suffered a more severe punishment than Lermontov did: was deported to the

732:

remembered. "Extraordinary, how much youthful energy and precious time had Lermontov managed to spare upon wanton orgies and base love-making, without seriously damaging his physical and moral strength", biographer Skabichevsky marvelled.

1660: 302:. His grandmother's strict control caused him emotional turmoil, leading to his development as a lonely and introspective individual. Lermontov's early life experiences and education laid the foundation for his literary achievements. 711:(School-Years' Dawn) under monikers "Count Diarbekir" and "Stepanov". These pieces earned him much notoriety and, with a hindsight, caused harm, for when in July 1835 for the first time ever his poem "Khadji-Abrek" was published (in 1531:(1836), featuring a pair of conflicting heroes, driven one by blind passions, another by obligations and laws of honour, married the Byronic tradition with the elements of historical drama and folk epos. An ambitious folk epic, 401: 329:

and enrolled in the School of Cavalry Junkers and Ensign of the Guard, eventually joining the Life-Guard Hussar regiment. His literary career flourished, but his sharp wit and satirical works earned him many enemies. The poem

439: 970: 289:. Lermontov's father, Yuri Petrovich, was a military officer who married Maria Mikhaylovna Arsenyeva, a young heiress from an aristocratic family. Their marriage was unhappy, Maria's health deteriorated, and she died of 1362:" (also sixteen at the time). The passion was said to be reciprocal but, pressed by her family, Varvara went on to marry Nikolai Bakhmetyev a wealthy 37-year-old aristocrat. Lermontov was "astounded and heartbroken". 1652:

battle scenes) that are seen by critics as the two peaks of Lermontov's realism. This newly found clarity of vision allowed him to handle a Romantic theme with Pushkin's laconic precision most impressively in

829:, who, as it turned out, had already received a copy of the poem (subtitled "The Call for the Revolution", from an anonymous sender). The authorities arrested Lermontov, on 21 January he found himself in the 988:

published humorous lyrical verses and two longer poems, "Borodino" and "Tambovskaya Kaznatcheysha" (A Treasurer Dame from Tambov), the latter severely cut by censors. Vasily Zhukovsky's letter to Minister

1030:

to join his new regiment. In less than two months time, though, Arsenyeva ensured his transfer to the Petersburg-based Hussars Guard regiment. At this point, in Petersburg, Lermontov started working on

949:

The young officer's demeanor did not enchant everybody, though, and at least two of the Decembrists, Nikolai Lorer and Mikhail Nazimov, later spoke of him quite dismissively. Nazimov wrote years later:

825:, a distant relative of Arsenyeva's and the founding head of the Tsar's Gendarmes and of his secret police, was willing to help her grandson out but still had no choice but to report the incident to 2533:

Friedlender, G.M., Lyubovich, N.A. Commentaries to Menschen und Liedenschaften (1930). Works by M.Y. Lermontov in 4 volumes. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura Publishers. Moscow, 1959. Vol. III. p. 489

1381:

Lermontov's love for Lopukhina (Bakhmetyeva) proved to be the only deep and lasting feeling of his life. His unfinished drama Princess Ligovskaya was inspired by it, as well as two characters in

1448:. But Lermontov, a fiery tribune, has never become a political poet. Full of inner turmoil and anger, his protagonists were riotous but never rational or promoting any particular ideology. 1343:

Several 1830–31 poems by Lermontov were dedicated to Sushkova, among them "Nishchy" (The Beggar Man) and "Blagodaryu!, Zovi nadezhdu snovidenyem" (Thank you! To call the hope a dream...).

1167:

one thing one was not supposed to be that proud of in the Caucasus, where bravery was business as usual. He led the gang of dirty thugs who, without ever using firearms, charged Chechen

1463:(a "darling son of Don Juan", according to Mirsky), a sparkling concoction of Romanticism, realism and what might be termed a cadet-style verse. The latter remained unfinished, as did 430:

the age of three, Lermontov began a spoilt and luxurious life with his doting grandmother and numerous relatives. This bitter family feud formed a plot of Lermontov's early drama

2709: 736:

By now Lermontov had learnt to lead a double life. Still keeping his passions secret, he took a keen interest in Russian history and medieval epics, which would be reflected in

382:

service who settled in Russia in the middle of the 17th century. He had been captured by the Russian troops in Poland in the early 17th century, during the reign (1613–1645) of

2586: 2566: 2546: 2508: 1708: 550:, alongside Zinoviev, who taught Russian and Latin. Under their influence the boy started to read a lot, making the best of his vast home library, which included books by 470:

army prisoner-of-war who settled in Russia after 1812, was the boy's first, and best-loved governor. A German pedagogue, Levy, who succeeded Capet, introduced Mikhail to

6211: 2949: 2923: 2910: 2894: 2878: 2865: 2832: 2816: 2800: 2782: 2694: 2621: 2603: 2428: 625:'s philological faculty. "Petty arrogance" (as Skabichevsky puts it) prevented him from joining any of the three radical students' circles (those led respectively by 5828: 6231: 1108:, an avid admirer of Lermontov's poetry who, like many, continued to have problems with making sense of his dual personality and incongruous, difficult character. 6181: 590:, the head of the school's literature class, to divert him from that particular influence. The short poem "Vesna" (The Spring), published in 1830 by the amateur 482:

family. Later Alexander Zinoviev, a teacher of Russian literature, arrived. The intellectual atmosphere in which Lermontov grew up resembled that experienced by

1312: 609:

poem, performed a violin étude and won the first prize for his literary essay. In April 1830 the University's boarding school was transformed into an ordinary

1100:, in the presence of Shcherbatova. De Barante issued a challenge. The duel took place almost at the exact spot where Pushkin had received his fatal wound by 3008:

The Works of M.Y. Lermontov in 4 Volumes. Commentaries by E.E. Naidich, A.N. Mikhaylova, L.N. Nazarova. Commentaries to Lermontov's poems. Vol. II, p. 491

1763:

Lermontov has been depicted in numerous movies and TV series. In 2012 Azerbaijani movie "Ambassador of Morning", telling the story of another great poet,

1067:

Countess Emilie Musin-Pushkina confessed to a friend she fell in love with Lermontov. As a married woman, she never compromised herself with an adultery.

478:. He didn't stay for long and soon another Frenchman, Gendrot, replaced him, soon joined by Mr. Windson, a respectable English teacher recommended by the 4147: 1097: 1186:

In July 1840 the Russian army got involved in a fierce battle at the Gekha forest. There Lermontov distinguished himself in hand-to-hand combat at the

4137: 1269:

In Pyatigorsk Lermontov enjoyed himself, feeding on his notoriety of a social misfit, his fame as a poet second only to Pushkin and his success with

57: 3411: 1495:

Arrested, jailed and sent to the Caucasus in 1837, Lermontov dropped "Princess Ligovskaya" and never got back to it. Much more important to him was

1768: 3436: 1008:(1836), which remained unfinished. In those days Lermontov also took part in gathering and sorting out Pushkin's documents and unpublished poems. 2267: 1081: 3096: 6191: 542:

After having received a year of private tutoring, in February 1829 the fourteen-year old Lermontov took exams and joined the 5th form of the

3160: 1499:; written in 1835, it got re-worked several times – the author tried desperately to publish it. Close to French melodrama and influenced by 3535: 3260: 800: 6196: 4491: 2706: 774:, then the editor of Russky Invalid's literary supplement, in a couple of years' time to become the editor of the influential journal 597:

Along with his poetic skills, Lermontov developed an inclination towards poisonous wit and cruel, sardonic humor. His ability to draw

6201: 3474: 2583: 2563: 2543: 2512: 4662: 6216: 2657: 886:

Lermontov's first Caucasian exile was short: due to the intercession of General Benckendorff. The poet was transferred to the

6087: 3740: 3235: 3044: 586:. Lord Byron remained the major source of inspiration for Lermontov, despite the attempts of his literary tutors, including 6206: 5758: 3776: 3652: 3097:"Russian Poet Is Celebrated in Scotland, a Land He Never Saw A Russian Poet is Celebrated in Scotland, a Land He Never Saw" 1957: 1696:

seems to have never lost its relevance: the title itself became a token phrase explaining dilemmas haunting this country's

1533: 738: 662:

In Lermontov's first year as a student no exams were held: the University closed for several months due to the outbreak of

491: 1436:

rich with ethnographical side issues and lavish in colourful imagery, boasted flamboyant characters ("Ismail-Bey", 1832).

4180: 3484: 1605:

Another 1839 poem investigating the deeper reasons for the author's metaphysical discontent with society and himself was

4585: 5600: 3207: 724:

Upon his graduation in November 1834, Lermontov joined the Life-Guard Hussar regiment stationed near St. Petersburg in

379: 1640:(1837), a 25th Anniversary hymn to the victorious Russian spirit, related in simple language a tired war veteran, and 3969: 3811: 3027: 2853: 2759: 1669:"In Memory of A.I. Odoyevsky" (1839) the central episode is, in effect, the slightly re-worked passage borrowed from 1614:

By the late 1830s Lermontov became so disgusted with his own early infatuation with Romanticism as to ridicule it in

1101: 605:. In the boarding school Lermontov proved an exceptional student. He excelled at the 1828 examinations; he recited a 4565: 1598:'s lush opera (also banned by censors who deemed it sacrilegious) had to admit the poem had magic enough to inspire 1412:

greatly hypertrophied, protagonists posing high and mighty in the center of the Universe, misunderstood or ignored.

982:, Odoyevsky and Rostoptchina, Lermontov entered the most prolific phase of his short literary career. In 1837–1838 4560: 3857: 3197: 922:

became friends with Dr. Mayer who served as a prototype for Doctor Werner (a man Pechorin meets in "town S."). In

6102: 4266: 3528: 3245: 2935:

Works by M.Y. Lermontov in 4 volumes. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura Publishers. Moscow, 1959. Vol. IV, pp. 390–391

2497:

Works by M.Y. Lermontov in 4 volumes. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura Publishers. Moscow, 1959. Vol. IV. pp. 557–588

4621: 4271: 4045: 425:

Nine days after Maria's death a final row broke out in Tarkhany and Yuri rushed away to his Kropotovo estate in

4361: 3791: 3768: 3667: 3420: 2013: 1607: 760: 5625: 6126: 6110: 6027: 5545: 4657: 4611: 867:

Attracted to the nature of the Caucasus and excited by its folklore, he studied the local languages (such as

262:

writer, poet and painter, sometimes called "the poet of the Caucasus", the most important Russian poet after

255: 251: 94: 74: 675:

In mid-1832, Lermontov accompanied by grandmother, traveled to Saint Petersburg, with a view of joining the

274:

is felt in modern times, through his poetry, but also his prose, which founded the tradition of the Russian

6236: 6186: 5650: 5020: 3801: 3250: 1112: 355: 133: 4097: 5898: 5713: 5555: 3867: 3816: 3587: 3408: 1832: 1187: 1179: 676: 432: 5833: 4162: 6226: 6166: 5535: 4764: 4276: 3521: 3433: 3402: 3125:"Лермонтов, Михаил Юрьевич, музыкальный театр, образ лермонтова, в игровом кино, документальные фильмы" 1981: 1616: 1588:, for instance, dedicated his 1917 poetic collection of signal importance to the memory of Lermontov's 822: 471: 31: 5843: 4509: 4286: 3460: 2996: 1771:. In 2014, in memory of his 200th birthday, a biography documentary about him was released in Russia. 6082: 5482: 5433: 3733: 3691: 3324: 2095: 1459:

This lean period bore a few fruits: "Khadji-Abrek" (1835), his first ever published poem, and 1836's

695: 17: 5763: 4920: 4642: 1557:

Otherwise, Lermontov's short poems range from indignantly patriotic pieces like "Fatherland" to the

1358:

While in the University 16-year-old Lermontov passionately fell in love with another cousin of his,

1104:. Lermontov found himself slightly injured, then arrested and jailed. His visitors in jail included 871:), wrote some of his most splendid poems and painted extensively. "Good people are here aplenty. In 5981: 5803: 5693: 5683: 5620: 5386: 5071: 4132: 3862: 3699: 3276: 2241: 2143: 1262: 713: 371: 5560: 4850: 6221: 5753: 5610: 5515: 5371: 4800: 4416: 3806: 3334: 3071: 2221: 1317: 830: 680: 306: 4626: 4326: 3428: 6092: 6047: 6042: 5738: 5630: 5530: 5041: 4815: 4754: 4371: 4142: 2128:

How Often, Surrounded by a Motley Crowd... (Kak tchasto, okruzhonny pyostroyu tolpoyu..., 1840)

1488: 1245: 1229: 1046: 931: 834: 776: 411: 5417: 5290: 5076: 5000: 4885: 4311: 3124: 1366:

several days, just in order to upset matches," his friend and flatmate Alexey Stolypin wrote.

1037:, a novel which later earned him recognition as one of the founding fathers of Russian prose. 6097: 6062: 6052: 5986: 5813: 5788: 5748: 5698: 5595: 5448: 5295: 5107: 4964: 4905: 4739: 4734: 4688: 4616: 4555: 4441: 4200: 3847: 3796: 3773: 3508: 3286: 2749: 1631: 1512: 729: 567: 487: 4652: 4127: 4112: 1477:

and featured characters and dilemmas not far removed from those that would form the base of

6176: 6171: 6145: 5718: 5280: 5167: 5092: 4805: 4769: 4471: 4451: 4205: 3892: 3832: 3726: 1904: 1764: 1721: 826: 466:) and was kept under close surveillance of a French doctor, Anselm Levis. Colonel Capet, a 103: 38: 5818: 5635: 4870: 4647: 4504: 4225: 4190: 2405:. Russian Authors. Biobibliographical Dictionary. Vol 1. Prosveshchenye Publishers, Moscow 1925:("Ulansha", "The Hospital", "Celebration in Petergof", 1832–1834, first published in 1936) 8: 6077: 5936: 5640: 5525: 5366: 4749: 4744: 4580: 4321: 4256: 3872: 3660: 3560: 3494: 3369: 2299:

Babulin, I.B. The New Lines Regiments in the Smolensk War, 1632–1634 Reitar, No. 22, 2005

2226: 1997: 1792: 1654: 1465: 1063: 915: 843: 486:, though the domination of French had begun to give way to a preference for English, and 275: 5728: 5244: 5061: 4601: 4539: 4386: 4215: 3199:

Becoming Mikhail Lermontov: The Ironies of Romantic Individualism in Nicholas I's Russia

1901:

Angel of Death (Angel smerti, 1831; published in 1857 – in Germany; in 1860 – in Russia)

1346: 6133: 5853: 5615: 5605: 5490: 5381: 5275: 5117: 5066: 4979: 4875: 4845: 4835: 4683: 4481: 4170: 4062: 4003: 3781: 3568: 2231: 2209: 2202: 1807: 1677: 1581: 1484: 1383: 1359: 1308: 1105: 1092: 1077: 1033: 979: 927: 630: 626: 610: 475: 335: 271: 166: 5015: 4895: 4092: 2658:"Biography. The Works by M.Y. Lermontov in 10 volumes. Moscow, Voskresenye Publishers" 1756:, the place being selected due to a suggested association of Lermontov's descent with 6067: 6037: 6001: 5946: 5868: 5798: 5723: 5660: 5565: 5550: 5520: 5361: 5336: 5310: 5249: 5239: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 4790: 4759: 4703: 4514: 4499: 4421: 4306: 4251: 4175: 4087: 4040: 3943: 3933: 3897: 3763: 3675: 3645: 3603: 3295: 3231: 3203: 3142: 3023: 2849: 2755: 2193: 2101:

When Yellowish Fields Get Ruffled... (Kogda volnuyetsa zhelteyushchaya niva..., 1837)

2083: 1973: 1848: 1757: 1717: 1547: 1453: 1445: 1429: 1200: 1135: 1126:

only on 10 June, having spent a whole month in Moscow, visiting (among other people)

1085: 1001: 996: 935: 809: 766: 752:. During what he later referred to as "four wasted years" he finished "Demon", wrote 634: 622: 555: 551: 547: 543: 483: 390: 386:. Family legend asserted that George Learmonth descended from the famed 13th-century 383: 331: 311: 263: 5407: 5402: 5285: 4122: 4072: 1760:. Until only a few years earlier, the connection had been little-known in Scotland. 1424:

In 1832, Lermontov tried his hand at prose for the first time. The unfinished novel

1378:

related at some length by Skabichevsky) it was proved later to have never happened.

1076:

having no will to break free from these surroundings. A strange kind of man," wrote

974:

The little house in Pyatigorsk where Lermontov spent the two last months of his life

5673: 5570: 5495: 5412: 5376: 5254: 5229: 5224: 4925: 4915: 4910: 4900: 4890: 4865: 4795: 4718: 4693: 4261: 4210: 4107: 3948: 3938: 3921: 3882: 3877: 3852: 3304: 2494: 2402: 2321: 2262: 2235: 2214: 1752:

On 3 October 2014, a monument to Lermontov was unveiled in the Scottish village of

1682: 1595: 1551: 1274: 1041: 903: 771: 684: 606: 579: 563: 523: 415: 375: 339: 326: 243: 195: 155: 5848: 5838: 5056: 4830: 4667: 4331: 4009: 3281: 3249: 3048: 6072: 6057: 6032: 5956: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5793: 5778: 5733: 5668: 5540: 5510: 5356: 5351: 5234: 5157: 5147: 5097: 5005: 4880: 4774: 4713: 4708: 4575: 4519: 4436: 4426: 4246: 4230: 4185: 4152: 4025: 3975: 3913: 3902: 3638: 3464: 3440: 3415: 2713: 2590: 2570: 2550: 1989: 1965: 1636: 1585: 1539: 1527:

In 1836–1838, Lermontov's interest in history and folklore re-awakened. Eclectic

1504: 1441: 1211: 964: 891: 880: 744: 546:'s boarding-school for the nobility's children. Here his personal tutor was poet 387: 5453: 4391: 3786: 3174: 721:

and he furthered it to print), many refused to take the young author seriously.

342:. His death marked the loss of one of Russia's most promising literary talents. 5996: 5966: 5931: 5921: 5903: 5808: 5768: 5703: 5575: 5505: 5346: 5331: 5259: 5203: 5193: 5162: 5142: 5051: 4974: 4954: 4939: 4860: 4820: 4524: 4476: 4406: 4301: 4281: 4220: 4117: 3981: 3907: 3706: 3329: 3101: 2021: 1731: 1697: 1642: 1626: 1599: 1569: 1192: 1143: 907: 868: 725: 718: 463: 107: 83: 6011: 5580: 4606: 4570: 4381: 3499: 3409:

Various Lermontov poems in Russian with English translations, some audio files

3396: 3291: 1253:

After visiting Moscow (where he produced no fewer than eight poetic pieces of

683:

Hussar regiment as a junior officer. One of his fellow cadet-school students,

436:(1830), its protagonist Yuri bearing strong resemblance to the young Mikhail. 180: 6160: 6006: 5971: 5961: 5941: 5873: 5823: 5688: 5678: 5463: 5438: 5326: 5300: 5188: 4969: 4840: 4446: 4376: 4351: 4341: 4296: 3996: 3630: 3622: 3595: 3513: 3434:

Russian text of «Смерть поэта» ("Death of the Poet") with English translation

3384: 3264:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 484–485. 3255: 3161:"«Ещe минута, и я упал...» Документальный фильм к 200-летию М. Ю. Лермонтова" 2198: 2184: 2170: 1949: 1941: 1892:

The Last Son of Freedom (Posledny syn volnosti, 1831–1832, published in 1910)

1840: 1648: 1282: 1139: 1127: 1069:

Countess Emilie, whiter than lily...But the heart of Emilie is like Bastille,

990: 960: 754: 690: 655: 587: 559: 534: 479: 5198: 2056:

The Terrible Fate of Father and Son... (Uzhasnaya sudba otsa i syna... 1831)

1580:

Both his patriotic and pantheistic poems had an enormous influence on later

511: 5976: 5951: 5926: 5893: 5863: 5783: 5743: 5645: 5590: 5500: 5468: 5458: 5443: 5183: 5046: 5036: 5010: 4855: 4810: 4534: 4466: 4456: 4396: 4346: 4291: 4102: 4020: 3991: 3842: 3683: 3445: 2005: 1738: 1728: 1590: 1395: 419: 367: 290: 5341: 3489: 1554:'s "The Citizen" (1824), damning the lost generation of "servile slaves". 1199:

In early 1841 Arsenyeva received permission from the Minister of Defense,

1150:

and of protecting the newly formed Russian Cossack settlement between the

1018: 5991: 5858: 5708: 5305: 5208: 5152: 4959: 4825: 4529: 4461: 4195: 4056: 4015: 3964: 3837: 3749: 3503: 2116: 1800: 1508: 1500: 1417: 1278: 1151: 1147: 984: 911: 876: 790: 583: 575: 571: 426: 267: 259: 151: 3421:

Various Lermontov poems, many in Russian, some English translations, at

1646:(defined by Mirsky as a missing link between the "Copper Rider" and the 1444:, while "The Last Son of Freedom" was a paean to (obviously, idealized) 62:

Lermontov in a military pelisse of the Hussar Life Guards Regiment, 1837

5112: 4431: 4411: 4401: 4050: 3887: 3479: 3364: 3359: 3344: 2077:

Forgive Me, Will We Meet Again?.. (Prosti, uvidimsya li snova..., 1832)

1469:(1836), a society tale which was influenced at least to some extent by 1174: 1171:, led partisan wars and were calling themselves 'the Lermontov army'." 1155: 918:(with whom, judging by "In Memoriam", 1839, he became quite close); in 899: 598: 315: 305:

In 1827, Lermontov moved to Moscow with his grandmother and joined the

99: 3379: 3374: 3349: 3339: 1796:(Knyaginya Ligovskaya, 1836, unfinished novel first published in 1882) 1206: 854: 601:

was matched only by his ability to pin someone down with a well aimed

526:. In autumn of that year he and Yelizaveta Arsenyeva moved to Moscow. 5773: 5102: 4984: 4316: 4035: 1558: 1303: 1258: 1254: 1123: 919: 814: 322:

for his health, which greatly impressed him and influenced his work.

5913: 3469: 3313: 3309: 2152:

Alone I set out on the road... (Vykhozu odin ya na dorogu..., 1841)

1753: 1746: 1686: 1371: 1159: 1027: 838: 770:, his best-known drama. Through Rayevsky he became acquainted with 467: 455: 363: 359: 319: 295: 286: 3354: 2178: 1122:

In early May 1840 Lermontov left Saint Petersburg, but arrived at

5585: 4336: 3927: 902:

he had talks with poet and translator Nikolai Satin (a member of

859: 663: 602: 459: 299: 1889:

Kally ("The Bloody One", in Circassian, 1830, published in 1860)

1864:(1836, the alternative version of Masquerade, published in 1875) 941: 717:, without its author's consent: Nikolai Yuriev took the copy to 613:

and Lermontov, like many of his fellow-students, promptly quit.

4030: 1565: 1287: 923: 887: 872: 749: 351: 318:. Lermontov's early education included extensive travel to the 282: 79: 3718: 1004:(b. Varvara Alexandrovna Lopukhina) was recorded in the novel 204: 3490:

Photographs of State Lermontov Museum and Reserve at Tarkhany

1470: 644:

Lermontov's handwritten request to Moscow University to leave

448: 370:). His paternal family descended from the Scottish family of 219: 2970: 1803:" (the Azerbaijani fairytale, 1837, first published in 1846) 1257:

aimed at Benckendorff), on 9 May 1841, Lermontov arrived to

3986: 3457: 1051: 959:

Lermontov's journey to Nizhny took four months. He visited

803:, a culprit whom he even considered challenging to a duel. 515: 447:

In June 1817, Yelizaveta Alekseyevna moved her grandson to

210: 37:

For the ocean liner which sank in New Zealand in 1986, see

3446:

Russian text of "Cossack Lullaby" with English translation

2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 231: 1168: 3022:(5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 181. 2672: 1273:. Meanwhile, in the same salons his Cadet school friend 3429:

Russian text of various poems with English translations

3072:"Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov celebrated in Scotland" 2274: 3355:

Translation of "Farewell! – unwashed, indigent Russia"

3277:

Short biography with links to other Lermontov material

2031:(Detskaya skazka, 1839, unfinished, published in 1842) 1916:

A Lithuanian Woman (Litvinka, 1832, published in 1860)

1134:. On arrival, Lermontov re-joined the Army as part of 945:

Lermontov took delight in painting mountain landscapes

3175:""Ismail Bey" Mikhail Lermontov - read the full text" 1720:(granted municipal status in 1956), the cruise liner 1000:(1835, first published in 1842). His doomed love for 234: 222: 213: 2160: 1874:

The Circassians (Tcherkesy, 1828, published in 1860)

1844:(Stranny tchelovek, 1831, drama/play published 1860) 1815:, 1840; 1842, 2nd edition; 1843, 3rd edition), novel 846:

for two years to serve in a lowly clerk's position.

266:'s death in 1837 and the greatest figure in Russian 228: 216: 201: 3042: 2947: 2426: 454:But the boy's health was fragile, he suffered from 207: 198: 6212:People from the Russian Empire of Scottish descent 3470:Short biography at Russian Biographical Dictionary 3325:Translations of various poems by Mikhail Lermontov 2125:So Dull, So Sad... (I skuchno, i grustno..., 1840) 1664:Pyatigorsk, Lermontov's duel location (photo 1958) 1142:. The left flank had the mission of disarming the 1071:disgruntled Lermontov conceded in an 1838 epigram. 3143:"Фильм Лермонтов (2014): фото, видео - Вокруг ТВ" 2950:"M.Yu. Lermontov. His Life and Works. Chapter 14" 2655: 2509:"The Life and Works of M.Y. Lermontov. Chapter 1" 2113:Don't Believe Yourself... (Ne ver sebye..., 1839) 2044:Two Brothers (1829, Dva brata, published in 1859) 1880:The Culprit (Prestupnik, 1828, published in 1859) 1091:Lermontov's popularity at the salons of Princess 6158: 2506: 2134:The Journalist, the Reader and the Writer (1840) 1249:The 1887 engraving from the 1841 coffin portrait 594:magazine, marked his informal publishing debut. 405:Maria Mikhaylovna Lermontova (1795–1817), mother 30:"Lermontov" redirects here. For other uses, see 6232:Russian military personnel of the Caucasian War 3244: 2089:The Branch of Palestine (Vetka Palestiny, 1837) 1281:, wore a long sword, affected the manners of a 1111:Due to the patronage of the Guard's Commander, 6182:19th-century novelists from the Russian Empire 3543: 3385:State Lermontov Museum and Reserve at Tarkhany 2993:The Russian lullaby in folklore and literature 2017:(Mtsyri, in Georgian, 1839, published in 1840) 1747:the estate where Lermontov spent his childhood 3734: 3529: 2651: 2649: 1898:Confession (Ispoved, 1831, published in 1889) 254:3 October] 1814 – 27 July [ 3495:The ancestors of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov 2973:. Russian Poetry, XIX–XX. The Online Library 2660:. www.krugosvet.ru // Voskresenye Publishers 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2268:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 1910:The Sailor (Moryak, 1832, published in 1913) 443:Yuri Petrovich Lermontov (1787–1831), father 422:and died on 27 February 1817, aged only 21. 27:Russian writer, poet and painter (1814–1841) 2747: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2092:Mother Of God, Here I Stand (Molitva, 1837) 1734:(discovered in 1977) were named after him. 1158:rivers. In early July the regiment entered 978:Warmly welcomed at the houses of Karamzin, 3741: 3727: 3536: 3522: 3195: 2963: 2943: 2941: 2905: 2903: 2889: 2887: 2678: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2319: 2287: 2137:The Heavenly Ship (Vozdushny korabl, 1840) 1953:(1835–1836, unfinished, published in 1882) 1138:'s fighting unit on the left flank of the 281:Lermontov was born on October 15, 1814 in 2827: 2825: 2811: 2809: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2743: 2741: 2689: 2687: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2612: 1828:(Ispantsy, tragedy, 1830, published 1880) 1355:Lermontov who took this as a 'betrayal'. 285:into the Lermontov family and grew up in 3069: 3017: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2422: 2420: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2041:The Turk's Laments (Zhaloby turka, 1829) 2001:(Beglets, circa 1838, published in 1846) 1774: 1707: 1659: 1602:for his series of unforgettable images. 1564: 1483: 1394: 1345: 1302: 1244: 1205: 1173: 1062: 1017: 969: 940: 853: 789: 689: 639: 533: 500: 438: 400: 350:Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was born in 2938: 2916: 2900: 2884: 2871: 2442: 2336: 2035: 1919:Aul Bastundji (1834, published in 1860) 1404:literary career lasted just six years. 1190:(11 July 1840), the basis for his poem 1130:, to whom he recited his then-new poem 1026:In February 1838, Lermontov arrived at 14: 6159: 2858: 2822: 2806: 2788: 2775: 2684: 2609: 2429:"M. Yu. Lermontov. His Life and Works" 1620:(1838), a close relative to Pushkin's 621:In August 1830, Lermontov enrolled in 258:15 July] 1841) was a Russian 6088:Romanticism and the French Revolution 3722: 3517: 3225: 3047:. The Voice of Russia. Archived from 2718: 2500: 2417: 2302: 2217:, based on a short story by Lermontov 2122:In the Memory of A.I.Odoyevsky (1839) 1877:The Corsair (1828, published in 1859) 1788:(1832, unfinished; published in 1873) 1749:and where his remains are preserved. 1428:, telling the story of the 1773–1775 1022:Lermontov after the first exile, 1838 1011: 833:and on 25 February got banished as a 6192:Male writers from the Russian Empire 3653:The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov 3045:"Gagarin spaceship ready for launch" 3043:Kudriavtsev Anatoli (4 April 2011). 2844:The Preface by Irakly Andronikov in 1958:The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov 1913:Ismail-Bei (1832, published in 1842) 1858:(Dva brata, 1836, published in 1880) 1767:, Mikhail Lermontov was depicted by 1534:The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov 994:as a celebrity, occasioned his play 799:Petersburg dames' sympathizing with 783: 739:The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov 616: 3301:Works by or about Mikhail Lermontov 3251:"Lermontov, Mikhail Yurevich" 3070:Johnston, Willie (3 October 2014). 2848:(1985), Raduga Publishers, Moscow. 2098:(Proshchai, nemytaya Rossiya, 1837) 2009:(1838, published in 1856 in Berlin) 1210:The last portrait of Lermontov, by 358:, and he grew up in the village of 24: 3228:Lermontov: Tragedy in the Caucasus 3218: 2071:The Prophecy (Predskazaniye, 1831) 1961:(Pesnya kuptsa Kalashnikova, 1837) 25: 6248: 6197:Novelists from the Russian Empire 3270: 3202:. Northwestern University Press. 2754:. Northwestern University Press. 2201:based on one of the episodes in " 1985:(Tambovskaya Kaznatcheysha, 1838) 1399:Lermontov's tombstone in Tarkhany 1370:his newly found reputation of a ' 1084:and Saint Petersburg fashionable 748:, as well as a series of popular 505:Yelizaveta Arsenyeva, grandmother 6202:Painters from the Russian Empire 6141: 6140: 3480:Texts of various Lermontov works 3370:Translation of "Cossack Lullaby" 3317: 3246:Shedden-Ralston, William Ralston 3020:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names 2751:A Hero of Our Time. Introduction 2495:The Life of Lermontov. Timeline. 2225:, 1966 Soviet drama directed by 2177: 2163: 1895:Azrail (1831, published in 1876) 858:An 1837 landscape by Lermontov. 410:historian and Lermontov scholar 194: 179: 97:15 July] 1841 (aged 26) 56: 3748: 3167: 3153: 3135: 3117: 3089: 3063: 3036: 3011: 3002: 2985: 2929: 2838: 2699: 2596: 2576: 2556: 2536: 2511:. ruslit.com.ua. Archived from 1931:(1835, Biblioteka Dlya Chtenya) 1886:Julio (1830, published in 1860) 1852:(1835, first published in 1842) 1298: 1295:posthumously in his notebooks. 1058: 883:, and visited central Georgia. 694:Lermontov in 1834. Portrait by 529: 3500:"I Walk Out Alone Upon My Way" 2527: 2403:"Lermontov, Mikhail Yurievich" 2322:"Lermontov, Mikhail Yurievich" 2293: 2256: 1883:Oleg (1829, published in 1859) 926:he drifted towards a group of 849: 462:(the latter accounted for his 13: 1: 6217:Poets from the Russian Empire 6111:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog 3375:Translation of "We parted..." 3360:Translation of "The Prisoner" 3335:Translation of "The Prophecy" 2250: 1491:. Lermontov's painting, 1837. 910:circle) and with some of the 396: 345: 2131:Little Clouds (Tuchki, 1840) 1350:Natalya Ivanova in the 1840s 1113:Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich 670: 378:, a Scottish officer in the 325:In 1832, Lermontov moved to 134:Golden Age of Russian Poetry 7: 6207:People from Moskovsky Uyezd 3668:The Tambov Treasurer's Wife 3588:Menschen und Leidenschaften 3475:Short biography at Megabook 3316:(public domain audiobooks) 2246:, ocean liner built in 1972 2156: 1833:Menschen und Leidenschaften 1727:(launched in 1970) and the 1188:Battle of the Valerik River 761:The Tambov Treasurer's Wife 677:Saint Petersburg University 651:Menschen und Leidenschaften 433:Menschen und Leidenschaften 384:Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov 248:Михаи́л Ю́рьевич Ле́рмонтов 190:Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov 71:Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov 10: 6253: 6028:Coleridge's theory of life 3365:Translation of "The Dream" 3310:Works by Mikhail Lermontov 3292:Works by Mikhail Lermontov 3196:Powelstock, David (2011). 3188: 3018:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). 2656:Sirotkina, Yelena (2002). 2107:The Dagger (Kinzhal, 1838) 1745:as their call sign, after 1630:rhyme. Even so, it is his 1182:. D.Palen's drawing, 1840. 890:cavalry regiment based at 823:Alexander von Benckendorff 36: 32:Lermontov (disambiguation) 29: 6120: 6083:Romanticism and economics 6020: 5912: 5659: 5481: 5426: 5395: 5319: 5268: 5217: 5176: 5085: 5029: 4993: 4947: 4938: 4783: 4727: 4676: 4635: 4594: 4548: 4490: 4360: 4239: 4161: 4098:Manuel Antônio de Almeida 4080: 4071: 3957: 3825: 3756: 3692:Farewell, Unwashed Russia 3614: 3579: 3552: 3350:Translation of "The Sail" 3340:Translation of "The Sail" 3330:Translation of "Borodino" 2948:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2922:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2909:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2893:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2877:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2864:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2831:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2815:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2799:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2693:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2602:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2507:Viskovatov, P.A. (1891). 2427:Skabichevsky, Alexander. 2140:Fatherland (Rodina, 1841) 2096:Farewell, Unwashed Russia 2065:The Wish (Zhelanye, 1831) 2059:The Reed (Trostnik, 1831) 1945:(1836, published in 1842) 1937:(1836, published in 1861) 1819: 1712:The site of the 1841 duel 1703: 1507:(but also owing a lot to 831:Petropavlovskaya fortress 813:, its final part written 696:Pyotr Zakharov-Chechenets 414:. An earlier biographer, 247: 178: 173: 161: 147: 139: 129: 121: 113: 89: 67: 55: 48: 3863:German historical school 3700:The Princess of the Tide 3509:Mikhail Lermontov poetry 3485:Lermontov Museum, Moscow 3398:Mikhail Lermontov poetry 3380:Translation of "Because" 3226:Kelly, Laurence (2003). 2781:Skabichevsky, Alexander 2712:24 December 2013 at the 2620:Skabichevsky, Alexander 2589:24 December 2013 at the 2569:24 December 2013 at the 2549:24 December 2013 at the 2213:– from 1988 directed by 2149:The Dispute (Spor, 1841) 2144:The Princess of the Tide 2104:The Thought (Duma, 1838) 2080:The Hussar (Gusar, 1832) 2050:The Spring (Vesna, 1830) 2029:The Children's Fairytale 1868: 1779: 1624:, performed in stomping 1390: 1326:occasionally misguided. 1263:Caucasian Mineral Waters 1240: 914:, notably with the poet 714:Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya 77:3 October] 1814 4510:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski 3458:Online Lermontov shrine 3439:3 November 2012 at the 3345:Translation of "A Sail" 3261:Encyclopædia Britannica 3163:– via www.1tv.ru. 2971:"Goshpital (Гошпиталь)" 2234:– crater on the planet 2222:Hero of Our Time (film) 2068:The Angel (Angel, 1831) 2062:Mermaid (Rusalka, 1831) 1982:Tambov Treasurer's Wife 1617:Tambov Treasurer's Wife 1266:week before his death. 1224:Poems by M.Y. Lermontov 490:shared popularity with 376:Yuri (George) Learmonth 374:, and can be traced to 250:; 15 October [ 6093:Romanticism in science 6048:Middle Ages in history 6043:List of Romantic poets 4755:Josiah Gilbert Holland 3452:Russian-language links 3423:Friends & Partners 2074:The Sail (Parus, 1831) 1836:(1830, published 1880) 1713: 1665: 1577: 1492: 1489:Georgian Military Road 1400: 1351: 1341: 1322: 1277:, dressed as a native 1250: 1230:Otechestvennye Zapiski 1215: 1183: 1072: 1047:Otechestvennye Zapiski 1023: 975: 957: 946: 932:Alexander Chavchavadze 863: 795: 777:Otechestvennye Zapiski 699: 645: 539: 506: 444: 412:Alexander Skabichevsky 406: 117:Poet, novelist, artist 6063:Romantic epistemology 6053:Opium and Romanticism 4622:Stojadinović-Srpkinja 3848:Counter-Enlightenment 1974:The Death of the Poet 1775:Selected bibliography 1711: 1663: 1568: 1487: 1398: 1349: 1336: 1306: 1248: 1209: 1177: 1098:the French ambassador 1066: 1044:, now at the helm of 1021: 973: 952: 944: 930:intellectuals led by 857: 837:to the Nizhegorodsky 793: 730:Yevdokiya Rostopchina 693: 643: 568:Konstantin Batyushkov 537: 504: 442: 404: 73:15 October [ 6127:Age of Enlightenment 3769:England (literature) 3405:. 1986 Mosfilm movie 2748:Lewis Bagby (2002). 2515:on December 24, 2013 2036:Selected short poems 1813:Герой нашего времени 1765:Abbasgulu Bakikhanov 1313:Edmond Pierre Martin 1178:Lermontov after the 538:Lermontov as a child 39:MS Mikhail Lermontov 6237:Writers from Moscow 6187:Duelling fatalities 6078:Romantic psychology 3873:Hudson River School 3817:Sweden (literature) 3802:Russia (literature) 3561:Princess Ligovskaya 3463:4 June 2017 at the 3414:27 May 2013 at the 3391:Dual-language links 3105:. 27 September 2015 2991:Golovin, Valentin. 2320:Mirsky, D. (1926). 2227:Stanislav Rostotsky 2053:15 July 1830 (1830) 1990:The Cossack Lullaby 1907:(published in 1832) 1793:Princess Ligovskaya 1572:'s illustration to 1466:Princess Ligovskaya 1093:Sofija Shcherbatova 1006:Princess Ligovskaya 916:Alexander Odoyevsky 896:A Hero of Our Times 844:Olonets Governorate 794:Self-portrait, 1837 307:Moscow University's 276:psychological novel 270:. His influence on 4063:White Mountain art 4004:Historical fiction 3812:Spain (literature) 3569:A Hero of Our Time 2846:A Hero of Our Time 2582:Viskovatov, P.A. 2232:Lermontov (crater) 2210:Ashik Kerib (film) 2203:A Hero of Our Time 2119:(Tri palhmy, 1839) 1808:A Hero of Our Time 1714: 1694:A Hero of Our Time 1678:A Hero of Our Time 1666: 1582:Russian literature 1578: 1493: 1479:A Hero of Our Time 1475:Petersburg Stories 1401: 1384:A Hero of Our Time 1352: 1323: 1309:Varvara Bakhmeteva 1271:A Hero of Our Time 1251: 1227:Lermontov's view) 1220:A Hero of Our Time 1216: 1184: 1106:Vissarion Belinsky 1078:Alexandra Smirnova 1073: 1034:A Hero of Our Time 1024: 1013:A Hero of Our Time 980:Alexandra Smirnova 976: 947: 864: 796: 700: 646: 631:Nikolai Stankevich 627:Vissarion Belinsky 540: 507: 445: 407: 336:A Hero of Our Time 272:Russian literature 167:A Hero of Our Time 143:Novel, poem, drama 93:27 July [ 6227:Russian duellists 6167:Mikhail Lermontov 6154: 6153: 6068:Romantic medicine 6038:List of romantics 5477: 5476: 5128:Felix Mendelssohn 5123:Fanny Mendelssohn 4934: 4933: 4648:Rosalía de Castro 4586:Soares dos Passos 3934:Transcendentalism 3898:Nazarene movement 3858:Düsseldorf School 3716: 3715: 3646:Death of the Poet 3546:Mikhail Lermontov 3296:Project Gutenberg 3237:978-1-86064-887-8 3179:Mikhail Lermontov 2707:Viskovatov, Ch. V 2705:Viskovatov, P.A. 2562:Viskovatov, P.A. 2542:Viskovatov, P.A. 2243:Mikhail Lermontov 2084:Death of the Poet 1923:The Junkers Poems 1905:No, I'm not Byron 1758:Thomas the Rhymer 1724:Mikhail Lermontov 1718:Lermontov, Russia 1548:Death of the Poet 1454:Irakly Andronikov 1446:Novgorod Republic 1430:Yemelyan Pugachev 1360:Varvara Lopukhina 1218:By the time both 1201:Count Kleinmichel 1163:reckless thugs". 1136:General Galafeyev 1102:Tchernaya Retchka 1040:In January 1839, 1002:Varvara Lopukhina 810:Death of the Poet 785:Death of the Poet 635:Alexander Hertzen 623:Moscow University 617:Moscow University 556:Gavrila Derzhavin 552:Mikhail Lomonosov 548:Alexey Merzlyakov 544:Moscow University 484:Aleksandr Pushkin 391:Thomas the Rhymer 380:Polish–Lithuanian 332:Death of the Poet 312:Alexander Pushkin 264:Alexander Pushkin 187: 186: 148:Literary movement 50:Mikhail Lermontov 16:(Redirected from 6244: 6144: 6143: 6103:Evolution theory 4945: 4944: 4078: 4077: 3939:Ukrainian school 3743: 3736: 3729: 3720: 3719: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3515: 3514: 3399: 3321: 3320: 3305:Internet Archive 3265: 3253: 3241: 3230:. Tauris Parke. 3213: 3183: 3182: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2945: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2920: 2914: 2907: 2898: 2891: 2882: 2875: 2869: 2862: 2856: 2842: 2836: 2829: 2820: 2813: 2804: 2797: 2786: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2745: 2716: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2653: 2624: 2618: 2607: 2600: 2594: 2580: 2574: 2560: 2554: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2504: 2498: 2491: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2424: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2399: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2317: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2272: 2260: 2215:Sergei Parajanov 2194:Un cœur en hiver 2187: 2182: 2181: 2173: 2168: 2167: 2166: 1683:Vladimir Nabokov 1634:historical epic 1596:Anton Rubinstein 1552:Kondraty Ryleyev 1321: 1275:Nikolai Martynov 1146:fighters led by 1042:Andrey Krayevsky 936:Nina Griboyedova 772:Andrey Krayevsky 685:Nikolai Martynov 580:Vasily Zhukovsky 564:Vladislav Ozerov 524:Tula Governorate 427:Tula Governorate 416:Pavel Viskovatov 356:Lermontov family 340:Nikolai Martynov 327:Saint Petersburg 249: 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 230: 225: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 203: 200: 183: 60: 46: 45: 21: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6149: 6138: 6130: 6116: 6073:Romantic poetry 6058:Romantic ballet 6033:German idealism 6016: 5982:Lacoue-Labarthe 5908: 5655: 5473: 5422: 5391: 5372:Rimsky-Korsakov 5315: 5264: 5213: 5172: 5081: 5025: 4989: 4930: 4779: 4723: 4672: 4631: 4590: 4544: 4486: 4427:Maria Edgeworth 4363: 4356: 4235: 4157: 4067: 4046:Romantic genius 3976:Gesamtkunstwerk 3953: 3914:Sturm und Drang 3821: 3752: 3747: 3717: 3712: 3610: 3575: 3548: 3542: 3465:Wayback Machine 3441:Wayback Machine 3416:Wayback Machine 3397: 3318: 3287:Short biography 3282:Short biography 3273: 3268: 3238: 3221: 3219:Further reading 3216: 3210: 3191: 3186: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3051:on 8 April 2011 3041: 3037: 3030: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2946: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2901: 2892: 2885: 2876: 2872: 2863: 2859: 2843: 2839: 2830: 2823: 2814: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2746: 2719: 2714:Wayback Machine 2704: 2700: 2692: 2685: 2679:Powelstock 2011 2677: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2654: 2627: 2619: 2610: 2601: 2597: 2591:Wayback Machine 2581: 2577: 2571:Wayback Machine 2561: 2557: 2551:Wayback Machine 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2505: 2501: 2493:Manuylov, V.A. 2492: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2425: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2401: 2400: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2318: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2288:Powelstock 2011 2286: 2275: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2238:named after him 2183: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2110:The Poet (1838) 2047:Napoleon (1830) 2038: 1871: 1822: 1782: 1777: 1706: 1586:Boris Pasternak 1540:Cossack Lullaby 1505:Alexander Dumas 1442:July Revolution 1393: 1315: 1301: 1243: 1212:Kirill Gorbunov 1140:Caucasian front 1082:lady-in-waiting 1061: 1016: 965:Andrey Muravyov 892:Nizhny Novgorod 881:Taman Peninsula 852: 788: 709:Shkolnaya Zarya 673: 619: 532: 399: 348: 227: 197: 193: 104:Caucasus Oblast 98: 78: 72: 63: 51: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6250: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6222:Romantic poets 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6152: 6151: 6131: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6024: 6022: 6021:Related topics 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5749:Gallen-Kallela 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5724:David d'Angers 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5661:Visual artists 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5621:Schleiermacher 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4951: 4949: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4886:Oehlenschläger 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4556:Castelo Branco 4552: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4496: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4282:Brothers Grimm 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3984: 3982:Gothic fiction 3979: 3972: 3970:British Marine 3967: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3868:Gothic revival 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3745: 3738: 3731: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3680: 3672: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3642: 3635: 3627: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3600: 3592: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3565: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3431: 3426: 3418: 3406: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3307: 3298: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3271:External links 3269: 3267: 3266: 3256:Chisholm, Hugh 3242: 3236: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3209:978-0810127883 3208: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3166: 3152: 3134: 3116: 3102:New York Times 3088: 3062: 3035: 3028: 3010: 3001: 2984: 2962: 2937: 2928: 2915: 2899: 2883: 2870: 2857: 2837: 2821: 2805: 2787: 2774: 2760: 2717: 2698: 2683: 2671: 2625: 2608: 2595: 2575: 2555: 2535: 2526: 2499: 2441: 2416: 2335: 2301: 2292: 2273: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2229: 2218: 2206: 2189: 2188: 2174: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2146:, 1841, ballad 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2018: 2010: 2002: 1994: 1986: 1978: 1970: 1962: 1954: 1946: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1845: 1837: 1829: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1804: 1797: 1789: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1769:Oleg Amirbekov 1732:2222 Lermontov 1705: 1702: 1698:intelligentsia 1627:Yevgeny Onegin 1600:Mikhail Vrubel 1570:Mikhail Vrubel 1515:and Pushkin), 1497:The Masquerade 1392: 1389: 1300: 1297: 1242: 1239: 1180:Valerik battle 1060: 1057: 1015: 1010: 851: 848: 787: 782: 726:Tsarskoye Selo 719:Osip Senkovsky 672: 669: 618: 615: 531: 528: 464:bow-leggedness 398: 395: 347: 344: 185: 184: 176: 175: 171: 170: 163: 159: 158: 149: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 108:Russian Empire 91: 87: 86: 84:Russian Empire 69: 65: 64: 61: 53: 52: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6249: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6148: 6147: 6136: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4841:Nikolai Gogol 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4472:P. B. Shelley 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4452:Mary Robinson 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4181:Chateaubriand 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4010:Mal du siècle 4007: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623:Boyarin Orsha 3620: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3596:A Strange Man 3593: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502:performed by 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3162: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3130: 3129:www.cultin.ru 3126: 3120: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3092: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3031: 3029:3-540-00238-3 3025: 3021: 3014: 3005: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2972: 2966: 2951: 2944: 2942: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2880: 2874: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2854:5-05-000016-5 2851: 2847: 2841: 2834: 2828: 2826: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2778: 2763: 2761:9780810116801 2757: 2753: 2752: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2681:, p. 28. 2680: 2675: 2659: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2623: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2530: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2430: 2423: 2421: 2404: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2323: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2296: 2290:, p. 27. 2289: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2199:Claude Sautet 2196: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2185:Novels portal 2180: 2175: 2172: 2171:Russia portal 2161: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942:Boyarin Orsha 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1841:A Strange Man 1838: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1826:The Spaniards 1824: 1823: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1649:War and Peace 1645: 1644: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1529:Boyarin Orsha 1525: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1283:romantic hero 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1247: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1221: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:Nikolai Gogol 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1070: 1065: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1020: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 998: 992: 991:Sergey Uvarov 987: 986: 981: 972: 968: 966: 962: 961:Yelizavetgrad 956: 951: 943: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 861: 856: 847: 845: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 818: 816: 812: 811: 804: 802: 792: 786: 781: 779: 778: 773: 769: 768: 763: 762: 757: 756: 755:Boyarin Orsha 751: 747: 746: 741: 740: 734: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 715: 710: 704: 697: 692: 688: 686: 682: 678: 668: 665: 660: 658: 657: 656:A Strange Man 652: 642: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 588:Semyon Rayich 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 560:Ivan Dmitriev 557: 553: 549: 545: 536: 527: 525: 519: 517: 513: 503: 499: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 452: 450: 441: 437: 435: 434: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 403: 394: 392: 389: 388:Scottish poet 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 343: 341: 337: 333: 328: 323: 321: 317: 313: 308: 303: 301: 297: 292: 288: 284: 279: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 245: 239: 191: 182: 177: 172: 169: 168: 164: 162:Notable works 160: 157: 153: 150: 146: 142: 138: 135: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109: 105: 101: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 76: 70: 66: 59: 54: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6109: 5829:Porto-Alegre 5483:Philosophers 5367:Rachmaninoff 4816:Chavchavadze 4806:Baratashvili 4698: 4566:João de Deus 4535:Wincenty Pol 4327:Küchelbecker 4055: 4021:Noble savage 4008: 3974: 3949:Wallenrodism 3926: 3912: 3843:Coppet group 3777:(literature) 3690: 3682: 3674: 3666: 3661:The Fugitive 3651: 3629: 3621: 3602: 3594: 3586: 3567: 3559: 3545: 3451: 3450: 3422: 3390: 3389: 3259: 3227: 3198: 3178: 3169: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3107:. Retrieved 3100: 3091: 3079:. Retrieved 3075: 3065: 3053:. Retrieved 3049:the original 3038: 3019: 3013: 3004: 2992: 2987: 2975:. Retrieved 2965: 2953:. Retrieved 2931: 2918: 2873: 2860: 2845: 2840: 2777: 2765:. Retrieved 2750: 2701: 2674: 2662:. Retrieved 2598: 2578: 2558: 2538: 2529: 2517:. Retrieved 2513:the original 2502: 2432:. Retrieved 2407:. Retrieved 2326:. Retrieved 2295: 2266: 2258: 2242: 2220: 2208: 2192: 2028: 2020: 2012: 2004: 1998:The Fugitive 1996: 1988: 1980: 1972: 1964: 1956: 1948: 1940: 1934: 1929:Khadji-Abrek 1928: 1922: 1861: 1856:Two Brothers 1855: 1847: 1839: 1831: 1825: 1812: 1806: 1791: 1785: 1762: 1751: 1742: 1739:Soyuz TMA-21 1737:The crew of 1736: 1729:minor planet 1723: 1716:The town of 1715: 1693: 1691: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1655:The Fugitive 1647: 1641: 1635: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1589: 1579: 1573: 1556: 1545: 1538: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1496: 1494: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1450: 1438: 1434: 1425: 1423: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1368: 1364: 1357: 1353: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1307:Portrait of 1299:Private life 1293: 1270: 1268: 1252: 1235: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1198: 1191: 1185: 1165: 1131: 1121: 1116: 1110: 1090: 1074: 1068: 1059:Second exile 1045: 1039: 1032: 1025: 1012: 1005: 995: 983: 977: 958: 953: 948: 895: 885: 865: 819: 808: 805: 797: 784: 775: 765: 759: 753: 743: 737: 735: 723: 712: 708: 705: 701: 674: 661: 654: 650: 647: 620: 596: 591: 541: 530:School years 520: 508: 496: 453: 446: 431: 424: 420:tuberculosis 408: 368:Penza Oblast 349: 324: 304: 291:tuberculosis 280: 189: 188: 165: 43: 6177:1841 deaths 6172:1814 births 5819:Michałowski 5651:Wackenroder 5616:F. Schlegel 5611:A. Schlegel 5387:Tchaikovsky 5276:Bortkiewicz 5148:R. Schumann 5143:C. Schumann 5108:Kalkbrenner 5077:Saint-Saëns 4382:Anne Brontë 4267:Eichendorff 4252:B. v. Arnim 4247:A. v. Arnim 4057:Weltschmerz 4016:Medievalism 3965:Blue flower 3893:Nationalist 3838:Bohemianism 3750:Romanticism 3504:Anna German 3109:14 December 3081:14 December 2519:November 1, 2324:. az.lib.ru 2263:"Lermontov" 2117:Three Palms 1801:Ashik-Kerib 1622:Count Nulin 1559:pantheistic 1509:Shakespeare 1501:Victor Hugo 1418:D.S. Mirsky 1408:the world. 1316: [ 1148:Imam Shamil 985:Sovremennik 938:'s father. 912:Decembrists 877:Kizlyar Bay 850:First exile 653:(1830) and 599:caricatures 584:Romanticism 576:Ivan Kozlov 572:Ivan Krylov 268:Romanticism 152:Romanticism 122:Nationality 6161:Categories 5694:Chassériau 5669:Aivazovsky 5377:Rubinstein 5362:Mussorgsky 5311:Wieniawski 5296:Paderewski 5138:Moszkowski 4921:Vörösmarty 4911:Shevchenko 4765:Longfellow 4689:Batyushkov 4684:Baratynsky 4653:Espronceda 4520:Mickiewicz 4515:Malczewski 4482:Wordsworth 4467:M. Shelley 4422:de Quincey 4287:Günderrode 4171:Baudelaire 4051:Wanderlust 3888:Lake Poets 3676:The Novice 3604:Masquerade 2977:13 January 2955:1 December 2924:Chapter 13 2911:Chapter 12 2895:Chapter 11 2879:Chapter 10 2767:1 November 2695:Chapter IV 2664:1 November 2544:Chapter 2. 2434:1 December 2409:1 December 2328:1 December 2251:References 2197:– film by 2014:The Novice 1849:Masquerade 1692:In Russia 1608:The Novice 1517:Masquerade 1513:Griboyedov 1279:Circassian 997:Masquerade 900:Pyatigorsk 827:Nicholas I 767:Masquerade 681:Life-Guard 397:Early life 364:Lermontovo 346:Background 316:Lord Byron 114:Occupation 100:Pyatigorsk 6134:Modernism 5794:Kiprensky 5754:Géricault 5739:Friedrich 5729:Delacroix 5704:Constable 5684:Bonington 5674:Bierstadt 5626:Senancour 5601:Schelling 5556:Lamennais 5551:Khomyakov 5516:Coleridge 5511:Chaadayev 5418:Stanković 5413:Mokranjac 5332:Balakirev 5291:Moniuszko 5240:Donizetti 5235:Cherubini 5133:Meyerbeer 5118:Marschner 5093:Beethoven 5006:Moscheles 4940:Musicians 4926:Wergeland 4891:Orbeliani 4846:Grundtvig 4750:Hawthorne 4719:Zhukovsky 4714:Vyazemsky 4699:Lermontov 4658:Gutiérrez 4617:Radičević 4581:Herculano 4505:Krasiński 4447:Radcliffe 4417:Coleridge 4392:E. Brontë 4387:C. Brontë 4317:Jean Paul 4312:Hölderlin 4201:Lamartine 4138:Magalhães 4128:Guimarães 4036:Pantheism 4026:Nostalgia 3878:Indianism 3826:Movements 3757:Countries 3544:Works by 3147:Вокруг ТВ 2866:Chapter 9 2833:Chapter 8 2817:Chapter 7 2801:Chapter 6 2783:Chapter V 2622:Chapter 2 2604:Chapter 3 2584:Chapter 1 2564:Chapter 2 1741:selected 1259:Stavropol 1255:invective 1124:Stavropol 1088:hostess. 920:Stavropol 815:impromptu 671:1832–1837 611:gymnasium 607:Zhukovsky 488:Lamartine 372:Learmonth 354:into the 174:Signature 18:Lermontov 6146:Category 5962:Dahlhaus 5947:Blanning 5914:Scholars 5884:Tropinin 5879:Tidemand 5869:Stattler 5864:Scheffer 5764:Głowacki 5734:Edelfelt 5689:Bryullov 5631:Snellman 5606:Schiller 5596:Rousseau 5576:Michelet 5521:Constant 5491:Belinsky 5464:Sibelius 5408:Konjović 5382:Scriabin 5352:Lyapunov 5286:Lipiński 5255:Spontini 5245:Paganini 5189:Goldmark 4980:Thalberg 4975:Schubert 4955:Bruckner 4916:Topelius 4906:Runeberg 4896:Prešeren 4866:Leopardi 4831:Frashëri 4821:Eminescu 4801:Andersen 4709:Tyutchev 4694:Karamzin 4668:Zorrilla 4663:Saavedra 4561:Castilho 4549:Portugal 4540:Słowacki 4442:Polidori 4372:Barbauld 4307:Hoffmann 4262:Brentano 4176:Bertrand 3997:Romantic 3833:Ancients 3807:Scotland 3709:" (1841) 3702:" (1841) 3663:" (1838) 3648:" (1837) 3641:" (1837) 3639:Borodino 3461:Archived 3437:Archived 3412:Archived 3314:LibriVox 3248:(1911). 3076:BBC News 2710:Archived 2587:Archived 2567:Archived 2547:Archived 2157:See also 1966:Borodino 1754:Earlston 1743:Tarkhany 1687:Stendhal 1637:Borodino 1632:1812 War 1372:Don Juan 1311:in 1833 1160:Chechnya 1028:Novgorod 928:Georgian 839:dragoons 801:D'Anthès 745:Borodino 512:sadistic 476:Schiller 468:Napoleon 456:scrofula 360:Tarkhany 320:Caucasus 296:scrofula 287:Tarkhany 260:Romantic 5987:Lovejoy 5922:Abraham 5844:Richard 5834:Préault 5759:Girodet 5641:Thoreau 5586:Novalis 5571:Mazzini 5566:Maistre 5541:Hazlitt 5526:Emerson 5506:Carlyle 5496:Berchet 5439:Berwald 5434:Bennett 5403:Hristić 5357:Medtner 5337:Borodin 5327:Arensky 5250:Rossini 5225:Bellini 5204:Joachim 5177:Hungary 5158:Strauss 5086:Germany 5052:Berlioz 5021:Voříšek 5016:Smetana 4994:Czechia 4948:Austria 4881:Maturin 4876:Manzoni 4851:Heliade 4826:Foscolo 4796:Alfieri 4791:Abovian 4745:Emerson 4704:Pushkin 4643:Bécquer 4576:Garrett 4530:Potocki 4477:Southey 4437:Maturin 4407:Carlyle 4364:Britain 4337:Novalis 4292:Gutzkow 4240:Germany 4206:Mérimée 4191:Gautier 4118:Barreto 4113:Azevedo 4093:Alencar 4073:Writers 3992:Byronic 3928:Purismo 3782:Germany 3764:Denmark 3707:Valerik 3553:Fiction 3403:YouTube 3303:at the 3258:(ed.). 3189:Sources 2997:Summary 2236:Mercury 2022:Valerik 1862:Arbenin 1643:Valerik 1576:(1890). 1193:Valerik 1144:Chechen 908:Ogaryov 750:ballads 664:cholera 603:epigram 592:Ateneum 460:rickets 300:rickets 244:Russian 156:realism 125:Russian 6012:Wellek 5992:de Man 5977:Janion 5967:Ferber 5942:Berlin 5937:Beiser 5932:Barzun 5927:Abrams 5904:Wiertz 5889:Turner 5839:Révoil 5824:Palmer 5814:Martin 5809:Leutze 5784:Janmot 5744:Fuseli 5699:Church 5591:Quinet 5581:Müller 5536:Goethe 5531:Fichte 5454:Franck 5396:Serbia 5347:Glinka 5320:Russia 5306:Tausig 5301:Stolpe 5281:Chopin 5269:Poland 5230:Busoni 5194:Heller 5163:Wagner 5098:Brahms 5072:Onslow 5062:Halévy 5030:France 5011:Reicha 5001:Dvořák 4970:Mahler 4965:Hummel 4960:Czerny 4856:Isaacs 4836:Geijer 4770:Lowell 4760:Irving 4740:Cooper 4735:Bryant 4677:Russia 4612:Njegoš 4607:Kostić 4602:Jakšić 4595:Serbia 4525:Norwid 4500:Fredro 4492:Poland 4462:Seward 4352:Uhland 4342:Schwab 4332:Mörike 4322:Kleist 4277:Goethe 4272:Fouqué 4221:Nodier 4216:Nerval 4211:Musset 4163:France 4153:Varela 4148:Taunay 4133:Macedo 4081:Brazil 4031:Ossian 3958:Themes 3797:Poland 3792:Norway 3774:France 3695:(1841) 3687:(1841) 3679:(1840) 3671:(1838) 3656:(1837) 3634:(1836) 3631:Sashka 3626:(1836) 3607:(1835) 3599:(1831) 3591:(1830) 3572:(1840) 3564:(1836) 3234: 3206: 3026: 2852: 2758: 2593:, p. 4 2553:(p. 5) 2086:(1837) 2025:(1840) 1993:(1838) 1977:(1837) 1969:(1837) 1950:Sashka 1820:Dramas 1704:Legacy 1671:Sashka 1461:Sashka 1288:Mashuk 1214:, 1841 1132:Mtsyri 1117:ad lib 1080:, the 924:Tiflis 904:Herzen 888:Grodno 873:Tiflis 862:, 1837 860:Tiflis 835:cornet 480:Uvarov 472:Goethe 352:Moscow 283:Moscow 154:, pre- 130:Period 80:Moscow 6098:Bacon 6007:Rosen 6002:Ricks 5997:Nancy 5957:Blume 5952:Bloom 5874:Stroy 5859:Saleh 5854:Runge 5804:Lampi 5789:Jones 5779:Hayez 5714:Corot 5679:Blake 5646:Tieck 5636:Staël 5561:Larra 5546:Hegel 5501:Burke 5459:Grieg 5449:Field 5444:Elgar 5427:Other 5260:Verdi 5218:Italy 5209:Liszt 5199:Hubay 5184:Erkel 5168:Weber 5153:Spohr 5113:Loewe 5103:Bruch 5067:Méhul 5057:Fauré 5047:Auber 5042:Alkan 4901:Raffi 4871:Mácha 4861:Lenau 4811:Botev 4784:Other 4636:Spain 4571:Dinis 4457:Scott 4432:Keats 4412:Clare 4402:Byron 4397:Burns 4377:Blake 4362:Great 4347:Tieck 4302:Heine 4297:Hauff 4231:Vigny 4226:Staël 4186:Dumas 4108:Assis 4103:Alves 4088:Abreu 4041:Rhine 3944:Ultra 3787:Japan 3684:Demon 3615:Poems 3580:Plays 3254:. In 3055:1 May 2006:Demon 1935:Mongo 1869:Poems 1786:Vadim 1780:Prose 1591:Demon 1574:Demon 1471:Gogol 1426:Vadim 1391:Works 1334:thus: 1320:] 1241:Death 1152:Kuban 1086:salon 898:. In 869:Kumyk 492:Byron 449:Penza 362:(now 140:Genre 5972:Frye 5899:Ward 5894:Veit 5849:Rude 5799:Koch 5774:Gude 5769:Goya 5719:Dahl 5709:Cole 5037:Adam 4985:Wolf 4728:U.S. 4627:Zmaj 4257:Beer 4196:Hugo 4143:Reis 4123:Dias 3987:Hero 3922:Post 3883:Jena 3853:Dark 3232:ISBN 3204:ISBN 3111:2016 3083:2016 3057:2011 3024:ISBN 2979:2014 2957:2012 2850:ISBN 2769:2013 2756:ISBN 2666:2013 2573:p. 6 2521:2013 2436:2012 2411:2013 2330:2012 1503:and 1440:the 1222:and 1169:auls 1156:Laba 1154:and 1052:duel 906:and 764:and 742:and 633:and 516:serf 474:and 458:and 314:and 298:and 256:O.S. 252:O.S. 95:O.S. 90:Died 75:O.S. 68:Born 5469:Sor 5342:Cui 4775:Poe 3908:Pre 3903:Neo 3401:on 3312:at 3294:at 1722:MS 1473:'s 879:to 366:in 205:ɛər 6163:: 6124:← 3177:. 3145:. 3127:. 3099:. 3074:. 2995:. 2940:^ 2902:^ 2886:^ 2824:^ 2808:^ 2790:^ 2720:^ 2686:^ 2628:^ 2611:^ 2444:^ 2419:^ 2338:^ 2304:^ 2276:^ 2265:. 1673:. 1584:. 1511:, 1481:. 1456:. 1318:de 967:. 934:, 780:. 758:, 629:, 578:, 574:, 570:, 566:, 562:, 558:, 554:, 494:. 278:. 246:: 242:; 226:,- 220:ɔː 106:, 102:, 82:, 6137:→ 3742:e 3735:t 3728:v 3705:" 3698:" 3659:" 3644:" 3637:" 3537:e 3530:t 3523:v 3240:. 3212:. 3181:. 3149:. 3131:. 3113:. 3085:. 3059:. 3032:. 2999:. 2981:. 2959:. 2926:. 2913:. 2897:. 2881:. 2868:. 2835:. 2819:. 2803:. 2785:. 2771:. 2668:. 2606:. 2523:. 2438:. 2413:. 2332:. 2271:. 2205:" 1811:( 1799:" 1653:" 1546:" 698:. 330:" 238:/ 235:f 232:ɒ 229:t 223:f 217:t 214:n 211:ə 208:m 202:l 199:ˈ 196:/ 192:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index