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fiber length (relative to the total fiber length) act as poor reinforcement fibers, meaning that most stresses are still loaded on the matrix. Materials with small critical fiber lengths (relative to the total fiber length) act as effective reinforcement fibers that are able to transfer stresses on the matrix to themselves. Goethite nanofibers express a critical fiber length of around 420 to 800 nm, which is several orders of magnitude away from their estimated fiber length of 3.1 μm. This suggests that the goethite nanofibers serve as effective reinforcement for the collagen matrix and significantly contribute to the load-bearing capabilities of limpet teeth. This is further supported by the large mineral volume fraction of elongated goethite nanofibers within limpet teeth, around 0.81.
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662:. Existing in multiple morphologies, prisms with rhomb-shaped sections are the most frequent". The goethite crystals are stable and well formed for a biogenic crystal. The transport of the mineral to create the crystal structures has been suggested to be a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism as of 2011. Limpet tooth structure is dependent upon the living depth of the specimen. While deep water limpets have been shown to have the same elemental composition as shallow water limpets, deep water limpets do not show crystalline phases of goethite.
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297:(sometimes two) in this nuchal chamber instead of the circumpallial gills as a means for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the surrounding water or air (many limpets can breathe air during periods of low tide, but those limpet species which never leave the water do not have this ability and will suffocate if deprived of water). Blood moves from the atrium into the ventricle and into the aorta where it is then pumped out to the various lacunar blood spaces / sinuses in the
404:. The most primitive group have one pair of gills, in others only a single gill remains, the lepetids do not have any gills at all, while the patellids have evolved secondary gills as they have lost the original pair. However, because the adaptive feature of a simple conical shell has repeatedly arisen independently in gastropod evolution, limpets from many different evolutionary lineages occur in widely different environments. Some saltwater limpets such as
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be located near the head. Used food would quickly foul the nuchal cavity unless it was firmly compacted prior to being excreted. The torted condition of the limpets remains even though they no longer have a shell into which they can withdraw and even though the evolutionary advantages of torsion appear to therefore be negligible (some species of gastropod have subsequently
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Limpets wander over the surface of the rocks during high tide and tend to return to their favourite spot by following a trail of mucus left whilst grazing. Over a period of time the edges of the limpet's shell wear a shallow hollow in the rock called a homescar. The homescar helps the limpet to stay
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Limpets from different locations were shown to have different elemental ratios within their teeth. Iron is consistently most abundant however other metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and copper were all shown to be present to varying degrees. The relative percentages of the elements have also
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of around 140 GPa. Traveling down the anterior edge toward the anterior cusp of the teeth however, the elastic modulus decreases ending around 50 GPa at the edge of the teeth. The orientation of the goethite fibers can be correlated to this decrease in elastic modulus, as towards the tip of the tooth
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style, where teeth start growing at the back of the radula, and move toward the front of this structure as they mature. The growth rate of the limpet's teeth is around 47 hours per row. Fully mature teeth are located in the scraping zone, the very front of the radula. The scraping zone is in contact
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located in the nuchal cavity. The anus of most molluscs and indeed many animals is located far from the head. In limpets and most gastropods, however, the evolutionary torsion which took place and allowed the gastropods to have a shell into which they could completely withdraw has caused the anus to
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is about a patriotic but weak
American who desperately clings to the idea of joining the U.S. military to serve his country; by the end of the film, having been transformed into a fish, he is able to use his new body to save U.S. naval vessels from disaster. Although he does not become a snail but a
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from Oct 2000 estimate from the amount of calcium carbonate deposits in faeces of captive limpets, that an adult limpet will ingest around 4.9 g of chalk per year. Suggesting that limpets are on average responsible for 12% of the chalk platform erosion in areas that they frequent, potentially rising
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The structure, composition, and morphological shape of the teeth of the limpet allow for an even distribution of stress throughout the tooth. The teeth have a self-sharpening mechanism which allows for the teeth to be more highly functional for longer periods of time. Stress wears preferentially on
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Critical length of the goethite fibers is the reason the structural chitin matrix has extreme support. The critical length of goethite fibers has been estimated to be around 420 to 800 nm and when compared with the actual length of the fibers found in the teeth, around 3.1 um, shows that
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The second factor is the small critical fiber length of the goethite fibers in limpet teeth. Critical fiber length is a parameter defining the fiber length that a material must be to transfer stresses from the matrix to the fibers themselves during external loading. Materials with a large critical
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or nerve collar. Other nerves in the head/ snout are the optic nerves which connect to the two eye spots located at the base of the cerebral tentacles (these eyespots, when present, are only able to sense light and darkness and do not provide any imagery), as well as the labial and buccal ganglia
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The initial event that takes place when the limpet creates a new row of teeth is the creation of the main macromolecular α-chitin component. The resulting organic matrix serves as framework for the crystallization of the teeth themselves. The first mineral to be deposited is goethite (α-FeOOH), a
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The overall structure of the limpet teeth is relatively stable within most natural conditions given the limpet's ability to produce new teeth at a similar rate to the degradation. Individual teeth are subjected to shear stresses as the tooth is dragged along the rock. Goethite as a mineral is a
675:. The crystals arrange in various shapes and thicknesses throughout the chitin matrix. The varying formation of the chitin matrix has profound effects on the formation of the goethite crystals. The space in between the crystals and the chitin matrix is filled with amorphous hydrated silica (SiO
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fibers, with only a few nanometers between adjacent fibers. The lack of space leads to the absence of pre-formed compartments within the matrix that control goethite crystal size and shape. Because of this, the main factor influencing goethite crystal growth is the chitin fibers of the matrix.
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instead of being permanently attached to a single spot. However, when they need to resist strong wave action or other disturbances, limpets cling extremely firmly to the surfaces on which they live, using their muscular foot to apply suction combined with the effect of adhesive
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The exact mechanism behind the biomineralization of limpet teeth is unknown. However, it is suggested that limpet teeth biomineralize using a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism. Specifically, this mechanism is associated with the dissolution of iron stored in
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Chicot, D.; Mendoza, J.; Zaoui, A.; Louis, G.; Lepingle, V.; Roudet, F.; Lesage, J. (October 2011). "Mechanical properties of magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite (α-Fe2O3) and goethite (α-FeO·OH) by instrumented indentation and molecular dynamics analysis".
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in limpet teeth; at this length scale, materials become insensitive to flaws that would otherwise decrease failure strength. As a result, goethite nanofibers are able to maintain substantial failure strength despite the presence of defects.
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with the substrate that the limpet feeds off of. As a result, the fully mature teeth are subsequently worn down until they are discarded – at a rate equal to the growth rate. To counter this degradation, a new row of teeth begin to grow.
691:. Goethite has the chemical formula FeO(OH) and belongs to a group known as oxy-hydroxides. There exists amorphous silica between the goethite crystals; surrounding the goethite is a matrix of chitin. Chitin has a chemical formula of C
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the teeth have fibers much larger than the critical length. This paired with orientation of the fibers leads to effective stress distribution onto the goethite fibers and not onto the weaker chitin matrix in the limpet teeth.
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Limpets are known to cause bio-erosion on sedimentary rocks by the formation of homescars and by ingesting tiny particles of rock through the action of feeding. C.Andrews & R.B.G. Williams in their research paper titled
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and in most limpets is barely functional. The right kidney, however, has taken over the majority of blood filtration and often extends over and around the entire mantle of the animal in a thin, almost-invisible layer.
258:(a kind of tongue) that scrapes algae off the surrounding rock for nutrition. Behind these ganglia lie the pedal nerve cords which control the movement of the foot, and the visceral ganglion which in limpets has been
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has a tensile strength only up to 4.5 GPa, limpet teeth outperforms spider silk to be the strongest biological material. These considerably high values exhibited by limpet teeth are due to the following factors:
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The digestive system is extensive and takes up a large part of the animal's body. Food (algae) is collected by the radula and odontophore and enters via the downward-facing mouth. It then moves through the
936:). And although the name "limpet" is given on the basis of a limpet-like or patelliform shell, the several groups of snails that have a shell of this type are not at all closely related to one another.
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There is evidence that different regions of the limpet teeth show different mechanical strengths. Measurements taken from the tip of the anterior edge of the tooth show that the teeth can exhibit an
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relatively soft iron based material, which increases the chance of physical damage to the structure. Limpet teeth and the radula have also been shown to experience greater levels of damage in CO
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matrix. Upon being fully mineralized, the teeth reposition themselves within the radula, allowing limpets to scrape off algae from rock surfaces. As limpet teeth wear out, they are subsequently
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been shown to differ from one geographic location to another. This demonstrates an environmental dependency of some kind; however the specific variables are currently undetermined.
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Sone, Eli D.; Weiner, Steve; Addadi, Lia (1 November 2005). "Morphology of
Goethite Crystals in Developing Limpet Teeth: Assessing Biological Control over Mineral Formation".
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Mann, S.; Perry, C. C.; Webb, J.; Luke, B.; Williams, R. J. P. (22 March 1986). "Structure, Morphology, Composition and
Organization of Biogenic Minerals in Limpet Teeth".
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Sone, Eli D.; Weiner, Steve; Addadi, Lia (1 June 2007). "Biomineralization of limpet teeth: A cryo-TEM study of the organic matrix and the onset of mineral deposition".
1047:. Near the end of their four-month stay on the island, as their stocks of seal and penguin meat dwindled, they derived a major portion of their sustenance from limpets.
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289:. Blood enters the atrium via the circumpallial vein (after being oxygenated by the ring of gills located around the edge of the shell) and through a series of small
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Davies, Mark S.; Proudlock, Donna J.; Mistry, A. (May 2005). "Metal
Concentrations in the Radula of the Common Limpet, Patella vulgata L., from 10 Sites in the UK".
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Specifically, goethite crystals nucleate on these chitin fibers and push aside or engulf the chitin fibers as they grow, influencing their resulting orientation.
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Cruz, R.; Farina, M. (4 March 2005). "Mineralization of major lateral teeth in the radula of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent limpet (Gastropoda:Neolepetopsidae)".
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Applications of limpet teeth involve structural designs requiring high strength and hardness, such as biomaterials used in next-generation dental restorations.
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relationship with several other beings. Clathromorphum, a type of algae, provides food to limpets, which clean the algae's surface and allow its persistence.
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N. Other metals have been shown to be present with the relative percent compositions varying on geographic locations. The goethite has been reported to have a
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wrote "Cheer up, as the limpet said to the weeping willow" in one of his letters. Simon
Grindle wrote the 1964 illustrated children's book of nonsense poetry
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Thus, the name limpet is used to describe various extremely diverse groups of gastropods that have independently evolved a shell of the same basic shape (see
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shape (patelliform) and a strong, muscular foot. This general category of conical shell is known as "patelliform" (dish-shaped). Existing within the class
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SEM and TEM images of the morphologies of goethite in limpet teeth. Different goethite morphologies result from limiting growth in certain crystal planes.
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Faivre, Damien; Godec, Tina Ukmar (13 April 2015). "From
Bacteria to Mollusks: The Principles Underlying the Biomineralization of Iron Oxide Materials".
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serving as a lung. In these small freshwater limpets, that "lung" underwent secondary adaptation to allow the absorption of dissolved oxygen from water.
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Goethite crystals form at the start of the tooth production cycle and remain as a fundamental part of the tooth with intercrystal space filled with
493:(occurring anywhere between 12 and 48 hours) and replaced with new teeth. Different limpet species exhibit different overall shapes of their teeth.
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and now have their anus located once again at the posterior end of the body; these groups no longer have a visceral twist to their nervous systems).
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and oshradial ganglion (an organ believed used to sense the time to produce gametes) is controlled by its right pleural ganglion and vice versa.
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into the right kidney which then releases them into the surrounding water on a regular schedule. Fertilized eggs hatch and the floating
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542:, the rate of which can be altered via changing the pH at the site of nucleation. After one to two days, these ions are converted to
481:. Although limpets contain over 100 rows of teeth, only the outermost 10 are used in feeding. These teeth form via matrix-mediated
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family in particular often referred to as "true limpets". Examples of other clades commonly referred to as limpets include the
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that deliver more oxygenated blood from the nuchal cavity (the area above the head and neck). Many limpets still retain a
913:). Thus the common name "limpet" has very little taxonomic significance in and of itself; the name is applied not only to
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887:(and in some cases again adapted to absorb oxygen from water). All these kinds of snail are only very distantly related.
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of a limpet is located beneath its digestive system just above its foot. It swells and eventually bursts, sending
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are a type of naval mine attached to a target by magnets. They are named after the tenacious grip of the limpet.
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SEM images displaying the different orientations of goethite fibers (black) due to the chitin matrix (gray)
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The two kidneys are very different in size and location. This is a result of torsion. The left kidney is
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Andrews, C.; Williams, R. B. G. (2000). "Limpet erosion of chalk shore platforms in southeast
England".
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the front surface of the cusp of the teeth, allowing the back surface to stay sharp and more effective.
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soft iron oxide which forms crystals parallel to the chitin fibers. The goethite, however, has varying
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breathe air, and some freshwater limpets are descendants of air-breathing land snails (e.g. the genus
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Schematic displaying the growth and development of limpet teeth, as well as their feeding mechanism
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Some species of limpet live in fresh water, but these are the exception. Most marine limpets have
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Gastropods that have limpet-like or patelliform shells are found in several different clades:
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Weiner, Steve; Addadi, Lia (4 August 2011). "Crystallization
Pathways in Biomineralization".
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The common name "limpet" also is applied to a number of not very closely related groups of
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the fibers are more aligned with each other, correlating to a high modulus and vice versa.
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are free-swimming for a period before settling to the bottom and becoming an adult animal.
323:. The large digestive gland helps break down the microscopic plant material, and the long
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Many species of limpet have historically been used, or are still used, by pigs for food.
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Gao, Huajian; Ji, Baohua; Jäger, Ingomar L.; Arzt, Eduard; Fratzl, Peter (13 May 2003).
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during the course of evolution. This means, among other things, that the limpet's left
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The unmineralized matrix consists of relatively well-ordered, densely packed arrays of
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Ukmar-Godec, Tina; Kapun, Gregor; Zaslansky, Paul; Faivre, Damien (1 December 2015).
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Shaw, Jeremy A.; Macey, David J.; Brooker, Lesley R.; Clode, Peta L. (1 April 2010).
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301:. The odontophore may play a large role in assisting with blood circulation as well.
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1330:"Nacellidae limpets of the southern end of South America: taxonomy and distribution"
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The basic anatomy of a limpet consists of the usual molluscan organs and systems:
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Limpet fights off a starfish - The Secret Life of Rock Pools - Preview - BBC Four
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SEM images of the different shapes of teeth in the following limpet species: (A)
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205:("keyhole limpet"), which use a siphon to pump water over their gills, and the
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1371:"The giant keyhole limpet radular teeth: A naturally-grown harvest machine"
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which bites predatory starfish to discourage them from eating the limpet.
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1572:"Materials become insensitive to flaws at nanoscale: Lessons from nature"
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to the tooth surface. The build-up of enough ferrihydrite ions leads to
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to 35% + in areas where the limpet population has reached its maximum.
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The most prominent metal by percent composition is iron in the form of
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10.1002/1096-9837(200011)25:12<1371::AID-ESP144>3.0.CO;2-#
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group (its members descending from different immediate ancestors).
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1167:"Tooth use and wear in three iron-biomineralizing mollusc species"
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London B: Biological Sciences
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attached to the rock and not to dry out during low tide periods.
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This article is about the snails. For the wave power device, see
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which are associated with feeding and controlling the animal's
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for breathing air like the majority of terrestrial
Gastropoda.
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In order to obtain food, limpets rely on an organ called the
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Limpet erosion of chalk shore platforms in southeast England
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Valdovinos, Claudio; Rüth, Maximillian (1 September 2005).
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James Richard Ainsworth Davis; Herbert John Fleure (1903).
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harvesting limpets from the icy waters on the shore of the
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helps compact used food which is then excreted through the
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Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Sigel, Roland K. O. (2008).
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Barber, Asa H.; Lu, Dun; Pugno, Nicola M. (6 April 2015).
1646:"Optimized nanoscale composite behaviour in limpet teeth"
1887:. The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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said to be "in the great tradition of Edward Lear and
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species, which are sometimes known as slipper limpets
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is based around a single triangular three-chambered
254:, the muscular cushion used to support the limpet's
2009:. Illustrated by Alan Todd. Newcastle: Oriel Press.
241:. These ganglia create a ring around the limpet's
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1885:"Identifying British freshwater snails: Ancylidae"
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580:values are between 268 and 646 kg⋅m⋅s, while
534:. These ferrihydrite ions are transported through
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1129:Trueman, E. R.; Clarke, M. R. (22 October 2013).
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883:cavity adapted to breathe air and function as a
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1576:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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1511:Biomineralization: From Nature to Application
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1057:fish, his name limpet hints at his tenacity.
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225:A nervous system centered around the paired
2026:: taxonomy, facts, life cycle, bibliography
1273:"Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth"
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1080:A Source-book of Biological Names and Terms
125:. For the underwater explosive device, see
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1024:The Loving Limpet and Other Peculiarities,
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2006:The Loving Limpet and Other Peculiarities
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584:values range between 3.0 and 6.5 GPa. As
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1644:Lu, Dun; Barber, Asa H. (7 June 2012).
1221:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
868:The pulmonate river and lake limpets –
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2038:Acmaeidae at the NCBI taxonomy website
1650:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1277:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
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501:Development of limpet teeth occurs in
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1934:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1967:Gray, William (18 September 2013).
1861:. Landcare Research. Archived from
1474:Annual Review of Materials Research
1334:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
319:and into the numerous loops of the
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3026:
2016:
1716:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.05.056
1255:
1205:
815:
209:("false limpets"), which have a
23:
1996:
1992:. T. Fisher Unwin. p. 165.
1979:
1969:"Escape to the Isles of Scilly"
1960:
1925:
1877:
1851:
1808:
1757:
1722:
1704:Materials Chemistry and Physics
1694:
1563:
1528:
1501:
1347:10.4067/S0716-078X2005000300011
633:Causes of structure degradation
34:needs additional citations for
1321:
1122:
1050:The light-hearted comedy film
990:
216:
1:
1537:Journal of Structural Biology
1375:Journal of Structural Biology
1060:
1004:
979:Limpet homescar found at the
862:
570:Looking into limpet teeth of
376:live on hard surfaces in the
970:
960:) is host to the scale worm
944:
7:
1431:Crystal Growth & Design
1084:. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
811:, all air-breathing limpets
770:, small limpets related to
719:
612:Role in distributing stress
565:
372:True limpets in the family
247:circumesophageal nerve ring
10:
3031:
1115:Patella, the Common Limpet
956:The rough keyhole limpet (
939:
683:Characterizing composition
120:
2983:
2952:
2918:
2881:
2831:
2808:
2799:
2768:
2734:
2699:
2690:
2640:
2610:
2567:Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian
2557:
2529:
2460:
2451:
2395:
2316:
2262:
2219:
2087:
2078:
1829:10.1007/s10646-004-1351-8
1743:10.1007/s00227-004-1536-y
1549:10.1016/j.jsb.2007.01.001
1514:. John Wiley & Sons.
1387:10.1016/j.jsb.2015.09.021
1145:– via Google Books.
1118:. Williams & Norgate.
1053:The Incredible Mr. Limpet
890:
820:
759:, small deepwater limpets
596:length scale of goethite
2438:Placopecten magellanicus
2282:New Zealand green-lipped
592:The first factor is the
527:of the radula to create
421:
414:) whose ancestors had a
2943:Acanthopleura granulata
2512:(group of four species)
2003:Grindle, Simon (1964).
1589:10.1073/pnas.0631609100
1171:The Biological Bulletin
755:and slit limpets), and
666:Crystallization process
400:All "true" limpets are
170:are a group of aquatic
2936:Acanthopleura echinata
2846:Atlantic white-spotted
2297:Asian/Philippine green
1989:Letters of Edward Lear
1786:10.1098/rspb.1986.0018
1662:10.1098/rsif.2011.0688
1289:10.1098/rsif.2014.1326
1233:10.1002/anie.201408900
1074:Jaeger, Edmund Carroll
983:
707:of approximately 80%.
650:
554:
514:
497:Growth and development
462:Function and formation
458:
369:
269:For most limpets, the
193:are limpets, with the
164:
152:
2872:Amphioctopus fangsiao
2516:South African abalone
2388:("true oyster" genus)
2154:California butterclam
1986:Lear, Edward (1907).
1183:10.1086/bblv218n2p132
978:
648:
552:
512:
429:
361:
158:
148:on a rock surface in
137:
3005:Mollusc common names
2597:Ribbed Mediterranean
2112:Grooved carpet shell
2031:27 June 2009 at the
1859:"Luminescent limpet"
1018:The humorous author
934:convergent evolution
362:Detailed anatomy of
43:improve this article
3015:Polyphyletic groups
2592:Rayed Mediterranean
2186:Japanese littleneck
1946:2000ESPL...25.1371A
1865:on 21 February 2015
1778:1986RSPSB.227..179M
1487:2011AnRMS..41...21W
965:Anthessius nortoni,
711:Regional dependency
2965:Land snail farming
2379:Gillardeau oysters
2097:Atlantic jackknife
1135:. Academic Press.
984:
840:The hoof snails –
651:
555:
515:
459:
370:
271:circulatory system
165:
153:
2992:
2991:
2970:Gastropod anatomy
2929:Chiton magnificus
2914:
2913:
2891:New Zealand arrow
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2666:Kelletia lischkei
2631:Littorina sitkana
2577:Yellow-foot opihi
2447:
2446:
2341:Colchester native
1940:(12): 1371–1381.
1582:(10): 5597–5600.
1443:10.1021/cg050171l
1283:(105): 20141326.
1227:(16): 4728–4747.
919:Patellogastropoda
901:freshwater snails
852:Slipper snails –
828:hydrothermal vent
730:Patellogastropoda
654:Crystal structure
518:Biomineralization
483:biomineralization
470:, which contains
432:Nacella mytilina;
368:, a common limpet
277:consisting of an
191:Patellogastropoda
119:
118:
111:
93:
3022:
3010:Hawaiian cuisine
2806:
2805:
2720:Chorus giganteus
2697:
2696:
2458:
2457:
2421:Pecten jacobaeus
2128:Mactra stultorum
2085:
2084:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1772:(1247): 179–90.
1761:
1755:
1754:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1641:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1591:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1468:
1455:
1454:
1437:(6): 2131–2138.
1426:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1268:
1253:
1252:
1216:
1203:
1202:
1162:
1147:
1146:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1070:
768:Phenacolepadidae
660:amorphous silica
642:acidified water.
582:tensile strength
578:Vickers hardness
525:epithelial cells
448:N. delicatissima
285:, and a bulbous
182:, limpets are a
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3019:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2979:
2975:Bivalve anatomy
2948:
2910:
2896:Japanese flying
2877:
2827:
2787:
2764:
2730:
2686:
2636:
2606:
2587:Common European
2553:
2525:
2443:
2427:Peruvian calico
2391:
2312:
2309:(mussel family)
2258:
2215:
2160:Senilia senilis
2074:
2073:Edible mollusks
2071:
2033:Wayback Machine
2024:Lottia gigantea
2019:
2014:
2001:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1965:
1961:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1915:
1914:, 12 April 2013
1908:
1907:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1813:
1809:
1762:
1758:
1727:
1723:
1699:
1695:
1656:(71): 1318–24.
1642:
1623:
1568:
1564:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1506:
1502:
1469:
1458:
1427:
1412:
1367:
1363:
1326:
1322:
1269:
1256:
1217:
1206:
1163:
1150:
1143:
1127:
1123:
1110:
1099:
1092:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1041:Elephant Island
1007:
993:
973:
949:Limpets have a
947:
942:
893:
865:
836:Lepetodriloidea
823:
818:
782:Opisthobranchia
753:keyhole limpets
722:
713:
705:volume fraction
702:
698:
694:
685:
678:
668:
656:
641:
635:
622:elastic modulus
614:
573:Patella vulgata
568:
520:
499:
464:
424:
378:intertidal zone
365:Patella vulgata
219:
189:All species of
174:with a conical
161:Patella vulgata
159:Underside of a
145:Patella vulgata
130:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
16:Group of snails
12:
11:
5:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2960:Oyster farming
2956:
2954:
2953:Related topics
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2745:Cornu aspersum
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2254:Giant Atlantic
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:Triangle shell
2173:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2018:
2017:External links
2015:
2013:
2012:
1995:
1978:
1959:
1924:
1898:
1876:
1850:
1807:
1756:
1731:Marine Biology
1721:
1693:
1621:
1562:
1527:
1521:978-0470986318
1520:
1500:
1456:
1410:
1381:(3): 392–402.
1361:
1340:(3): 497–517.
1320:
1254:
1204:
1148:
1141:
1121:
1097:
1091:978-0398061791
1090:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1045:Southern Ocean
1006:
1003:
992:
989:
972:
969:
958:Diodora aspera
946:
943:
941:
938:
892:
889:
873:
872:
864:
861:
860:
859:
850:
838:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
812:
793:Heterobranchia
789:
778:Heterobranchia
774:
760:
745:Vetigastropoda
741:
721:
718:
712:
709:
700:
696:
692:
684:
681:
676:
673:crystal habits
667:
664:
655:
652:
639:
634:
631:
613:
610:
567:
564:
519:
516:
498:
495:
463:
460:
452:N. magellanica
423:
420:
416:pallial cavity
356:
355:
337:
303:
302:
267:
218:
215:
199:Vetigastropoda
117:
116:
99:September 2024
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3027:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
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2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
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2940:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Pacific giant
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2759:Helix pomatia
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:Helix lucorum
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
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2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
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2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2372:Ostra chilena
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Mediterranean
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:(razor genus)
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Pacific razor
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:Atlantic surf
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1886:
1880:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1823:(4): 465–75.
1822:
1818:
1817:Ecotoxicology
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:(1): 163–68.
1736:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1710:(3): 862–70.
1709:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:(3): 428–44.
1542:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:(2): 132–44.
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1142:9781483289366
1138:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1082:
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1069:
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1058:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1028:Lewis Carroll
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1002:
999:
988:
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981:Bay of Skaill
977:
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851:
849:
845:
844:
839:
837:
833:
832:Neomphaloidea
829:
825:
824:
816:Other limpets
810:
809:Trimusculidae
806:
802:
801:Siphonariidae
798:
794:
790:
787:
783:
779:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:
757:Lepetelloidea
754:
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749:Fissurellidae
746:
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503:conveyor belt
494:
492:
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477:
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469:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:N. chiloensis
437:
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428:
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417:
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407:
406:Trimusculidae
403:
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207:Siphonariidae
204:
203:Fissurellidae
200:
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2870:
2861:Southern red
2757:
2750:
2743:
2718:
2692:Other snails
2664:
2629:
2558:
2436:
2419:
2405:Atlantic bay
2383:
2371:
2336:Southern mud
2208:
2200:
2158:
2139:Ocean quahog
2126:
2023:
2005:
1998:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1962:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1916:, retrieved
1910:
1889:. Retrieved
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:the original
1853:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1653:
1649:
1579:
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1565:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1510:
1503:
1481:(1): 21–40.
1478:
1472:
1434:
1430:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1337:
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1280:
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1224:
1220:
1174:
1170:
1131:
1124:
1114:
1079:
1068:
1051:
1049:
1034:
1033:In his book
1032:
1023:
1017:
1013:Limpet mines
1011:
1008:
997:
994:
985:
964:
957:
955:
948:
931:
926:
915:true limpets
894:
874:
853:
848:Hipponicidae
841:
764:Neritimorpha
738:true limpets
723:
714:
686:
669:
657:
636:
627:
619:
615:
607:
603:
591:
571:
569:
556:
536:ion channels
529:ferrihydrite
521:
500:
465:
455:
451:
447:
444:N. deaurata;
443:
439:
436:N. clypeater
435:
431:
409:
399:
371:
363:
333:
304:
220:
188:
184:polyphyletic
167:
166:
160:
143:
131:
123:Islay LIMPET
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2906:Neon flying
2612:Periwinkles
2572:Turtle/talc
2505:Green ormer
2415:New Zealand
2385:Crassostrea
2366:Sydney rock
2244:New Zealand
2166:Smooth clam
2134:Blunt gaper
1891:21 February
1869:21 February
1020:Edward Lear
991:Bio-erosion
951:mutualistic
927:patelliform
830:limpets –
799:, examples
786:Tylodinidae
747:, examples
586:spider silk
476:mineralized
252:odontophore
217:Description
211:pneumostome
140:true limpet
127:Limpet mine
2999:Categories
2823:Bottletail
2810:Cuttlefish
2770:Freshwater
2714:Korean mud
2677:Pear whelk
2453:Gastropods
2410:Great/king
2356:Windowpane
2351:Portuguese
2287:California
2191:Razor clam
2171:Soft-shell
1973:Wanderlust
1918:20 October
1061:References
1005:In culture
897:sea snails
863:Freshwater
846:and other
784:, example
766:, example
734:Patellidae
732:, example
598:nanofibers
546:crystals.
540:nucleation
390:locomotion
374:Patellidae
321:intestines
307:diminutive
264:osphradium
195:Patellidae
180:Gastropoda
69:newspapers
2818:Spineless
2682:Lightning
2650:Channeled
2307:Mytilidae
2196:Pod razor
2117:Hard clam
1794:0962-8452
1670:1742-5689
1598:0027-8424
1451:1528-7483
1356:0716-078X
1297:1742-5689
1241:1521-3773
1132:Evolution
971:Homescars
945:Symbiosis
908:gastropod
870:Ancylidae
855:Crepidula
797:Pulmonata
594:nanometer
456:N. venosa
382:barnacles
380:. Unlike
334:de-torted
317:esophagus
295:ctenidium
283:ventricle
245:called a
243:esophagus
2986:Category
2901:Humboldt
2851:Big blue
2709:Mud-flat
2660:Kellet's
2500:Greenlip
2495:Blacklip
2397:Scallops
2080:Bivalves
2029:Archived
1845:25235604
1837:16385740
1802:89570130
1751:84563618
1688:22158842
1616:12732735
1557:17306563
1405:26433029
1315:25694539
1249:25851816
1199:35442787
1191:20413790
1076:(1959).
911:mollusks
843:Hipponix
805:Latiidae
795:, group
780:, group
720:Taxonomy
689:goethite
566:Strength
544:goethite
491:degraded
299:hemocoel
291:vesicles
237:sets of
227:cerebral
163:specimen
142:species
58:"Limpet"
2920:Chitons
2833:Octopus
2801:Inkfish
2783:Nerites
2672:Knobbed
2559:Limpets
2544:Elegant
2531:Conches
2521:Chilean
2462:Abalone
2346:Pacific
2331:Olympia
2326:Eastern
2318:Oysters
2264:Mussels
2221:Cockles
2210:Paphies
2107:Geoduck
1942:Bibcode
1774:Bibcode
1679:3350734
1483:Bibcode
1396:4658332
1306:4387522
962:copepod
940:Ecology
905:aquatic
772:nerites
751:, (the
411:Ancylus
386:mussels
349:veliger
345:gametes
239:ganglia
235:pleural
201:family
168:Limpets
83:scholar
2841:Common
2726:Bailer
2655:Common
2642:Whelks
2625:Banded
2620:Common
2602:Rustic
2374:/Bluff
2249:Sydney
2239:Goolwa
2229:Common
2181:Tuatua
1843:
1835:
1800:
1792:
1749:
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1607:156246
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1354:
1313:
1303:
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1239:
1197:
1189:
1139:
1088:
891:Naming
881:mantle
821:Marine
791:Clade
776:Clade
762:Clade
743:Clade
736:, the
728:Clade
559:chitin
487:chitin
468:radula
454:; (G)
450:; (F)
442:; (D)
438:; (C)
402:marine
352:larvae
325:rectum
279:atrium
260:torted
256:radula
233:, and
172:snails
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2883:Squid
2866:Mimic
2778:Apple
2582:China
2539:Queen
2485:Green
2480:Black
2470:White
2432:Yesso
2292:Brown
2234:Blood
2202:Ensis
2149:Venus
2122:Horse
2089:Clams
1841:S2CID
1798:S2CID
1747:S2CID
1195:S2CID
1036:South
923:shell
917:(the
877:gills
479:teeth
422:Teeth
395:mucus
341:gonad
287:aorta
275:heart
231:pedal
176:shell
150:Wales
90:JSTOR
76:books
2736:Land
2510:Pāua
2490:Pink
2361:Rock
2302:Date
2272:Blue
1920:2022
1893:2015
1871:2015
1833:PMID
1790:ISSN
1684:PMID
1666:ISSN
1612:PMID
1594:ISSN
1553:PMID
1516:ISBN
1447:ISSN
1401:PMID
1352:ISSN
1311:PMID
1293:ISSN
1245:PMID
1237:ISSN
1187:PMID
1137:ISBN
1086:ISBN
899:and
885:lung
834:and
826:The
532:ions
472:iron
446:(E)
434:(B)
339:The
329:anus
281:, a
138:The
62:news
2701:Sea
2549:Dog
2475:Red
1950:doi
1825:doi
1782:doi
1770:227
1739:doi
1735:147
1712:doi
1708:129
1674:PMC
1658:doi
1602:PMC
1584:doi
1580:100
1545:doi
1541:158
1491:doi
1439:doi
1391:PMC
1383:doi
1379:192
1342:doi
1301:PMC
1285:doi
1229:doi
1179:doi
1175:218
1030:".
679:).
45:by
3001::
1971:.
1948:.
1938:25
1936:.
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1193:.
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