Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate

3254:, such a domain can emerge. In response to work by Levinson and Lyons, Kay dubs this perspective the Emergence Hypothesis (EH). (See Levinson's article for a discussion on the co-existing evolutionary tracks for color words if one accepts both B&K's position and the Emergence Hypothesis.) Kay & Maffi (1999) incorporate the EH into their evolutionary track by removing from their model the assumption that languages begin by fully segmenting the color spectrum. This inverts their Partition Principles (see above), namely by placing 1) and 3) over 0) and 2). That is, languages partially segment the space into black, white, and red (i.e., 1) & 3)), and then the assignment to partition (0)) and split warm and cool colors (2)) accommodates the rest of the space. As Kay & Maffi explain, this is essential to explications of Y/G/Bu terms (e.g., 3395:

categories "entail perceptual 'sharpening' and 'broadening'". He attributes this to either "maturation" (perceptually) or "experience". Such a conclusion is necessarily indeterminate because understanding of why certain hue categories are lost and others induced (cf. developmental processes above) "requires further exacting research". Coming from these two perspectives (i.e., those outlined in the causation above, and the models of development), this leads Bornstein to conclude that "there appear to be nontrivial biological constraints on color categorization ... the available evidence seems compatible with a position of moderate universality that leads to expectations of probabilistic rather than deterministic cross-cultural correspondence", and that "in color, relativism appears to overlay a universalist foundation".

3380:(inter al.), humans cross-linguistically tend to react most saliently to the primary color terms (a primary motive of Bornstein's work and vision science generally) as well as select similar exemplars of these primary color terms, and lastly comes the process of linguistic color naming, which adheres both to universal patterns but demonstrates individual uniqueness. While one may have origins in its predecessor, variation among test subjects in vision science and linguistic variation demonstrate that it is not a process of whole causality. In his companion essay, he demonstrates that this process of causality may indeed be reversed, which he explains through a set of "models of development": 3408:

is a conjunction of both a universal color space and a language-specific categorical organization of that space. This approach realizes that color cognition involves an interaction between these two tiers. There are incursions of linguistic categorization into nonlinguistic processes of thinking, and taking the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis does not necessarily entail a complete rejection of the universal components of human cognition. The probabilistic model is useful because many findings to support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis do not replicate reliably. Framing the issue in terms of probabilistic inference addresses this issue by highlighting the role of uncertainty.

6168: 6225: 6190: 6156: 6286: 5842: 6269: 6214: 6258: 6236: 6088: 6247: 6145: 6099: 2970:

successive hues (i.e. different shades of red are all "red" but "blue" and "red" focal colors are different). This is to say that infants respond to different hues of color in much the same way as adults do, demonstrating the presence of color vision at an age younger than previously expected. Kessen, Bornstein and Weiskopf therefore claim that the ability to perceive the same distinct focal colors is present even in small children.

5852: 5216: 6201: 6179: 6121: 3339:. While some studies in neurophysiology have shown greater salience for the basic color terms (and thus correlate their earlier evolutionary status), neurophysiology has not been able to account for such phenomena as intuitive separations of warm and cool colors (the second partition rule posited by Kay is essential to such early-onset warm/cool distinctions, yet is overridden in language with a yellow/green/blue color term). 3432:

languages are caused by differences in the overall usefulness of color to a culture or language group. Different areas of the world can differ widely in environment and the colors readily available in that environment. These environmental differences can also have an influence on color naming. The saliency and use of objects in a culture provides direct contribution to the color significance and color naming in that culture.

6077: 3246:

fall outside the criteria for "basic" status. Given the fact that such color naming words are extremely inventive, (a "semi-productive" mode of adjectival derivation is the duplication of related nouns), Levinson argues that this is highly detrimental to the BCT-theory, insomuch that Yele is "a language where a semantic field of color has not yet jelled", and thus one not open to universal constraint.

3125:

defining the meaning of a term, both of which "are routinely ignored in research on color terms which focuses primarily on denotational overlap across languages without any consideration of the typical use of the terms or their formal status." He also feels that any attempt to contrast color term systems requires understanding of each individual language and the systems it uses to structure reference.

6132: 6110: 3258:), which were previously incompatible with the model. However, this model also introduces the possibility for previously divergent evolutionary paths for color terms, since it is only after the rearrangement and reassignment of the Partition Principles that a language that derived from EH origins joins with a language that originally partitioned the whole of the color spectrum. 49:. This theory states that the language a person speaks will affect the way that this person thinks. The theory varies between two main proposals: that language structure determines how individuals perceive the world and that language structure influences the world view of speakers of a given language but does not determine it. 3072:, a controversial case, found several peculiarities, including what he interpreted as the Pirahã language's lack of color terms in the way those are otherwise defined. Everett's conclusions were met with skepticism from universalists, who claimed that the linguistic deficit is explained by the lack of need for such concepts. 3417:

colloquial conversation. Thus, the communicability scores of color categories depends partly on the language, and even more so on the salient objects in the environment. In other words, for colors to be differentiated, they have to be already readily available in the individual or cultural group's environment.

3291:

With regard to 1), she states that "the basic point ... is that, in many languages, one cannot ask the question, 'What color is it?'" The assumption oscillates between two versions: on the one hand she argues that languages with no superordinate word for color simply do not have minimal color terms.

3108:

Ordinary colour talk is used in a variety of ways – for flat coloured surfaces, surfaces of natural objects, patches of paintings, transparent objects, shining objects, the sky, flames, illumination, vapours, volumes, films and so on, all of which interact with overall situation, illumination, edges,

3083:

believes that Berlin and Kay's theory of basic color terminology contains several unspoken assumptions and significant flaws in research methodology. Included in these assumptions is an ethnocentric bias based on traditions of Western scientific and philosophical thought. She regards the evolutionary

3240:

in Papua New Guinea. Among observations about the class, derivation, usage of, and disagreement over, color naming words in Yele is a critique of the BCT-model's assumption that languages which have not yet fully lexicalized the semantic space of color (as was posited to be universal in the original

3189:

The ordering of these rules is reflective of the data of the overwhelming majority of languages studied in the WCS. However, exceptions do exist, as was accounted for by Yele and other languages within the WCS. Furthermore, they also propose a 0) rule, one which simply states: partition. Such a rule

3031:

speakers. Zuni has one color term for yellow and orange, and Lenneberg and Roberts' study reported that Zuni speakers encountered greater difficulty in color recall for these colors than English speakers, who have available terms to distinguish them. Brown and Lenneberg attributed this effect to the

3407:

that describe the problem in terms of probability theory and probability distributions. The research article "The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and Probabilistic Inference: Evidence from the Domain of Color" seeks to clarify the argument through the lens of probabilistic inference. The probabilistic model

3330:

With regard to 1), they find that color terms are not acquired any later than other relevant lexemes to distinguish objects. It had been thought, for example, that since color is not necessarily unique to a given object, and diverse objects are more likely to share common color than a common shape,

3249:

As Levinson points out, there is evidence that supports the emergence of BCTs through physical objects and words used to signify simultaneous properties such as lightness. As such, these terms do not cohere as a unique, separable semantic domain denoting hue (see Bornstein for this criterion). Over

3245:

argues using methodology similar to that used by B&K for their initial tests and later for the WCS, there are simply regions of the color spectrum for which Yele has no name, and which are not subsumed by larger composite categories, even despite the inventive nature of color terms in Yele that

3100:

In Saunders' 1997 article with van Brakel, they criticize the amount of weight given to the study of physiological color perception as support for the universalism of color terminology. They primarily criticize the idea that there is an autonomous neuro-physiological color pathway, citing a lack of

3047:

in 1954, in which they discussed the effect of codability on recognition. In their experiment they used a series of Munsell chips to test color recall and recognition in English speakers. Their findings suggested that the availability of a basic color term in a given language affected the retention

3431:

The significance of colors differs widely from culture to culture, which in turn affects the perception of different color hues between different nation-states. Cultures assign different meanings to colors due to religious influences and social beliefs. Differences in color categorization between

3416:

It is unlikely that linguistic factors are the sole component to differences in color perception across cultures. The culture differences in color naming and color perception can be extended to nonlinguistic factors. Color in the environment determines the language individuals of that group use in

3141:

In summation, he feels that the approach universalists have taken in researching color term universals sets up a procedure that "...guarantees both their discovery and their form," and that, "It does not really even matter whether the researchers involved are open-minded and consciously willing to

3124:

Lucy believes that there are problems with how linguistic analysis has been used to characterize the meanings of color terms across languages. Referential range (what a color term can refer to) and grammatical distribution (how the term can be used) are two dimensions Lucy believes are critical to

56:

has absolute universal constraints. The relativist side asserts that the variability of color terms cross-linguistically points to more culture-specific phenomena. Because color exhibits both biological and linguistic aspects, it has become a focus of the study of the relationship between language

3394:

In response, there are three ways that outside experience may affect this development: through (A) induction, (B) modification, or (C) deprivation. Thus the logical possibilities are 1A & 1C; 2A, 2B & 2C; and 3B & 3C. Using this format, he explains that developmental altering in hue

3150:

Scholarship on color vision has proceeded in three principal domains within the last twenty years. There have been revisions to the Berlin and Kay hypothesis; in response, there have been continued challenges to that hypothesis; and lastly, the field of vision science has expanded to explore hue

3092:

in the elicitation of color terminology and identification of focal hues. She feels that "use of this chart exemplifies one of the mistakes commonly made by the social sciences: that of taking data-sets as defining a (laboratory) phenomenon which supposedly represents the real world", and entails

3334:

Second, they found no correlation between the order of color term acquisition in children and in languages generally. It was found that gray and brown are learned later in development; there was no preference for the six primary color terms over the remaining three secondary ones. The similarity

3056:

Initially, Berlin and Kay's theory received little direct criticism. But in the decades since their 1969 book, a significant scholarly debate has developed surrounding the universalism of color terminology. Many relativists find significant issues with this universalism. Discussed below, Barbara

3137:

as a demonstration of what a study might reveal about a language's color term system when such bias is not present. He demonstrates that "an 'adequate knowledge' of the system would never have been produced by restricting the stimuli to color chips and the task of labeling" (original emphasis).

3132:

demonstrates their adherence to the ideas that "speech is about labeling accuracy" and that "Meaning is really about accurate denotation," which he believes "...both derive directly from the folk understandings of English speakers about how their language works." He refers to Conklin's study of

2969:

were measured and found to be longer when the infant was presented with successive hues surrounding a certain focal color than with successive focal colors. This pattern of response is what is expected when the infants are distinguishing between the focal colors, but not distinguishing between

3375:

As a result, he summarizes both the findings of vision science (as it relates to color naming) and the linking of three separate but causally related processes within the study of color naming phenomena. He states that "the physics of color, the psychophysics of color discrimination, and the

2991:

In the mid-nineteenth century, various scholars, notably William Gladstone (1858) and Lazarus Geiger (1880), noted that the speakers of ancient written languages did not name colors as precisely and consistently – as they saw it – as the speakers of modern European languages. They proposed a

3193:

Concerning the evolution of color terms within a given lexicon, Kay and Maffi further outlined the possibilities of different trajectories of evolution, though all of those numerically possible are not attested in the World Color Survey. Another significant contribution of this article is a

3010:

Geiger expanded on Gladstone's ideas by looking at other classic works and hypothesized that man gradually became aware of color over time. He posited the idea that this awareness was connected to the order colors came up in the spectrum, starting with longest wavelengths.

217:

In addition to following this evolutionary pattern absolutely, each of the languages studied also selected virtually identical focal hues for each color category present. For example, the term for "red" in each of the languages corresponded to roughly the same shade in the

3084:

component of Berlin and Kay's theory as "an endorsement of the idea of progress" and references Smart's belief that it is "a Eurocentric narrative that filters everything through the West and its values and exemplifies a universal evolutionary process of modernization."

138:. Berlin and Kay identified eleven possible basic color categories: white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, purple, pink, orange, and gray. To be considered a basic color category, the term for the color in each language had to meet certain criteria: 134:. Berlin and Kay found universal restrictions on the number of basic color terms (BCTs) that a language can have, and on the ways the language can use these terms. The study included data collected from speakers of twenty different languages from a range of 2964:

A later study supporting this universal, physiological theory was done by Kessen, Bornstein, and Weiskopf. In this study, sixteen four-month-old infants were presented with lights of different frequencies corresponding to different colors. The lengths of

3475:

China: "Yellow picture" or "yellow book" is used to discuss publication or media related to pornographic images and websites. Yellow was considered a color exclusive to royalty and only the emperor was allowed to wear yellow clothes during Ming and Qing

3292:

On the other hand, she argues that even if one contests the first point (i.e., agree that languages that lack a word for color still have color terms), the fact that one cannot ask the question she posits (above) means that color is not a salient

3087:

With regard to Berlin and Kay's research, Saunders criticizes the translation methods used for the color terms they gathered from the 78 languages they had not studied directly. Like many others, she also questions the effectiveness of using the

3315:

This study compares the evolutionary model of color terms of Berlin and Kay to the acquisition of color terms in children (something which has been thought to lag behind other lexical acquisitions). Their study proceeds to three main questions:

3335:

between the acquisition of these terms in children and in language vocabularies was assumed to be comparable, since even in current notions of the B&K hypothesis the evolutionary order of color terms is thought to be based on universals of

3093:"taking a picture of the world for the world and then claiming that that picture is the concept". Finally, she takes issue with the anomalous cases of color term use that she believes Berlin, Kay and Merrifield disregarded in their work on the 3175:. While upholding an evolutionary track for the addition of basic color terms (BCTs) to any given lexicon, they outlined a series of three Partition Rules (i.e., superordinate rules that determine the evolution of BCTs): 61:

and Terry Regier concluded that "There are universal constraints on color naming, but at the same time, differences in color naming across languages cause differences in color cognition and/or perception."

3121:'s criticisms of Berlin and Kay's theory are similar to those of Saunders and other relativists, primarily focusing on shortcomings in research methodologies and the assumptions that underlie them. 3562:

Cibelli, Emily; Xu, Yang; Austerweil, Joseph L; Griffiths, Thomas L; Regier, Terry (July 19, 2016). "The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and Probabilistic Inference: Evidence from the Domain of Color".

52:

There are two formal sides to the color debate, the universalist and the relativist. The universalist side claims that the biology of all human beings is all the same, so the development of

3104:

Saunders is also bothered by the overall de-contextualization of color terminology and the failure of universalists to address the limitations of their methodologies. She points out that:

3241:

and subsequent B&K papers ) with the use of all eleven basic color names do so by use of the fewer composite terms that they do possess (by B&K's criteria for Yele, three). As

3128:

Lucy also believes that there is significant bias present in the design of Berlin and Kay's research, due to their English-speaking and Western points of view. He thinks the use of the

178:

The doubtful form should have the same distributional potential as the previously established basic color terms (for example, objects can be described as reddish but not salmonish)

191:

Berlin and Kay also found that, in languages with fewer than the maximum eleven color categories, the colors followed a specific evolutionary pattern. This pattern is as follows:

3002:, expressed that, because there was virtually a lack of color terminology in Homeric Greek literature, Greeks could probably not see color the same way people see color today. 3217:

Those brought about by implications within the taxonomic structure of the B&K model (as seen further in Berlin's treatment of ethnobiological systems of classification)

187:

In cases where lexemic status is difficult to assess, morphological complexity is given some weight as a secondary criterion (for example, red-orange might be questionable)

4375:

Bornstein, Marc H. (2007). Hue Categorization and Color Naming: Cognition to Language to Culture. In MacLaury, Robert E., Paramei, Galina V. & Dedrick, Don (Eds.),

3873: 3283:

That the Western universalist tradition " on other languages and cultures one's own conceptual grid" and does not reflect " 'the native's point of view'", citing

3274:

The inability to prove the existence of true color terms (i.e., those based on variations in hue) in languages that lack a superordinate word for color in their

3035:

Linguistic codability is whether naming an object is difficult or not. It also includes a focus on the effect that naming can have on behavior and cognition.

3300:, color does not constitute a semantic "primitive", though she argues for many others cross-linguistically. (For more on the NSM related to color terms, see 79:. Although much on color terminology has been done since Berlin and Kay's study, other research predates it, including the mid-nineteenth century work of 4344:

Pitchford, Nicola J. & Mullen, Kathy T. (2006). The Developmental Acquisition of Basic Colour Terms. In Pitchford, N.J. & Biggam, C.P. (eds.),

118: 75: 3167:, in which they outline a series of revisions in response to data collected in the World Color Survey (WCS) and to Stephen Levinson and his work on the 3190:

is necessary to motivate the specification of later basic color terms, namely those that can no longer be brought about by application of rules 1)–3).

3080: 3194:

discussion of the Emergence Hypothesis, its relation to the Yele language, and its motivation for the authors' revision of evolutionary trajectories.

4570: 4357:

Bornstein, Marc H. (2006). Hue Categorization and Color Naming: Physics to Sensation to Perception. In Pitchford, N.J. & Biggam, C.P. (Eds.),

3048:

of that color in recall testing. Brown and Lenneberg linked their study to Lenneberg and Roberts' 1953 findings on color recall in Zuni speakers.

5888: 3151:

categorization at a perceptual level, independent of language-based distinctions, possibly offering compromise in the two polar theories.

29:, specifically whether language influences thought, and, if so, how. This question has led to research in multiple disciplines—including 4522:

Conway, Bevil; Jara-Ettinger, Julian; Mahowald, Kyle; Piantadosi, Steven; Bergen, Leon; Futrell, Richard; Gibson, Edward (2016-09-01).

108:

The universalist theory that color cognition is an innate, physiological process rather than a cultural one was introduced in 1969 by

4591: 5619: 3142:

recognize relativism as a possible outcome—because the universalist conclusion is guaranteed by their methodological assumptions."

2992:

universal evolutionary sequence in which color vocabulary evolves in tandem with an assumed biological evolution of the color sense

181:

Color terms that are also the name of an object characteristically having that color are suspect, for example, gold, silver and ash

5609: 5473: 4838: 3625:

Kay, P., & Regier, T. (2006). Language, thought and color: recent developments. Trends in cognitive sciences, 10(2), 51-54.

3544: 159:

Its application must not be restricted to a narrow class of objects (for example, blonde is restricted to hair, wood and beer)

4634: 4294: 4271:

Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea

3464:

China: Red is worn during New Year and wedding celebrations, as well as being the main color for decorations for such events.

6312: 3908: 2998: 5881: 5685: 2987:, Regier et al. discuss the presence of a universalist perspective on the color debate in the mid-nineteenth century. 3597: 5630: 3182:

Warm and Cool (Wa&C): Distinguish the warm primaries (red and yellow) from the cool primaries (green and blue).

4256:

Wierzbicka, Anna (2006). The Semantics of Colour: A New Paradigm. In Pitchford, N.J. & Biggam, C.P. (eds.),

3057:

Saunders and John A. Lucy are two scholars who are prominent advocates of the opposing relativist position. Also,

6337: 5911: 5855: 5809: 6327: 5874: 5625: 5614: 3006:... that the organ of color and its impressions were but partially developed among the Greeks of the heroic age 5958: 5690: 4641:

Kay, Paul; Berlin, Brent; Merrifield, William (1991). "Biocultural Implications of Systems of Color Naming".

3297: 3024: 4103:

Kay, Paul; Maffi, Luisa (1999). "Color Appearance and the Emergence and Evolution of Basic Color Lexicons".

6332: 4210:

Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of Categorization of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies

3376:

psychology of color naming are not isomorphic". The color spectrum clearly exists at a physical level of

222:. Consequently, they posited that the cognition, or perception, of each color category is also universal. 5493: 5153: 4927: 156:

Its signification is not included in that of any other color term (for example, crimson is a type of red)

4662:

MacLaury, Robert E. (1992). "From Brightness to Hue: An Explanatory Model of Color-Category Evolution".

3932:

Ira Nevins, Andrew; Pesetsky, David; Rodrigues, Cilene (2009). "Piraha Exceptionality: a Reassessment".

5945: 5695: 5282: 4831: 4598:

Davies, Ian; Corbett, Greville; Mtenje, Al; Sowden, Paul (1995). "The Basic Colour Terms of Chichewa".

3202: 3109:

textures, patternings and distances, making the concept of sameness of colour inherently indeterminate.

92: 46: 6317: 5460: 5353: 5011: 4497: 4222:

Kay, Paul; McDaniel, Chad K. (1978). "The Linguistic Significance of Meanings of Basic Color Terms".

201:

If a language contains four terms, then it contains a term for either green or yellow (but not both).

3946: 213:

If a language contains eight or more terms, then it contains terms for purple, pink, orange or gray.

6053: 5670: 5488: 5138: 4871: 4389:

Cibelli, Emily; Xu, Yang; Austerweil, Joseph L.; Griffiths, Thomas L.; Regier, Terry (2016-07-19).

4117: 4015:

Saunders, B.; van Brakel, J. (1997). "Are there nontrivial constraints on colour categorization?".

3479:

Africa: Yellow is reserved for people of high rank because of its resemblance to the color of gold.

6048: 6043: 6038: 5722: 5675: 5665: 5660: 5655: 4188: 167: 80: 3489:

Japan: Yellow represents bravery, wealth, and refinement since the War of the Dynasties in 1357.

3134: 6000: 5939: 5680: 4112: 3980:

Saunders, B. (1995). "Disinterring Basic Color Terms: a study in the mystique of cognitivism".

3941: 170:(for example, "the color of grandma's freezer" is not psychologically salient for all speakers) 3331:

that color terms lagged behind shape terms in development. This was found not to be the case.

5604: 5359: 4903: 4824: 4627:

German Colour Terms: A study in their historical evolution from earliest times to the present

3539: 3519: 123: 22: 5078: 3307: 6322: 6155: 6150: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5970: 5577: 5260: 5248: 4736: 4402: 4391:"The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and Probabilistic Inference: Evidence from the Domain of Color" 3815: 3664: 3472:

France: In the 10th century, the French painted the doors of traitors and criminals yellow.

3451: 3129: 3089: 219: 26: 4173: 3497:

English language: The feeling of melancholy is typically referred to as having "the blues"

8: 6005: 5980: 5975: 5929: 5392: 5292: 5224: 3733: 3280:

The lack of inquiry into the semantic range of any given language's assumed color naming.

2266: 1983: 1578: 621: 163: 4783:

Wierzbicka, Anna (2008). "Why there are no 'color universals' in language and thought".

4740: 4406: 3668: 6010: 5707: 5113: 5021: 4915: 4759: 4724: 4679: 4433: 4390: 4327: 4239: 4130: 4067: 3997: 3959: 3900: 3848: 3454:

symbolizes violence and sacrifices that were made during the struggle for independence.

3275: 2761: 2072: 1533: 1488: 666: 283: 131: 4084:

Lucy, J. A. (1997). The linguistics of "color". In C.L. Hardin & L. Maffi (Eds.),

3062: 150: 6131: 6126: 5817: 5770: 5367: 5182: 5121: 5073: 5006: 5001: 4979: 4908: 4796: 4764: 4683: 4630: 4611: 4587: 4545: 4479: 4438: 4420: 4290: 4071: 4032: 4001: 3892: 3796: 3680: 3593: 3404: 2356: 1758: 1713: 1263: 1128: 1083: 846: 531: 486: 328: 135: 34: 4331: 3963: 3904: 3888: 3655:

Bornstein, M.; Kessen, W.; Weiskopf, S. (1976). "The categories of hue in infancy".

204:

If a language contains five terms, then it contains terms for both green and yellow.

6224: 6219: 6189: 6184: 6144: 6139: 6087: 6082: 5765: 5760: 5740: 5735: 5498: 5265: 5143: 5093: 5088: 5060: 5026: 5016: 4886: 4800: 4792: 4754: 4744: 4711: 4671: 4650: 4607: 4535: 4469: 4428: 4410: 4319: 4231: 4168: 4160: 4122: 4063: 4059: 4024: 3989: 3951: 3884: 3852: 3838: 3830: 3788: 3672: 3571: 3242: 3201:

approach, Bowern & Haynie found support for Berlin & Kay hypothesis in the

3172: 2716: 2581: 2536: 2491: 2446: 2401: 2311: 2117: 1938: 1668: 1173: 1038: 993: 850: 801: 756: 711: 4474: 4457: 3872:

Frank, Michael C.; Everett, Daniel L.; Fedorenko, Evelina; Gibson, Edward (2008),

3716: 143: 6268: 6263: 6246: 6241: 6213: 6208: 6178: 6173: 6098: 6093: 6022: 5965: 5795: 5785: 5780: 5745: 5647: 5483: 5430: 5320: 5253: 5068: 4984: 4962: 4415: 4284: 3575: 3505: 3336: 3293: 3251: 2806: 2221: 2028: 1848: 1803: 1443: 1308: 1218: 944: 899: 576: 373: 4458:"Whorf and His Critics: Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Influences on Color Memory" 3362:

Categorization and its aids to both perceptual and cognitive functions generally

3205:, as well as other alternative trajectories for gaining and losing color terms. 6290: 6257: 6252: 6235: 6230: 6200: 6195: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6104: 5845: 5790: 5775: 5755: 5750: 5533: 5347: 5342: 5170: 5148: 5083: 4955: 4920: 4893: 3993: 3874:"Number as a cognitive technology: Evidence from Pirahã language and cognition" 3426: 3355: 3347: 3058: 2911: 2626: 1893: 1623: 1353: 989: 895: 88: 84: 4151:

Levinson, Stephen C. (2000). "Yeli Dnye and the Theory of Basic Color Terms".

4126: 4028: 3702: 6306: 6076: 6071: 5730: 5315: 5201: 5126: 5103: 5043: 4967: 4950: 4856: 4654: 4549: 4483: 4424: 4164: 3766: 3752:. Paper presented at the Linguistic Society of America, Bloomington, Indiana. 3237: 3233: 3168: 3028: 2671: 4749: 4715: 3676: 1879:주황 (Ju-Hwang) / 주황색 (Ju-Hwang-Saek) / 오렌지 (O-Ren-Ji) / 오렌지색 (O-Ren-Ji-Saek) 6167: 6162: 5949: 5565: 5528: 5521: 5327: 5310: 5302: 5243: 5235: 5098: 4942: 4768: 4442: 4036: 3896: 3800: 3365: 3198: 3118: 3069: 127: 109: 66: 30: 4323: 3684: 3270:, Wierzbicka discusses three main critiques of the universalist approach: 122:. Their study was intended to challenge the formerly prevailing theory of 5934: 5702: 5560: 5337: 5332: 5196: 5165: 5131: 5036: 4932: 4898: 3511:

Middle East: Blue signifies safety and protection, and it is a symbol of

3377: 3160: 2966: 87:, which also predates the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, as well as the work of 38: 5866: 3165:

Color Appearance and the Emergence and Evolution of Basic Color Lexicons

174:

In case of doubt, the following "subsidiary criteria" were implemented:

6017: 5712: 5555: 5383: 5287: 5275: 5031: 4994: 4989: 4972: 4692:

Color and Cognition in Mesoamerica: Constructing Categories as Vantages

3955: 3352:

Hue Categorization and Color Naming: Physics to Sensation to Perception

3284: 3027:

in 1953. In this paper they reported their findings on color recall in

53: 42: 4805: 4540: 4523: 4243: 4134: 3843: 3779:

Brown, R.; Lenneberg, E. (1954). "A study in language and cognition".

210:

If a language contains seven terms, then it contains a term for brown.

5572: 5545: 5540: 5049: 4521: 3792: 3501: 3261: 3220:

Those as seen in research in color perception in children and infants

198:

If a language contains three terms, then it contains a term for red.

5827: 5550: 5158: 4675: 4235: 3834: 3508:

use blue for their logo to symbolize trust, security and authority.

207:

If a language contains six terms, then it contains a term for blue.

113: 70: 58: 5215: 4777:

Ethnicity, Language, and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective

3614:

Ethnicity, Language, and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective

3371:

Color naming (an unarticulated derivative of the first two ideas )

5599: 4881: 3735:

Contributions to the History of the Development of the Human Race

3529:, the most highly worshipped Hindu god who embodies love and joy. 3526: 3444: 4348:(pp. 139–158). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 3326:

What factors may influence the acquisition of basic color terms?

5822: 5425: 5415: 4816: 3512: 3342: 3066: 4361:(pp. 35–68). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 3323:

Are basic color terms acquired in a fixed developmental order?

45:. Among the most debated theories in this area of work is the 5906: 5450: 5445: 5435: 5405: 4876: 4847: 4379:(pp. 3–27). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 4260:(pp. 1–24). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 3483: 3458: 3440: 3154: 2996:

Gladstone was a Homeric scholar and in his writings, notably

1398: 4388: 4359:

Progress in Colour Studies: Volume II. Psychological Aspects

4346:

Progress in Colour Studies: Volume II. Psychological Aspects

3616:. Bruxelles: Centre de recherche sur le pluralinguisme Press 5440: 5420: 5400: 5270: 5187: 3931: 3871: 3425:

Further information on the color categorization model:

3411: 3255: 4258:

Progress in Colour Studies: Volume I. Language and Culture

3648: 3457:

Thailand: Red is the color for Sundays and is linked with

5516: 5410: 5175: 4725:"Color naming reflects optimal partitions of color space" 4597: 3816:"Cultural constraints on grammar and cognition in Pirahã" 3765:. Retrieved April 6, 2009, from Duke University Web Site 3486:

and tombs before the deceased were sent to the afterlife.

4310:

Kay, Paul (2003). "NSM and the Meaning of Color Words".

3179:

Black and White (Bk&W): Distinguish black and white.

2973: 4779:. Bruxelles: Centre de recherche sur le pluralinguisme. 4620:

Through the language glass: how words colour your world

4498:"So THAT'S Why You Shouldn't Wear a Green Hat in China" 4189:"Linguists explore the evolution of color in new study" 3654: 65:

The color debate was made popular in large part due to

3208: 4723:

Reggier, Terry; Kay, Paul; Khetarpal, Naveen (2007).

4088:(pp. 320–346). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3420: 3697:Regier, T., Kay, P., Gilbert, L., Ivry, B. (2007). 2959: 4722: 4640: 3699:

Language and thought: Which side are you on anyway?

3643:

Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution

3310:

The developmental acquisition of basic colour terms

2985:

Language and thought: Which side are you on anyway?

119:

Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution

76:

Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution

4050:Conklin, H.C. (1955). "Hanunóo Color Categories". 4014: 3262:Anna Wierzbicka and universals of visual semantics 1862:초록 (Cho-Rok) / 초록색 (Cho-Rok-Saek) / 녹색 (Nok-Saek) 5469:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate 3227: 146:(for example, red, not red-yellow or yellow-red.) 73:'s 1969 study and their subsequent publishing of 6304: 4629:. John Benjamins, Amsterdam & Philadelphia. 3439:India: A married woman can be identified by red 195:All languages contain terms for black and white. 4729:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4212:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 3213:There are three approaches to such criticisms: 4785:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4704:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4584:The Semantics of Colour. A Historical Approach 3883:, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 819–24, 3778: 5882: 4832: 4524:"Color language reflects usefulness of color" 3975: 3973: 2211: 2203: 2195: 2187: 2179: 2171: 2163: 2154: 2146: 2138: 2130: 2122: 402: 4371: 4369: 4367: 3645:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3343:Vision science and theoretical compatibility 3296:in these languages. In the structure of her 3097:for the purpose of purifying their results. 3019:Lenneberg and Roberts presented their paper 2901: 2893: 2885: 2877: 2869: 2861: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2827: 2819: 2811: 476: 468: 460: 452: 444: 438: 430: 422: 410: 394: 386: 378: 57:and thought. In a 2006 review of the debate 4456:Lucy, John A.; Shweder, Richard A. (1979). 4455: 4221: 4146: 4144: 3703:http://lclab.berkeley.edu/papers/lehigh.pdf 3500:United States: Many American banks such as 5889: 5875: 5851: 4839: 4825: 4782: 4586:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge . 4282: 3970: 3767:http://www.duke.edu/~ruthday/basiccog.html 3398: 3155:Revisions of the Berlin and Kay hypothesis 5896: 4804: 4758: 4748: 4539: 4473: 4432: 4414: 4364: 4172: 4116: 3945: 3842: 3781:Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 3714: 3223:Those brought about by specific fieldwork 5620:International Commission on Illumination 4697: 4661: 4150: 4141: 4102: 4086:Color categories in thought and language 3979: 3412:Nonlinguistic influences on color memory 3014: 184:Recent foreign loan words may be suspect 4049: 3813: 3641:Berlin, Brent & Kay, Paul (1969). 3268:The Semantics of Colour: A New Paradigm 3250:time, though, and through processes of 2978: 16:Question regarding language and thought 6305: 5610:Color Association of the United States 4698:Saunders, Barbara (2000). "Revisiting 4273:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 4098: 4096: 4094: 3731: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3358:and color naming into three sections: 3038: 5870: 4820: 4694:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 3587: 3450:South Africa: The red section of the 3145: 3101:concrete evidence for its existence. 2974:Research before Berlin and Kay (1969) 1866:검정 (Geom-Jeong) / 검은색 (Geom-Eun-Saek) 1853:빨강 (Bbal-Gang) / 빨간색 (Bbal-Gan-Saek) 4052:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 3718:Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age 2999:Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age 1876:분홍 (Bun-Hong) / 분홍색 (Bun-Hong-Saek) 98: 4309: 4289:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4091: 3628: 3522:is traditionally portrayed in blue. 3209:Opposition to Berlin and Kay et al. 3075: 2902: 2894: 2886: 2878: 2870: 2862: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2828: 2820: 2812: 2547:-a njano, -a manjano, -a kimanjano 2212: 2204: 2196: 2188: 2180: 2172: 2164: 2147: 2139: 2131: 2123: 477: 469: 461: 453: 445: 439: 431: 423: 403: 395: 387: 379: 230:List of colors in various languages 153:(for example, blue, but not bluish) 13: 5474:Blue–green distinction in language 4643:Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 4559: 4153:Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 3748:Lenneberg, E., Roberts, J.(1953). 3721:. London: Oxford University Press. 3545:Blue–green distinction in language 3421:Color significance across cultures 3354:separates an analytical review of 3051: 25:concerns the relationship between 14: 6349: 4191:. Science Daily. December 9, 2016 3045:A Study in Language and Cognition 2960:Additional universalist arguments 1870:하양 (Ha-Yang) / 하얀색 (Ha-Yan-Saek) 1859:노랑 (No-Rang) / 노란색 (No-Ran-Saek) 1856:파랑 (Pa-Rang) / 파란색 (Pa-Ran-Saek) 103: 6285: 6284: 6267: 6256: 6245: 6234: 6223: 6212: 6199: 6188: 6177: 6166: 6154: 6143: 6130: 6119: 6108: 6097: 6086: 6075: 5850: 5841: 5840: 5631:International Colour Association 5214: 4846: 4797:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2008.00509.x 4567:Journal of Cognition and Culture 4286:Semantics: Primes and Universals 3701:. Retrieved April 8, 2009, from 3482:Egyptians: Used yellow to paint 3236:is a language isolate spoken on 2291:Violeta, Roxo, Púrpura or Lilás 4515: 4490: 4449: 4382: 4351: 4338: 4303: 4276: 4269:Malinowski, Branislaw (1922). 4263: 4250: 4215: 4202: 4181: 4078: 4043: 4008: 3925: 3889:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.04.007 3865: 3807: 3772: 3755: 3742: 3515:, spirituality and immortality. 1744:橙色 (Daidaiiro) / オレンジ (Orenji) 5626:International Color Consortium 5615:International Colour Authority 4625:Jones, William Jervis (2013). 4174:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-2A6B-F 4064:10.1086/soutjanth.11.4.3628909 3750:The denotata of language terms 3738:. London: Trübner and Company. 3725: 3708: 3691: 3619: 3606: 3581: 3556: 3320:Are color terms acquired late? 3228:Levinson and the Yele language 3163:published an article entitled 3043:Brown and Lenneberg published 1888:시안 (Si-An) / 시안색 (Si-An-Saek) 1873:보라 (Bo-Ra) / 보라색 (Bo-Ra-Saek) 1783:ungu / wungu / kembang térông 568:ধোঁৱা বৰণীয়া (Dhü͂a boronia) 511:Մանուշակագույն (Manušakaguyn) 1: 6262: 6251: 6240: 6229: 6218: 6207: 6194: 6183: 6172: 6160: 6149: 6138: 6125: 6114: 6103: 6092: 6081: 6070: 5691:List of Crayola crayon colors 4690:MacLaury, Robert E. (1997). 4475:10.1525/aa.1979.81.3.02a00040 4017:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3982:History of the Human Sciences 3550: 3403:Probabilistic inference uses 3298:Natural Semantic Metalanguage 3025:Linguistic Society of America 4612:10.1016/0024-3841(94)00024-G 4416:10.1371/journal.pone.0158725 3612:Seidner, Stanley S. (1982). 3576:10.1371/journal.pone.0158725 3113: 1834:Қызғылт сары (Qyzǵylt sary) 1294:ნარინჯისფერი (Narinǯisperi) 7: 6313:Anthropological linguistics 5494:Traditional colors of Japan 5271:Achromatic colors (Neutral) 5154:Multi-primary color display 4928:Spectral power distribution 4775:Seidner, Stanley S.(1982). 3814:Everett, Daniel L. (2005), 3533: 3021:The Denotata of Color Terms 2663:சாம்பல்நிறம் (Cāmpalniṟam) 835:棕色 or 褐色 (Zōngsè) /（Hè sè） 162:It must be psychologically 10: 6354: 5946:Colour Index International 3994:10.1177/095269519500800402 3424: 2654:இளஞ்சிவப்பு (Iḷañcivappu) 2570:-a hudhurangi, -a kahawia 1741:桃色 (Momoiro) / ピンク (Pink) 520:Դարչնագույն (Darčʿnaguyn) 6280: 6063:Variations of base colors 6062: 6031: 5920: 5902: 5836: 5808: 5721: 5646: 5639: 5590: 5509: 5459: 5391: 5382: 5354:Color realism (art style) 5301: 5234: 5223: 5212: 5112: 5059: 5012:Evolution of color vision 4941: 4864: 4855: 4283:Wierzbicka, Anna (1996). 4127:10.1525/aa.1999.101.4.743 4029:10.1017/s0140525x97001428 2561:-a zambarau, -a urujuani 2155: 517:Նարնջագույն (Narnǰaguyn) 411: 6054:List of colors (compact) 6032:Color names (alphabetic) 5671:List of colors (compact) 5489:Color in Chinese culture 5139:Digital image processing 4872:Electromagnetic spectrum 4655:10.1525/jlin.1991.1.1.12 4618:Deutscher, Guy (2010). 4165:10.1525/jlin.2000.10.1.3 3732:Geiger, Lazarus (1880). 3715:Gladstone, W.E. (1858). 3447:worn along her hairline. 3032:property of codability. 2795:Коричневий (Koryčnevyj) 2786:Фіолетовий (Fioletovyj) 2435:Коричневый (Koričnevyj) 2426:Фиолетовый (Fioletovyj) 1300:ნაცრისფერი (Nacrisperi) 1291:ვარდისფერი (Vardisperi) 784:Limbahon, Puláng Luspad 646:Фіялетавы (Fijalietavy) 5676:List of colors by shade 4750:10.1073/pnas.0610341104 4716:10.1111/1467-9655.00005 4577:Cross-Cultural Research 4462:American Anthropologist 4312:Theoretical Linguistics 4208:Berlin, Brent (1992). 4105:American Anthropologist 3677:10.1126/science.1246610 3525:Hinduism: The color of 3399:Probabilistic inference 3302:Theoretical Linguistics 2657:செம்மஞ்சள் (Cemmañcaḷ) 787:Kahil, Maraag, Pulagáw 655:Карычневы (Karyčnievy) 526:Երկնագույն (Erknaguyn) 523:Մոխրագույն (Moxraguyn) 514:Վարդագույն (Vardaguyn) 81:William Ewart Gladstone 6338:Philosophy of language 5923:standards and palettes 5681:List of color palettes 4582:Biggam, C. P. (2012). 3368:and hue categorization 3308:Pitchford and Mullen: 3203:Pama–Nyungan languages 3111: 3008: 2994: 2792:Оранжевий (Oranževyj) 2550:-a kijani, -a kibichi 2432:Оранжевый (Oranževyj) 1384:Πορτοκαλί (Portokalí) 1297:ყავისფერი (Qavisperi) 47:Sapir–Whorf hypothesis 6328:Cognitive linguistics 5897:Color classifications 5605:Color Marketing Group 5360:On Vision and Colours 5293:Tinctures in heraldry 4904:Structural coloration 4622:, William Heinemann. 4377:Anthropology of Color 4324:10.1515/thli.29.3.237 3592:. London: Routledge. 3540:Eskimo words for snow 3266:In an article titled 3185:Red: Distinguish red. 3159:In 1999 Paul Kay and 3106: 3015:Lenneberg and Roberts 3004: 2989: 1789:oranye / kuning télô 1288:მეწამული (Mec̣amuli) 556:বেঙুনীয়া (Bengunia) 124:linguistic relativity 23:linguistic relativity 6151:Shades of chartreuse 5971:Federal Standard 595 5686:List of color spaces 5578:Tint, shade and tone 5461:Cultural differences 5276:Polychromatic colors 5261:Complementary colors 5249:Monochromatic colors 4664:Current Anthropology 3823:Current Anthropology 3590:Language: The Basics 3588:Trask, R.L. (1999). 3405:probabilistic models 3130:Munsell color system 3090:Munsell color system 2979:Gladstone and Geiger 2766:Червоний (Červonyj) 2660:மண்ணிறம் (Maṇṇiṟam) 2564:-a waridi, -a pinki 1843:Көгілдір (Kógildir) 1654:Flannbhuí / Oráiste 829:粉紅色/粉红色 (Fěnhóngsè) 661:Блакітны (Blakitny) 652:Аранжавы (Aranžavy) 542:হালধীয়া (Halodhia) 220:Munsell color system 95:in 1950s and 1960s. 27:language and thought 6333:Language comparison 6049:List of colors: N–Z 6044:List of colors: G–M 6039:List of colors: A–F 5942:(computer graphics) 5666:List of colors: N–Z 5661:List of colors: G–M 5656:List of colors: A–F 4741:2007PNAS..104.1436R 4407:2016PLoSO..1158725C 3914:on 15 February 2010 3669:1976Sci...191..201B 3387:Partially developed 3039:Brown and Lenneberg 2516:Púrpura or Violeta 2415:Зелёный (Zeljonyj) 559:গুলপীয়া (Gulopia) 5713:List of web colors 5708:List of RAL colors 5114:Color reproduction 5079:Lüscher color test 4916:Color of chemicals 3956:10.1353/lan.0.0107 3452:South African flag 3146:Recent scholarship 3095:World Color Survey 2789:Рожевий (Roževyj) 2775:Зелений (Zelenyj) 2631:சிவப்பு (Civappu) 2544:-a bluu, -a buluu 2441:Голубой (Goluboj) 2429:Розовый (Rozovyj) 2406:Красный (Krasnyj) 1831:Қызғылт (Qyzǵylt) 1438:आसमानी (Aasmaani) 1429:नारंगी (Naarangi) 1423:बैंगनी (Baingani) 1393:Γαλάζιο (Galázio) 1367:Πράσινο (Prásino) 1364:Κίτρινο (Kítrino) 1358:Κόκκινο (Kókkino) 1303:ცისფერი (Cisperi) 1274:ყვითელი (Qviteli) 697:Оранжев (Oranžev) 635:Зялёны (Zialiony) 626:Чырвоны (Čyrvony) 545:সেউজীয়া (Xeuzia) 132:Benjamin Lee Whorf 6300: 6299: 6275: 6274: 6127:Shades of magenta 5864: 5863: 5804: 5803: 5586: 5585: 5378: 5377: 5368:Theory of Colours 5210: 5209: 5122:Color photography 5074:Color preferences 5017:Impossible colors 5007:Color vision test 5002:Color temperature 4980:Color calibration 4909:Animal coloration 4700:Basic Color Terms 4635:978-90-272-4610-3 4592:978 052 189 992 5 4575:Various (2005). 4565:Various (2005). 4541:10.1167/16.12.619 4528:Journal of Vision 4296:978-0-19-870003-6 3761:Day, R.S.(n.d.). 3663:(4223): 201–202. 3443:on her hands and 2956: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2801:Ціаній (Tsianij) 2666:நீர்மம் (Nīrmam) 2644:கருப்பு (Karuppu) 1426:गुलाबी (Gulaabi) 1277:მწვანე (Mc̣vane) 494:Կապույտ (Kapuyt) 136:language families 99:Universalist view 54:color terminology 35:cognitive science 6345: 6318:Color in culture 6288: 6287: 6271: 6260: 6249: 6238: 6227: 6220:Shades of purple 6216: 6203: 6192: 6185:Shades of violet 6181: 6170: 6158: 6147: 6140:Shades of orange 6134: 6123: 6112: 6101: 6090: 6083:Shades of yellow 6079: 6068: 6067: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5868: 5867: 5854: 5853: 5844: 5843: 5644: 5643: 5510:Color dimensions 5499:Human skin color 5389: 5388: 5266:Analogous colors 5232: 5231: 5218: 5144:Color management 5061:Color psychology 5027:Opponent process 4943:Color perception 4862: 4861: 4841: 4834: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4810: 4808: 4772: 4762: 4752: 4735:(4): 1436–1441. 4719: 4687: 4658: 4615: 4554: 4553: 4543: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4477: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4436: 4418: 4386: 4380: 4373: 4362: 4355: 4349: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4280: 4274: 4267: 4261: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4219: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4120: 4100: 4089: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3977: 3968: 3967: 3949: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3913: 3907:, archived from 3878: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3846: 3820: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3793:10.1037/h0057814 3776: 3770: 3759: 3753: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3712: 3706: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3652: 3646: 3639: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3585: 3579: 3560: 3461:, the solar god. 3243:Stephen Levinson 3173:Papua New Guinea 3081:Barbara Saunders 3076:Barbara Saunders 2930: 2905: 2904: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2880: 2873: 2872: 2865: 2864: 2857: 2856: 2850: 2848: 2847: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2830: 2823: 2822: 2815: 2814: 2780: 2772:Жовтий (Žovtyj) 2735: 2690: 2648:வெள்ளை (Veḷḷai) 2645: 2637:மஞ்சள் (Mañcaḷ) 2600: 2555: 2510: 2465: 2420: 2412:Жёлтый (Žoltyj) 2375: 2339:ਗੁਲਾਬੀ (gulābī) 2330: 2285: 2240: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2206: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2182: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2133: 2126: 2125: 2091: 2047: 2002: 1957: 1912: 1867: 1828:Күлгін (Kúlgin) 1822: 1792:coklat / soklat 1777: 1732: 1687: 1642: 1597: 1552: 1507: 1483:תכלת (Tekhelet) 1462: 1417: 1372: 1327: 1282: 1268:წითელი (Citeli) 1237: 1192: 1147: 1102: 1057: 1012: 963: 918: 869: 820: 775: 730: 685: 671:Червен (Červen) 649:Ружовы (Ružovy) 640: 595: 571:চিয়ান (Ciyaan) 550: 508:Սպիտակ (Spitak) 505: 491:Կարմիր (Karmir) 480: 479: 472: 471: 464: 463: 456: 455: 448: 447: 442: 441: 434: 433: 426: 425: 419: 416: 415: 414: 406: 405: 398: 397: 390: 389: 382: 381: 347: 302: 257: 237: 236: 226: 225: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6276: 6266: 6264:Shades of black 6255: 6244: 6242:Shades of white 6233: 6222: 6211: 6209:Shades of brown 6198: 6187: 6176: 6174:Shades of azure 6165: 6153: 6142: 6129: 6118: 6107: 6096: 6094:Shades of green 6085: 6074: 6058: 6027: 5922: 5916: 5898: 5895: 5865: 5860: 5832: 5800: 5717: 5635: 5592: 5582: 5505: 5484:Blue in culture 5455: 5374: 5321:Secondary color 5297: 5254:black-and-white 5226: 5219: 5206: 5108: 5094:National colors 5089:Political color 5069:Color symbolism 5055: 4985:Color constancy 4963:Color blindness 4937: 4894:Spectral colors 4851: 4845: 4814: 4562: 4560:Further reading 4557: 4520: 4516: 4507: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4454: 4450: 4401:(7): e0158725. 4387: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4352: 4343: 4339: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4281: 4277: 4268: 4264: 4255: 4251: 4220: 4216: 4207: 4203: 4194: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4149: 4142: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4079: 4048: 4044: 4013: 4009: 3978: 3971: 3947:10.1.1.404.9474 3930: 3926: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3857: 3855: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3777: 3773: 3763:Basic Cognition 3760: 3756: 3747: 3743: 3730: 3726: 3713: 3709: 3696: 3692: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3586: 3582: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3536: 3506:Bank of America 3429: 3423: 3414: 3401: 3390:Fully developed 3345: 3337:neurophysiology 3313: 3294:semantic domain 3264: 3252:semantic change 3230: 3211: 3157: 3148: 3116: 3078: 3063:Pirahã language 3061:'s work on the 3054: 3052:Relativist view 3041: 3017: 2983:In their paper 2981: 2976: 2962: 2957: 2928: 2843: 2779:Чорний (Čornyj) 2778: 2733: 2688: 2643: 2640:பச்சை (Paccai) 2598: 2553: 2508: 2463: 2419:Чёрный (Čornyj) 2418: 2373: 2348:ਸਲੇਟੀ (salēṭī) 2342:ਸੰਤਰੀ (satarī) 2336:ਜਾਮਨੀ (jāmanī) 2328: 2283: 2261:Cyjan / Turkus 2238: 2156: 2089: 2045: 2000: 1955: 1910: 1865: 1820: 1780:putih / pethak 1775: 1730: 1685: 1640: 1595: 1564:Appelsínugulur 1550: 1505: 1460: 1435:धूसर (Dhoosar) 1415: 1370: 1325: 1280: 1252:Marron or Brun 1235: 1190: 1145: 1100: 1055: 1010: 961: 916: 867: 818: 806:紅色/红色 (Hóngsè) 773: 728: 700:Кафяв (Kafjav) 683: 638: 593: 565:মটীয়া (Motia) 548: 503: 500:Կանաչ (Kanačʿ) 497:Դեղին (Deghin) 417: 412: 345: 300: 255: 231: 106: 101: 21:The concept of 17: 12: 11: 5: 6351: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6261: 6253:Shades of gray 6250: 6239: 6231:Shades of pink 6228: 6217: 6205: 6204: 6196:Shades of rose 6193: 6182: 6171: 6159: 6148: 6136: 6135: 6124: 6116:Shades of blue 6113: 6105:Shades of cyan 6102: 6091: 6080: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5953: 5943: 5940:Color palettes 5937: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5921:Color systems, 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5871: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5848: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5814: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5652: 5650: 5641: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5480:Color history 5478: 5477: 5476: 5465: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5395: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5364: 5363:(Schopenhauer) 5356: 5351: 5348:Color analysis 5345: 5343:Color triangle 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5307: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5149:Color printing 5146: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5118: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5084:Kruithof curve 5081: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4956:Sonochromatism 4947: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4868: 4866: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4844: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4821: 4812: 4811: 4791:(2): 407–425. 4780: 4773: 4720: 4695: 4688: 4676:10.1086/204049 4670:(2): 137–186. 4659: 4638: 4623: 4616: 4606:(4): 259–278. 4595: 4580: 4573: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4514: 4489: 4468:(3): 581–615. 4448: 4381: 4363: 4350: 4337: 4318:(3): 237–245. 4302: 4295: 4275: 4262: 4249: 4236:10.2307/412789 4230:(3): 610–646. 4214: 4201: 4180: 4140: 4118:10.1.1.41.4667 4111:(4): 743–760. 4090: 4077: 4058:(4): 339–344. 4042: 4023:(2): 167–228. 4007: 3969: 3940:(2): 355–404. 3924: 3864: 3835:10.1086/431525 3829:(4): 621–646, 3806: 3787:(3): 454–462. 3771: 3754: 3741: 3724: 3707: 3690: 3647: 3627: 3618: 3605: 3598: 3580: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3523: 3518:Christianity: 3516: 3509: 3498: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3427:Vantage theory 3422: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3400: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3356:vision science 3348:Marc Bornstein 3344: 3341: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3312: 3306: 3289: 3288: 3287:in the latter. 3281: 3278: 3263: 3260: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3210: 3207: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3115: 3112: 3077: 3074: 3059:Daniel Everett 3053: 3050: 3040: 3037: 3016: 3013: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2899: 2891: 2890:(qungur reng) 2883: 2875: 2867: 2859: 2851: 2841: 2833: 2825: 2817: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2798:Сірий (Siryj) 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2783:Білий (Bilyj) 2781: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2769:Синій (Synij) 2767: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2634:நீலம் (Nīlam) 2632: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2438:Серый (Seryj) 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2423:Белый (Belyj) 2421: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2409:Синий (Sinij) 2407: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2351:ਸਿਆਨ (Si'āna) 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2209: 2201: 2193: 2185: 2177: 2169: 2161: 2152: 2144: 2136: 2128: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1963:Purpursarkana 1961: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1885:회색 (Hoe-Saek) 1883: 1882:갈색 (Gal-Saek) 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1837:Қоңыр (Qońyr) 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1817:Жасыл (Jasyr) 1815: 1812: 1809: 1808:Қызыл (Qyzyl) 1806: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1776:ireng / cemeng 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1763:abang / abrit 1761: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493:Piros / Vörös 1491: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1461:שחור (Shakhor) 1458: 1455: 1454:צהוב (Tsahov) 1452: 1451:כחול (Kakhol) 1449: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1432:भूरा (Bhoora) 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1420:सफ़ेद (Safed) 1418: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1375:Άσπρο (Áspro) 1373: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1348:Türkis / Cyan 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1285:თეთრი (Tetri) 1283: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1271:ლურჯი (Lurǯi) 1269: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 986: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 941: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 892: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 843: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 816: 815:綠色/绿色 (Lǜ sè) 813: 810: 809:藍色/蓝色 (Lánsè) 807: 804: 798: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 753: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 708: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 694:Розов (Rozov) 692: 691:Лилав (Lilav) 689: 686: 684:Черен (Cheren) 681: 680:Зелен (Zelen) 678: 675: 672: 669: 663: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 636: 633: 632:Жоўты (Žoŭty) 630: 627: 624: 618: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 573: 572: 569: 566: 563: 562:কমলা (Komola) 560: 557: 554: 551: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 528: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 483: 482: 474: 466: 458: 450: 436: 428: 420: 408: 400: 392: 384: 376: 370: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 325: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 280: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 253: 250: 247: 244: 241: 233: 232: 229: 224: 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 199: 196: 189: 188: 185: 182: 179: 172: 171: 160: 157: 154: 147: 116:in their book 105: 104:Berlin and Kay 102: 100: 97: 89:Eric Lenneberg 85:Lazarus Geiger 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6350: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6293: 6292: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6270: 6265: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6221: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6164: 6157: 6152: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6106: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6073: 6072:Shades of red 6069: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5892: 5887: 5885: 5880: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5857: 5849: 5847: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593:organizations 5589: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5534:Pastel colors 5532: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5316:Primary color 5314: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5283:Light-on-dark 5281: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5222: 5217: 5203: 5202:Color mapping 5200: 5198: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5127:Color balance 5125: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5104:Chromotherapy 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5044:Tetrachromacy 5042: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4968:Achromatopsia 4966: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4951:Chromesthesia 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865:Color physics 4863: 4860: 4858: 4857:Color science 4854: 4849: 4842: 4837: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4360: 4354: 4347: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4279: 4272: 4266: 4259: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4205: 4190: 4184: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4145: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3751: 3745: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3720: 3719: 3711: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3622: 3615: 3609: 3601: 3599:9780415200899 3595: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3555: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3428: 3418: 3409: 3406: 3396: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3340: 3338: 3332: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3239: 3238:Rossel Island 3235: 3234:Yele language 3222: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3169:Yele language 3166: 3162: 3152: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3120: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3096: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3049: 3046: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3007: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2971: 2968: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2900: 2892: 2884: 2876: 2868: 2860: 2852: 2842: 2834: 2826: 2818: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2606:Violett/lila 2605: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2567:-a machungwa 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2345:ਭੂਰਾ (bhūrā) 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2333:ਚਿੱਟੇ (ciṭē) 2332: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2252:Pomarańczowy 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2210: 2208:(Khakestari) 2202: 2194: 2186: 2178: 2170: 2162: 2153: 2145: 2137: 2129: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753:水色 (Mizuiro) 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1738:紫 (Murasaki) 1737: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1474:כתום (Katom) 1473: 1471:ורוד (Varod) 1470: 1468:סגול (Sagol) 1467: 1464: 1459: 1457:ירוק (Yarok) 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416:काला (Kaala)) 1414: 1411: 1409:पीला (Peela) 1408: 1406:नीला (Neela) 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371:Μαύρο (Mávro) 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 995: 991: 988: 987: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 946: 943: 942: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 901: 897: 894: 893: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 852: 848: 845: 844: 840: 837: 834: 832:橙色 (Chéngsè) 831: 828: 825: 822: 817: 814: 812:黄色 (Huángsè) 811: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 643:Белы (Biely) 642: 639:Чорны (Čorny) 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 475: 467: 459: 451: 437: 429: 421: 409: 401: 393: 385: 377: 375: 372: 371: 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 349: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 277: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 238: 235: 234: 228: 227: 223: 221: 212: 209: 206: 203: 200: 197: 194: 193: 192: 186: 183: 180: 177: 176: 175: 169: 165: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151:monomorphemic 148: 145: 141: 140: 139: 137: 133: 129: 126:set forth by 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 77: 72: 68: 63: 60: 55: 50: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 24: 19: 6289: 6163:spring green 5950:list of dyes 5935:Color charts 5566:Fluorescence 5529:Colorfulness 5522:Dichromatism 5468: 5366: 5358: 5328:Chromaticity 5311:Color mixing 5303:Color theory 5236:Color scheme 5099:Chromophobia 5048: 4813: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4732: 4728: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4667: 4663: 4649:(1): 12–25. 4646: 4642: 4626: 4619: 4603: 4599: 4583: 4576: 4566: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4506:. Retrieved 4504:. 2016-01-26 4501: 4492: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4398: 4394: 4384: 4376: 4358: 4353: 4345: 4340: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4265: 4257: 4252: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4209: 4204: 4193:. Retrieved 4183: 4156: 4152: 4108: 4104: 4085: 4080: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4020: 4016: 4010: 3988:(7): 19–38. 3985: 3981: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3916:, retrieved 3909:the original 3880: 3867: 3856:, retrieved 3826: 3822: 3809: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3762: 3757: 3749: 3744: 3734: 3727: 3717: 3710: 3698: 3693: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3642: 3621: 3613: 3608: 3589: 3583: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3492: 3467: 3434: 3430: 3415: 3402: 3393: 3374: 3366:Color vision 3351: 3346: 3333: 3329: 3314: 3309: 3301: 3290: 3267: 3265: 3248: 3231: 3212: 3199:phylogenetic 3196: 3192: 3188: 3164: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3127: 3123: 3119:John A. Lucy 3117: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3086: 3079: 3055: 3044: 3042: 3034: 3020: 3018: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2995: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2963: 2882:(toq seriq) 2750:Kahve Rengi 2576:-a samawati 2322:ਪੀਲੇ (pīlē) 2319:ਨੀਲਾ (nīlā) 2216:(Firuze-ee) 2200:(Ghahve-ee) 2176:(Arghavani) 1814:Сары (Sary) 1750:灰色 (Haiiro) 1747:茶色 (Chairo) 1480:אפור (Afor) 1477:חום (Khoom) 1465:לבן (Lavan) 1448:אדום (Adom) 1412:हरा (Haraa) 1390:Γκρι (Gkri) 1387:Καφέ (Kafé) 1156:Kulay-Rosas 841:青色 (Qīngsè) 706:Циан (Cian) 677:Жълт (Žãlt) 658:Шэры (Šery) 629:Сіні (Sini) 539:নীলা (Nila) 536:ৰঙা (Ronga) 481:(Turkuwāzī) 457:(Burtuqālī) 435:(Banafsajī) 240:Language(s) 216: 190: 173: 128:Edward Sapir 117: 110:Brent Berlin 107: 74: 67:Brent Berlin 64: 51: 31:anthropology 20: 18: 6323:Color names 5703:Color chart 5561:Iridescence 5393:Basic terms 5384:Color terms 5338:Color wheel 5333:Color solid 5197:Color space 5183:subtractive 5166:Color model 5037:Unique hues 4933:Colorimetry 4899:Chromophore 4534:(12): 619. 4159:(1): 3–55. 3520:Virgin Mary 3384:Undeveloped 3378:wavelengths 3161:Luisa Maffi 2967:habituation 2898:(kül reng) 2874:(hal reng) 2387:Portocaliu 2329:ਕਾਲਾ (kālā) 2325:ਹਰੇ (harē) 2316:ਲਾਲ (lāla) 2157:سیاه (Siah) 1821:Қара (Qara) 1772:ijo / ijem 1727:緑 (Midori) 1618:nilangsuka 1403:लाल (Laal) 1361:Μπλε (Ble) 1281:შავი (Šavi) 1162:Kayumanggi 881:Narančasta 875:Ljubičasta 838:灰色 (Huīsè) 823:白色 (Báisè) 688:Бял (Bjal) 553:বগা (Boga) 549:ক’লা (Kóla) 359:Portokalli 144:monolexemic 93:Roger Brown 39:linguistics 6307:Categories 6161:Shades of 6018:Web colors 5723:Shades of: 5556:Brightness 5288:Web colors 5244:Color tool 5227:philosophy 5132:Color cast 5032:Afterimage 5022:Metamerism 4995:Color code 4990:Color task 4973:Dichromacy 4806:1885/39243 4508:2020-06-25 4195:2016-12-12 3844:2066/41103 3551:References 3476:Dynasties. 3285:Malinowski 3276:taxonomies 2906:(sus kök) 2866:(zengger) 2756:Camgöbeği 2651:ஊதா (Ūtā) 2609:Rosa/skär 2573:-a kijivu 2471:Vijoličen 2267:Portuguese 2246:Fioletowy 2229:Niebieski 2192:(Naranji) 2184:(Soorati) 2127:(Ghermez) 2008:Violetinė 1984:Lithuanian 1924:Aurantius 1918:Violaceus 1901:Caeruleus 1840:Сұр (Sur) 1811:Көк (Kók) 1798:biru muda 1735:白 (Shiro) 1699:Arancione 1579:Indonesian 1558:Fjólublár 1516:Rózsaszín 1381:Ροζ (Roz) 1378:Μοβ (Mov) 1195:Valkoinen 1184:Keltainen 1165:Kulay-Abo 878:Ružičasta 826:紫色 (Zǐsè) 819:黑色 (Hēisè) 703:Сив (Siv) 674:Син (Sin) 622:Belarusian 168:informants 43:philosophy 5573:Grayscale 5546:Lightness 5541:Luminance 5350:(fashion) 5050:The dress 4710:: 81–99. 4684:144088006 4550:1534-7362 4484:1548-1433 4425:1932-6203 4113:CiteSeerX 4072:161647233 4002:145226139 3942:CiteSeerX 3881:Cognition 3858:1 October 3350:'s essay 3114:John Lucy 3067:Brazilian 2887:قۇڭۇر رەڭ 2879:توق سەرىڭ 2840:(yëshil) 2762:Ukrainian 2502:Amarillo 2364:Albastru 2271:Vermelho 2226:Czerwony 2213:فیروزه‌ای 2073:Norwegian 2014:Oranžinė 1949:Dzeltens 1651:Bándearg 1573:Blágrænn 1534:Icelandic 1489:Hungarian 1213:Turkoosi 1198:Violetti 1178:Punainen 1159:Dalandan 1097:Roheline 930:Oranžová 667:Bulgarian 504:Սեւ (Sew) 473:(Ramādī) 443:(Wardī), 407:(Akhḍar) 284:Afrikaans 6291:Category 5981:ISCC–NBS 5955:Crayola 5846:Category 5828:Lighting 5551:Darkness 5371:(Goethe) 5171:additive 5159:Quattron 4769:17229840 4502:HuffPost 4443:27434643 4395:PLOS ONE 4332:62691449 4224:Language 4037:10096997 3964:15798043 3934:Language 3905:14863459 3897:18547557 3801:13174309 3564:PLoS One 3534:See also 3197:Using a 2936:Porffor 2832:(sëriq) 2816:(qizil) 2747:Turuncu 2721:Kırmızı 2679:น้ำเงิน 2541:-ekundu 2522:Naranja 2477:Oranžen 2357:Romanian 2297:Laranja 2277:Amarelo 2255:Brązowy 2235:Zielony 2168:(Sefid) 2103:Oransje 1994:Geltona 1988:Raudona 1943:Sarkans 1933:Cyaneus 1907:Viridis 1825:Ақ (Aq) 1795:abu-abu 1759:Javanese 1731:黒 (Kuro) 1718:赤 (Aka) 1714:Japanese 1702:Marrone 1615:abu-abu 1612:cokelat 1561:Bleikur 1519:Narancs 1264:Georgian 1204:Oranssi 1181:Sininen 1142:Luntian 1129:Filipino 1094:Kollane 1084:Estonian 972:Lyserød 939:Azurová 924:Fialová 904:Červená 847:Croatian 790:Tabonon 742:Taronja 716:Vermell 607:Laranja 532:Assamese 487:Armenian 465:(Bunnī) 449:(Zahrī) 427:(Abyaḍ) 399:(Aṣfar) 391:(Azraq) 383:(Aḥmar) 353:Purpurt 342:Jeshile 329:Albanian 114:Paul Kay 71:Paul Kay 59:Paul Kay 6001:Pantone 5996:Ostwald 5986:Munsell 5959:Crayons 5810:Related 5771:Magenta 5696:history 5600:Pantone 4887:Visible 4882:Rainbow 4760:1783097 4737:Bibcode 4579:39:1–2. 4569:5:3–4. 4434:4951127 4403:Bibcode 3853:2223235 3685:1246610 3665:Bibcode 3657:Science 3527:Krishna 3484:mummies 3468:Yellow 3445:sindoor 3304:29:3.) 3135:Hanunóo 3065:of the 3023:at the 2925:Gwyrdd 2903:سۇس كۆك 2895:كۈل رەڭ 2871:ھال رەڭ 2717:Turkish 2705:น้ำตาล 2682:เหลือง 2612:Orange 2582:Swedish 2537:Swahili 2525:Marrón 2513:Blanco 2492:Spanish 2447:Slovene 2402:Russian 2381:Violet 2367:Galben 2312:Punjabi 2300:Marrom 2288:Branco 2249:Różowy 2205:خاکستری 2197:قهوه‌ای 2173:ارغوانی 2151:(Sabz) 2143:(Zard) 2135:(Aabi) 2118:Persian 2112:Turkis 2011:Rožinė 1991:Mėlyna 1975:Pelēks 1969:Oranžs 1939:Latvian 1927:Fuscus 1921:Roseus 1904:Flavus 1786:jambon 1769:kuning 1724:黄 (Ki) 1721:青 (Ao) 1705:Grigio 1690:Bianco 1679:Giallo 1669:Italian 1648:Corcra 1609:jingga 1589:kuning 1555:Hvitur 1551:Svartur 1538:Rauður 1528:Türkiz 1525:Szürke 1339:Orange 1326:Schwarz 1249:Orange 1243:Violet 1210:Harmaa 1207:Ruskea 1201:Pinkki 1187:Vihreä 1174:Finnish 1168:Siyano 1136:Bughaw 1123:Tsüaan 1091:Sinine 1088:Punane 1069:Orange 1063:Purple 1049:Yellow 1039:English 1024:Oranje 994:Flemish 984:Turkis 975:Orange 927:Růžová 913:Zelená 872:Bijela 864:Zelena 855:Crvena 851:Serbian 802:Chinese 793:Abohon 770:Lunhaw 764:Pughaw 757:Cebuano 736:Porpra 712:Catalan 610:Marroi 604:Arrosa 478:تركوازي 454:برتقالي 418:(Aswad) 350:Bardhë 339:Verdhë 314:Oranje 308:Purper 269:Orange 263:Purple 249:Yellow 164:salient 5823:Qualia 5818:Vision 5766:Purple 5761:Violet 5741:Yellow 5736:Orange 5431:Orange 5426:Purple 5416:Yellow 4850:topics 4767: 4757: 4682: 4633: 4600:Lingua 4590: 4548: 4482: 4441: 4431: 4423: 4330: 4293: 4244:412789 4242: 4135:684051 4133: 4115: 4070: 4035: 4000: 3962: 3944: 3918:14 May 3903: 3895: 3851: 3799: 3683: 3596: 3513:heaven 3070:Amazon 2948:Llwyd 2945:Brown 2922:Melyn 2863:زەڭگەر 2849:(qara) 2824:(kök) 2807:Uyghur 2744:Pembe 2738:Beyaz 2730:Yeşil 2685:เขียว 2558:-eupe 2505:Verde 2460:Zelen 2457:Rumen 2454:Moder 2370:Verde 2306:Ciano 2303:Cinza 2280:Verde 2258:Szary 2243:Biały 2239:Czarny 2232:Żółty 2222:Polish 2189:نارنجی 2097:Lilla 2086:Grønn 2067:cicna 2064:grusi 2061:bunre 2058:narju 2053:zirpu 2050:blabi 2042:crino 2039:pelxu 2036:blanu 2033:xunre 2029:Lojban 2023:Žydra 2020:Pilka 2005:Balta 1997:Žalia 1978:Ciāna 1972:Brūns 1960:Balts 1930:Canus 1915:Albus 1898:Ruber 1849:Korean 1804:Kazakh 1708:Ciano 1693:Viola 1682:Verde 1673:Rosso 1660:Liath 1628:Dearg 1606:patma 1600:putih 1592:hijau 1583:merah 1567:Brúnn 1547:Grænn 1544:Gulur 1522:Barna 1510:Fehér 1506:Fekete 1499:Sárga 1444:Hebrew 1342:Braun 1309:German 1240:Blanc 1229:Jaune 1223:Rouge 1219:French 1139:Dilaw 1117:Pruun 1114:Oranž 1111:Roosa 1108:Lilla 1105:Valge 1072:Brown 1060:White 1052:Green 1033:Cyaan 1030:Grijs 1027:Bruin 1018:Paars 1007:Groen 1001:Blauw 969:Lilla 945:Danish 933:Hnědá 910:Žlutá 907:Modrá 900:Slovak 890:Cijan 884:Smeđa 858:Plava 796:Sayan 781:Tapól 767:Dalág 745:Marró 733:Blanc 590:Berde 584:Urdin 581:Gorri 577:Basque 432:بنفسجي 374:Arabic 368:Cijan 323:Siaan 317:Bruin 311:Pienk 297:Groen 272:Brown 260:White 252:Green 149:It is 142:It is 41:, and 5912:Index 5907:Color 5856:Index 5796:Black 5786:White 5781:Brown 5746:Green 5648:Lists 5640:Names 5622:(CIE) 5591:Color 5451:Brown 5446:White 5436:Black 5406:Green 5225:Color 4921:Water 4877:Light 4848:Color 4680:S2CID 4571:BRILL 4328:S2CID 4240:JSTOR 4131:JSTOR 4068:S2CID 3998:S2CID 3960:S2CID 3912:(PDF) 3901:S2CID 3877:(PDF) 3849:S2CID 3819:(PDF) 3570:(7). 3493:Blue 3459:Surya 3441:henna 2942:Oren 2939:Pinc 2933:Gwyn 2919:Glas 2916:Coch 2912:Welsh 2858:(aq) 2837:يېشىل 2829:سېرىق 2813:قىزىل 2734:Siyah 2727:Sarı 2724:Mavi 2699:ชมพู 2696:ม่วง 2627:Tamil 2621:Cyan 2615:Brun 2599:Svart 2595:Grön 2554:-eusi 2531:Cian 2528:Gris 2519:Rosa 2509:Negro 2499:Azul 2496:Rojo 2486:Cián 2480:Rjav 2474:Roza 2451:Rdeč 2396:Bleu 2390:Maro 2374:Negru 2361:Roșu 2294:Rosa 2284:Preto 2274:Azul 2181:صورتی 2106:Brun 2100:Rosa 2094:Hvit 2090:Svart 2046:xekri 2017:Ruda 2001:Juoda 1966:Rozā 1956:Melns 1952:Zaļš 1946:Zils 1911:Niger 1894:Latin 1766:biru 1696:Rosa 1663:Cian 1657:Donn 1637:Glas 1631:Gorm 1624:Irish 1603:ungu 1596:hitam 1586:biru 1570:Grár 1541:Blár 1513:Lila 1502:Zöld 1399:Hindi 1354:Greek 1345:Grau 1336:Rosa 1333:Lila 1330:Weiß 1322:Grün 1319:Gelb 1316:Blau 1258:Cyan 1255:Gris 1246:Rose 1232:Vert 1226:Bleu 1191:Musta 1153:Lila 1150:Puti 1133:Pula 1120:Hall 1078:Cyan 1075:Grey 1066:Pink 1056:Black 1046:Blue 1021:Roze 1011:Zwart 1004:Geel 998:Rood 990:Dutch 978:Brun 966:Hvid 958:Grøn 936:Šedá 921:Bílá 917:Černá 896:Czech 887:Siva 861:Žuta 778:Putî 761:Pulá 751:Cian 748:Gris 739:Rosa 729:Negre 725:Verd 722:Groc 719:Blau 616:Zian 613:Gris 601:More 598:Zuri 594:Beltz 587:Hori 470:رمادي 362:Kafe 356:Rozë 333:Kuqe 320:Grys 301:Swart 294:Geel 291:Blou 288:Rooi 278:Cyan 275:Grey 266:Pink 256:Black 246:Blue 6011:list 5948:(CI 5930:ANPA 5791:Gray 5776:Pink 5756:Blue 5751:Cyan 5441:Gray 5421:Pink 5401:Blue 5188:CMYK 4765:PMID 4631:ISBN 4588:ISBN 4546:ISSN 4480:ISSN 4439:PMID 4421:ISSN 4291:ISBN 4033:PMID 3920:2009 3893:PMID 3860:2012 3797:PMID 3681:PMID 3594:ISBN 3504:and 3502:Citi 3435:Red 3256:Cree 3232:The 3029:Zuni 2846:قارا 2753:Gri 2741:Mor 2711:ฟ้า 2708:เทา 2702:ส้ม 2693:ขาว 2676:แดง 2672:Thai 2618:Grå 2603:Vit 2592:Gul 2589:Blå 2586:Röd 2483:Siv 2468:Bel 2393:Gri 2384:Roz 2378:Alb 2165:سفید 2124:قرمز 2109:Grå 2083:Gul 2080:Blå 2077:Rød 1686:Nero 1676:Blu 1645:Bán 1641:Dubh 1634:Buí 1496:Kék 1313:Rot 1236:Noir 1146:Itim 1101:Must 1043:Red 1015:Wit 981:Grå 962:Sort 955:Gul 952:Blå 949:Rød 868:Crna 774:Itóm 446:زهري 440:وردي 424:أبيض 413:أسود 404:أخضر 396:أصفر 388:أزرق 380:أحمر 365:Gri 346:Zezë 336:Blu 305:Wit 243:Red 166:for 130:and 112:and 91:and 83:and 69:and 6023:X11 6006:RAL 5991:NCS 5976:HKS 5966:DIC 5731:Red 5517:Hue 5411:Red 5176:RGB 4801:hdl 4793:doi 4755:PMC 4745:doi 4733:104 4712:doi 4702:". 4672:doi 4651:doi 4608:doi 4536:doi 4470:doi 4429:PMC 4411:doi 4320:doi 4232:doi 4169:hdl 4161:doi 4123:doi 4109:101 4060:doi 4025:doi 3990:doi 3952:doi 3885:doi 3839:hdl 3831:doi 3789:doi 3673:doi 3661:191 3572:doi 3171:of 2855:ئاق 2821:كۆك 2464:Črn 2148:سبز 2140:زرد 2132:آبی 462:بني 6309:: 4799:. 4789:14 4787:. 4763:. 4753:. 4743:. 4731:. 4727:. 4706:. 4678:. 4668:33 4666:. 4645:. 4604:95 4602:. 4544:. 4532:16 4530:. 4526:. 4500:. 4478:. 4466:81 4464:. 4460:. 4437:. 4427:. 4419:. 4409:. 4399:11 4397:. 4393:. 4366:^ 4326:. 4316:29 4314:. 4238:. 4228:54 4226:. 4167:. 4157:10 4155:. 4143:^ 4129:. 4121:. 4107:. 4093:^ 4066:. 4056:11 4054:. 4031:. 4021:20 4019:. 3996:. 3984:. 3972:^ 3958:. 3950:. 3938:85 3936:. 3899:, 3891:, 3879:, 3847:, 3837:, 3827:46 3825:, 3821:, 3795:. 3785:49 3783:. 3679:. 3671:. 3659:. 3630:^ 3568:11 3566:. 2929:Du 2689:ดำ 37:, 33:, 5952:) 5890:e 5883:t 5876:v 4840:e 4833:t 4826:v 4809:. 4803:: 4795:: 4771:. 4747:: 4739:: 4718:. 4714:: 4708:6 4686:. 4674:: 4657:. 4653:: 4647:1 4637:. 4614:. 4610:: 4594:. 4552:. 4538:: 4511:. 4486:. 4472:: 4445:. 4413:: 4405:: 4334:. 4322:: 4299:. 4246:. 4234:: 4198:. 4177:. 4171:: 4163:: 4137:. 4125:: 4074:. 4062:: 4039:. 4027:: 4004:. 3992:: 3986:8 3966:. 3954:: 3887:: 3841:: 3833:: 3803:. 3791:: 3769:. 3705:. 3687:. 3675:: 3667:: 3602:. 3578:. 3574:: 992:/ 898:/ 849:/

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.