49:
2309:
consists of placing the flax in a pool of water which will not evaporate. It generally takes place in a shallow pool which will warm up dramatically in the sun; the process may take from a few days to a few weeks. Pond-retted flax is traditionally considered of lower quality, possibly because the product can become dirty, and is easily over-retted, damaging the fiber. This form of retting also produces quite an odor. Stream retting is similar to pool retting, but the flax is submerged in bundles in a stream or river. This generally takes two or three weeks longer than pond retting, but the end product is less likely to be dirty, does not smell as bad, and because the water is cooler, is less likely to be over-retted. Both pond and stream retting were traditionally used less because they pollute the waters used for the process.
2186:
2424:
2400:
2412:
312:
1871:
536:
666:
1835:
328:
62:
2178:
2233:
1625:
4684:
2073:. Dependent upon climatic conditions, characteristics of the sown flax and fields, the flax remains on the ground between two weeks and two months for retting. As a result of alternating rain and the sun, an enzymatic action degrades the pectins which bind fibers to the straw. The farmers turn over the straw during retting to evenly rett the stalks. When the straw is retted and sufficiently dry, it is rolled up. It is then stored by farmers before extracting the fibers.
2436:
5228:
877:
2579:
1853:
2518:
2336:
2117:
1961:
520:
2077:
1889:
1817:
320:
5238:
2479:
528:
901:
2264:
2053:
ground, to avoid getting grasses and weeds in the flax. The rubber belts then pull the whole plant out of the ground with the roots so the whole length of the plant fiber can be used. The plants then pass over the machine and is placed on the field crosswise to the harvester's direction of travel. The plants are left in the field for field
2204:
Flax processing is divided into two parts: the first part is generally done by the farmer, to bring the flax fiber into a fit state for general or common purposes. This can be performed by three machines: one for threshing out the seed, one for breaking and separating the straw (stem) from the fiber,
2503:
proved that
Triffid persisted in at least two Canadian flax varieties, possibly affecting future crops. Canadian flax seed cultivars were reconstituted with Triffid-free seed used to plant the 2014 crop. Laboratories are certified to test for the presence of Triffid at a level of one seed in 10,000.
574:
Flax fibers taken from the stem of the plant are two to three times as strong as cotton fibers. Additionally, flax fibers are naturally smooth and straight. Europe and North
America both depended on flax for plant-based cloth until the 19th century, when cotton overtook flax as the most common plant
841:
meal. It is considered an inferior protein supplement for swine because of its fibre, the vitamin antagonist, the high omega-3 content and its low lysine content, and can only be used in small amounts in the feed. Although it may increase the omega-3 content in eggs and meat, it is also an inferior
2308:
flax. It can be retted in a pond, stream, field, or tank. When the retting is complete, the bundles of flax feel soft and slimy, and quite a few fibers are standing out from the stalks. When wrapped around a finger, the inner woody part springs away from the fibers. Pond retting is the fastest. It
685:
when left exposed to air at room temperature in as little as a week. Refrigeration and storage in sealed containers will keep ground flax seed meal for a longer period before it turns rancid. Under conditions similar to those found in commercial bakeries, trained sensory panelists could not detect
2446:
Dressing the flax is the process of removing the straw from the fibers. Dressing consists of three steps: breaking, scutching, and heckling. The breaking breaks up the straw. Some of the straw is scraped from the fibers in the scutching process, and finally, the fiber is pulled through heckles to
2321:
the metal. If the water temperature is kept at 27 °C (80 °F), the retting process under these conditions takes 4 or 5 days. If the water is any colder, it takes longer. Scum collects at the top, and an odor is given off the same as in pond retting. 'Enzymatic' retting of flax has been
2052:
Flax for fiber production is usually harvested by a specialized flax harvester. Usually built on the same machine base as a combine, but instead of the cutting head it has a flax puller. The flax plant is turned over and is gripped by rubber belts roughly 20–25 cm (8–10 inches) above
2026:
may either cut only the heads of the plants, or the whole plant. These are then dried to extract the seed. The amount of weeds in the straw affects its marketability, and this, coupled with market prices, determines whether the farmer chooses to harvest the flax straw. If the flax straw is not
2018:
Flax is harvested for fiber production after about 100 days, or a month after the plants flower and two weeks after the seed capsules form. The bases of the plants begin to turn yellow. If the plants are still green, the seed will not be useful, and the fiber will be underdeveloped. The fiber
812:
it measures as having lower nutrient values, however, good results are obtained in cattle, perhaps due to the mucilage, which may aid in slowing digestion and thus allowing more time to absorb nutrients. One study found that feeding flax seeds may increase omega-3 content in
3973:
Mohammadi-Sartang M, Mazloom Z, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, et al. (September 2017). "The effect of flaxseed supplementation on body weight and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 45 randomized placebo-controlled trials: Flaxseed and body composition".
2268:
2266:
2035:
from the harvesting process, the straw often clogs up tillage and planting equipment. Flax straw that is not of sufficient quality for fiber uses can be baled to build shelters for farm animals, or sold as biofuel, or removed from the field in the spring.
2312:
In field retting, the flax is laid out in a large field, and dew is allowed to collect on it. This process normally takes a month or more, but is generally considered to provide the highest quality flax fibers, and it produces the least pollution.
3955:
896:
beneath the surface of the stem of the flax plant. Flax fiber is soft, lustrous, and flexible; bundles of fiber have the appearance of blonde hair, hence the description "flaxen" hair. It is stronger than cotton fiber, but less elastic.
2267:
690:
four months earlier and stored at room temperature. If packed immediately without exposure to air and light, milled flax seed is stable against excessive oxidation when stored for nine months at room temperature, and under
4419:
Beauvais F, Cantat O, Le Gouée P, et al. (2022). "Consequences of climate change on flax fiber in
Normandy by 2100: prospective bioclimatic simulation based on data from the ALADIN-Climate and WRF regional models".
3881:
2490:
cultivar called 'Triffid' that had food and feed safety approval in Canada and the U.S. Canadian growers and the Flax
Council of Canada raised concerns about the marketability of this cultivar in Europe where a
2316:
Retting can also be done in a plastic trash can or any type of water-tight container of wood, concrete, earthenware, or plastic. Metal containers will not work, as an acid is produced when retting, and it would
2200:
is the process of removing the seeds from the rest of the plant. Separating the usable flax fibers from other components requires pulling the stems through a hackle and/or beating the plants to break them.
2060:
The mature plant can also be cut with mowing equipment, similar to hay harvesting, and raked into windrows. When dried sufficiently, a combine then harvests the seeds similar to wheat or oat harvesting.
656:
Although brown flax seed varieties may be consumed as readily as the yellow ones, and have been for thousands of years, these varieties are more commonly used in paints, for fiber, and for cattle feed.
3959:
842:
and potentially toxic feed for poultry, although it can be used in small amounts. The meal is an adequate and traditional source of protein for rabbits at 8–10%. Its use in fish feeds is limited.
507:
and rising farm wages had caused production of flax to become concentrated in northern Russia, which came to provide 90% of the world's output. Since then, flax has lost its importance as a
1587:(BMI), and waist circumference for persons with a BMI greater than 27. Another meta-analysis showed that consumption of flax seeds for more than 12 weeks produced small reductions in
3648:
Maddock TD, Bauer ML, Koch KB, et al. (1 June 2006). "Effect of processing flax in beef feedlot diets on performance, carcass characteristics, and trained sensory panel ratings1".
2265:
1729:, which is nontoxic when consumed in typical amounts. Typical concentrations (for example, 0.48% in a sample of defatted dehusked flax seed meal) can be removed by special processing.
860:
left over from the harvesting of oilseed is not very nutritious; it is tough and indigestible, and is not recommended to use as ruminant fodder, although it may be used as bedding or
3882:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Food and Nutrition Board, et al. (2019). Oria M, Harrison M, Stallings VA (eds.).
2499:. Consequently, Triffid was deregistered in 2010 and never grown commercially in Canada or the U.S. Triffid stores were destroyed, but future exports and further tests at the
3860:
463:, where the temple walls had paintings of flowering flax, and mummies were embalmed using linen. Egyptian priests wore only linen, as flax was considered a symbol of purity.
2296:
scrapes the outer straw from the fiber. The stems are then pulled through "hackles", which act like combs to remove the straw and some shorter fibers out of the long fiber.
3091:
Barber E. (1991) "Prehistoric
Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean". Princeton University Press, p.12
48:
4208:
3700:
4564:
1483:
793:(fibre), which may be beneficial in humans and cattle, but cannot be digested by non-ruminants and can be detrimental to young animals, unless possibly treated with
2069:
The plant is pulled up with the roots (not cut), so as to increase the fiber length. After this, the flax is allowed to dry, the seeds are removed, and it is then
4658:
3748:
2928:
4629:
3311:
2039:
Two ways are used to harvest flax fiber, one involving mechanized equipment (combines), and a second method, more manual and targeting maximum fiber length.
4472:
1635:, also known as flaxseed oil or flax oil (in its edible form), is a colourless to yellowish oil obtained from the dried, ripened seeds of the flax plant (
853:
animals, like horses and rabbits. Boiling removes the danger. This is not an issue in meal cake due to the processing temperature during oil extraction.
997:
1777:. Within eight weeks of sowing, the plant can reach 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) in height, reaching 70–80 cm (28–31 in) within 50 days.
2292:), is still remaining. To remove this, the flax is "broken", the straw is broken up into small, short bits, while the actual fiber is left unharmed.
410:
4121:"Effect of Flaxseed Intervention on Inflammatory Marker C-Reactive Protein: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
5534:
2627:, the princess pricks her finger, not on a spindle, but on a sliver of flax, which later is sucked out by her children conceived as she sleeps.
2022:
Flax grown for seed is allowed to mature until the seed capsules are yellow and just starting to split; it is then harvested in various ways. A
677:, 41 g of fat, 28 g of fiber, and 20 g of protein. Whole flax seeds are chemically stable, but ground flax seed meal, because of
3421:
2833:
3938:
5609:
3268:
2470:
or heckles. A heckle is a bed of "nails"—sharp, long-tapered, tempered, polished steel pins driven into wooden blocks at regular spacing.
4596:
5627:
3407:
808:. It can only be added at low percentages due to the high fat content, which is unhealthy for ruminants. Compared to oilseed meal from
5707:
3888:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
3447:
Alpers L, Sawyer-Morse, Mary K. (August 1996). "Eating
Quality of Banana Nut Muffins and Oatmeal Cookies Made With Ground Flaxseed".
2284:, which is the process of rotting away the inner stalk, leaving the outer parts intact. At this point, straw, or coarse outer stem (
2280:
Before the flax fibers can be spun into linen, they must be separated from the rest of the stalk. The first step in this process is
833:
are able to eat a large amount of linseed meal, up to 40% in one test, with positive consequences. It has been fed as supplement to
5482:
5182:
3852:
3329:
343:, cultivated flax, including some that have similar blue flowers, and others with white, yellow, or red flowers. Some of these are
5560:
5495:
2752:
2743:
2601:
to represent
Northern Ireland on coins minted in 1986, 1991, and 2014. Flax also represents Northern Ireland on the badge of the
2435:
3597:
377:
are 15–25 mm in diameter with five petals, which can be colored white, blue, yellow, and red depending on the species. The
5645:
5686:
3893:
3832:
3799:
3226:
3155:
3113:
2092:
3689:
761:
content and thus lowers its storage time. The high omega-3 content also has a further disadvantage, because this fatty acid
291:
The plant species is known only as a cultivated plant and appears to have been domesticated just once from the wild species
5832:
5565:
4204:
3907:
2643:
2423:
2411:
2399:
4560:
4277:"Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels"
2602:
3128:
Sekhri S. (2011) "Textbook of Fabric
Science: Fundamentals to Finishing". PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, p. 76
5420:
4654:
4187:
3774:
3729:
3178:
Buchanan R. (2012) "A Weaver's Garden: Growing Plants for
Natural Dyes and Fibers". Courier Dover Publications, p. 22
2920:
5867:
4495:
3742:
2860:"Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): A Potential Candidate for Phytoremediation? Biological and Economical Points of View"
2565:
2383:
2164:
2000:
2547:
2365:
2146:
5822:
5761:
4718:
1583:
showed that consumption of more than 30 g of flax-seed daily for more than 12 weeks reduced body weight,
1008:, in 1787. New methods of processing flax have led to renewed interest in the use of flax as an industrial fiber.
706:
3303:
825:. In the US, flax-based feed for ruminants is often somewhat more expensive than other feeds on a nutrient basis.
5614:
5521:
4464:
4369:
3260:
5847:
5756:
5650:
2773:
Allaby, R., Peterson, G., Merriwether, D., et al. (2005). "Evidence of the domestication history of flax (
2543:
2361:
2273:
2185:
2142:
1982:
5725:
5596:
5296:
3696:
3348:
2748:
2496:
503:. In North America, colonists introduced flax, and it flourished there, but by the early 20th century, cheap
4019:"Flaxseed consumption may reduce blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials"
1479:
288:. In addition to referring to the plant, the word "flax" may refer to the unspun fibers of the flax plant.
5464:
5451:
3848:
3794:. Fahim, Mohammed., Institute of Materials, Minerals, and Mining. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing.
1722:
5360:
4326:
Singh KK, Mridula D, Rehal J, et al. (2011). "Flaxseed: a potential source of food, feed and fiber".
609:
Flax seeds occur in brown and yellow (golden) varieties. Most types of these basic varieties have similar
5862:
5547:
5335:
4398:"Flax (raw or retted) production in 2022; Crops/Regions/World List/Production Quantity (from pick lists)"
2678:
686:
differences between bread made with freshly ground flax seed and bread made with flax seed that had been
4621:
2821:
5720:
5500:
2734:
2500:
1650:
Owing to its polymer-forming properties, linseed oil is often blended with combinations of other oils,
1470:
1686:. Linseed oil use has declined over the past several decades with increased availability of synthetic
5637:
2594:
1571:. Flax seed oil contains 53% 18:3 omega-3 fatty acids (mostly ALA) and 13% 18:2 omega-6 fatty acids.
3425:
3934:
3337:, Library of Congress: Congressional Research Service, archived from the original on 10 August 2011
2598:
2528:
2346:
2127:
773:
was developed in Australia and introduced in the 1990s with less omega-3, specifically to serve as
456:
by 5,000 years ago. In China and India, domesticated flax was cultivated at least 5,000 years ago.
297:, called pale flax. The plants called "flax" in New Zealand are, by contrast, members of the genus
5588:
2208:
The second part of the process brings the flax into a state for the very finest purposes, such as
919:
priests more than 4,000 years ago. Industrial-scale flax fiber processing existed in antiquity. A
61:
5459:
5386:
5241:
3364:"Antioxidant capacity and chemical composition in seeds rich in omega-3: chia, flax, and perilla"
2532:
2350:
2131:
1971:
993:
837:
in India, and provided a better diet than forage alone, but not as good as when substituted with
17:
5771:
5712:
3078:
311:
284:, and are traditionally used for bed sheets, underclothes, and table linen. Its oil is known as
5852:
5539:
5446:
5258:
4589:
583:
for linseed oil, which is used as a drying oil in paints and varnishes and in products such as
548:
358:
Cultivated flax plants grow to 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) tall, with slender stems. The
4490:. New Delhi, India: Woodhead Publishing India PVT LTD (2017 Revised edition). pp. 3.1.1.
3199:(2003) "The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, Volume 1" Oxford University Press, p.303.
1354:
958:. Flax fiber is a raw material used in the high-quality paper industry for the use of printed
5842:
5676:
3403:
2539:
2357:
2138:
1978:
1786:
1709:
1367:
673:
A 100-gram portion of ground flax seed supplies about 2,234 kilojoules (534 kilocalories) of
178:
31:
3043:
Fu, Y.-B. (2011). "Genetic evidence for early flax domestication with capsular dehiscence".
2486:
In September 2009, Canadian flax exports reportedly had been contaminated by a deregistered
5394:
5069:
5031:
4711:
4429:
4023:
2998:
2620:
2487:
2027:
harvested, typically, it is burned, since the stalks are quite tough and decompose slowly (
1544:
1406:
1380:
754:
626:
5781:
8:
5837:
5044:
4927:
2637:
2624:
1725:
for human consumption. Like many common foods, flax contains small amounts of cyanogenic
1556:
1548:
1482:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1121:
1111:
757:) content of linseed meal "softens" milk, eggs, and meat, which means it causes a higher
5699:
5307:
4433:
3002:
2717:
1701:
535:
5789:
5438:
4351:
4303:
4276:
4147:
4120:
4096:
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3999:
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3534:
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3161:
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3022:
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2859:
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2289:
2237:
2190:
1705:
1697:
1644:
1604:
1493:
1393:
1334:
1157:
1130:
1125:
805:
646:
625:"), have a similar oil profile to brown flax seeds and both are very high in omega-3s (
614:
202:
56:
4543:
3460:
434:
5671:
5368:
5039:
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4829:
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3014:
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2023:
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955:
642:
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region. Evidence exists of a domesticated oilseed flax with increased seed-size from
414:
406:
270:
4590:"Sampling and Testing Protocol for Canadian Flaxseed Exported to the European Union"
4355:
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1943:
with 75% of the total. One of the largest regions in France for flax production is
1607:(a marker of inflammation) only in persons with a body mass index greater than 30.
1521:
1262:
564:
556:
418:
4530:
Akin Dodd F (2001). "Processing techniques for improving enzyme-retting of flax".
1595:. A third showed that consuming flax seed or its derivatives may reduce total and
1504:(table). In 100 grams (3.5 oz) as a reference amount, flax seeds provide 534
594:
Linseed meal, the by-product of producing linseed oil from flax seeds, is used as
5658:
5575:
5340:
5327:
5231:
5054:
5016:
4809:
4704:
4205:"GRAS Petition by Flax Canada, Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000280"
3218:
2616:
2463:
2285:
2241:
1596:
1584:
881:
834:
766:
758:
725:
After crushing the seeds to extract linseed oil, the resultant linseed meal is a
710:
687:
508:
382:
252:
99:
5748:
5601:
4962:
5857:
5827:
5694:
5317:
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1922:
1750:
1663:
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893:
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327:
86:
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3809:
3213:. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. 10. pp. 502–514.
2885:
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630:
468:
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194:
5552:
5112:
4274:
4087:
3010:
2232:
1624:
817:, while another found no differences. It might also act as a substitute for
543:
Flax is grown for its seeds, which can be ground into a meal or turned into
5738:
5281:
5177:
5167:
5097:
4872:
4864:
4400:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2024
4347:
4312:
4156:
4105:
4056:
3995:
3903:
3669:
3573:
3018:
2971:
2903:
2798:
2583:
2205:
and one for further separating the broken straw and matter from the fiber.
1497:
1419:
1043:
967:
905:
822:
809:
714:
588:
544:
483:
declined, so did flax production. But with laws designed to publicize the
480:
472:
352:
293:
135:
4688:
4261:
4037:
4018:
3847:
3661:
3468:
3147:
2876:
785:) antagonist, and may require this vitamin be supplemented, especially in
5583:
5508:
5290:
5087:
4952:
4937:
4877:
4834:
4767:
4397:
2649:
2088:
1675:
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1509:
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1027:
850:
730:
674:
634:
500:
488:
464:
449:
285:
5663:
5474:
5350:
4683:
4252:
4231:
4072:"Meta-analysis of the effects of flaxseed interventions on blood lipids"
4047:
3517:
Chen ZY (1994). "Oxidative stability of flaxseed lipids during baking".
2674: – Species of flowering plant in the mint and sage family Lamiaceae
649:. Solvent-processed flax seed oil has been used for many centuries as a
5487:
5157:
5152:
5021:
4887:
4854:
4819:
4744:
3937:. Conde Nast for USDA National Nutrient Database, version SR-21. 2015.
3633:
3616:
3552:
Strandås C (2008). "Phenolic glucosides in bread containing flaxseed".
3530:
2322:
researched as a technique to engineer fibers with specific properties.
1985: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1770:
1693:
1552:
1533:
1517:
1279:
1228:
1001:
920:
876:
846:
782:
778:
699:
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638:
618:
492:
422:
367:
266:
5059:
4999:
4488:
Introduction to Textile Fibres (Woodhead Publishing India in Textiles)
4137:
3987:
3280:
3209:
McHughen A (1990). "Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): In Vitro Studies".
665:
5513:
5433:
5407:
5172:
4967:
4902:
3958:. USDA National Nutrient Database version SR-27. 2015. Archived from
2984:
2693:
2664:
2453:
2293:
2197:
2181:
A hackle or heckle, a tool for threshing flax and preparing the fiber
1774:
1754:
1726:
1671:
1529:
1312:
985:
975:
939:
924:
865:
702:
692:
682:
610:
595:
576:
344:
5252:
3595:
2517:
2335:
2116:
1960:
5733:
5622:
5275:
5140:
4985:
4917:
4418:
3614:
3482:
Malcolmson L (April 2006). "Storage stability of milled flaxseed".
2578:
2096:
1944:
1742:
1683:
1592:
1525:
1211:
959:
790:
750:
734:
584:
519:
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4752:
3331:
Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition
2236:
Stem cross-section, showing locations of underlying tissues: Ep =
1708:. In parts of Europe, it is traditionally eaten with potatoes and
1599:
in the blood, with greater benefits in women and people with high
777:. Another disadvantage of the meal and seed is that it contains a
5381:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5049:
4757:
3767:
The Ancient Astiki Odos and the Metro beneath Vouliagmenis Avenue
3404:"Pigments through the Ages – Renaissance and Baroque (1400–1600)"
2687:
2609:
2318:
2305:
2281:
2213:
2100:
2076:
2070:
2054:
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1932:
1918:
1858:
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1655:
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786:
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746:
726:
717:
glucoside—are present in commercial breads containing flax seed.
580:
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453:
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4824:
3259:
Valérie Heuzé, Gilles Tran, Pierre Nozière, et al. (2018).
5399:
5204:
5135:
5130:
5125:
4947:
4932:
4922:
4897:
4882:
4844:
4777:
3956:"Full Report (All Nutrients): 12220, Seeds, flaxseed per 100 g"
3600:. North Dakota State University. pp. 53–62. Archived from
2249:
2217:
1940:
1894:
1822:
1762:
1651:
1295:
951:
931:
830:
818:
794:
774:
770:
738:
622:
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448:
years ago. Use of the crop steadily spread, reaching as far as
438:
374:
319:
274:
125:
4275:
EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (11 April 2019).
2478:
915:, a refined textile made from flax fibers, was worn widely by
499:
became the major center of the European linen industry in the
5209:
5162:
5145:
5064:
4849:
4839:
4814:
4792:
4782:
4727:
4070:
Pan A, Yu D, Demark-Wahnefried W, et al. (August 2009).
3272:
2985:
Kvavadze E, Bar-Yosef O, Belfer-Cohen A, et al. (2009).
2457:
2253:
2221:
1936:
1876:
1687:
1679:
1057:
943:
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912:
900:
861:
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426:
390:
378:
281:
155:
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4069:
4957:
4942:
4912:
4804:
4799:
4772:
3446:
3362:
Sargi SC, Silva BC, Santos HM, et al. (26 July 2013).
2441:
Flax fiber in different forms, before and after processing
2257:
2209:
1766:
1758:
1746:
1738:
989:
947:
935:
814:
476:
386:
359:
3875:
3853:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2473:
1753:. Flax is often found growing just above the waterline in
417:, 30,000 years ago. Humans first domesticated flax in the
409:, where spun, dyed, and knotted wild flax fibers found in
4696:
4229:
3361:
3276:
1540:
1501:
1087:
385:
5–9 mm in diameter, containing several glossy brown
4511:
Akin Dodd F (2008). "Pectinolytic enzymes and retting".
4325:
3647:
2667: – Provision to cells and organisms to support life
2858:
Saleem MH, Ali S, Hussain S, et al. (April 2020).
2698:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2224:. This second part is performed by a refining machine.
923:
factory dedicated to flax processing was discovered in
637:, which is one of the oldest commercial oils. It is an
511:, due to the easy availability of more durable fibres.
4119:
Ren GY, Chen CY, Chen GC, et al. (4 March 2016).
2857:
1690:
resins—which function similarly but resist yellowing.
669:
Bread rolls being topped with flax seeds before baking
4485:
4230:
Cunnane SC, Ganguli S, Menard C, et al. (1993).
3699:
Extension Service. pp. 9, 20. AS1182 (Revised).
3186:
3184:
1543:, flax seeds contain 54% omega-3 fatty acids (mostly
911:
The use of flax fibers dates back tens of millennia;
401:
The earliest evidence of humans using wild flax as a
4622:"Canada moves to revive flax exports after GMO flap"
4016:
2683:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3731:
The Sumerians: Their history, culture and character
3687:
2721:
The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
2450:Breaking breaks up the straw into short segments.
942:. Coarser grades are used for the manufacturing of
695:conditions, for 20 months at ambient temperatures.
559:in gardens. Moreover, flax fibers are used to make
3885:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
3181:
2660:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
2597:. In a coronet, it appeared on the reverse of the
2582:Four flax flowers pictured in the coat of arms of
749:, and has also been used in horse concentrate and
3764:
3140:Ancient Technologies and Archaeological Materials
1947:with nearly one-third of the world's production.
1344:
1201:
613:characteristics and equal numbers of short-chain
487:of linen textiles and the health of linseed oil,
5809:
4465:"The last straw: nine ways to handle flax straw"
3737:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 104.
3688:Lardy GP, Anderson VL, Dahlen C (October 2015).
3596:Maddock TD, Anderson, Vernon L., Lardy, Greg P.
3137:
2915:
2913:
2819:
280:Textiles made from flax are known in English as
4561:"Flax growers try to flush Triffid from system"
4370:"Grow and Harvest Flax – Materials Matter 2016"
4118:
2777:L.) from genetic diversity of the sad2 locus".
4172:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3841:
3608:
2950:Balter M (2009). "Clothes make the (Hu) Man".
2681: – Irish linen Jacquard weaver in Ireland
2466:is pulling the fiber through various sizes of
1022:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
741:, and fish. It is also often used as feed for
4712:
4462:
3792:Tribology of natural fiber polymer composites
3789:
3519:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
3484:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
3327:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
2910:
2853:
2851:
2652: – Brand name for linen woven in Ireland
2272:Threshing, retting, and dressing flax at the
930:The best grades are used for fabrics such as
4595:. Canadian Grain Commission. 28 April 2014.
4202:
4112:
4010:
3966:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3615:J. C. P. Dribnenkil and A. G. Green (1995).
3449:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
3099:
3097:
2921:"These Vintage Threads Are 30,000 Years Old"
2640: – Flax fibre (Phormium) in New Zealand
1508:and contain high levels (20% or more of the
845:Raw, immature linseeds contain an amount of
277:produced 75% of the world's supply of flax.
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3440:
3104:Cullis CA (2007). "Flax". In Kole C (ed.).
2546:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2364:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2227:
2145:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1628:Flax, flax seeds, linseed oil, linseed cake
789:, and furthermore linseeds contain 2–7% of
629:(ALA), specifically). Flax seeds produce a
370:, 20–40 mm long, and 3 mm broad.
4719:
4705:
4076:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3849:United States Food and Drug Administration
3481:
3475:
3275:, Association Française de Zootechnie and
3235:
2848:
769:quickly, which shortens the storage time.
47:
4563:. The Western Producer. 11 January 2013.
4529:
4510:
4302:
4292:
4251:
4236:): some nutritional properties in humans"
4146:
4136:
4095:
4046:
4036:
3676:
3632:
3379:
3328:Jasper Womach, et al., eds. (2005),
3094:
3042:
2893:
2875:
2646: – United Nations observance of 2009
2605:and on various logos associated with it.
2566:Learn how and when to remove this message
2384:Learn how and when to remove this message
2165:Learn how and when to remove this message
2001:Learn how and when to remove this message
3935:"Nutrition facts for 100 g of flaxseeds"
3765:Kaza-Papageorgiou K (30 November 2015).
3758:
3641:
3580:
3551:
3208:
2577:
2477:
2262:
2231:
2184:
2176:
2075:
1658:as an impregnator, drying oil finish or
1623:
899:
875:
664:
534:
526:
518:
326:
318:
310:
4017:Khalesi S, Irwin C, Schubert M (2015).
3950:
3948:
3314:from the original on 21 September 2016.
3138:Wisseman SU, Williams WS, eds. (1994).
2753:United States Department of Agriculture
2744:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2474:Genetically modified flax contamination
2042:
2031:, not in a single season). Formed into
1603:. A fourth showed a small reduction in
884:shop once used to prepare flax fibers.
491:revived the crop in the eighth century
14:
5810:
4655:"Triffid seed threatens flax industry"
4649:
4647:
4584:
4582:
4555:
4553:
4392:
4390:
3822:
3724:
3617:"Linola '947' low linolenic acid flax"
3323:
3321:
3103:
2949:
2608:Common flax is the national flower of
27:Flowering plant in the family Linaceae
5257:
5256:
4700:
4567:from the original on 17 February 2016
4232:"High alpha-linolenic acid flaxseed (
4207:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
4169:
3941:from the original on 5 December 2010.
3929:
3927:
3925:
3301:
3142:. Taylor & Francis. p. 124.
2093:Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium
2019:degrades once the plants turn brown.
467:traded Egyptian linen throughout the
5762:4eeaecb5-1d6a-43ef-8742-f07718ac8f35
5638:efd6de2d-bb72-46ac-911a-4e91ca10d0f5
5237:
4661:from the original on 1 February 2016
4602:from the original on 14 October 2015
4268:
3945:
3516:
3510:
3045:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
3038:
3036:
2931:from the original on 4 December 2010
2644:International Year of Natural Fibres
2544:adding citations to reliable sources
2511:
2362:adding citations to reliable sources
2329:
2325:
2143:adding citations to reliable sources
2110:
1983:adding citations to reliable sources
1954:
1931:In 2022, world production of raw or
1741:most suitable for flax, besides the
1524:. Flax seeds are especially rich in
4644:
4579:
4550:
4422:Theoretical and Applied Climatology
4387:
3825:The Linen Trade: Ancient and Modern
3754:from the original on 27 March 2016.
3706:from the original on 9 October 2022
3318:
2727:
2603:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
2495:policy exists regarding unapproved
849:compounds and can be dangerous for
617:. Yellow flax seeds, called solin (
555:products. Flax is also grown as an
459:Flax was cultivated extensively in
335:Several other species in the genus
24:
3922:
3863:from the original on 27 March 2024
3769:. Athens, Greece: Kapon Editions.
3410:from the original on 19 July 2012.
2987:"30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers"
2507:
1769:nature. Farming flax requires few
1761:are unsuitable, as are soils of a
1574:
231:(Neilr.) Vavilov & Elladi
25:
5879:
4676:
4211:from the original on 17 June 2015
4170:Jones FN (2003). "Alkyd Resins".
3621:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
3033:
2836:from the original on 5 April 2015
1749:containing a large proportion of
892:Flax fiber is extracted from the
265:. It is cultivated as a food and
5726:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:544772-1
5236:
5227:
5226:
4682:
4475:from the original on 18 May 2015
2779:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
2516:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2334:
2115:
1959:
1887:
1869:
1851:
1833:
1815:
1616:This section is an excerpt from
707:secoisolariciresinol diglucoside
579:. Flax is grown on the Canadian
60:
4632:from the original on 9 May 2013
4614:
4523:
4504:
4479:
4463:Michael Raine (27 March 2008),
4456:
4412:
4362:
4319:
4223:
4203:Cheeseman MA (24 August 2009).
4196:
4163:
4063:
3910:from the original on 9 May 2024
3816:
3783:
3718:
3690:Alternative feeds for ruminants
3598:"Using Flax in Livestock Diets"
3545:
3414:
3396:
3381:10.1590/S0101-20612013005000057
3355:
3295:
3202:
3193:
3172:
3131:
3122:
3085:
3071:
2447:remove the last bits of straw.
2299:
1970:needs additional citations for
753:. The high omega-3 fatty acid (
4486:H V Sreenivasa Murthy (2016).
3566:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.088
3079:Çatalhöyük 2013 Archive Report
2978:
2943:
2813:
2766:
2710:
2696: – Low-THC cannabis plant
2497:genetically modified organisms
2274:Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum
1732:
1610:
871:
306:
13:
1:
4687:The dictionary definition of
4657:. CBC News. 20 January 2010.
4544:10.1016/s0926-6690(00)00081-9
4532:Industrial Crops and Products
3697:North Dakota State University
3461:10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00219-2
2749:Agricultural Research Service
2704:
2304:Several methods are used for
2106:
2047:
2013:
1950:
1791:
1492:Flax seeds are 7% water, 18%
1032:2,234 kJ (534 kcal)
604:
551:and as an ingredient in many
442:
339:are similar in appearance to
269:in regions of the world with
3219:10.1007/978-3-642-74448-8_24
2679:Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd
1723:generally recognized as safe
1682:, and in the manufacture of
1478:Percentages estimated using
1011:
653:in painting and varnishing.
7:
5833:Crops originating from Asia
3368:Food Science and Technology
3211:Legumes and Oilseed Crops I
2630:
1780:
1471:Link to USDA Database entry
660:
405:comes from the present-day
10:
5884:
4726:
4442:10.1007/s00704-022-03938-4
3827:. Routledge. p. 752.
2501:University of Saskatchewan
1784:
1721:Flax seed and its oil are
1639:). The oil is obtained by
1615:
645:and sometimes followed by
633:known as flax seed oil or
396:
29:
5265:
5222:
5111:
5078:
5030:
5007:
4998:
4976:
4863:
4743:
4734:
4340:10.1080/10408390903537241
3650:Journal of Animal Science
3496:10.1007/s11746-000-0038-0
3347:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3108:. Springer. p. 275.
3057:10.1007/s10722-010-9650-9
2964:10.1126/science.325_1329a
2791:10.1007/s00122-005-0103-3
2615:In early versions of the
2595:Northern Ireland Assembly
2064:
1915:
1798:
1716:
1539:As a percentage of total
1536:(DVs above 90%) (table).
1477:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1366:
1353:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1311:
1294:
1278:
1261:
1244:
1227:
1210:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1021:
904:A flax field in bloom in
800:Linseed meal is added to
720:
208:
201:
184:
177:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
41:
5868:Plants described in 1753
4294:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5662
4180:10.1002/14356007.a01_409
3422:"Flax nutrition profile"
3302:Grant A (6 March 2007).
2820:Quanru Liu, Lihua Zhou.
2718:"Linum usitatissimum L."
2228:Preparation for spinning
1643:, sometimes followed by
1593:diastolic blood pressure
1563:); the seeds contain 9%
950:, and historically, for
393:pips, 4–7 mm long.
5823:Biodegradable materials
4088:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27469
3011:10.1126/science.1175404
1799:Flax production – 2022
1589:systolic blood pressure
1480:US recommendations
829:feeding on low quality
514:
4328:Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
3790:Chand, Navin. (2008).
2599:British one-pound coin
2586:
2483:
2277:
2260:
2194:
2182:
2103:
1629:
1484:the National Academies
908:
889:
670:
567:in its binomial name,
549:nutritional supplement
547:, a product used as a
540:
532:
524:
332:
324:
316:
5848:Flora of Western Asia
4038:10.3945/jn.114.205302
3962:on 20 September 2014.
3662:10.2527/2006.8461544x
3148:10.4324/9781315075396
2877:10.3390/plants9040496
2690: – Type of cloth
2593:and displayed by the
2589:Flax is an emblem of
2581:
2481:
2271:
2235:
2188:
2180:
2079:
1787:List of flax diseases
1627:
1176:Vitamins and minerals
903:
879:
668:
571:means "most useful".
539:Golden flax seed meal
538:
530:
522:
330:
322:
314:
170:L. usitatissimum
32:Flax (disambiguation)
4469:The Western Producer
4024:Journal of Nutrition
3604:on 22 February 2012.
2621:Sun, Moon, and Talia
2540:improve this section
2488:genetically modified
2456:removes some of the
2358:improve this section
2139:improve this section
2043:Harvesting for fiber
1979:improve this article
988:for spinning flaxen
962:, laboratory paper (
627:alpha-linolenic acid
331:Light-colored flower
30:For other uses, see
5628:Linum~usitatissimum
5297:Linum usitatissimum
5267:Linum usitatissimum
4434:2022ThApC.148..415B
4253:10.1079/bjn19930046
4234:Linum usitatissimum
3003:2009Sci...325.1359K
2775:Linum usitatissimum
2737:Linum usitatissimum
2638:Flax in New Zealand
2625:Giambattista Basile
1637:Linum usitatissimum
1557:omega-6 fatty acids
1549:omega-9 fatty acids
1263:Pantothenic acid (B
1018:
615:omega-3 fatty acids
407:Republic of Georgia
258:Linum usitatissimum
188:Linum usitatissimum
5863:Painting materials
4628:. 8 January 2010.
3823:Wardey AJ (1967).
3634:10.4141/cjps95-036
3531:10.1007/BF02540591
3190:Wisseman S., p.125
2587:
2484:
2278:
2261:
2195:
2191:Tacuinum sanitatis
2183:
2104:
1706:omega-3 fatty acid
1698:dietary supplement
1692:Linseed oil is an
1645:solvent extraction
1630:
1605:c-reactive protein
1567:, including 5% as
1512:, DV) of protein,
1445:Other constituents
1016:
909:
890:
671:
647:solvent extraction
541:
533:
525:
475:used it for their
333:
325:
317:
271:temperate climates
5805:
5804:
5672:Open Tree of Life
5259:Taxon identifiers
5250:
5249:
5218:
5217:
4994:
4993:
4138:10.3390/nu8030136
3988:10.1111/obr.12550
3895:978-0-309-48834-1
3834:978-0-7146-1114-3
3801:978-1-84569-505-7
3228:978-3-642-74450-1
3157:978-2-88124-631-9
3115:978-3-540-34387-5
2658: – Trademark
2576:
2575:
2568:
2482:Small flax plants
2394:
2393:
2386:
2326:Dressing the flax
2269:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2024:combine harvester
2011:
2010:
2003:
1935:flax was 875,995
1929:
1928:
1925:
1809:
1700:, as a source of
1490:
1489:
1435:
1434:
992:were invented by
956:webbing equipment
643:expeller pressing
531:Golden flax seeds
415:Upper Paleolithic
238:
237:
232:
228:Linum indehiscens
224:
216:
215:(Boenn.) Dumort.
16:(Redirected from
5875:
5798:
5797:
5785:
5784:
5775:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5752:
5751:
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5702:
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5689:
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5679:
5667:
5666:
5654:
5653:
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5640:
5631:
5630:
5618:
5617:
5605:
5604:
5602:NBNSYS0000003143
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5591:
5579:
5578:
5569:
5568:
5556:
5555:
5543:
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4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4306:
4296:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4255:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4140:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4099:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4050:
4040:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3982:(9): 1096–1107.
3970:
3964:
3963:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3931:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3736:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3694:
3685:
3674:
3673:
3656:(6): 1544–1551.
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3593:
3578:
3577:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3424:. Archived from
3418:
3412:
3411:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3338:
3336:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3279:. Archived from
3256:
3233:
3232:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3101:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3051:(8): 1119–1128.
3040:
3031:
3030:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2879:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2832:. Vol. 11.
2817:
2811:
2810:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2699:
2684:
2672:Salvia hispanica
2661:
2591:Northern Ireland
2571:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2520:
2512:
2460:from the fiber.
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2338:
2330:
2270:
2220:, and very fine
2170:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2119:
2111:
2085:The flax harvest
2006:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1963:
1955:
1916:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1702:α-linolenic acid
1678:and hardener in
1522:dietary minerals
1348:
1299:
1283:
1266:
1249:
1232:
1215:
1205:
1172:
1171:
1019:
1015:
998:Thomas Porthouse
880:An 18th century
565:specific epithet
557:ornamental plant
523:Brown flax seeds
447:
444:
419:Fertile Crescent
381:is a round, dry
349:L. usitatissimum
341:L. usitatissimum
261:, in the family
243:, also known as
230:
222:
214:
190:
65:
64:
51:
39:
38:
21:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5793:
5788:
5780:
5778:
5770:
5768:
5760:
5755:
5747:
5745:
5737:
5732:
5724:
5719:
5711:
5706:
5698:
5693:
5685:
5683:
5675:
5670:
5662:
5659:Observation.org
5657:
5649:
5644:
5636:
5634:
5626:
5621:
5613:
5608:
5600:
5595:
5587:
5582:
5574:
5573:MichiganFlora:
5572:
5564:
5559:
5551:
5546:
5538:
5533:
5525:
5520:
5512:
5507:
5499:
5494:
5486:
5481:
5473:
5471:
5463:
5458:
5450:
5445:
5437:
5432:
5424:
5419:
5411:
5406:
5398:
5393:
5385:
5380:
5372:
5367:
5359:
5357:
5349:
5347:
5339:
5334:
5326:
5324:
5316:
5314:
5306:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5261:
5251:
5246:
5214:
5107:
5074:
5026:
5017:Artificial silk
4990:
4972:
4859:
4730:
4725:
4679:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4635:
4633:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4580:
4570:
4568:
4559:
4558:
4551:
4528:
4524:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4484:
4480:
4461:
4457:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4324:
4320:
4273:
4269:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4168:
4164:
4117:
4113:
4068:
4064:
4015:
4011:
3976:Obesity Reviews
3971:
3967:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3933:
3932:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3896:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3864:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3821:
3817:
3802:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3763:
3759:
3751:
3745:
3734:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3692:
3686:
3677:
3646:
3642:
3613:
3609:
3594:
3581:
3550:
3546:
3515:
3511:
3480:
3476:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3428:on 23 July 2009
3420:
3419:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3360:
3356:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3319:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3283:on 12 July 2017
3257:
3236:
3229:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3158:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3102:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3041:
3034:
2983:
2979:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2856:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2818:
2814:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2682:
2659:
2633:
2619:tale, such as "
2617:Sleeping Beauty
2572:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2537:
2521:
2510:
2508:Symbolic images
2476:
2442:
2439:
2430:
2427:
2418:
2415:
2406:
2403:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2355:
2339:
2328:
2302:
2263:
2230:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2136:
2120:
2109:
2087:") painting by
2067:
2050:
2045:
2016:
2007:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1976:
1964:
1953:
1888:
1886:
1870:
1868:
1852:
1850:
1834:
1832:
1816:
1814:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1745:kind, are deep
1735:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1696:in demand as a
1621:
1613:
1597:LDL-cholesterol
1585:body mass index
1577:
1575:Health research
1473:
1468:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1387:
1374:
1361:
1349:
1319:
1306:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1264:
1256:
1247:
1239:
1230:
1222:
1213:
1206:
1177:
1166:
1161:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1128:
1122:Polyunsaturated
1112:Monounsaturated
1096:
1091:
1052:
1047:
1014:
874:
835:water buffaloes
759:unsaturated fat
723:
713:glucoside, and
711:p-coumaric acid
663:
607:
577:rag-based paper
517:
509:commercial crop
445:
433:fragments from
399:
366:green, slender
347:plants, unlike
309:
253:flowering plant
212:Linum crepitans
197:
192:
186:
173:
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5881:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5795:wfo-0000366385
5786:
5776:
5766:
5753:
5743:
5730:
5717:
5704:
5691:
5681:
5668:
5655:
5642:
5632:
5619:
5606:
5593:
5580:
5570:
5557:
5544:
5531:
5518:
5505:
5492:
5479:
5469:
5456:
5443:
5430:
5417:
5404:
5391:
5378:
5365:
5355:
5345:
5332:
5322:
5312:
5302:
5287:
5271:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5234:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5032:Semi-synthetic
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4982:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4678:
4677:External links
4675:
4673:
4672:
4643:
4613:
4578:
4549:
4538:(3): 239–248.
4522:
4503:
4496:
4478:
4455:
4411:
4386:
4361:
4318:
4267:
4222:
4195:
4189:978-3527306732
4188:
4162:
4111:
4062:
4009:
3965:
3944:
3921:
3894:
3874:
3840:
3833:
3815:
3800:
3782:
3776:978-9606878947
3775:
3757:
3743:
3717:
3675:
3640:
3627:(1): 201–202.
3607:
3579:
3560:(4): 997–999.
3554:Food Chemistry
3544:
3525:(6): 629–632.
3509:
3490:(3): 235–238.
3474:
3455:(8): 794–796.
3439:
3413:
3395:
3374:(3): 541–548.
3354:
3317:
3294:
3261:"Linseed meal"
3234:
3227:
3201:
3192:
3180:
3171:
3156:
3130:
3121:
3114:
3093:
3084:
3070:
3032:
2997:(5946): 1359.
2977:
2958:(5946): 1329.
2942:
2909:
2847:
2830:Flora of China
2812:
2765:
2726:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2668:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2574:
2573:
2524:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2493:zero tolerance
2475:
2472:
2468:heckling combs
2444:
2443:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2417:Scutching flax
2416:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2342:
2340:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2301:
2298:
2229:
2226:
2193:, 14th century
2189:Flax tissues,
2173:
2172:
2123:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2066:
2063:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1967:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1927:
1926:
1923:United Nations
1913:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:Main article:
1782:
1779:
1751:organic matter
1734:
1731:
1718:
1715:
1664:wood finishing
1622:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1576:
1573:
1488:
1487:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1013:
1010:
886:North Ayrshire
873:
870:
821:in increasing
722:
719:
662:
659:
606:
603:
569:usitatissimum,
553:wood-finishing
516:
513:
495:. Eventually,
411:Dzudzuana Cave
398:
395:
351:, which is an
308:
305:
236:
235:
234:
233:
225:
217:
206:
205:
199:
198:
193:
182:
181:
175:
174:
167:
165:
161:
160:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
97:
90:
89:
84:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5880:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5853:Founder crops
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5796:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5243:
5235:
5233:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
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4909:
4906:
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4853:
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4779:
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4759:
4756:
4754:
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4737:
4733:
4729:
4722:
4717:
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4710:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4693:at Wiktionary
4692:
4691:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4648:
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4627:
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4585:
4583:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4519:(1): 155–169.
4518:
4514:
4507:
4499:
4497:9789385059094
4493:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4415:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4375:
4374:Climate CoLab
4371:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4334:(3): 210–22.
4333:
4329:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4287:(4): e05662.
4286:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4246:(2): 443–53.
4245:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4226:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4158:
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4149:
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4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4082:(2): 288–97.
4081:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4031:(4): 758–65.
4030:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4013:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
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3951:
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3897:
3891:
3887:
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3858:
3854:
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3844:
3836:
3830:
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3811:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3750:
3746:
3744:0-226-45237-9
3740:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3671:
3667:
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3659:
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3651:
3644:
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3622:
3618:
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3599:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
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3548:
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3513:
3505:
3501:
3497:
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3489:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
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3427:
3423:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3344:
3333:
3332:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3185:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3125:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3088:
3080:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2930:
2926:
2922:
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2914:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2852:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2656:Belgian Linen
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2570:
2567:
2559:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2525:This section
2523:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2437:
2432:
2429:Heckling flax
2425:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2405:Breaking flax
2401:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2377:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2343:This section
2341:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2179:
2169:
2166:
2158:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2124:This section
2122:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2005:
2002:
1994:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1968:This section
1966:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1619:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:meta-analysis
1572:
1570:
1569:palmitic acid
1566:
1565:saturated fat
1562:
1561:linoleic acid
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:dietary fiber
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:carbohydrates
1495:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1229:Riboflavin (B
1226:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1068:Dietary fiber
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:Carbohydrates
1039:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
981:
977:
973:
972:rolling paper
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
907:
902:
898:
895:
887:
883:
878:
869:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
843:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
804:as a protein
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:
696:
694:
689:
684:
680:
676:
667:
658:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:vegetable oil
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
602:
600:
597:
592:
590:
589:printing inks
586:
582:
578:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
537:
529:
521:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:Mediterranean
466:
462:
461:ancient Egypt
457:
455:
451:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
329:
321:
313:
304:
302:
301:
296:
295:
289:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
229:
226:
221:
218:
213:
210:
209:
207:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
183:
180:
179:Binomial name
176:
172:
171:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:Tracheophytes
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5843:Fiber plants
5266:
5178:Polyethylene
4787:
4689:
4663:. Retrieved
4634:. Retrieved
4625:
4616:
4604:. Retrieved
4569:. Retrieved
4535:
4531:
4525:
4516:
4513:BioResources
4512:
4506:
4487:
4481:
4468:
4458:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4402:. Retrieved
4377:. Retrieved
4373:
4364:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4284:
4281:EFSA Journal
4280:
4270:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4225:
4213:. Retrieved
4198:
4171:
4165:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4048:10072/128716
4028:
4022:
4012:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3960:the original
3912:. Retrieved
3884:
3877:
3865:. Retrieved
3856:
3843:
3824:
3818:
3791:
3785:
3766:
3760:
3730:
3720:
3708:. Retrieved
3653:
3649:
3643:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3602:the original
3557:
3553:
3547:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3430:. Retrieved
3426:the original
3416:
3398:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3330:
3308:The Guardian
3307:
3304:"Superfoods"
3297:
3285:. Retrieved
3281:the original
3264:
3210:
3204:
3195:
3174:
3139:
3133:
3124:
3105:
3087:
3073:
3048:
3044:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2924:
2867:
2863:
2838:. Retrieved
2829:
2823:
2815:
2785:(1): 58–65.
2782:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2742:
2736:
2729:
2720:
2712:
2670:
2614:
2607:
2588:
2584:Mulgi Parish
2562:
2553:
2538:Please help
2526:
2485:
2462:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2380:
2371:
2356:Please help
2344:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2300:Retting flax
2279:
2248:fibers; P =
2207:
2203:
2196:
2161:
2152:
2137:Please help
2125:
2084:
2081:De vlasoogst
2080:
2068:
2059:
2051:
2038:
2028:
2021:
2017:
1997:
1988:
1977:Please help
1972:verification
1969:
1930:
1909:
1904:
1757:bogs. Heavy
1736:
1720:
1649:
1636:
1631:
1578:
1538:
1506:kilocalories
1491:
1449:
1444:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1156:
1086:
1042:
994:John Kendrew
984:
929:
910:
906:North Dakota
891:
855:
844:
799:
724:
715:ferulic acid
697:
672:
655:
641:obtained by
608:
593:
573:
568:
542:
481:Roman Empire
458:
446: 9,000
413:date to the
400:
389:shaped like
372:
357:
353:annual plant
348:
340:
336:
334:
298:
294:Linum bienne
292:
290:
279:
257:
256:
248:
244:
240:
239:
227:
220:Linum humile
219:
211:
187:
185:
169:
168:
156:
136:Malpighiales
119:
106:
93:
80:
36:
5700:kew-2353429
5584:NatureServe
5509:iNaturalist
5291:Wikispecies
5009:Regenerated
4953:Spider silk
4636:11 November
2935:13 November
2650:Irish linen
2089:Emile Claus
1771:fertilizers
1733:Cultivation
1676:plasticizer
1633:Linseed oil
1618:Linseed oil
1611:Linseed oil
1601:cholesterol
1510:Daily Value
1212:Thiamine (B
888:, Scotland.
872:Flax fibers
851:monogastric
802:cattle feed
675:food energy
635:linseed oil
611:nutritional
575:for making
545:linseed oil
501:Middle Ages
489:Charlemagne
465:Phoenicians
450:Switzerland
431:flax fabric
307:Description
286:linseed oil
273:. In 2022,
245:common flax
100:Angiosperms
5838:Demulcents
5812:Categories
5769:WisFlora:
5695:Plant List
5358:Calflora:
5158:Modacrylic
5153:Microfiber
5070:Triacetate
5022:Milk fiber
4888:Camel hair
4820:Lotus silk
4665:11 January
4606:11 January
4571:11 January
4379:25 January
4131:(3): 136.
3695:(Report).
3310:. London.
3265:Feedipedia
2870:(4): 496.
2705:References
2107:Processing
2048:Mechanical
2014:Maturation
1951:Harvesting
1792:Production
1775:pesticides
1694:edible oil
1672:oil paints
1670:binder in
1555:), and 6%
1553:oleic acid
1534:phosphorus
1518:B vitamins
1516:, several
1500:, and 42%
1394:Phosphorus
1017:Flax seeds
1002:Darlington
986:Flax mills
976:cigarettes
927:, Greece.
921:Bronze Age
866:windbreaks
847:cyanogenic
806:supplement
783:pyridoxine
779:vitamin B6
703:glucosides
651:drying oil
639:edible oil
619:trade name
605:Flax seeds
435:Çatalhöyük
423:Tell Ramad
368:lanceolate
267:fiber crop
5465:200012411
5452:200012411
5434:FloraBase
5173:Polyester
5045:Diacetate
5000:Synthetic
4903:Chiengora
4450:0177-798X
4240:Br J Nutr
4125:Nutrients
3810:425959562
3726:Kramer SN
3710:4 October
3166:128265510
3081:(Report).
3027:206520793
2886:2223-7747
2840:2 October
2758:2 October
2694:Hemp seed
2665:Nutrition
2556:June 2021
2527:does not
2454:Scutching
2374:June 2021
2345:does not
2294:Scutching
2290:epidermis
2276:(Germany)
2238:epidermis
2198:Threshing
2155:June 2021
2126:does not
2083:(1904) ("
1991:June 2021
1939:, led by
1755:cranberry
1727:glycoside
1530:magnesium
1407:Potassium
1381:Magnesium
1313:Vitamin C
1296:Folate (B
1280:Vitamin B
1246:Niacin (B
1102:Saturated
1012:Nutrition
960:banknotes
925:Euonymeia
810:crucifers
765:and goes
735:ruminants
693:warehouse
681:, may go
679:oxidation
596:livestock
479:. As the
345:perennial
164:Species:
70:Kingdom:
5757:VicFlora
5746:VASCAN:
5739:18700031
5734:Tropicos
5623:NSWFlora
5589:2.136021
5540:10195101
5527:544772-1
5348:BioLib:
5276:Wikidata
5232:Category
5141:Technora
5103:Metallic
4986:Asbestos
4928:Pashmina
4893:Cashmere
4659:Archived
4630:Archived
4597:Archived
4565:Archived
4473:archived
4356:21452408
4348:21390942
4313:32626287
4209:Archived
4157:26959052
4106:19515737
4057:25740909
3996:28635182
3939:Archived
3908:Archived
3904:30844154
3867:28 March
3861:Archived
3851:(2024).
3749:Archived
3728:(1963).
3701:Archived
3670:16699112
3574:26047292
3539:84981982
3504:85575934
3408:Archived
3390:41096264
3343:citation
3312:Archived
3287:27 March
3106:Oilseeds
3065:22424329
3019:19745144
2972:19745126
2929:Archived
2904:32294947
2834:Archived
2799:16215731
2631:See also
2464:Heckling
2097:Brussels
2033:windrows
1945:Normandy
1917:Source:
1827:652,680
1804:Country
1781:Diseases
1763:gravelly
1743:alluvial
1684:linoleum
1656:solvents
1641:pressing
1526:thiamine
1450:Quantity
1341:Quantity
1335:Minerals
1290:0.473 mg
1274:0.985 mg
1240:0.161 mg
1223:1.644 mg
1198:Quantity
1192:Vitamins
1136:28.730 g
980:tea bags
964:blotting
940:sheeting
917:Sumerian
882:heckling
823:marbling
791:mucilage
787:chickens
763:oxidises
751:dog food
700:phenolic
661:Culinary
585:linoleum
581:prairies
497:Flanders
471:and the
364:glaucous
315:Capsules
300:Phormium
263:Linaceae
203:Synonyms
146:Linaceae
142:Family:
113:Eudicots
5677:1000262
5488:2873861
5382:Ecocrop
5242:Commons
5200:Vinylon
5195:Vectran
5190:Spandex
5121:Acrylic
5113:Polymer
5080:Mineral
5060:Piñatex
5050:Lyocell
5040:Acetate
4978:Mineral
4908:Guanaco
4758:Bagasse
4736:Natural
4626:Reuters
4430:Bibcode
4304:7009189
4262:8098222
4148:4808865
4097:3361740
4004:5587045
3914:21 June
3469:8683012
2999:Bibcode
2991:Science
2952:Science
2927:. NPR.
2925:NPR.org
2895:7238412
2807:6342499
2688:Shatnez
2610:Belarus
2548:removed
2533:sources
2366:removed
2351:sources
2319:corrode
2306:retting
2282:retting
2256:; Pi =
2244:; BF =
2214:cambric
2147:removed
2132:sources
2101:Belgium
2055:retting
1921:of the
1919:FAOSTAT
1910:875,995
1899:24,103
1881:29,035
1863:47,626
1859:Belarus
1845:77,910
1841:Belgium
1765:or dry
1674:, as a
1668:pigment
1666:, as a
1660:varnish
1547:), 18%
1494:protein
1427:4.34 mg
1375:5.73 mg
1355:Calcium
1257:3.08 mg
1165:18.29 g
1158:Protein
1131:omega−6
1126:omega−3
1116:7.527 g
1106:3.663 g
1095:42.16 g
1051:28.88 g
1006:England
932:damasks
795:enzymes
747:poultry
739:rabbits
727:protein
485:hygiene
454:Germany
403:textile
397:History
383:capsule
375:flowers
323:Flowers
251:, is a
249:linseed
152:Genus:
132:Order:
74:Plantae
18:Linseed
5708:PLANTS
5635:NZOR:
5553:115317
5475:LINUSI
5472:FoIO:
5426:175866
5400:581568
5325:APDB:
5305:AoFP:
5282:Q45108
5205:Vinyon
5183:UHMWPE
5168:Olefin
5136:Kevlar
5131:Twaron
5126:Aramid
5098:Basalt
5093:Carbon
4963:Vicuña
4948:Tendon
4938:Rabbit
4933:Qiviut
4923:Mohair
4898:Catgut
4883:Byssus
4878:Angora
4873:Alpaca
4865:Animal
4845:Rattan
4835:Raffia
4778:Cotton
4763:Bamboo
4728:Fibers
4690:flaxen
4494:
4448:
4404:7 June
4354:
4346:
4311:
4301:
4260:
4215:1 June
4186:
4155:
4145:
4104:
4094:
4055:
4002:
3994:
3902:
3892:
3831:
3808:
3798:
3773:
3741:
3668:
3572:
3537:
3502:
3467:
3388:
3225:
3164:
3154:
3112:
3063:
3025:
3017:
2970:
2902:
2892:
2884:
2864:Plants
2805:
2797:
2286:cortex
2252:; X =
2250:phloem
2242:cortex
2240:; C =
2218:damask
2071:retted
2065:Manual
1941:France
1937:tonnes
1933:retted
1895:Russia
1892:
1874:
1856:
1838:
1823:France
1820:
1808:tonnes
1717:Safety
1652:resins
1532:, and
1520:, and
1496:, 29%
1414:813 mg
1401:642 mg
1388:392 mg
1362:255 mg
1320:0.6 mg
1138:22.8 g
1072:27.3 g
1062:1.55 g
1058:Sugars
1028:Energy
978:, and
968:filter
952:canvas
938:, and
831:forage
819:tallow
775:fodder
771:Linola
767:rancid
729:-rich
721:Fodder
698:Three
688:milled
683:rancid
623:Linola
599:fodder
563:. The
505:cotton
473:Romans
439:Turkey
360:leaves
275:France
223:Mill.
126:Rosids
5858:Linum
5828:Crops
5779:WoI:
5687:11570
5684:PFI:
5646:NZPCN
5566:29226
5535:IRMNG
5514:51306
5501:22361
5421:EUNIS
5413:LIUUT
5374:3V528
5341:54945
5328:11102
5315:APA:
5210:Zylon
5163:Nylon
5146:Nomex
5088:Glass
5065:Rayon
5055:Modal
4918:Llama
4850:Sisal
4840:Ramie
4815:Kenaf
4810:Kapok
4793:Linen
4783:Fique
4768:Bashō
4753:Abacá
4745:Plant
4600:(PDF)
4593:(PDF)
4352:S2CID
4000:S2CID
3752:(PDF)
3735:(PDF)
3704:(PDF)
3693:(PDF)
3535:S2CID
3500:S2CID
3432:8 May
3386:S2CID
3335:(PDF)
3273:CIRAD
3162:S2CID
3061:S2CID
3023:S2CID
2824:Linum
2803:S2CID
2623:" by
2458:straw
2254:xylem
2222:linen
1905:World
1877:China
1767:sandy
1759:clays
1747:loams
1739:soils
1710:quark
1704:, an
1688:alkyd
1680:putty
1456:Water
1307:87 μg
1141:5.9 g
944:twine
913:linen
862:baled
858:straw
856:Flax
827:Sheep
743:swine
561:linen
477:sails
427:Syria
391:apple
387:seeds
379:fruit
337:Linum
282:linen
157:Linum
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
42:Flax
5818:Flax
5782:1276
5772:4086
5749:6560
5721:POWO
5713:LIUS
5664:6994
5651:3423
5615:4006
5610:NCBI
5576:1636
5561:ITIS
5522:IPNI
5496:GRIN
5483:GBIF
5439:4364
5408:EPPO
5387:7336
5361:4912
5351:3544
5336:APNI
5318:2562
5308:1389
4958:Wool
4943:Silk
4913:Hair
4855:Wood
4830:Pine
4825:Piña
4805:Jute
4800:Hemp
4788:Flax
4773:Coir
4667:2016
4638:2012
4608:2016
4573:2016
4492:ISBN
4446:ISSN
4406:2024
4381:2019
4344:PMID
4309:PMID
4258:PMID
4217:2015
4184:ISBN
4153:PMID
4102:PMID
4053:PMID
3992:PMID
3916:2024
3900:PMID
3890:ISBN
3869:2024
3829:ISBN
3806:OCLC
3796:ISBN
3771:ISBN
3739:ISBN
3712:2019
3666:PMID
3570:PMID
3465:PMID
3434:2008
3349:link
3289:2023
3269:INRA
3223:ISBN
3152:ISBN
3110:ISBN
3015:PMID
2968:PMID
2937:2010
2900:PMID
2882:ISSN
2842:2014
2795:PMID
2760:2014
2531:any
2529:cite
2349:any
2347:cite
2288:and
2258:pith
2246:bast
2210:lace
2130:any
2128:cite
2029:i.e.
1737:The
1591:and
1420:Zinc
1368:Iron
1221:137%
996:and
990:yarn
974:for
966:and
954:and
948:rope
946:and
936:lace
894:bast
815:beef
745:and
733:for
731:feed
587:and
515:Uses
452:and
429:and
373:The
362:are
241:Flax
5790:WFO
5597:NBN
5548:ISC
5460:FoC
5447:FNA
5395:EoL
5369:CoL
4968:Yak
4540:doi
4438:doi
4426:148
4336:doi
4299:PMC
4289:doi
4248:doi
4176:doi
4143:PMC
4133:doi
4092:PMC
4084:doi
4043:hdl
4033:doi
4029:145
3984:doi
3857:FDA
3658:doi
3629:doi
3562:doi
3558:110
3527:doi
3492:doi
3457:doi
3376:doi
3277:FAO
3215:doi
3144:doi
3053:doi
3007:doi
2995:325
2960:doi
2956:325
2890:PMC
2872:doi
2787:doi
2783:112
2542:by
2360:by
2141:by
1981:by
1773:or
1662:in
1654:or
1647:.
1545:ALA
1541:fat
1502:fat
1459:7 g
1425:39%
1412:27%
1399:51%
1386:93%
1373:32%
1360:20%
1346:%DV
1305:22%
1288:28%
1272:20%
1255:19%
1238:12%
1203:%DV
1088:Fat
1000:of
970:),
864:as
839:soy
755:ALA
441:by
437:in
425:in
247:or
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5792::
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5736::
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5710::
5697::
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4624:.
4581:^
4552:^
4536:13
4534:.
4515:.
4471:,
4467:,
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4424:.
4389:^
4372:.
4350:.
4342:.
4332:51
4330:.
4307:.
4297:.
4285:17
4283:.
4279:.
4256:.
4244:69
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4238:.
4182:.
4174:.
4151:.
4141:.
4127:.
4123:.
4100:.
4090:.
4080:90
4078:.
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4051:.
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4027:.
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3980:18
3978:.
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3898:.
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