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off from supplies and running out of arrows. The Chanyu then pressed on his attacks from small mountain trails, trapping Li Ling's forces in a valley, then proceeding to shoot the Han forces from above the cliffs. Li Ling's men returned fire from the bottom, depleting 500,000 arrows in one day, and were forced to abandon their wagon transports. The 3,000 remaining soldiers were in such a dire state that axles were chopped for use as weapons, and many officers resorted to using daggers for combat. The
Xiongnu forces bombarded the Han troops with boulders, killing many.
602:, who were both old friends of Li Ling, sent the ambassador Ren Lizheng (任立政, from Longxi like Li) to persuade Li to return home. Ren took the opportunity to talk to Li privately, telling him that all his sins could be forgiven, that he needed not worry about wealth after returning and his old friends missed him. However, Li Ling refused, claiming that he had already become a "foreigner" and he couldn't stand to be ashamed a second time.
29:
154:
495:, a senior imperial historian and a friend of Li, was the only person defending him in the Han court. Emperor Wu was offended by Sima's words of defence, taking them as an attack on his brother-in-law Li Guangli, who had also fought against the Xiongnu without much success. Sima was arrested for the crime of
451:" He ordered his troops to destroy their flags and bury their jewels. Every soldier was given some food and supplies, and told to wait and escape at the same time, then scatter. At midnight the breakout began, but no one remained to beat the battle drum. Li Ling and his second-in-command Han Yannian (
438:
to lead the pursuit, only to suffer further casualties when Li Ling's forces took refuge in a forest and repelled the attack with their crossbows, field artillery, and melee combat resistance. At this point, the Chanyu began to suspect that Li Ling was planning to draw his forces into an ambush close
563:
strategy to challenge the Han army's operational limit. When the forces led by Shang
Qiucheng withdrew after meeting no adversary, Xiongnu sent in Li Ling to pursue the Han forces with 30,000 cavalry. The two sides battled for nine days, ironically, at the Altay Mountains. Li Ling was defeated badly
482:
Emperor Wu initially thought Li Ling was killed in action, and summoned his family to pay tribute. However, he observed no signs of sorrow from Li's family and thus grew suspicious. As the battlefield was not too far from the border, it was not long before news of Li's surrender arrived. The
Emperor
579:
bond. Li then said that
Emperor Wu had grown old and emotionally unstable, and that he used to feel guilty about defecting but overcame it eventually. However, Su Wu emphasized how much he valued the honor and responsibility the motherland had given him, and told Li Ling that the choice lay between
442:
Li Ling's situation worsened as the
Xiongnu charged over 20 times a day, and were repelled only after suffering another 2,000 casualties. A low-level officer from Li's army, Guan Gan (管敢), defected in retaliation to an insult from his superiors, bringing to the Chanyu news that Li's forces were cut
526:
on a mission to retrieve Li Ling. Gongsun failed to retrieve Li, but captured a
Xiongnu soldier who revealed that "Li Shaoqing" was training Xiongnu troops for the Chanyu. Concluding that Li Ling's treachery was evident, Emperor Wu had Li Ling's family executed. In the aftermath, the Li family was
446:
One night, Li Ling left the camp and refused any followers, claiming that he was planning to assassinate the Chanyu on his own. He returned unsuccessful, lamenting that they were solidly defeated and all going to die. His subordinates suggested the idea of a false surrender, as another Han general
404:
Li Ling's army marched north for 30 days, and sketched maps of the lands they travelled. A junior officer named Chen Bule (陳步樂) was sent back to report on the army's progress. Upon seeing
Emperor Wu, Chen began boasting of the success of Li Ling and his men in fighting the enemy, which were likely
424:
then summoned 80,000 reinforcement troops, inflicting significant casualties and forcing Li Ling to retreat into a valley. Li Ling then discovered that his troops were low in both morale and energy, leading him to search for and kill the many women who were hiding in the wagons and serving as
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often peaked in autumn, whereafter they could attack with 5,000 men each from two columns. Emperor Wu was angry at Lu's request, believing that Li Ling had collaborated with Lu and had asked for a delay out of cowardice, and responded by ordering an immediate mobilization of Li's troops.
559:, and Jiuquan. Emperor Wu ordered a major counteroffensive in three columns against Xiongnu, with Li Guangli leading 70,000 men, Shang Qiucheng (商丘成) leading 30,000 and Mang Tong (莽通) leading 40,000. The Xiongnu responded by having all tribes retreat further north with a
955:. Curatores seriei VICTOR SPINEI et IONEL CANDEÂ VII. Vol. The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research. ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF IAȘI Editura Academiei Romane - Editura Istros. p. 245.
416:, and were quickly encircled by 30,000 cavalry between two mountains. With no supply and reinforcement (Li thought there was no need), Li ordered his troops to use the wagons as cover and prepare for battle. With a large advantage in numbers, the
1119:
L.A. Evtyukhova (Л.А. Евтюхова), Southern
Siberia in Ancient Times Южная Сибирь в древности. In: "Tracing Ancient Cultures between the Volga and the Pacific" (По следам древних культур: от Волги до Тихого Океана). Moscow, 1954, pp.
429:
for his soldiers. Li's forces then battled the
Xiongnu on the following day, killing 3,000. He then retreated southeast for the next 4 to 5 days into a large reed swamp, where his forces managed to survive a fire attack. The Chanyu
668:
era palace. While the name of the high-ranking personage who lived there is not known, Russian archaeologist L.A. Evtyukhova surmised, based on circumstantial evidence, that the palace may have been the residence of Li Ling (see
1147:, in "Ethnohistory and archaeoilogy of Northern Eurasia: theory, methodology, and the recearch practice" ("Этноистория и археология Северной Евразии: теория, методология и практика исследования"). Irkutsk, 2007, pp. 145-148.
385:", who were capable of "strangling tigers and sharpshooting". Emperor Wu initially disapproved and warned Li Ling that there was no additional cavalry available to assign to him. Li Ling then bragged that he would crush the
503:
against a
European monarch), and was tried and sentenced to death. Although his criminal charges were allowed to be paroled to lesser punishments, Sima Qian was not rich enough to pay for it, so he was forced to accept the
539:
As a young and high-profile defector, the Chanyu held generous regard of Li Ling, giving Li his daughter's hand in marriage and making Li Lord Youxiao (右校王), the same title as Chanyu's chief adviser (and a notorious
376:
region. Li Ling was assigned to provide an escort for Li Guangli's supply line. Li Ling requested Emperor Wu's permission to lead his own regiment to the east, saying that he led a personal legion of "warriors from
518:
Despite his rage, Emperor Wu soon regretted allowing Li Ling to mobilize so hastily and realized it was a mistake to disregard Lu Bode's suggestion. As a gesture, he rewarded the survivors from Li Ling's regiment.
664:. When the site was excavated by Soviet archaeologists during 1941–45, they realized that they had discovered a building absolutely unique for the area: a large (1500 square meters) Chinese-style, likely
339:
Li Ling was later assigned a military position on the border front, and once led 800 men over 1,000 miles into Xiongnu territory for a reconnaissance mission. Although he did not encounter any enemies,
396:
was assigned to assist Li Ling. However, Lu did not like the idea of supporting Li in such a mission, and suggested that Emperor Wu delay the mission until spring as the fighting strength of the
1049:"魏虜，匈奴種也，姓托跋氏。 初，匈奴女名托跋，妻李陵，胡俗以母名為姓"; translation: "The Wei barbarians are a kind of Xiongnu, surnamed Tuoba. Initially, a Xiongnu woman named Tuoba wife of Li Ling. The barbarian (ms. 胡
487:
of Chen Bule, who committed suicide upon receiving the message. Public opinion condemned Li as a traitor, and imperial officials began proposing to punish Li's family for his crime of
670:
676:
One should note, however, that the "ownership" of the palace continues to be discussed. More recently, for example, it was claimed by A.A. Kovalyov as the residence of Lu Fang (
571:
to surrender, as Li and Su used to be co-workers and good friends. Initially Li Ling was too ashamed to visit Su Wu, as he defected merely the year after Su's exile to
548:(大閼氏) disliked Li Ling and wanted him killed. The Chanyu therefore sent Li Ling to a far northern region, and did not call him back until after the Queen Dowager died.
527:
seen as a disgrace in Longxi. However, it was later revealed that Li Shaoqing was another high-profile Han defector called Li Xu (李緒), who happened to share the same
328:. Emperor Wu saw Li's future potential in the military and appointed Li, at a young age, as a high-profile imperial servant (侍中建章監), a position previously held by
584:" The second time Li Ling visited Su Wu, he brought the news that Emperor Wu had died, which caused Su to mourn so hard that he vomited blood and almost died.
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soon promoted him to the role of cavalry commander, assigned him to lead 5,000 elite infantries, and placed him in charge of training local reserve forces in
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726:
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1083:
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The 'disaster of Li Ling' induced China to give up for a time this system of counter-raids, but did not imperil the boundaries of Gansu.
575:. On his first visit, Li Ling mentioned how everyone in Su Wu's family back in China had either died or remarried, hoping to sever Su's
420:
attacked Li Ling's forces front-on, only to suffer heavy casualties under the Han troops' crossbow barrage and subsequent pursuit. The
470:
It is recorded that he used a field artillery crossbow that was capable of repeating fire and/or firing multiple bolts to fire at the
405:
false, as Li Ling's advance had been unresisted up to that point. Pleased with the good news, Emperor Wu promoted Chen as a reward.
439:
to the Han border, but decided to intensify the attacks as he considered it humiliating to be unable to defeat such a small force.
979:
The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001
352:. A few years later, Li Ling began serving regular military roles, but was limited to escorting higher-level generals such as
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389:'s main tribe with nothing more than his 5,000 infantry. Impressed by Li Ling's enthusiasm, Emperor Wu assented.
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Some archaeologists have tentatively identified a unique Han-dynasty architecture palace discovered in Russia's
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982:. Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61.
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In 1940, Russian construction workers found ancient ruins during the construction of a highway between
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The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
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The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research
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era. The year corresponds to 21 Feb 74 BCE to 9 Feb 73 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar.
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Li Ling died of disease in 74 BC, after more than 20 years among the Xiongnu as a defector.
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1016:. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126.
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American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Studies of Chinese Civilization
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Li Ling was dispatched twice by the Chanyu to persuade the detained Han ambassador
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honor and death. Moved by Su Wu's unshakable valor, Li Ling tearfully exclaimed, "
531:. Li Ling hence bore a deep hatred towards Li Xu, and arranged his assassination.
1132:
Chinese Emperor on the Yenisy? Once more about the owner of the Tashebik "Palace"
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In 99 BC, Emperor Wu ordered Li Guangli to lead 30,000 men for an offensive from
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965:. Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologiaeque Antiqutatis et Medii Aevi.
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Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history
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Aye! Such an honorable man! I and Wei Lü have sins that dwarf the sky!
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descended from Li Ling, whose Xiongnu wife was named Tuoba; some non-
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by the Han forces, and retreated after suffering heavy casualties.
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Zhao Ponu (趙破奴) previously had done, but Li Ling refused, "
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peoples possessed the ancient custom of matrilineality.
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cavalry. After Han was killed in combat, Li Ling cried "
1065:"How Did An Ancient Chinese Palace End Up In Siberia?"
786:. Harvard University, East Asian Research Center: 121
1009:
813:"NOMADIC POWER, SEDENTARY SECURITY, AND THE CROSSBOW"
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Li Ling's troops encountered the main forces of the
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region. He was the grandson of the "Flying General"
1053:) customarily used their mothers' name as surname."
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53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1084:"Who built this Siberian summer palace… and why?"
811:Wright, David Curtis (2008). Ferris, John (ed.).
449:Shut up! If I don't die in battle, I'm not a man!
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920:. University of California Press. pp. 41–.
817:Calgary Papers in Military and Strategic Studies
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300:Li Ling was born in Chengji (成紀, in modern-day
463:", and voluntarily surrendered himself to the
461:I have no face to return and meet the Emperor!
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823:. Centre for Military and Strategic Studies:
722:The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography
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939:
937:
152:
1179:1st-century BC Chinese military personnel
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719:; Curt Johnson; David L. Bongard (1995).
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276:), was a Chinese military general of the
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
945:
847:
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773:
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854:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
680:), a China throne pretender from the
660:and the village of Askyz (Аскыз), in
544:), Wei Lü (衛律). However, the Xiongnu
776:"Chinese Ways in Warfare, Volume 74"
51:adding citations to reliable sources
22:
16:For other people named Li Ling, see
1101:Liesowska, Anna (22 October 2014).
841:
616:claimed Li Ling as their ancestor.
13:
1082:Lambie, Derek (12 November 2014).
14:
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902:Monumenta Serica, Volume 52 2004
819:. Military Studies and History.
782:. Military Studies and History.
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1129:A.A. Kovalyov (А.А. Ковалёв),
1010:Michael Robert Drompp (2005).
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1103:"Is it a palm tree on Mars?"
946:Kyzlasov, Leonid R. (2010).
914:Frederic E. Wakeman (1985).
774:Kierman, Frank, ed. (1974).
639:Possible palace in Khakassia
512:and jailed for three years.
360:Battle, defeat and defection
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976:Veronika Veit, ed. (2007).
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284:. He later defected to the
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848:Grousset, Rene (1970).
725:. Edison, New Jersey:
478:Aftermath of defection
434:then sent his own son
671:ru:Ташебинский дворец
591:took the throne, the
1169:Han dynasty generals
535:Life after defection
412:upon arrival at the
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645:Abakan Palace Ruins
621:Book of Southern Qi
589:Emperor Zhao of Han
312:. According to the
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1107:The Siberian Times
1088:The Siberian Times
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109:
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
45:Please help
40:verification
37:
666:Han dynasty
573:Lake Baikal
542:Han traitor
506:commutation
321:Book of Han
207:Han dynasty
186:Han dynasty
164:Native name
131:family name
1158:Categories
1069:ChinaTopix
1029:8 February
1023:9004141294
995:8 February
745:References
524:Gongsun Ao
510:castration
354:Li Guangli
342:Emperor Wu
334:Huo Qubing
296:Early life
292:in 99 BC.
290:expedition
282:Emperor Wu
200:Allegiance
73:newspapers
892:, p. 161.
890:Sima 1993
759:Yuan'ping
694:Sima Qian
662:Khakassia
651:Khakassia
612:from the
596:Huo Guang
593:coregents
587:When the
577:patriotic
493:Sima Qian
383:swordsmen
374:Tian Shan
304:) in the
103:July 2018
62:"Li Ling"
1141:Archived
1120:195-224.
1044:Nanqishu
904:, p. 81.
880:, p. 31.
688:See also
614:Are clan
432:Qiedihou
330:Wei Qing
318:and the
310:Li Guang
302:Tianshui
273:Shǎoqīng
256:Shaoqing
125:In this
1174:Xiongnu
1047:vol. 57
682:Guangwu
557:Shanggu
555:twice,
489:treason
472:Xiongnu
465:Xiongnu
457:Xiongnu
398:Xiongnu
394:Lu Bode
379:Jingchu
372:in the
370:Xiongnu
366:Jiuquan
350:Zhangye
346:Jiuquan
286:Xiongnu
260:Chinese
248:Lǐ Líng
235:Chinese
231:Li Ling
224:General
212:Xiongnu
178:Chengji
146:Li Ling
87:scholar
1020:
986:
959:
924:
862:
831:
794:
733:
705:Ban Gu
658:Abakan
553:Wuyuan
422:Chanyu
418:Chanyu
410:Chanyu
387:Chanyu
306:Longxi
270::
268:pinyin
262::
245::
243:pinyin
237::
182:Longxi
136:Li (李)
129:, the
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
953:(PDF)
856:36–37
684:era.
629:Tuoba
569:Su Wu
195:74 BC
94:JSTOR
80:books
1031:2012
1018:ISBN
997:2012
984:ISBN
957:ISBN
922:ISBN
860:ISBN
829:ISBN
792:ISBN
731:ISBN
619:The
598:and
348:and
332:and
221:Rank
192:Died
174:Born
66:news
788:121
673:).
633:Han
508:to
453:韓延年
133:is
49:by
1160::
1105:.
1086:.
1067:.
1051:Hu
936:^
858:.
827:.
825:83
815:.
790:.
784:74
778:.
766:^
729:.
707:;
696:;
678:盧芳
491:.
474:.
336:.
266:;
264:少卿
241:;
239:李陵
184:,
180:,
168:李陵
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