368:
21-member board was made up of one-third members selected from the white community, while the rest were appointed from
African American leading institutions and families in Durham, as well as the local city and county governments. The Board also included a member of the Duke family, an appointee from NC Farmers and Mechanics Bank, and a representative from NC Mutual Life Insurance Company. Finally, a black woman, white man, and black man were elected from the community to serve on the Board. Black and white women in the Durham community were responsible for supplying linens, furnishings, and other supplies for the hospital and the nurses' home through community-wide donation drives. White clubwomen tracked the hospital's quality of care, supervised nursing students, and acted as liaisons between the institution and the white community. Lincoln Hospital's Lady Board of Managers acted as a female leadership body in the hospital, responsible for fundraising for the hospital and institutional improvements. Durham County also supplied funds to run the hospital.
663:(LCHC) in 1971. The health center and hospital operated together in the Fayetteville St. facility until September 25, 1976, when inpatients were transferred to Durham County General Hospital. Today, the center offers a wide range of health services including adult medicine, pediatrics, dental, social work/mental health services, family care nursing, and community outreach. Prenatal and family planning services are available at the Center in cooperation with the Durham County Health Department. Building on the legacy of its predecessor institution, Lincoln Hospital, LCHC is dedicated to fulfilling its mission statement: "As a leader in the provision of community health care, Lincoln Community Health Center is committed to collaborating with other institutions dedicated to the continuous improvement in services being provided to decrease health disparities, while assuring access to all."
479:
age. Proper diets and feeding schedules were also taught to the mother. All babies at the clinic were immunized. In 1963, the state calculated the rate of infection among
African American children to be lower than the rate among white children in Durham. The pediatric department also later offered specialized programs such as the Crippled Children's Clinic—a joint effort between Lincoln and Duke Hospital's orthopedic departments. In 1937, the infant death rate for babies under one year of age in Durham County was reduced to 52.2 per 1000 live births among whites and 94.2 per 1000 among blacks.
350:
516:(the first four-year medical school for blacks in the U.S. and the first medical school in North Carolina) served as a pipeline to practice at Lincoln. Seven of the original Lincoln physicians were graduates of Leonard Medical School. The Leonard school closed in 1918, limiting local opportunities for black medical education and spurring Lincoln to establish its own training programs. Lincoln became a magnet for some of the most talented black physicians on the East coast. Partnerships with
575:
637:
435:
541:
471:
501:
381:
293:, brought success and credibility to select members of Durham's black community. Leaders of these organizations exhibited social dexterity in maintaining good relations between blacks and whites through these economic connections. Recognizing Durham's health disparities, black leaders garnered support for a black hospital from white philanthropists.
520:, Watts, and other hospitals in North Carolina ensured a steady supply of residents for Lincoln's education programs. The Lincoln Nursing School (1901–1976) drew young African American women to its well-regarded program throughout the hospital's tenure. In 1934, the reorganization of Lincoln hospital and the acquisition of funds from the
38:
413:. The department of medicine at Lincoln Hospital provided general services for venereal disease prevention and treatment, emergency care, cancer, and routine adult medicine. Over the years, the medical departments adapted to the specialties of the attending physicians, and the needs of the public at large.
372:
On move-in day for the new facility in 1925, 18 of the 85 patients admitted were from other towns where there were no healthcare facilities for blacks. Reflecting the broad-based community support of and corporate pride in the institution, Durham residents frequently referred to
Lincoln as "our hospital."
328:. Aaron McDuffie Moore (Durham's first black physician) reminded the Duke family that blacks worked with whites in small intimate spaces, and that high rates of disease in blacks would affect the health of whites. Ben and James Duke gave an original donation of $ 8,550 for the hospital's construction in
371:
With community support, the hospital established a mission to provide care regardless of a patient's ability to pay. The amount of charity patients admitted to
Lincoln was not confined to a certain quota. According to its 1938 report, two-thirds of Lincoln Hospitals 1,879 patients were charity cases.
357:
Lincoln hospital's black leaders claimed the hospital was "a striking example of what can be accomplished in a community where both races work together." However, in the beginning, whites generally kept a distance by confining their involvement to financial contribution. Eventually, this relationship
487:
The
Lincoln Hospital surgery department provided comprehensive surgical services to African Americans unavailable at nearby hospitals. While services were considered subpar in the early years of the hospital, Dr. Max Schiebel (Chief of surgery, 1944–1971) revitalized the program by raising standards
478:
In addition to STI screening at birth, Lincoln also worked to reduce child mortality through postnatal and childhood care in the Well Baby Clinic. Black mothers were encouraged to bring their children back for check-ups, to ensure that their babies were reaching growth and weight standards for their
367:
The hospital functioned with support from private institutions, black and white individuals, and the governments of Durham County and other surrounding counties. Community support was reflected in the hospital's leadership bodies, including the
Lincoln Hospital Board of Trustees. Begun in 1921, the
425:
services for
Lincoln, providing qualified supervision for these specialties without on-site expertise. A notable pioneer in this department was Margaret Kennedy Goodwin (head radiology technician, 1938–1976), the first female African American to be elected to membership in the American Registry of
648:
as one of the leading hospitals for blacks or whites in the
Carolinas. However, by 1950, Durham residents recognized that both Lincoln and Watts hospitals were providing outmoded services. A joint proposal for Federal funding to expand both Lincoln and Watts Hospitals was submitted to the North
611:
Beginning in the 1930s, Lincoln hospital became a popular place to host continuing medical education conferences due to the proximity of the N.C. College for
Negroes dormitories, which provided a place for physicians to stay in a time when most blacks were barred from southern hotels. In 1935,
336:
With grateful appreciation and loving remembrance of the fidelity and faithfulness of the Negro slaves to the
Mothers and Daughters of the Confederacy during the Civil War, this institution was founded by one of the Fathers and Sons: B.N. Duke, J.B. Duke, W. Duke. Not one act of disloyalty was
565:
in Goldsboro, N.C. After the first year of training, nursing students worked alongside nursing graduate students to take care of patients, supplying essential, inexpensive, primary care. The Nursing School provided greater job and educational opportunities for young black women in Durham. The
280:
industries increased the spread of diseases caused by particulate matter and caused strain on existing infrastructure. Excluding stillbirths, the death rate among Durham African Americans in 1910 was 26.0/1000 compared to 16.6/1000 for whites. Widespread belief that blacks were physically and
652:
Like many black institutions, Lincoln Hospital declined after integration. By the 1960s, both Lincoln and Watts Hospitals were providing subpar medical services to Durham. In 1965, Lincoln hospital integrated its medical staff. While white and black medical staff continued to practice at the
388:
The original wood-frame hospital building, located at the corner of Cozart St. (Alley) and East Proctor St. and housing up to 50 patients, was damaged in a 1924 fire. Recruitment of additional funds initially meant to expand the original facilities allowed the immediate construction of a new
229:
South, Lincoln Hospital developed and thrived due to a complex web of inter- and intraracial cooperation. Lincoln's medical staff sought to reduce morbidity and mortality of Durham blacks by targeting maternal and child health, infectious disease, and health behavior through health education
491:
Dr. Charles DeWitt Watts (1917 – 2004) served as Chief of Surgery during the 1950s and 1960s he began training Howard University residents in a joint program with Duke University Medical School, where—because Duke was segregated—residents would come through Duke but be trained at Lincoln.
548:
The Board of Trustees organized the Lincoln Hospital School of Nursing in 1903. The program was approved by the Board of Nurse Examiners of the State of North Carolina. Julia Latta was the first director of nursing from 1903 to 1910. The curriculum design included courses to be taken at
243:
African Americans experienced serious health disadvantages in 20th century Durham, North Carolina. Modern analyses have shown that inadequate housing, insufficient heat, poor ventilation, inadequate diet, and overwork contributed to multiple medical problems, including
454:, versus 137.5 per 1000 for whites in 1910 and many mothers died at home due to birth complications. Education about the risks of birth increased rates of hospital deliveries for black women in Durham. Prenatal care at Lincoln Hospital also included screening for
799:. Interview R-0113. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007) in the Southern Oral History Program Collection, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.: Documenting the American South. 26 September 1997.
602:
rotated through Lincoln from 1930 into the late 1960s. Medical and surgical staff of the hospital spent time teaching residents and interns on rounds in the wards. Many Lincoln students, both black and white, went on to achieve distinction in their field.
284:
While this segregation widened the socioeconomic and health gap between black and white communities, it also facilitated the development of a strong black business community and a black elite with the power to address these disparities. The rise of
230:
programs, specialized clinics, and free medical care. Lincoln expanded educational opportunities for blacks through their nursing, residency, and surgery programs during a time where few opportunities existed for blacks in healthcare.
358:
evolved to include whites in the running of the hospital. For example, Dr. Max Schiebel, who worked at the hospital in 1944, joined the surgery department long before official integration of the medical staff in 1925. (see
281:
mentally inferior to whites led to white apathy towards disparities in white and black morbidity and mortality. Separation of Durham's black and white communities allowed health disparities to flourish.
1133:. Durham City Council Series, 1946-1964 and undated. Folder 1, Box 9. Rencher Nicholas Harris Papers, 1851-1980 and undated. Rubenstein Library, Duke University. p. Lincoln Hospital.
649:
Carolina Medical Care Commission in 1950. A local bond measure passed, providing money for construction of a new 33 bed wing, completed in 1953 and increasing Lincoln's bed total to 123.
401:
Consonant with its primary mission of patient care, Lincoln Hospital provided access to some of the best black physicians on the East coast through its departments of medicine,
1193:. Folder 20, Box 6. Administrative Office Files Series, 1917-1989, Lincoln Hospital (Durham, N.C.) Records, 1901-1998, Rubenstein Library, Duke University.: Lincoln Hospital.
962:. Box 30. Miscellaneous Series, 1930-1998 and undated. Lincoln Hospital (Durham, N.C.) Records, 1901-1998 and undated, Rubenstein Library, Duke University.: Lincoln Hospital.
442:
The hospital focused on increasing the number of hospital deliveries, developing maternal education programs, and maintaining birth follow-up programs to reduce maternal and
991:. Certificate of Incorporation and Amendments of Trustees, Legal Papers Series, 1917-1972, Box 30, Lincoln Hospital Records, 1901-1998, Rubenstein Library, Duke University.
29:
1739:
1724:
1404:
743:
Report of a Social Study Made Under the Direction of Atlanta University; Together with the Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference for the Study of the Negro Problems
1403:. Durham City Council Series, 1946-1964 and undated. Folder 1, Box 9. Rencher Nicholas Harris Papers, 1851-1980 and undated. Rubenstein Library, Duke University.
218:, Lincoln served as the primary African American hospital in Durham from its opening in 1901 until 1976, when it closed and transferred its inpatient services to
78:
389:
building, which was completed in 1924 and opened on January 15, 1925. The Nurses Home was also added in 1924 as a gift from B.N. Duke in memory of his son,
1555:
1046:. Administrative Office Files Series, 1917-1989. Box 7. Lincoln Hospital Records, 1901-1998, Rubenstein Library, Duke University, 12.: Lincoln Hospital.
1500:
566:
hospital maintained accreditation with the NC Board of Nurse Examiners until loss of patients compromised the school's clinical program in the 1960s.
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777:
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Lincoln hosted its first postgraduate clinic, which became an annual event. The clinic drew black and white physicians from all over North and
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800:
621:
286:
1729:
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763:
883:
1398:
1128:
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Radiology technicians. Goodwin also led a two-year training program for lab and radiology technicians that began in 1950.
1589:
191:
599:
550:
142:
1336:
762:. Documenting the American South. University Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. p. 161.
462:. Mothers who tested positive were counseled and treated to prevent transmission of STIs to their babies at birth.
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1615:
660:
455:
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509:
446:. At the time, infant mortality was very high: 411 deaths per 1000 live births among black children, excluding
219:
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were taught through affiliations with other hospitals including Meharry Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee and
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71:
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in Durham, N.C, and formal affiliation with the college was established in 1930. The specialty areas of
1697:. University Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: Documenting the American South
517:
305:
888:. Box 9, Folder 1, Rencher Nicholas Harris Papers, 1926-1965, Rubenstein Library, Duke University.
203:
63:
794:
1646:
Upbuilding Black Durham: gender, class, and Black community development in the Jim Crow South
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138:
289:" (Parrish Street, Durham) and black businesses at the turn of the century, such as
715:
645:
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125:
121:
757:
1664:
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Revised Rules and Bylaws and Regulations of the Medical Staff of Lincoln Hospital
625:
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317:
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215:
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hospital, patients of both races were increasingly admitted to other hospitals.
613:
525:
1593:
1713:
93:
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933:. Duke University Medical Center Archives, Medical Library, Duke University.
706:
Gover, Mary (1937). "Trend of Mortality Among Southern Negroes Since 1920".
741:
Dubois, W.E.B. (29 May 1906). "Health and Physique of the Negro American".
447:
312:) to fund Lincoln Hospital in lieu of building a monument on the campus of
296:
Arguing that a black hospital would ultimately benefit whites and maintain
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245:
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and surrounding areas. With original hospital construction financed by the
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451:
116:
727:
591:
558:
554:
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402:
261:
132:
1619:
422:
269:
257:
719:
341:
The Duke Family remained patrons of the hospital until its closure.
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459:
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Dr. Moore, Obstetrician-Gynecologist, examining a patient, undated.
226:
410:
277:
273:
265:
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Full-time doctors at Duke and Watts hospitals provided lab and
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500:
349:
540:
885:
Table 2: Assisted Hospitals, Duke Endowment Yearbook No. 24
434:
1648:. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.
1523:
Durham County: a history of Durham County, North Carolina
1448:
1335:. Lincoln Hospital School of Nursing Alumni Association.
1271:
1160:
1158:
380:
37:
28:
470:
332:, a black neighborhood in Durham. The cornerstone read:
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989:
Resolution of the Board of Trustees of Lincoln Hospital
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535:
384:
Lincoln hospital, second, brick structure circa 1938.
1378:
1223:
1064:
796:
Oral History Interview with Margaret Kennedy Goodwin
416:
42:
A photograph of a wooden frame house in 1901, Logo:
1525:. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. p. 421.
860:
850:
848:
846:
844:
829:
695:. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. p. 209.
672:
528:led to the establishment of medical internship and
1740:African-American history in Durham, North Carolina
1489:
1487:
1351:
1307:
1096:
1079:
1023:
910:
789:
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508:In the hospital's early years, a partnership with
1725:Historically black hospitals in the United States
877:
875:
474:Well Baby Clinic at Lincoln Hospital, circa 1938.
344:
1711:
1327:
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841:
598:, surgery, and ob-gyn residents, primarily from
1484:
784:
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931:Oral History Interview with Dr. Max Schiebel
429:
622:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
943:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
776:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
693:The Story of Durham: City of the New South
504:Lincoln Hospital Medical Staff, 1965–1966.
1549:"Obituary for Charles DeWitt Watts, M.D."
1428:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1147:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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902:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
640:Lincoln Community Health Center, undated.
16:Hospital in North Carolina, United States
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1397:Nurse Training School Committee (1950).
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225:Despite its cultural setting within the
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960:Sixty-Five Years of Progress, 1901-1966
766:from the original on December 22, 2002.
755:
586:for internship training in 1925 and by
582:Lincoln Hospital was accredited by the
1712:
1669:. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing.
1130:Personnel Policies for Graduate Nurses
740:
1643:
1558:from the original on 19 December 2014
1384:
1229:
1073:
866:
835:
705:
678:
1690:
1496:Lincoln Hospital-Fayetteville Street
1360:
1316:
1301:
1241:
1189:Lincoln Hospital (30 October 1973).
1102:
1090:
1029:
916:
854:
690:
137:Lincoln Hospital School of Nursing,
1720:Defunct hospitals in North Carolina
1339:from the original on 8 January 2014
929:Roseberry, Jessica (28 July 2004).
570:Medical internships and residencies
495:
396:
272:. Rapid industrialization from the
13:
759:John Merrick a biographical sketch
544:Lincoln nursing students, undated.
536:Lincoln Hospital School of Nursing
488:and providing surgical expertise.
202:was a medical facility located in
14:
1751:
882:Duke Endowment (September 1956).
417:Radiology and laboratory services
143:North Carolina Central University
803:from the original on 1 June 2014
248:and infectious diseases such as
36:
27:
1637:
1608:
1582:
1541:
1514:
1503:from the original on 2014-06-01
1407:from the original on 2016-03-04
1390:
1182:
1120:
1042:Shepard, C.H. (December 1926).
1035:
1009:
980:
951:
922:
661:Lincoln Community Health Center
456:sexually transmitted infections
66:, North Carolina, United States
749:
734:
708:The Journal of Negro Education
699:
684:
644:The hospital emerged from the
631:
600:Duke University medical school
345:Financial and material support
220:Durham County General Hospital
1:
1730:Hospitals established in 1901
1663:Reynolds, P. Preston (2001).
666:
465:
375:
1691:Rich, W.M. (December 1938).
756:Andrews, R. McCants (2002).
607:Continuing medical education
588:American College of Surgeons
584:American Medical Association
360:
7:
1694:Thirty-Eighth Annual Report
308:persuaded the Duke family (
304:, Stanford Lee Warren, and
192:Hospitals in North Carolina
10:
1756:
1044:Twenty-Sixth Annual Report
620:to join speakers from the
482:
353:Lincoln Hospital founders.
238:
233:
44:if not the Lord, in vain.
1666:Durham's Lincoln Hospital
1127:Lincoln Hospital (1950).
430:Gynecology and obstetrics
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291:NC Mutual Life Insurance
1521:Anderson, Jean (2008).
1017:Resolution of the Board
1735:Durham, North Carolina
1644:Brown, Leslie (2008).
691:Boyd, William (1925).
641:
579:
551:North Carolina College
545:
510:Leonard Medical School
505:
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439:
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339:
337:recorded against them.
324:who had fought in the
204:Durham, North Carolina
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522:Julius Rosenwald Fund
503:
473:
437:
383:
352:
334:
206:founded to serve the
133:Affiliated university
657:Charles DeWitt Watts
590:in 1933. Pediatric,
578:Residents, 1938–1939
302:Aaron McDuffie Moore
94:35.9906°N 78.9136°W
90: /
1590:"Patient Services"
987:Lincoln Hospital.
958:Lincoln Hospital.
642:
580:
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506:
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1676:978-0-7385-1366-9
1655:978-0-8078-5835-6
1554:. July 14, 2004.
1457:, pp. 64–65.
1304:, pp. 24–25.
1280:, pp. 48–60.
1244:, pp. 13–14.
596:internal medicine
320:) to commemorate
287:Black Wall Street
208:African Americans
197:
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139:Howard University
126:African Americans
99:35.9906; -78.9136
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1622:on 24 March 2014
1618:. Archived from
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1592:. Archived from
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563:Cherry Hospital
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458:(STIs) such as
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419:
399:
378:
347:
318:Duke University
314:Trinity College
310:Washington Duke
241:
236:
98:
96:
92:
89:
84:
81:
79:
77:
76:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1708:
1707:
1688:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1607:
1581:
1579:, p. 123.
1569:
1540:
1528:
1513:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1389:
1387:, p. 159.
1377:
1365:
1350:
1321:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1232:, p. 148.
1222:
1210:
1181:
1169:
1154:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1078:
1076:, p. 163.
1063:
1034:
1022:
1008:
979:
950:
921:
909:
871:
869:, p. 158.
859:
840:
838:, p. 157.
828:
783:
748:
733:
714:(3): 276–288.
698:
683:
681:, p. 149.
670:
668:
665:
633:
630:
614:South Carolina
608:
605:
571:
568:
537:
534:
526:Duke Endowment
497:
494:
484:
481:
467:
464:
431:
428:
418:
415:
398:
395:
391:Angier B. Duke
377:
374:
346:
343:
240:
237:
235:
232:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
146:
145:
135:
129:
128:
119:
113:
112:
108:
107:
74:
68:
67:
61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
48:
47:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1752:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1577:Reynolds 2001
1573:
1557:
1553:
1552:Duke Medicine
1550:
1544:
1538:, p. 66.
1537:
1536:Reynolds 2001
1532:
1524:
1517:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1481:, p. 53.
1480:
1479:Reynolds 2001
1475:
1469:, p. 67.
1468:
1467:Reynolds 2001
1463:
1456:
1455:Reynolds 2001
1451:
1445:, p. 44.
1444:
1443:Reynolds 2001
1439:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1375:, p. 79.
1374:
1373:Reynolds 2001
1369:
1363:, p. 21.
1362:
1357:
1355:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1319:, p. 10.
1318:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1292:, p. 11.
1291:
1290:Reynolds 2001
1286:
1279:
1278:Reynolds 2001
1274:
1268:, p. 36.
1267:
1266:Reynolds 2001
1262:
1256:, p. 38.
1255:
1254:Reynolds 2001
1250:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1220:, p. 84.
1219:
1218:Reynolds 2001
1214:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1177:Reynolds 2001
1173:
1167:, p. 47.
1166:
1165:Reynolds 2001
1161:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1116:
1115:Reynolds 2001
1111:
1105:, p. 27.
1104:
1099:
1093:, p. 13.
1092:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1045:
1038:
1032:, p. 25.
1031:
1026:
1018:
1012:
1004:
998:
990:
983:
975:
969:
961:
954:
946:
940:
932:
925:
919:, p. 11.
918:
913:
905:
901:
895:
887:
886:
878:
876:
868:
863:
856:
851:
849:
847:
845:
837:
832:
824:
818:
802:
798:
797:
790:
788:
779:
773:
765:
761:
760:
752:
744:
737:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
702:
694:
687:
680:
675:
671:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:
638:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
576:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
542:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
502:
493:
489:
480:
472:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
436:
427:
424:
414:
412:
408:
404:
394:
392:
382:
373:
369:
365:
363:
362:
351:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
231:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
212:Durham County
209:
205:
201:
193:
190:
186:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
156:
152:
147:
144:
140:
136:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
118:
114:
109:
106:(approximate)
103:
75:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1699:. Retrieved
1693:
1680:. Retrieved
1665:
1645:
1638:Bibliography
1624:. Retrieved
1620:the original
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1594:the original
1584:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1551:
1543:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1505:. Retrieved
1495:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1409:. Retrieved
1399:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1341:. Retrieved
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1190:
1184:
1179:, p. 7.
1172:
1129:
1122:
1117:, p. 8.
1110:
1098:
1043:
1037:
1025:
1019:. p. 1.
1016:
1011:
988:
982:
959:
953:
930:
924:
912:
884:
862:
857:, p. 9.
831:
805:. Retrieved
795:
758:
751:
742:
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711:
707:
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692:
686:
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477:
448:miscarriages
441:
420:
400:
387:
370:
366:
359:
356:
340:
335:
306:John Merrick
295:
283:
250:tuberculosis
246:malnutrition
242:
224:
199:
198:
111:Organization
43:
1562:19 December
632:Later years
452:stillbirths
298:segregation
216:Duke family
97: /
72:Coordinates
1714:Categories
1616:"About Us"
1507:2014-04-18
1411:2014-04-18
1385:Brown 2008
1333:"About Us"
1230:Brown 2008
1074:Brown 2008
867:Brown 2008
836:Brown 2008
679:Brown 2008
667:References
646:Depression
592:orthopedic
559:Psychiatry
555:Pediatrics
532:programs.
466:Pediatrics
407:obstetrics
403:gynecology
376:Facilities
262:diphtheria
85:78°54′49″W
82:35°59′26″N
1420:cite book
1361:Rich 1938
1317:Rich 1938
1302:Rich 1938
1242:Rich 1938
1199:cite book
1139:cite book
1103:Rich 1938
1091:Rich 1938
1052:cite book
1030:Rich 1938
997:cite book
968:cite book
939:cite book
917:Rich 1938
894:cite book
855:Rich 1938
817:cite book
772:cite book
530:residency
423:radiology
270:influenza
258:pneumonia
55:Geography
1701:July 13,
1682:July 13,
1556:Archived
1501:Archived
1405:Archived
1337:Archived
807:18 April
801:Archived
764:Archived
659:founded
618:Virginia
524:and the
460:syphilis
227:Jim Crow
149:Services
60:Location
1626:1 April
1600:1 April
1400:History
1343:4 April
728:2292277
483:Surgery
411:surgery
361:surgery
316:(today
278:textile
274:tobacco
266:measles
254:typhoid
239:Origins
234:History
162:History
1673:
1652:
726:
409:, and
322:slaves
268:, and
175:Closed
167:Opened
64:Durham
724:JSTOR
330:Hayti
188:Lists
183:Links
1703:2020
1684:2020
1671:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1628:2014
1602:2014
1564:2014
1430:link
1426:link
1345:2014
1205:link
1149:link
1145:link
1058:link
1003:link
974:link
945:link
904:link
900:link
823:link
809:2014
778:link
624:and
616:and
557:and
518:Duke
450:and
405:and
276:and
178:1976
170:1901
154:Beds
124:for
117:Type
716:doi
512:at
210:of
157:123
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