States of Germany - Knowledge

5610: 5775: 7025: 3647:

federal government had to include the proposal into its legislation. Then a referendum was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed (paragraph 3). The proposal should not take effect if within any of the affected territories a majority rejected the change. In this case, the bill had to be introduced again and after passing had to be confirmed by referendum in the Federal Republic as a whole (paragraph 4). The reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force (paragraph 6). Article 29 states that "the division of the federal territory into Länder may be revised to ensure that each

7119: 6983: 3584:. No single state comprised more than 30% of either population or territory; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia had been in the past. Initially, only seven of the pre-War states remained: Baden (in part), Bavaria (reduced in size), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (enlarged), Saxony, and Thuringia. The states with hyphenated names, such as Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Saxony-Anhalt, owed their existence to the occupation powers and were created out of mergers of former Prussian provinces and smaller states. 2741: 6238: 5455: 3054: 2800: 2243: 2302: 2865: 3482: 3119: 7039: 3273: 5997:). Nowadays, this is mostly just the right to be called a city or town. However, in former times there were many other privileges, including the right to impose local taxes or to allow industry only within city limits. Municipalities have the competence to define the amount of taxes to be paid, esp. facing Gewerbesteuer (companies taxation) and Grundsteuer (property taxation). Municipalities have the competence to deliver local services of general interest (so called Kommunale Daseinsvorsorge). 3257: 4175: 358: 57: 8914: 2670: 5346: 2430: 1529: 1824:, some topics, such as foreign affairs and defence, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the federation. The states retain residual or exclusive legislative authority for all other areas, including culture, which in Germany includes not only topics such as the financial promotion of arts and sciences, but also most forms of education and job training (see 3178: 2930: 2548: 6252: 2373: 2989: 2489: 4098:. Article 29 was again modified and provided an option for the states to "revise the division of their existing territory or parts of their territory by agreement without regard to the provisions of paragraphs (2) through (7)". Article 118a was introduced into the Basic Law and provided the possibility for Berlin and Brandenburg to merge "without regard to the provisions of Article 29, by agreement between the two 6224: 5332: 1515: 2605: 7084: 3732: 6266: 6038:, in many cases unpopulated forest and mountain areas, but also four Bavarian lakes that are not part of any municipality. As of 1 January 2005, there were 246 such areas, with a total area of 4167.66 km or 1.2% of the total area of Germany. Only four unincorporated areas are populated, with a total population of around 2,000. The table below provides an overview. 6020:

right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law". Under this broad statement of competence, local governments can justify a wide range of activities. For instance, many municipalities develop and expand the economic infrastructure of their communities through the development of industrial

3912:

The complaint was dismissed in July 1961 on the grounds that Article 29 had made the new delimitation of the federal territory an exclusively federal matter. At the same time, the Court reaffirmed the requirement for a territorial revision as a binding order to the relevant constitutional bodies.

6015:

The municipalities are ruled by elected councils and by an executive, the mayor, who is chosen either by the council or directly by the people, depending on the state. The "constitution" for the municipalities is created by the states and is uniform throughout a state (except for Bremen, which allows

5572:

in 1998. The states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg are governed slightly differently from the other states. In each of those cities, the executive branch consists of a Senate of approximately eight, selected by the state's parliament; the senators carry out duties equivalent to those of the ministers

3852:

ruled that the rejection was unlawful: the population of Baden had the right to a new referendum because the one of 1951 had taken place under different rules from the ones provided for by article 29. In particular, the outcome of the 1951 referendum did not reflect the wishes of the majority of

5510:

is typically the head of the biggest party of a coalition. The minister-president appoints a cabinet to run the state's agencies and to carry out the executive duties of the state's government. Like in other parliamentary systems, the legislature can dismiss or replace the minister-president after a

6019:

The municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities "the

4028:

On 24 August 1976, the binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory was altered into a mere discretionary one. Paragraph 1 of Article 29 was rephrased, with the provision that any state had to be "of a size and capacity to perform its functions effectively" put first.

3911:

Paragraph 6 of Article 29 stated that, if a petition was successful, a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening, the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958.

3616:

from these territories that had formed part of the German-speaking lands for centuries and which mostly did not have sizable Polish minorities before 1945. However, no attempts were made to establish new states in these territories, as they lay outside the jurisdiction of West Germany at that time.

3927:

proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work, the experts delivered their report in 1973. It provided an

3646:

had changed after 8 May 1945 without a referendum, people were allowed to petition for a revision of the current status within a year after the promulgation of the Basic Law (paragraph 2). If at least one tenth of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections were in favour of a revision, the

3860:

petitions (for a reintegration into Bavaria and integration into Baden-Württemberg) failed with 7.6% and 9.3%. Further requests for petitions (Lübeck, Geesthacht, Lindau, Achberg, and 62 Hessian communities) had already been rejected as inadmissible by the Federal Minister of the Interior or

3397:

into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to opposition of the states and concerns of the government. Article 18 of the constitution enabled a new delimitation of the German territory but set high hurdles: "Three fifth of the votes handed in, and at least the

5441:

generally require a two-thirds majority of both chambers of the parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law are valid in perpetuity. Despite the original

4024:

The votes in Lower Saxony were successful as both proposals were supported by more than 25% of eligible voters. The Bundestag, however, decided that both Oldenburg and Schaumburg-Lippe should remain part of Lower Saxony. The justification was that a reconstitution of the two former states would

6031:, and by holding fairs. Local government also provides public utilities, such as gas and electricity, as well as public transportation. The majority of the funding for municipalities is provided by higher levels of government rather than from taxes raised and collected directly by themselves. 3919:

decided to settle the 1956 petitions by setting binding deadlines for the required referendums. The referendums in Lower Saxony and Rhineland-Palatinate were to be held by 31 March 1975, and the referendum in Baden was to be held by 30 June 1970. The threshold for a successful vote was set at

2140:

Possible boundary changes between states continue to be debated in Germany, in contrast to how there are "significant differences among the American states and regional governments in other federations without serious calls for territorial changes" in those other countries. Arthur B. Gunlicks

1828:). Though international relations including international treaties are primarily the responsibility of the federal level, the constituent states have certain limited powers in this area: in matters that affect them directly, the states defend their interests at the federal level through the 3962:

At the same time, the commission developed criteria for classifying the terms of Article 29 Paragraph 1. The capacity to perform functions effectively was considered most important, whereas regional, historical, and cultural ties were considered as hardly verifiable. To fulfill

6211:

In 2000, the number of unincorporated areas was 295, with a total area of 4,890.33 square kilometres (1,888.17 sq mi). However, the unincorporated areas are continually being incorporated into neighboring municipalities, wholly or partially, most frequently in Bavaria.

5991:, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as well, also having city rights or town rights ( 4104:

with the participation of their inhabitants who are entitled to vote". A state treaty between Berlin and Brandenburg was approved in both parliaments with the necessary two-thirds majority, but in a popular referendum of 5 May 1996, about 63% voted against the merger.

3931:

In the north, either a single new state consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony should be created (solution A) or two new states, one in the northeast consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and the northern part of Lower Saxony (from

4108:

The German states can conclude treaties with foreign countries in matters within their own sphere of competence and with the consent of the federal government (Article 32 of the Basic Law). Typical treaties relate to cultural relationships and economic affairs.

3719:, and others) made proposals – some of them far-reaching – for redrawing boundaries but hardly anything came of these public discussions. Territorial reform is sometimes propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce 4067:. While academics (Rutz and others) and politicians (Gobrecht) suggested introducing only two, three, or four states in East Germany, legislation reconstituted the East German states in an arrangement similar to that which they had had before 1952, as the five " 5462:

The federal constitution stipulates that the structure of each Federated State's government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a

3788:

in 1954, West Germany regained (limited) sovereignty. This triggered the start of the one-year period as set in paragraph 2 of Article 29. As a consequence, eight petitions for referendums were launched, six of which were successful:

7232: 5494:

and the relationship between their legislative and executive branches mirrors that of the federal system: the legislatures are popularly elected for four or five years (depending on the state), and the minister-president is then chosen by a

4071:" on 3 October 1990. The former district of East Berlin joined West Berlin to form the new state of Berlin. Henceforth, the 10 "old states" plus 5 "new states" plus the new state Berlin add up to current 16 states of Germany. 3628:

to the minister-presidents in the Western occupation zones. Among other things, they recommended revising the boundaries of the West German states in a way that none of them should be too large or too small in comparison with the others.

5732:

In Rhineland-Palatinate, these districts were abolished or re-organized on 1 January 2000, in Saxony-Anhalt on 1 January 2004, and in Lower Saxony on 1 January 2005. From 1990 until 2012, Saxony was divided into three districts (called

3660:, the three western military governors approved the Basic Law but suspended Article 29 until such time as a peace treaty should be concluded. Only the special arrangement for the southwest under Article 118 could enter into force. 3611:

fell under Polish administration with the Soviet Union taking the area around Königsberg (now Kaliningrad), pending a final peace conference with Germany which eventually never took place. More than 8 million Germans had been

3898:

established that Saarland should be allowed to join Germany, as provided by the German constitution. Saarland became part of Germany effective 1 January 1957. The Franco-Saarlander currency union ended on 6 July 1959, when the

5855:

to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city or town and its urban

5832:, making 402 districts altogether. Each consists of an elected council and an executive, which is chosen either by the council or by the people, depending on the state, the duties of which are comparable to those of a 7225: 3698:

A new delimitation of the federal territory has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949 and even before. Committees and expert commissions advocated a reduction of the number of states; academics

3951:

region) should be merged with Hesse and the Saarland (solution C), the district of Germersheim would then become part of Baden-Württemberg. The other alternative was that the Palatinate (including the region of

3640:. There was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory: the Federal Territory must be revised (paragraph 1). Moreover, in territories or parts of territories whose affiliation with a 2149:

also make coordination among them and with the federation more complicated." But several proposals have failed so far; territorial reform remains a controversial topic in German politics and public perception.

7218: 2094:

Some territories bordering other states were annexed to the bordering state. Also, Prussia had exclaves that were surrounded by other states. These became part of their surrounding states. All states, except

4029:

The option for a referendum in the Federal Republic as a whole (paragraph 4) was abolished, which meant territorial revision was no longer possible against the will of the population affected by it.

3695:" today. West Berlin was under the sovereignty of the Western Allies and neither a Western German state nor part of one. However, it was in many ways integrated with West Germany under a special status. 3739:

In southwestern Germany, territorial revision seemed to be a top priority since the border between the French and American occupation zones was set along the Autobahn Karlsruhe-Stuttgart-Ulm (today the

2086:

contributed most territory to the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, and Rhineland province contributed about half of the territory of the state of Rhineland Palatinate. Most of the Prussian province of

6401: 6871: 3613: 1893:("free states", an older German term for "republic"): Bavaria (since 1919), Saxony (originally from 1919 and again since 1990), and Thuringia (since 1994). Of the 17 states at the end of the 4647: 4642: 4637: 830: 825: 820: 1814:

into a city state. A referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a majority of Berliners voted in favour.

4040:

had originally consisted of five states (i.e., Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia). In 1952, these states were abolished and the East was divided into

6695: 8619: 3398:

majority of the population are necessary to decide on the alteration of territory". In fact, until 1933 there were only four changes in the configuration of the German states: the 7

4074:

After reunification, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the

8807: 4132:

is associated emotionally with a more independent status, especially in Bavaria. However, it has no legal significance. All sixteen states are represented at the federal level in the

4025:

contradict the objectives of paragraph 1 of article 29 of the constitution. An appeal against the decision was rejected as inadmissible by the Federal Constitutional Court.

1836:("Federal Council"), and in areas where they have the legislative authority they have limited powers to conclude international treaties "with the consent of the federal government". 3969:

The referendum in Baden was held on 7 June 1970. 81.9% of voters decided for Baden to remain part of Baden-Württemberg, only 18.1% opted for the reconstitution of the old state of

2159: 3920:

one-quarter of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections. Paragraph 4 stated that the vote should be disregarded if it contradicted the objectives of paragraph 1.

6588: 5864:. Such an organization requires the issuing of special laws by the governing state, since they are not covered by the normal administrative structure of the respective states. 3354:, on 1 July 1867. Four of the five southern German states (Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt) entered military alliances with Prussia but Austria did not. In the 9306: 3385:

continued as republics of a new German federation. The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution.

7700: 6530: 3768:

concerned. If no agreement is reached, the revision shall be effected by a federal law, which shall provide for an advisory referendum." Since no agreement was reached, a

9334: 5164: 1347: 3887:

the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of Federal German Chancellor

9354: 5739: 4041: 3966:

After a relatively brief discussion and mostly negative responses from the affected states, the proposals were shelved. Public interest was limited or nonexistent.

3418:

did so in 1929. Any later plans to break up the dominating Prussia into smaller states failed because political circumstances were not favourable to state reforms.

9395: 8612: 8800: 5618: 5174: 4360: 1357: 543: 6959: 1661:("West Germany") was created in 1949 through the unification of the three western zones previously under American, British, and French administration in the 8628: 5159: 5119: 4431: 1342: 1302: 614: 6863: 5616: 3591:

fell under either Polish or Soviet administration but attempts were made at least symbolically not to abandon sovereignty well into the 1960s. The former

8605: 17: 8793: 7293: 5620: 5615: 3712: 8653: 5314: 5033: 5028: 5023: 4898: 4893: 1497: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1081: 1076: 5621: 6344: 5304: 4090:

into the Federal Republic, and this was used as a model for German reunification in 1990. The amended article now defines the participation of the

3776:

refused but was overruled, as the result of total votes was decisive). On 25 April 1952, the three former states merged to form Baden-Württemberg.

1487: 7024: 6687: 5617: 7867: 7710: 3708: 5619: 1739:, while still under occupation by the Western Allies, viewed itself as part of the Federal Republic and was largely integrated and considered a 7503: 3956:) could be merged with the Saarland and Baden-Württemberg, and the rest of Rhineland-Palatinate would then merge with Hesse (solution D). 8769: 8753: 8072: 7343: 7298: 5434:(constitution), the authors expressed the intention that it would be replaced by a true constitution once Germany was reunited as one state. 5422: 5386: 4186: 4075: 3700: 3637: 1821: 1569: 369: 3891:

for the plan. The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to join the Federal Republic of Germany.

5625: 5609: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 4122:). It is merely a historic synonym for "republic" and was a description used by most German states after the abolishment of monarchy after 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 2078:

formed the core of the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony, respectively. The Prussian provinces of

9390: 7556: 7368: 6359: 6309: 6284: 4888: 4763: 4488: 1071: 946: 671: 5614: 8735: 6563: 6369: 3848:

The last petition was originally rejected by the Federal Minister of the Interior by reference to the referendum of 1951. However, the

3382: 4082:. Article 23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. It had been used in 1957 to reintegrate the 9385: 7540: 6952: 6585: 6339: 4768: 951: 9400: 8717: 8706: 8358: 7598: 7545: 6522: 6349: 5682:. This arrangement was meant to ease the friction caused by uniting the two culturally different regions into a single state after 3440: 2129: 9131: 8539: 7514: 6374: 6329: 4198: 3849: 3504:, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. New states were established in all four zones of occupation: 381: 6904: 6493: 3861:

were withdrawn as in the case of Lindau. The rejection was confirmed by the Federal Constitutional Court in the case of Lübeck.

9061: 9003: 8723: 7283: 6518: 5926:("offices" or "bureaus"): in some states, there is an administrative unit between the districts and the municipalities, called 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4409: 3318:

Territorial boundaries were essentially redrawn as a result of military conflicts and interventions from the outside: from the

886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 592: 8676: 6635: 5721:

The large states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, and North Rhine-Westphalia are divided into governmental districts, or

5359: 1542: 7832: 7199: 6364: 5289: 5253: 4878: 4858: 3149: 3090: 3025: 2836: 2641: 2401: 1472: 1436: 1061: 1041: 6841: 6809: 2145:

that have the administrative and fiscal capacity to implement legislation and pay for it from own source revenues. Too many

8747: 8139: 7443: 7133: 6945: 5217: 4603: 4568: 1844:

It was the states that formed the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. This was in contrast to the post-war development in

1400: 786: 751: 5774: 1746: 7986: 7969: 7802: 7498: 7408: 7273: 6977: 6354: 6314: 5222: 4452: 1405: 635: 40: 9268: 9081: 7877: 7842: 7787: 7383: 7033: 5144: 5139: 4883: 4271: 4234: 3501: 3452: 3448: 3247: 2960: 2901: 2771: 2712: 2576: 2519: 2460: 1999: 1995: 1327: 1322: 1066: 454: 417: 33: 1852:("federation") was constituted first, and then the individual states were carved out as units of that federal nation. 9329: 9106: 8326: 8230: 8067: 7428: 7113: 7078: 6835: 6803: 6783: 5613: 5379: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4873: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4539: 4254: 3581: 2827: 2762: 2344: 2099:, now have territory of the former Free State of Prussia. Other former Prussian territories lying east of the rivers 1562: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1056: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 804: 799: 794: 722: 437: 6728:

were constituent states of the federation when it was formed in 1949. They united to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952.

2141:

summarizes the main arguments for boundary reform in Germany: "the German system of dual federalism requires strong

9380: 6526: 6324: 5420:. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitutional document known as the 5298: 5149: 4853: 4338: 1941:

The other 11 states of the Weimar Republic either merged into one another or were separated into smaller entities:

1481: 1332: 1036: 521: 6665: 5099: 1282: 9344: 9296: 9193: 9188: 8741: 8192: 7792: 7478: 7388: 5568:

made up of representatives of the state's major social and economic groups. The Senate was abolished following a

2892: 5709:, although these two constituent parts of the state are not represented in the current administrative division. 3984:

were held on 19 January 1975 (the percentages given are the percentages of those eligible who voted in favour):

2264: 8175: 7991: 7675: 5641: 5248: 5169: 4343: 4259: 3996: 3963:

administrative duties adequately, a population of at least five million per state was considered as necessary.

3801: 3470: 2119: 1431: 1352: 526: 442: 9301: 9153: 8694: 8469: 8245: 8107: 8011: 7910: 7318: 7210: 7143: 6319: 3884: 3315:

in which Prussia defeated Austria and forced Austria to remove itself from the affairs of the German states.

3277: 3140: 6294: 5844:

have primary administrative functions in specific areas, such as highways, hospitals, and public utilities.

8597: 8489: 8217: 8087: 7591: 7535: 7458: 7423: 7418: 6334: 5821:

consists of two urban districts, while Berlin and Hamburg are states and urban districts at the same time.

5769: 5469: 5372: 5276: 5232: 5207: 5188: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4868: 4863: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4583: 4514: 4474: 4391: 3785: 2188: 1555: 1459: 1415: 1390: 1371: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1051: 1046: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 766: 697: 657: 574: 9253: 8711: 8284: 8197: 7649: 7566:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

7128: 6000:

The number of inhabitants of German municipalities differs greatly, the most populous municipality being

5227: 5212: 4773: 4563: 1864: 1583: 1410: 1395: 956: 746: 8969: 7103: 6725: 3753: 3672: 3553: 1732: 9375: 9223: 9183: 9163: 9143: 9046: 8996: 8207: 8119: 8097: 8016: 8001: 7817: 7797: 7639: 7473: 7453: 6559: 5744: 4578: 4479: 4280: 2392: 761: 662: 463: 3943:

In the center and southwest, one alternative was that Rhineland-Palatinate (with the exception of the

3374:. Within the empire, 65% of the territory and 62% of the population belonged to the state of Prussia. 9158: 8459: 7644: 7278: 5976: 5971: 5923: 4629: 4530: 4521: 4091: 3916: 3879:

of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the

1662: 812: 713: 704: 320: 5889: 3772:

was held on 9 December 1951 in four different voting districts, three of which approved the merger (

2510: 9339: 9286: 9238: 9233: 9208: 9066: 8688: 8436: 8398: 8235: 8006: 5837: 5414: 5134: 4404: 4313: 3358:

of 1870–71, those four states joined the North German Federation which was consequently renamed to

3299:, numbering more than 300 in around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the 3081: 2087: 1317: 587: 496: 9324: 5664:

The most populous state of North Rhine-Westphalia is uniquely divided into two area associations (

4439: 622: 9263: 9213: 9173: 9126: 9121: 9111: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9071: 9056: 9051: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 8729: 8682: 8572: 8446: 8426: 8403: 8383: 8343: 8306: 8255: 8129: 8092: 7862: 7584: 7403: 7242: 6968: 6004:

with nearly 3.8 million inhabitants, while the least populous municipalities (for instance,

5535: 5294: 5114: 4230: 4203: 4113: 3989: 3794: 3541: 3521: 3351: 2703: 2219: 2067: 2009: 1965: 1477: 1297: 413: 386: 6937: 6438: 6426: 6415: 3940:) and one in the northwest consisting of Bremen and the rest of Lower Saxony (solution B). 9349: 9291: 9258: 9248: 9228: 9218: 9203: 9198: 9178: 9148: 9116: 9101: 9076: 9012: 8866: 8860: 8700: 8373: 8348: 8311: 8170: 8102: 7931: 7822: 7812: 7488: 7438: 7138: 7063: 6932: 6279: 5737:

since 2008). In 2012, these districts' authorities were merged into one central authority, the

5694: 5491: 5410: 4573: 4292: 4011: 3944: 3880: 3816: 3621: 3561: 3560: – which later received a special status – in the French zone; 3537: 3343: 2805: 2746: 2451: 2273: 2226: 2079: 2047: 2003: 1979: 1783: 1704: 756: 475: 112: 105: 8913: 6552:

Leonardy, Uwe (1998). "Länder Power-Sharing in International Relations and European Affairs".

3466: 1985: 9243: 9168: 9138: 8989: 8534: 8353: 8338: 8301: 7525: 7398: 7393: 7378: 7303: 6257: 5400: 5309: 5280: 4367: 4068: 3741: 3720: 3692: 3633: 3281: 2027: 1817: 1773: 1492: 1463: 550: 8785: 6553: 3667:

thus had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (

8872: 8316: 8260: 8144: 8082: 8077: 8047: 7979: 7957: 7905: 7807: 7098: 6742: 6289: 5783: 5763: 5543: 5464: 5154: 4655: 4554: 4505: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4382: 4351: 4222: 4064: 3981: 3823: 3636:

was supposed to address this issue. Its provisions are reflected in Article 29 of the

3592: 3545: 3378: 3308: 3205: 2870: 2515: 2269: 2063: 2051: 2031: 2017: 1945: 1825: 1765: 1714: 1337: 838: 737: 688: 607: 602: 597: 565: 534: 405: 312: 119: 8963: 8830: 7014: 6721: 6166: 3937: 3749: 3680: 3676: 3513: 2248: 2133: 1959: 1750: 1728: 61: 8: 8499: 8393: 8368: 8363: 8240: 8185: 8124: 8030: 7761: 7695: 7530: 7493: 7468: 7463: 7448: 7358: 7328: 7313: 7308: 7268: 7263: 6489: 6474: 6035: 5813:), cities that are districts in their own right, or local associations of a special kind 5417: 5124: 5104: 4160: 4135: 3762:

may be revised, without regard to the provisions of Article 29, by agreement between the

3625: 3456: 3390: 3355: 3339: 3312: 2951: 2075: 1975: 1905: 1860: 1307: 1287: 343: 7857: 7413: 8896: 8565: 8558: 8413: 8378: 8265: 8250: 8180: 8158: 8134: 8062: 7996: 7926: 7837: 7756: 7725: 7634: 7611: 7483: 7433: 7363: 7333: 7323: 7288: 7068: 6144: 5875: 5666: 5559: 5512: 5507: 5454: 5446:

remained in effect after the German reunification in 1990, with only minor amendments.

5109: 4301: 3834: 3608: 3529: 3331: 3323: 3304: 3261: 3251: 3214: 3124: 3021: 2572: 2567: 2335: 2071: 2059: 2021: 1989: 1724: 1292: 484: 143: 3366:(since 1 January 1871). The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, 8519: 8494: 8441: 8388: 8202: 7766: 7353: 7338: 6893: 6831: 6799: 6779: 6482: 6380: 5903: 5129: 4140:(Federal Council), where their voting power depends on the size of their population. 4083: 3970: 3870: 3841: 3684: 3596: 3292: 3016: 1955: 1754: 1312: 8774: 5531: 3362:. The parliament and Federal Council decided to give the Prussian king the title of 3145: 8581: 8529: 8524: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8331: 8296: 8270: 7942: 7746: 7715: 7670: 7665: 7373: 7053: 6271: 6027:

Local authorities foster cultural activities by supporting local artists, building

5833: 5724: 5406: 4498: 3876: 3808: 3588: 3367: 2767: 2632: 2199: 1831: 681: 308: 292: 6558:. Working papers / Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, London Office (electronic ed.). 5878:: formed in 2001 from the rural district of Hanover and the district-free city of 5778:

Map of German districts. Yellow districts are urban, white are sub-urban or rural.

5652:, which are not contiguous. In the other states there are the subdivisions below. 8484: 8479: 8474: 8421: 7847: 7255: 6825: 6793: 6773: 6592: 6478: 6405: 5906:: formed in 2009 from the rural district of Aachen and the district-free city of 5565: 5487: 5350: 5258: 3888: 3704: 3657: 3481: 3434: 3415: 3371: 3319: 3300: 3086: 1909: 1894: 1533: 1441: 241: 3431:

were gradually abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the

2832: 2340: 8934: 8663: 8640: 8586: 8464: 8451: 8114: 7872: 7038: 6997: 6229: 6021: 5818: 5798: 5523: 5336: 4306: 4095: 3953: 3857: 3812: 3505: 3335: 3296: 2956: 2494: 2456: 2083: 1676: 1603: 1519: 489: 272: 204: 83: 7240: 6627: 5897: 5550:; and in the other states, the government is referred to as "Land government" 3691:, the Federal Republic consisted of ten states, which are referred to as the " 2946: 9369: 8890: 7827: 7007: 6982: 6301: 6243: 6009: 5496: 4288: 3900: 3573: 3363: 3359: 3347: 3272: 3265: 3059: 2170: 2055: 1949: 1795: 1587: 471: 136: 8627: 2822: 8854: 8212: 7887: 7882: 7852: 7751: 7705: 7118: 7048: 6750: 6100: 6028: 5988: 5683: 4049: 4037: 3977: 3948: 3924: 3664: 3600: 3533: 3489: 3485: 3394: 3346:. Prussia and the other states in Northern and Central Germany united as a 3256: 3210: 2708: 2675: 2123: 2043: 2013: 1969: 1769: 1694: 1658: 98: 4174: 3928:

alternative proposal for the two regions: the north and center-southwest.

1883:

neither appears in the constitution of 1919 nor in the current one. Three

1768:

in 1990, in which the territory of the former German Democratic Republic (

357: 27:

First-level administrative subdivisions of the Federal Republic of Germany

8981: 8957: 8842: 8222: 7936: 7771: 7720: 7175: 7167: 7093: 6746: 6717: 5698: 5649: 5477: 4267: 4123: 4057: 4053: 3923:

In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor

3895: 3773: 3668: 3565: 3549: 3493: 3403: 3386: 2897: 2637: 2435: 2039: 2016:, with its former exclaves now belonging to their neighbouring states of 1811: 1777: 1736: 1666: 1611: 450: 211: 183: 78: 5847:

Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more

5789:

are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of

5345: 1818:

Federalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany

1528: 32:

This article is about the states of modern Germany. For other uses, see

8431: 8052: 6657: 5993: 5857: 5702: 5675: 5633: 5569: 5474: 3769: 3439:

process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the

3422: 3288: 2397: 1623: 227: 155: 56: 6517: 5573:

in the larger states. The equivalent of the minister-president is the

8902: 8042: 7690: 7563:

Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.

7148: 6771: 5671: 5597:. The parliaments in the remaining 13 states are referred to as 5589:(governing mayor) in Berlin. The parliament for Berlin is called the 5555: 4332: 3744:). Article 118 stated "The division of the territory comprising 3716: 3577: 3399: 3183: 3076: 2627: 2259: 1935: 1889: 1749:, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into 1649: 1643: 515: 218: 150: 6473: 3326:, the number of territories decreased from about 300 to 39; in 1866 8878: 7576: 5637: 4087: 3933: 3688: 3632:

As the premiers did not come to an agreement on this question, the

3557: 2935: 2757: 1758: 1741: 126: 6005: 3653:

be of a size and capacity to perform its functions effectively".

8940: 8836: 8645: 8321: 7741: 7685: 7607: 7058: 6992: 6967: 6864:"Results of the referendum on the Saar Statute (23 October 1955)" 6078: 5879: 5794: 5593:(House of Representatives), while Bremen and Hamburg both have a 5539: 5527: 5482: 4079: 4003: 3604: 3525: 3517: 3411: 3407: 3327: 3011: 2692: 2553: 2446: 2307: 2096: 1920: 1901: 1845: 1680: 1635: 1607: 1599: 278: 251: 197: 190: 176: 88: 68: 3731: 2160:

List of current heads of government of the German federal states

8928: 8884: 7246: 7194: 7191: 7158: 7083: 6001: 5907: 5790: 5645: 5519: 3569: 3465:) of 1937, the territory of the city-state was extended, while 3200: 2994: 2505: 2378: 2324: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2035: 1930: 1915: 1639: 1595: 169: 162: 131: 73: 6827:

The Oder-Neisse Line: a reappraisal under internaromtional law

3735:

The three states that merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952

8848: 8815: 7701:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

7680: 7002: 6122: 5712: 5679: 4060:– was declared East Germany's capital and its 15th district. 4007: 3827: 3745: 3509: 2887: 2610: 2192: 1925: 1684: 93: 4063:

The debate on territorial revision restarted shortly before

6762:

Though it was originally founded in 1920 after World War I.

6688:"Bruttoinlandsprodukt je Einwohner nach Bundesländern 2020" 3447:. Three changes are of particular note: on 1 January 1934, 3135: 2232: 2104: 1772:) became part of the Federal Republic, by accession of the 5655: 3779: 1897:, six still exist (though partly with different borders): 5809:, in Baden-Württemberg also called "urban districts", or 316: 39:"Regions of Germany" redirects here. For other uses, see 5577:(president of the senate), also commonly referred to as 4094:

and the 16 German states in matters concerning the

1908:, which was part of Bavaria, 1816–1946, is now part of 6775:

The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics

6658:"Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab" 5546:, the government is referred to as "state government" 3959:

Both alternatives could be combined (AC, BC, AD, BD).

3469:

lost its independence and became part of the Prussian

3726: 1871:("states"). Today, it is very common to use the term 1665:. Initially, the states of the Federal Republic were 6791: 6219: 5753: 5840:, supervising local government administration. The 5458:Composition of German states' governing coalitions 4020:reintegration of Montabaur region into Hesse 14.3% 8654:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 6823: 6555:The institutional structures of German federalism 4032: 3864: 9367: 6345:List of German states by Human Development Index 3903:was introduced as legal tender in the Saarland. 9396:First-level administrative divisions by country 6894:"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany" 6483:"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany" 5624:Administrative divisions of Germany (clickable 5612: 4056:– despite officially having the same status as 3502:Allied occupation of Germany after World War II 1626:"), while the other thirteen states are called 6772:Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood (2013). 277:70,549.4 km (27,239.29 sq mi) ( 8997: 8801: 8770:Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art 8613: 7592: 7226: 6953: 6586:"German Federalism and Recent Reform Efforts" 6490:Deutscher Bundestag Public Relations Division 5961: 5380: 3620:In 1948, the military governors of the three 3587:Former German territory that lay east of the 1563: 7557:Table of administrative divisions by country 6870:. Saarbrücken. 24 October 1955. p. 10. 6442: 6430: 6418: 6299: 5722: 4133: 4127: 4117: 4099: 4017:reintegration of Rheinhessen into Hesse 7.1% 3906: 3763: 3757: 3648: 3641: 3460: 3432: 3426: 3311:. The Confederation was dissolved after the 3291:has a long tradition in German history. The 2090:was merged with the existing state of Hesse. 1829: 1805: 1799: 1789: 1781: 1757:joined the Federal Republic as the state of 1718: 1708: 1698: 1688: 1670: 1647: 1627: 1615: 7711:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 6360:List of German states by population density 6310:List of administrative divisions by country 6285:Composition of the German state parliaments 6016:Bremerhaven to have its own constitution). 9011: 9004: 8990: 8808: 8794: 8620: 8606: 7599: 7585: 7233: 7219: 6960: 6946: 6933:CityMayors feature on Germany subdivisions 6599:, Vol. 06, No. 10, p. 1287. 6523:"House of Commons debates (Welsh affairs)" 6370:List of German states by unemployment rate 5636:of Berlin and Hamburg are subdivided into 5387: 5373: 3476: 1570: 1556: 8817:States of the Federal Republic of Germany 6798:. Harvard University Press. p. 303. 6340:List of German states by household income 5860:are grouped into such an association, or 5426:(Basic Law). By calling the document the 6830:. East European Monographs. p. 33. 6551: 6350:List of German states by life expectancy 6034:In five of the German states, there are 5773: 5608: 5453: 4656:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) 3780:Petitions to reconstitute former states 3730: 3480: 3271: 3255: 839:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) 271:419.4 km (161.92 sq mi) ( 6778:. Oxford University Press. p. 50. 6375:List of states in the Holy Roman Empire 6330:List of German states by fertility rate 5554:. Before 1 January 2000, Bavaria had a 4153:This article is part of a series on the 3850:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany 336:This article is part of a series on the 14: 9368: 6668:from the original on 15 September 2019 6519:House of Commons of the United Kingdom 6042:Unincorporated areas in German states 6012:) have less than 10 inhabitants. 5473:(minister-president), together with a 3683:. From 1957, when the French-occupied 3370:cities) and the imperial territory of 8985: 8789: 8601: 7580: 7214: 6941: 6698:from the original on 7 September 2021 6365:List of German states by poverty rate 5640:. The City of Bremen consists of two 5558:parliament, with a popularly elected 3883:(WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the 2225: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2198: 1810:), and the reunification of West and 7606: 6844:from the original on 11 January 2024 6812:from the original on 11 January 2024 6566:from the original on 7 November 2020 6533:from the original on 25 October 2012 3402:states were merged in 1920, whereby 3377:After the territorial losses of the 6355:List of German states by population 6315:List of cities and towns in Germany 41:Regions of Germany (disambiguation) 24: 18:List of German states by population 9391:Administrative divisions in Europe 6874:from the original on 19 March 2013 6749:was largely treated as a state of 6737:Berlin has only officially been a 6638:from the original on 2 August 2021 6628:"Germany: States and Major Cities" 5983:): every rural district and every 5914: 5815:(Kommunalverbände besonderer Art), 5585:(first mayor) in Hamburg, and the 4173: 3727:Establishment of Baden-Württemberg 3425:seized power in January 1933, the 3307:(1815), 39 states formed the 3248:List of historic states of Germany 1669:(until 1952), Bavaria (in German: 356: 34:States of Germany (disambiguation) 25: 9412: 6926: 6910:from the original on 19 June 2017 6499:from the original on 19 June 2017 6377:– the German states prior to 1815 3687:was returned and formed into the 9386:Lists of subdivisions of Germany 8912: 7117: 7082: 7037: 7023: 6981: 6527:Parliament of the United Kingdom 6325:List of German states by exports 6264: 6250: 6236: 6222: 5344: 5330: 4042:14 administrative districts 3330:annexed the sovereign states of 3176: 3117: 3052: 2987: 2928: 2863: 2798: 2739: 2668: 2603: 2546: 2487: 2428: 2371: 2300: 2241: 1527: 1513: 55: 9401:States of Germany-related lists 8629:Orders, decorations, and medals 7803:German revolutions of 1848–1849 7772:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 6886: 6856: 6765: 6756: 6731: 6710: 6680: 5869:Kommunalverbände besonderer Art 5604: 4112:Some states call themselves a " 3393:, drafted a plan to divide the 1646:, which describe themselves as 7788:Early modern period, 1500–1800 7676:List of early Germanic peoples 6650: 6620: 6611: 6602: 6578: 6545: 6511: 6467: 6393: 5862:Kommunalverband besonderer Art 5801:consists of "rural districts" 5249:Politics of the European Union 4033:Reunited Germany, 1990–present 3997:Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe 3865:Saar: the little reunification 3802:Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe 3471:province of Schleswig-Holstein 1780:, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania ( 1764:The next change occurred with 1663:aftermath of World War II 1432:Politics of the European Union 13: 1: 8707:Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania 7911:History of Germany since 1990 6792:Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980). 6460: 6320:List of German states by area 5819:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen 5449: 3451:was united with neighbouring 3278:states of the Weimar Republic 1904:(The geographically distinct 1774:re-established eastern states 6795:The United States and Poland 6335:List of German states by GRP 6295:German Bundesländer €2 coins 5900:), which was formed in 1974. 5805:District-free Towns/Cities ( 5770:List of districts of Germany 5690:now have very little power. 5200:Foreign relations by country 4392:Federal Constitutional Court 4199:Federal Constitutional Court 2184:Head of state and government 1948:is now part of the state of 1859:("lands") dates back to the 1634:("area states") and include 1383:Foreign relations by country 575:Federal Constitutional Court 382:Federal Constitutional Court 7: 6215: 5940:Gemeindeverwaltungsverbände 5697:at §75 states the right of 4604:Weimar Republic (1919–1933) 4143: 4078:thus applied to the entire 3663:Upon its founding in 1949, 1865:states of the German Empire 1855:The German use of the term 1659:Federal Republic of Germany 1584:Federal Republic of Germany 787:Weimar Republic (1919–1933) 10: 9417: 7818:North German Confederation 7798:Confederation of the Rhine 6868:Saarländische Volkszeitung 6824:Phillip A. Bühler (1990). 6617:Gunlicks, pp. 1287–88 6560:Friedrich Ebert Foundation 5969: 5892:: formed in 2008 from the 5888:(district association) of 5824:As of 2011, there are 295 5767: 5761: 5754:Administrative districts ( 5398: 4281:Vice Chancellor of Germany 3868: 3624:handed over the so-called 3245: 3241: 2157: 1745:state. In 1952, following 464:Vice Chancellor of Germany 38: 31: 9315: 9277: 9019: 8950: 8921: 8910: 8823: 8762: 8662: 8639: 8552: 8412: 8292: 8283: 8166: 8157: 8038: 8029: 7965: 7956: 7919: 7898: 7780: 7734: 7658: 7627: 7618: 7554: 7512: 7254: 7187: 7157: 7112: 7077: 7032: 7021: 6976: 6901:www.btg-bestellservice.de 6055: 6052: 6046: 5972:Municipalities of Germany 5952:Verwaltungsgemeinschaften 5587:Regierender Bürgermeister 4522:Collective municipality ( 3907:Constitutional amendments 3711:, etc.) and politicians ( 2074:, Schleswig-Holstein and 1863:of 1919. Previously, the 1839: 705:Collective municipality ( 301: 285: 267: 261: 257: 247: 237: 54: 53: 48: 8970:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 7970:Administrative divisions 7243:administrative divisions 7104:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 6726:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 6386: 5894:Stadtverband Saarbrücken 5713:Governmental districts ( 5085:State and local politics 4630:East Germany (1949–1960) 4076:West German constitution 3894:On 27 October 1956, the 3754:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 3673:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 3562:Mecklenburg(-Vorpommern) 3554:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 3264:(light gray) within the 1879:). Officially this term 1733:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 1268:State and local politics 813:East Germany (1949–1960) 9381:Subdivisions of Germany 9013:Subdivisions of Europe 6969:Allied-occupied Germany 5956:Kirchspiellandgemeinden 5740:Landesdirektion Sachsen 5581:(Mayor) in Bremen, the 5492:parliamentary republics 5241:International Relations 4231:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 3990:Free State of Oldenburg 3885:Saar Statute referendum 3795:Free State of Oldenburg 3477:West Germany, 1945–1990 3352:North German Federation 3303:(1796–1814). After the 2153: 1424:International Relations 414:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 9062:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8867:North Rhine-Westphalia 8861:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 8718:North Rhine-Westphalia 8231:Science and technology 7932:History of Brandenburg 7823:Unification of Germany 7813:Frankfurt Constitution 7299:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7064:North Rhine-Westphalia 6443: 6431: 6419: 6409: 6300: 6280:Cantons of Switzerland 5779: 5723: 5695:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 5629: 5459: 5145:North Rhine-Westphalia 5140:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 4755:Parliamentary election 4596:Presidential elections 4178: 4134: 4128: 4118: 4100: 4012:North Rhine-Westphalia 3995:reconstitution of the 3988:reconstitution of the 3881:Western European Union 3817:North Rhine-Westphalia 3800:Reconstitution of the 3793:Reconstitution of the 3764: 3758: 3736: 3649: 3642: 3538:North Rhine-Westphalia 3497: 3461: 3433: 3427: 3344:Free City of Frankfurt 3285: 3269: 2806:North Rhine-Westphalia 2747:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2393:Abgeordnetenhaus 2048:North Rhine-Westphalia 2004:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1980:North Rhine-Westphalia 1830: 1806: 1800: 1790: 1784:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1782: 1719: 1709: 1705:North Rhine-Westphalia 1699: 1689: 1671: 1648: 1628: 1616: 1590:, consists of sixteen 1328:North Rhine-Westphalia 1323:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 938:Parliamentary election 779:Presidential elections 361: 7868:Flight and expulsions 6971:(1945–1949/1956/1990) 6425:; colloquially also ( 6306:– German state police 6258:European Union portal 5904:City region of Aachen 5896:(city association of 5817:see below. The state 5777: 5623: 5457: 5401:Federalism in Germany 5399:Further information: 5299:Agrarian Conservatism 4369:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss 4362:Vermittlungsausschuss 4255:Chancellor of Germany 4177: 3869:Further information: 3734: 3634:Parliamentary Council 3484: 3282:Free State of Prussia 3275: 3259: 3246:Further information: 2200:Bundesrat 1848:, where the national 1482:Agrarian Conservatism 552:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss 545:Vermittlungsausschuss 438:Chancellor of Germany 360: 309:Governmental district 8873:Rhineland-Palatinate 8724:Rhineland-Palatinate 8540:World Heritage Sites 8218:German states by GDP 7808:German Confederation 7099:Rhineland-Palatinate 6584:Gunlicks, Arthur B. 6521:(28 February 1991). 6290:Elections in Germany 6036:unincorporated areas 5784:Districts of Germany 5764:Districts of Germany 5693:The constitution of 5601:(State Parliament). 5583:Erster Bürgermeister 5530:are referred to as " 5271:Political ideologies 5150:Rhineland-Palatinate 4584:Federal Convention ( 4223:President of Germany 4065:German reunification 3982:Rhineland-Palatinate 3945:Germersheim district 3853:Baden's population. 3546:Rhineland-Palatinate 3453:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3449:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 3389:, the father of the 3379:Treaty of Versailles 3309:German Confederation 2871:Rhineland-Palatinate 2516:Andreas Bovenschulte 2270:Winfried Kretschmann 2052:Rhineland-Palatinate 2034:among the states of 2018:Rhineland-Palatinate 2000:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1996:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1826:Education in Germany 1766:German reunification 1715:Rhineland-Palatinate 1454:Political ideologies 1333:Rhineland-Palatinate 767:Federal Convention ( 406:President of Germany 9278:States with limited 8646:Republic of Germany 8176:Automobile industry 7762:Carolingian dynasty 7696:History of the Huns 7515:States with limited 6475:Christian Tomuschat 6043: 5987:is subdivided into 5876:District of Hanover 5867:In 2010 only three 5707:Landschaftsverbände 5688:Landschaftsverbände 5667:Landschaftsverbände 5658:Landschaftsverbände 5656:Area associations ( 5518:The governments in 5418:democratic republic 5351:Politics portal 3976:The referendums in 3656:In their letter to 3626:Frankfurt Documents 3462:Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz 3457:Greater Hamburg Act 3391:Weimar Constitution 3356:Franco-Prussian War 3313:Austro-Prussian War 2811:Nordrhein-Westfalen 1861:Weimar Constitution 1822:German constitution 1820:. According to the 1710:Nordrhein-Westfalen 1534:Politics portal 8897:Schleswig-Holstein 8748:Schleswig-Holstein 8246:Telecommunications 7927:History of Prussia 7843:Revolution of 1918 7838:War guilt question 7757:Carolingian Empire 7726:Sack of Rome (410) 7635:History of Germany 7069:Schleswig-Holstein 6634:. 3 October 2020. 6597:German Law Journal 6591:2011-06-21 at the 6451:"Federate State/s" 6145:Schleswig-Holstein 6041: 5780: 5630: 5513:no-confidence vote 5508:minister-president 5490:). The states are 5460: 5437:Amendments to the 5337:Germany portal 5170:Schleswig-Holstein 5015:European elections 4480:State Parliament ( 4475:Minister president 4179: 3947:but including the 3840:Reconstitution of 3737: 3609:Posen-West Prussia 3530:Schleswig-Holstein 3498: 3324:Congress of Vienna 3305:Congress of Vienna 3286: 3280:in 1925, with the 3270: 3262:Kingdom of Prussia 3252:History of Germany 3125:Schleswig-Holstein 3022:Michael Kretschmer 2573:Peter Tschentscher 2568:Bürgerschaft 2511:Bürgerschaft 2189:Minister-President 2181:Legislature 2064:Prussian provinces 2060:Schleswig-Holstein 2022:Schleswig-Holstein 1990:Schleswig-Holstein 1804:), and Thuringia ( 1731:(until 1952), and 1725:Schleswig-Holstein 1606:(with its seaport 1520:Germany portal 1353:Schleswig-Holstein 1198:European elections 663:State Parliament ( 658:Minister president 362: 9376:States of Germany 9363: 9362: 8979: 8978: 8964:Württemberg-Baden 8831:Baden-Württemberg 8783: 8782: 8677:Baden-Württemberg 8669:states of Germany 8633:States of Germany 8595: 8594: 8548: 8547: 8279: 8278: 8193:Chemical Triangle 8153: 8152: 8140:Political parties 8088:Foreign relations 8025: 8024: 7952: 7951: 7863:Allied occupation 7767:Holy Roman Empire 7574: 7573: 7208: 7207: 7015:Württemberg-Baden 6722:Württemberg-Baden 6662:globaldatalab.org 6608:Gunlicks, p. 1288 6381:States of Austria 6209: 6208: 6167:Baden-Württemberg 5948:Verbandsgemeinden 5853:Kreisfreie Städte 5851:with one or more 5830:Kreisfreie Städte 5807:Kreisfreie Städte 5797:and the state of 5735:Direktionsbezirke 5725:Regierungsbezirke 5715:Regierungsbezirke 5684:World War II 5552:(Landesregierung) 5548:(Staatsregierung) 5470:Ministerpräsident 5397: 5396: 5277:Political culture 5190:Foreign relations 5100:Baden-Württemberg 4586:Bundesversammlung 4569:Political parties 4164: 4084:Saar Protectorate 3938:Lüchow-Dannenberg 3871:Saar Protectorate 3833:Reintegration of 3822:Reintegration of 3750:Württemberg-Baden 3685:Saar Protectorate 3681:Baden-Württemberg 3679:) merged to form 3677:Württemberg-Baden 3597:Farther Pomerania 3514:Württemberg-Baden 3410:, Pyrmont joined 3297:many petty states 3293:Holy Roman Empire 3239: 3238: 2249:Baden-Württemberg 2196: 2134:Baden-Württemberg 2002:are now parts of 1960:Baden-Württemberg 1755:Saar Protectorate 1751:Baden-Württemberg 1729:Württemberg-Baden 1654:("free states"). 1580: 1579: 1460:Political culture 1373:Foreign relations 1283:Baden-Württemberg 769:Bundesversammlung 752:Political parties 347: 329: 328: 16:(Redirected from 9408: 9316:Dependencies and 9020:Sovereign states 9006: 8999: 8992: 8983: 8982: 8916: 8810: 8803: 8796: 8787: 8786: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8599: 8598: 8575: 8568: 8561: 8525:Prussian virtues 8290: 8289: 8198:Economic history 8164: 8163: 8058: 8036: 8035: 7987:Cities and towns 7963: 7962: 7943:Baden Revolution 7747:Treaty of Verdun 7716:Marcomannic Wars 7671:Migration Period 7666:Germanic peoples 7650:Military history 7625: 7624: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7578: 7577: 7256:Sovereign states 7235: 7228: 7221: 7212: 7211: 7180: 7172: 7122: 7121: 7087: 7086: 7042: 7041: 7027: 6986: 6985: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6939: 6938: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6909: 6898: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6789: 6769: 6763: 6760: 6754: 6735: 6729: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6624: 6618: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6600: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6498: 6487: 6471: 6454: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6404: 6397: 6305: 6274: 6272:Geography portal 6269: 6268: 6267: 6260: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6246: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6044: 6040: 5962:Municipalities ( 5834:county executive 5748: 5728: 5591:Abgeordnetenhaus 5505: 5478:legislative body 5389: 5382: 5375: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5315:Social Democracy 5191: 4564:Electoral system 4557: 4500:Regierungsbezirk 4455: 4385: 4314:Federal agencies 4192: 4191: 4167: 4162: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4139: 4131: 4124:World War I 4121: 4103: 3877:Paris Agreements 3837:into Hesse 20.2% 3786:Paris Agreements 3767: 3761: 3721:fiscal transfers 3652: 3645: 3589:Oder-Neisse line 3464: 3438: 3430: 3383:remaining states 3182: 3180: 3179: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3058: 3056: 3055: 2993: 2991: 2990: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2768:Manuela Schwesig 2745: 2743: 2742: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2247: 2245: 2244: 2186: 2164: 2163: 2120:Schaumburg-Lippe 2107:are now part of 2062:. The erstwhile 1887:call themselves 1867:had been called 1835: 1809: 1803: 1793: 1787: 1722: 1712: 1702: 1692: 1674: 1653: 1633: 1621: 1572: 1565: 1558: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1498:Social Democracy 1374: 747:Electoral system 740: 683:Regierungsbezirk 638: 568: 497:Federal agencies 375: 374: 350: 345: 337: 331: 330: 293:State government 59: 46: 45: 21: 9416: 9415: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9406: 9405: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9317: 9311: 9297:Northern Cyprus 9279: 9273: 9194:North Macedonia 9015: 9010: 8980: 8975: 8946: 8917: 8908: 8819: 8814: 8784: 8779: 8758: 8667: 8664:Orders of merit 8658: 8644: 8641:Orders of merit 8635: 8626: 8596: 8591: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8544: 8408: 8359:Life expectancy 8275: 8149: 8120:Law enforcement 8056: 8021: 7948: 7915: 7894: 7878:Divided Germany 7848:Weimar Republic 7776: 7742:Frankish Empire 7730: 7654: 7620: 7614: 7605: 7575: 7570: 7569: 7559: 7550: 7536:Northern Cyprus 7519: 7516: 7508: 7429:North Macedonia 7250: 7239: 7209: 7204: 7183: 7178: 7170: 7153: 7116: 7108: 7081: 7073: 7036: 7028: 7019: 6980: 6972: 6966: 6929: 6924: 6923: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6838: 6815: 6813: 6806: 6786: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6757: 6736: 6732: 6715: 6711: 6701: 6699: 6692:de.statista.com 6686: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6641: 6639: 6632:City Population 6626: 6625: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6607: 6603: 6593:Wayback Machine 6583: 6579: 6569: 6567: 6550: 6546: 6536: 6534: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6485: 6479:David P. Currie 6472: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6457: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6389: 6270: 6265: 6263: 6256: 6251: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6235: 6228: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6022:trading estates 5974: 5968: 5921: 5886:Regionalverband 5772: 5766: 5760: 5742: 5719: 5670:), one for the 5662: 5642:urban districts 5622: 5607: 5575:Senatspräsident 5506:s members. The 5503: 5452: 5442:intention, the 5403: 5393: 5364: 5360:Other countries 5343: 5342: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5285: 5272: 5264: 5263: 5245: 5237: 5204: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5095: 5086: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5019: 5011: 5010: 4759: 4751: 4750: 4652: 4626: 4600: 4592: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4546: 4495: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4444: 4436: 4396: 4387: 4383: 4375: 4374: 4357: 4327: 4319: 4318: 4298: 4249: 4241: 4240: 4217: 4209: 4208: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4165: 4161: 4152: 4146: 4092:Federal Council 4035: 4002:integration of 3917:grand coalition 3909: 3889:Konrad Adenauer 3873: 3867: 3807:Integration of 3782: 3729: 3705:Meinhard Miegel 3658:Konrad Adenauer 3479: 3435:Gleichschaltung 3372:Alsace-Lorraine 3320:Napoleonic Wars 3301:Napoleonic Wars 3254: 3244: 3186: 3177: 3175: 3118: 3116: 3087:Reiner Haseloff 3062: 3053: 3051: 2997: 2988: 2986: 2929: 2927: 2876:Rheinland-Pfalz 2873: 2864: 2862: 2808: 2799: 2797: 2740: 2738: 2695: 2678: 2669: 2667: 2613: 2604: 2602: 2547: 2545: 2488: 2486: 2429: 2427: 2372: 2370: 2327: 2310: 2301: 2299: 2242: 2240: 2230: 2222: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2185: 2162: 2156: 2132:is now part of 2122:is now part of 2012:is now part of 1988:is now part of 1978:is now part of 1968:is now part of 1958:is now part of 1910:Rheinland Pfalz 1895:Weimar Republic 1842: 1753:. In 1957, the 1720:Rheinland-Pfalz 1576: 1547: 1543:Other countries 1526: 1525: 1514: 1512: 1511: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1468: 1455: 1447: 1446: 1428: 1420: 1387: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1278: 1269: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1202: 1194: 1193: 942: 934: 933: 835: 809: 783: 775: 742: 738: 730: 729: 678: 640: 636: 628: 627: 619: 579: 570: 566: 558: 557: 540: 510: 502: 501: 481: 432: 424: 423: 400: 392: 391: 377: 372: 370: 348: 344: 335: 325: 297: 276: 242:Federated state 233: 232: 225: 221: 216: 209: 202: 195: 188: 181: 174: 167: 160: 153: 148: 145: 141: 138: 134: 129: 124: 121: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 63: 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9414: 9404: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9321: 9319: 9318:other entities 9313: 9312: 9310: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9283: 9281: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9271: 9269:United Kingdom 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9082:Czech Republic 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9023: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9009: 9008: 9001: 8994: 8986: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8967: 8961: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8944: 8938: 8932: 8925: 8923: 8919: 8918: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8900: 8894: 8888: 8882: 8876: 8870: 8864: 8858: 8852: 8846: 8840: 8834: 8827: 8825: 8821: 8820: 8813: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8790: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8777: 8775:Pour le Mérite 8772: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8733: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8686: 8680: 8673: 8671: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8650: 8648: 8637: 8636: 8625: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8602: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8577: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8456:Cultural icons 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8418: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8293: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8236:Stock exchange 8233: 8228: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8178: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8050: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7977: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7929: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7875: 7873:Denazification 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7645:Historiography 7642: 7637: 7631: 7629: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7604: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7581: 7572: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7522: 7520: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7504:United Kingdom 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7319:Czech Republic 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7238: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7215: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7173: 7171:(France/UK/US) 7164: 7162: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7125: 7123: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7090: 7088: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7045: 7043: 7030: 7029: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7000: 6995: 6989: 6987: 6974: 6973: 6965: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6928: 6927:External links 6925: 6922: 6921: 6885: 6855: 6836: 6804: 6784: 6764: 6755: 6745:, even though 6730: 6716:The states of 6709: 6679: 6649: 6619: 6610: 6601: 6577: 6544: 6510: 6481:(April 2010). 6465: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6261: 6247: 6233: 6230:Germany portal 6217: 6214: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 5989:municipalities 5977:Municipalities 5970:Main article: 5967: 5960: 5920: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5901: 5883: 5762:Main article: 5759: 5752: 5718: 5711: 5674:, and one for 5661: 5654: 5606: 5603: 5451: 5448: 5430:, rather than 5415:representative 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5340: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5292: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5244: 5243: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5202: 5194: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5091:State Politics 5087: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5009: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4599: 4598: 4591: 4590: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4560: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4531:Municipality ( 4528: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4458: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4410:Administrative 4407: 4401: 4400: 4399:Federal courts 4395: 4394: 4388: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4365: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4339:constituencies 4328: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4297: 4296: 4285: 4284: 4276: 4275: 4264: 4263: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4227: 4226: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4195: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4170: 4169: 4157: 4156: 4145: 4142: 4096:European Union 4034: 4031: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4000: 3993: 3908: 3905: 3866: 3863: 3846: 3845: 3838: 3831: 3820: 3805: 3798: 3781: 3778: 3728: 3725: 3622:Western Allies 3478: 3475: 3455:; and, by the 3364:German Emperor 3284:as the largest 3243: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3146:Daniel Günther 3143: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065:Sachsen-Anhalt 3048: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3003: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2957:Anke Rehlinger 2954: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2706: 2701: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2457:Dietmar Woidke 2454: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2395: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2338: 2333: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2237: 2236: 2224: 2217: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2197: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2168: 2155: 2152: 2138: 2137: 2127: 2092: 2091: 2025: 2007: 1993: 1983: 1973: 1963: 1953: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1841: 1838: 1801:Sachsen-Anhalt 1735:(until 1952). 1578: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1567: 1560: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1523: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1475: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1386: 1385: 1377: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1274:State Politics 1270: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1192: 1191: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 943: 941: 940: 932: 931: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 843: 842: 841: 834: 833: 828: 823: 817: 816: 815: 808: 807: 802: 797: 791: 790: 789: 782: 781: 774: 773: 764: 759: 754: 749: 743: 736: 735: 732: 731: 728: 727: 726: 725: 714:Municipality ( 711: 702: 701: 700: 686: 677: 676: 675: 674: 660: 654: 653: 641: 634: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 618: 617: 611: 610: 605: 600: 595: 593:Administrative 590: 584: 583: 582:Federal courts 578: 577: 571: 564: 563: 560: 559: 556: 555: 548: 539: 538: 531: 530: 529: 524: 522:constituencies 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 494: 493: 492: 480: 479: 468: 467: 459: 458: 447: 446: 433: 430: 429: 426: 425: 422: 421: 410: 409: 401: 398: 397: 394: 393: 390: 389: 384: 378: 368: 367: 364: 363: 353: 352: 340: 339: 327: 326: 324: 323: 305: 303: 299: 298: 296: 295: 289: 287: 283: 282: 269: 265: 264: 259: 255: 254: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 226: 217: 210: 206:Czech Republic 203: 196: 189: 182: 175: 168: 161: 154: 149: 142: 135: 130: 125: 118: 111: 104: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 60: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9413: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9330:Faroe Islands 9328: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9314: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9302:South Ossetia 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9276: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9154:Liechtenstein 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9007: 9002: 9000: 8995: 8993: 8988: 8987: 8984: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8951:Former states 8949: 8942: 8939: 8936: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8920: 8915: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8895: 8892: 8891:Saxony-Anhalt 8889: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8877: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8847: 8844: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8811: 8806: 8804: 8799: 8797: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8746: 8743: 8742:Saxony-Anhalt 8740: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8722: 8719: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8681: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8623: 8618: 8616: 8611: 8609: 8604: 8603: 8600: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8570: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8556: 8555: 8551: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8399:Social issues 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8327:Ethnic groups 8325: 8324: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8282: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7906:Reunification 7904: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7828:German Empire 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7602: 7597: 7595: 7590: 7588: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7541:South Ossetia 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7511: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7389:Liechtenstein 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7248: 7244: 7236: 7231: 7229: 7224: 7222: 7217: 7216: 7213: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7177: 7174: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7144:Saxony-Anhalt 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7008:Greater Hesse 7006: 7005: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6978:American Zone 6975: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6956: 6951: 6949: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6906: 6902: 6895: 6889: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6843: 6839: 6837:9780880331746 6833: 6829: 6828: 6811: 6807: 6805:9780674926851 6801: 6797: 6796: 6787: 6785:9781847790323 6781: 6777: 6776: 6768: 6759: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6743:reunification 6740: 6734: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6614: 6605: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6581: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6548: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6466: 6452: 6447: 6446: 6440: 6435: 6434: 6428: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6392: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6302:Landespolizei 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6262: 6259: 6248: 6245: 6244:Europe portal 6234: 6231: 6220: 6213: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6032: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6011: 6010:Nordfriesland 6007: 6003: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5944:Landgemeinden 5941: 5937: 5936:Amtsgemeinden 5933: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5838:United States 5835: 5831: 5828:and 107 5827: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5803:(Landkreise), 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5776: 5771: 5765: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5611: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5579:Bürgermeister 5576: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5498: 5497:majority vote 5493: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5480:known as the 5479: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5456: 5447: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5411:parliamentary 5408: 5405:Germany is a 5402: 5390: 5385: 5383: 5378: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5165:Saxony-Anhalt 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5006: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4551: 4550: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4449: 4448: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4386: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4289:Robert Habeck 4287: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4216:Head of State 4213: 4212: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4193: 4188:Constitution 4183: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080:German people 4077: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3904: 3902: 3901:Deutsche Mark 3897: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3713:Walter Döring 3710: 3709:Adrian Ottnad 3706: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574:Saxony-Anhalt 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3522:American zone 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3437: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3414:in 1922, and 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3360:German Empire 3357: 3353: 3349: 3348:federal state 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3266:German Empire 3263: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3185: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3060:Saxony-Anhalt 3050: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2872: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2807: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2681:Niedersachsen 2677: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2221: 2213:(2023-07-01) 2201: 2194: 2190: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056:Saxony-Anhalt 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1950:Saxony-Anhalt 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1808: 1802: 1797: 1796:Saxony-Anhalt 1792: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1700:Niedersachsen 1696: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1630:Flächenländer 1625: 1620: 1619: 1614:) are called 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588:federal state 1585: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1368: 1367: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348:Saxony-Anhalt 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 944: 939: 936: 935: 930: 929: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 840: 837: 836: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 818: 814: 811: 810: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 792: 788: 785: 784: 780: 777: 776: 772: 770: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 744: 741: 734: 733: 724: 721: 720: 719: 717: 712: 710: 708: 703: 699: 696: 695: 694: 692: 687: 685: 684: 680: 679: 673: 670: 669: 668: 666: 661: 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 649: 643: 642: 639: 632: 631: 624: 621: 620: 616: 613: 612: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 581: 580: 576: 573: 572: 569: 562: 561: 554: 553: 549: 547: 546: 542: 541: 537: 536: 532: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 518: 517: 513: 512: 506: 505: 498: 495: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 482: 477: 473: 472:Robert Habeck 470: 469: 466: 465: 461: 460: 456: 452: 449: 448: 444: 440: 439: 435: 434: 428: 427: 419: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 403: 402: 399:Head of State 396: 395: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 376: 371:Constitution 366: 365: 359: 355: 354: 351: 342: 341: 338: 333: 332: 322: 318: 314: 310: 307: 306: 304: 300: 294: 291: 290: 288: 284: 280: 274: 270: 266: 263: 260: 256: 253: 250: 246: 243: 240: 236: 231: 230: 224: 223: 215: 214: 208: 207: 201: 200: 194: 193: 187: 186: 180: 179: 173: 172: 166: 165: 159: 158: 152: 147: 140: 133: 128: 123: 116: 109: 102: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 58: 52: 49:German states 47: 42: 35: 30: 19: 9307:Transnistria 8943:(since 1949) 8937:(since 1949) 8931:(since 1990) 8905:(since 1990) 8899:(since 1949) 8893:(since 1990) 8887:(since 1990) 8881:(since 1957) 8875:(since 1949) 8869:(since 1949) 8863:(since 1990) 8857:(since 1949) 8855:Lower Saxony 8851:(since 1949) 8845:(since 1990) 8839:(since 1949) 8833:(since 1952) 8816: 8712:Lower Saxony 8668: 8632: 8573:Bibliography 8447:Coat of arms 8427:Architecture 8404:Trade unions 8384:Prostitution 8344:Homelessness 8307:Demographics 8256:Trade unions 8223: 8213:German model 8186:Central bank 8130:Conservatism 8093:Human rights 8078:Court system 8073:Constitution 8053: 7974: 7899:Contemporary 7888:West Germany 7883:East Germany 7858:World War II 7853:Nazi Germany 7793:18th-century 7752:East Francia 7706:Cimbrian War 7546:Transnistria 7348: 7241:First-level 7049:Lower Saxony 7034:British Zone 6912:. Retrieved 6900: 6888: 6876:. Retrieved 6867: 6858: 6846:. Retrieved 6826: 6814:. Retrieved 6794: 6774: 6767: 6758: 6751:West Germany 6738: 6733: 6712: 6702:15 September 6700:. Retrieved 6691: 6682: 6670:. Retrieved 6661: 6652: 6640:. Retrieved 6631: 6622: 6613: 6604: 6596: 6580: 6568:. Retrieved 6554: 6547: 6535:. Retrieved 6513: 6501:. Retrieved 6469: 6450: 6445:Bundesländer 6444: 6432: 6420: 6410: 6395: 6210: 6188: 6101:Lower Saxony 6033: 6029:arts centres 6026: 6018: 6014: 5999: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5893: 5885: 5868: 5866: 5861: 5852: 5848: 5846: 5841: 5829: 5825: 5823: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5786: 5781: 5755: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5720: 5714: 5706: 5692: 5687: 5665: 5663: 5657: 5631: 5605:Subdivisions 5598: 5595:Bürgerschaft 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5560: 5551: 5547: 5517: 5500: 5481: 5468: 5461: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5404: 5295:Conservatism 5240: 5199: 5135:Lower Saxony 5090: 5069: 5014: 5004: 4754: 4744: 4595: 4585: 4532: 4523: 4507: 4499: 4481: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4454:Subdivisions 4440:Other courts 4432:Joint Senate 4368: 4361: 4350: 4331: 4279: 4253: 4221: 4204:Human rights 4163:Politics of 4151: 4111: 4107: 4073: 4062: 4052:-controlled 4045: 4038:East Germany 4036: 4027: 4023: 3978:Lower Saxony 3975: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3949:Rhine-Neckar 3942: 3930: 3925:Willy Brandt 3922: 3914: 3910: 3893: 3874: 3855: 3847: 3783: 3738: 3697: 3665:West Germany 3662: 3655: 3631: 3619: 3601:East Prussia 3586: 3542:British zone 3534:Lower Saxony 3499: 3490:East Germany 3486:West Germany 3442: 3420: 3395:German Reich 3376: 3340:Hesse-Kassel 3317: 3287: 3211:Bodo Ramelow 3188: 3064: 2999: 2875: 2833:Hendrik Wüst 2810: 2709:Stephan Weil 2697: 2680: 2676:Lower Saxony 2615: 2341:Markus Söder 2329: 2312: 2216:Pop. per km 2146: 2142: 2139: 2124:Lower Saxony 2093: 2088:Hesse-Nassau 2044:Lower Saxony 2014:Lower Saxony 1970:Lower Saxony 1966:Braunschweig 1940: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1856: 1854: 1849: 1843: 1816: 1770:East Germany 1763: 1747:a referendum 1740: 1695:Lower Saxony 1656: 1629: 1618:Stadtstaaten 1617: 1591: 1581: 1478:Conservatism 1423: 1382: 1318:Lower Saxony 1273: 1252: 1197: 1187: 937: 927: 778: 768: 715: 706: 690: 682: 664: 647: 645: 644: 637:Subdivisions 623:Other courts 615:Joint Senate 551: 544: 533: 514: 462: 436: 404: 387:Human rights 346:Politics of 334: 321:Municipality 302:Subdivisions 228: 219: 212: 205: 198: 191: 184: 177: 170: 163: 156: 113:North Rhine- 106:Mecklenburg- 29: 9345:Isle of Man 9280:recognition 9254:Switzerland 9189:Netherlands 8972:(1949–1952) 8966:(1949–1952) 8960:(1949–1952) 8958:South Baden 8922:City-states 8843:Brandenburg 8695:Brandenburg 8374:Pornography 8349:Immigration 8312:Drug policy 8224:Mittelstand 8171:Agriculture 8135:Nationalism 8108:Transgender 7992:Earthquakes 7939:, 1583-1588 7937:Cologne War 7833:World War I 7735:Middle Ages 7721:Gothic Wars 7517:recognition 7489:Switzerland 7424:Netherlands 7176:East Berlin 7168:West Berlin 7161:(1949–1990) 7134:Mecklenburg 7129:Brandenburg 7114:Soviet Zone 7079:French Zone 6747:West Berlin 6056:2000-01-01 5994:Stadtrechte 5898:Saarbrücken 5890:Saarbrücken 5811:Stadtkreise 5743: [ 5699:Mecklenburg 5650:Bremerhaven 5634:city-states 5536:free states 5511:successful 5444:Grundgesetz 5439:Grundgesetz 5428:Grundgesetz 5423:Grundgesetz 5115:Brandenburg 4874:1932 (July) 4574:Referendums 4489:composition 4326:Legislature 4268:Olaf Scholz 4190:(Basic Law) 4058:West Berlin 4054:East Berlin 3896:Saar Treaty 3824:Rheinhessen 3774:South Baden 3701:Werner Rutz 3669:South Baden 3582:Soviet zone 3566:Brandenburg 3500:During the 3494:West Berlin 3488:(blue) and 3387:Hugo Preuss 3268:(1871–1918) 2947:Saarbrücken 2898:Malu Dreyer 2848:17,944,923 2638:Boris Rhein 2436:Brandenburg 2356:13,203,592 2285:11,148,904 2130:Württemberg 2080:Westphalia 2068:Brandenburg 2040:Brandenburg 1890:Freistaaten 1875:(federated 1812:East Berlin 1788:), Saxony ( 1778:Brandenburg 1737:West Berlin 1650:Freistaaten 1624:city-states 1612:Bremerhaven 1298:Brandenburg 1057:1932 (July) 757:Referendums 672:composition 509:Legislature 451:Olaf Scholz 373:(Basic Law) 213:Switzerland 185:Netherlands 79:Brandenburg 64:Württemberg 9370:Categories 9224:San Marino 9184:Montenegro 9164:Luxembourg 9144:Kazakhstan 9047:Azerbaijan 8535:Television 8520:Philosophy 8495:Literature 8354:Irreligion 8339:Healthcare 8302:Corruption 8068:Chancellor 8057:(military) 8054:Bundeswehr 7459:San Marino 7419:Montenegro 7399:Luxembourg 7379:Kazakhstan 7284:Azerbaijan 6878:8 November 6739:Bundesland 6503:15 October 6461:References 6433:Bundesland 6073:Area (km) 6053:2005-01-01 6050:2022-01-01 5930:(singular 5858:hinterland 5849:Landkreise 5842:Landkreise 5826:Landkreise 5768:See also: 5703:Vorpommern 5676:Westphalia 5570:referendum 5534:". In the 5499:among the 5475:unicameral 5450:Government 5432:Verfassung 5310:Liberalism 5281:Federalism 4889:1933 (Nov) 4884:1933 (Mar) 4879:1932 (Nov) 4859:1924 (Dec) 4854:1924 (May) 4769:1867 (Aug) 4764:1867 (Feb) 4579:Coalitions 4506:District ( 4114:free state 4069:New States 3770:referendum 3693:Old States 3492:(red) and 3423:Nazi Party 3421:After the 3406:opted for 3400:Thuringian 3342:, and the 3295:comprised 3289:Federalism 3226:2,099,527 3161:2,936,486 3102:2,155,742 3037:4,036,369 2972:1,005,796 2913:4,126,872 2823:Düsseldorf 2783:1,605,259 2724:8,045,829 2653:6,313,614 2588:1,904,212 2472:2,546,685 2413:3,689,708 2398:Kai Wegner 2229:per capita 2171:State code 2158:See also: 1906:Palatinate 1881:Bundesland 1873:Bundesland 1493:Liberalism 1464:Federalism 1072:1933 (Nov) 1067:1933 (Mar) 1062:1932 (Nov) 1042:1924 (Dec) 1037:1924 (May) 952:1867 (Aug) 947:1867 (Feb) 762:Coalitions 689:District ( 286:Government 229:Baltic Sea 157:Luxembourg 144:Schleswig- 122:Palatinate 120:Rhineland- 115:Westphalia 108:Vorpommern 9335:Gibraltar 9159:Lithuania 8903:Thuringia 8754:Thuringia 8490:Libraries 8470:Festivals 8317:Education 8261:Transport 8226:companies 8145:President 8083:Elections 8048:Bundesrat 8043:Bundestag 8012:Mountains 7980:Districts 7958:Geography 7691:Visigoths 7628:Overviews 7394:Lithuania 7249:countries 7149:Thuringia 6848:3 October 6816:3 October 6402:‹See Tfd› 6205:4,890.33 6117:1,394.10 6095:2,992.78 6067:Area (km) 5981:Gemeinden 5964:Gemeinden 5915:Offices ( 5672:Rhineland 5638:Districts 5556:bicameral 5467:led by a 5305:Far-right 5290:Communism 5175:Thuringia 4556:Elections 4384:Judiciary 4352:Bundesrat 4333:Bundestag 4248:Executive 4136:Bundesrat 4129:Freistaat 4126:. Today, 4119:Freistaat 3835:Montabaur 3784:With the 3717:Hans Apel 3638:Basic Law 3593:provinces 3578:Thuringia 3368:Hanseatic 3189:Thüringen 3184:Thuringia 3077:Magdeburg 2628:Wiesbaden 2260:Stuttgart 2084:Rhineland 2010:Oldenburg 1936:Thuringia 1832:Bundesrat 1807:Thüringen 1644:Thuringia 1488:Far-right 1473:Communism 1358:Thuringia 739:Elections 567:Judiciary 535:Bundesrat 516:Bundestag 431:Executive 151:Thuringia 9355:Svalbard 9340:Guernsey 9287:Abkhazia 9239:Slovenia 9234:Slovakia 9209:Portugal 9067:Bulgaria 8879:Saarland 8730:Saarland 8582:Category 8500:Internet 8485:Language 8475:Folklore 8394:Religion 8369:Pensions 8364:Naturism 8241:Taxation 8125:Lobbying 8098:Intersex 8031:Politics 7640:Timeline 7619:General 7612:articles 7526:Abkhazia 7474:Slovenia 7469:Slovakia 7444:Portugal 7304:Bulgaria 7247:European 6914:30 April 6905:Archived 6872:Archived 6842:Archived 6810:Archived 6696:Archived 6666:Archived 6636:Archived 6589:Archived 6570:4 August 6564:Archived 6537:19 April 6531:Archived 6494:Archived 6216:See also 6199:4,167.66 6089:2,725.06 5787:(Kreise) 5705:to form 5564:, and a 5259:Passport 5155:Saarland 4533:Gemeinde 4405:Ordinary 4144:Politics 4088:Saarland 3934:Cuxhaven 3858:Palatine 3856:The two 3689:Saarland 3614:expelled 3558:Saarland 3556:and the 3496:(yellow) 3215:The Left 2936:Saarland 2758:Schwerin 2698:Hannover 2531:663,567 2235:; 2020) 1759:Saarland 1742:de facto 1442:Passport 1338:Saarland 716:Gemeinde 588:Ordinary 313:District 248:Location 238:Category 146:Holstein 127:Saarland 9264:Ukraine 9214:Romania 9174:Moldova 9132:Ireland 9127:Iceland 9122:Hungary 9112:Germany 9107:Georgia 9097:Finland 9092:Estonia 9087:Denmark 9072:Croatia 9057:Belgium 9052:Belarus 9042:Austria 9037:Armenia 9032:Andorra 9027:Albania 8941:Hamburg 8837:Bavaria 8683:Bavaria 8631:of the 8559:Outline 8465:Fashion 8452:Cuisine 8414:Culture 8379:Poverty 8322:Germans 8285:Society 8266:Welfare 8251:Tourism 8208:Exports 8181:Banking 8159:Economy 8063:Cabinet 8002:Islands 7997:Geology 7920:Regions 7686:Teutons 7659:Ancient 7621:History 7608:Germany 7499:Ukraine 7449:Romania 7409:Moldova 7369:Ireland 7364:Iceland 7359:Hungary 7349:Germany 7344:Georgia 7334:Finland 7329:Estonia 7324:Denmark 7309:Croatia 7294:Belgium 7289:Belarus 7279:Austria 7274:Armenia 7269:Andorra 7264:Albania 7195:Trizone 7059:Hamburg 7054:Hanover 6993:Bavaria 6642:3 April 6441:) 6429:) 6139:327.05 6079:Bavaria 5880:Hanover 5871:exist. 5836:in the 5795:Hamburg 5599:Landtag 5561:Landtag 5540:Bavaria 5532:senates 5528:Hamburg 5501:Landtag 5486:(State 5483:Landtag 5465:cabinet 5407:federal 5125:Hamburg 5105:Bavaria 4482:Landtag 4463:State ( 4344:members 4302:Cabinet 4166:Germany 4086:as the 4046:Bezirke 4044:called 4004:Koblenz 3875:In the 3809:Koblenz 3605:Silesia 3580:in the 3540:in the 3526:Hamburg 3520:in the 3518:Bavaria 3416:Waldeck 3412:Prussia 3408:Bavaria 3332:Hanover 3328:Prussia 3322:to the 3242:History 3235:28,953 3223:16,172 3206:Landtag 3170:33,452 3158:15,799 3141:Landtag 3111:28,652 3099:20,446 3082:Landtag 3046:30,903 3034:18,416 3017:Landtag 3012:Dresden 3000:Sachsen 2981:34,125 2952:Landtag 2922:34,673 2910:19,853 2893:Landtag 2857:38,876 2845:34,085 2828:Landtag 2792:28,590 2780:23,180 2763:Landtag 2733:37,005 2721:47,609 2704:Landtag 2693:Hanover 2662:44,750 2650:21,115 2633:Landtag 2597:64,022 2554:Hamburg 2540:46,468 2481:29,282 2469:29,480 2452:Landtag 2447:Potsdam 2422:42,221 2365:46,498 2353:70,552 2336:Landtag 2330:München 2308:Bavaria 2294:45,108 2282:35,752 2265:Landtag 2223:(2021) 2178:Capital 2097:Bavaria 2076:Hanover 2032:divided 2028:Prussia 1921:Hamburg 1902:Bavaria 1869:Staaten 1846:Austria 1791:Sachsen 1681:Hamburg 1636:Bavaria 1608:exclave 1600:Hamburg 1586:, as a 1308:Hamburg 1288:Bavaria 665:Landtag 646:State ( 527:members 485:Cabinet 349:Germany 279:Bavaria 252:Germany 199:Austria 192:Belgium 178:Denmark 137:Saxony- 89:Hamburg 69:Bavaria 9350:Jersey 9292:Kosovo 9259:Turkey 9249:Sweden 9229:Serbia 9219:Russia 9204:Poland 9199:Norway 9179:Monaco 9149:Latvia 9117:Greece 9102:France 9077:Cyprus 8935:Bremen 8929:Berlin 8885:Saxony 8824:States 8750: 8744: 8738: 8736:Saxony 8732: 8726: 8720: 8714: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8689:Berlin 8685: 8679: 8666:of the 8643:of the 8587:Portal 8442:Cinema 8422:Anthem 8389:Racism 8203:Energy 8017:Rivers 7975:States 7945:, 1848 7781:Modern 7610: 7531:Kosovo 7494:Turkey 7484:Sweden 7464:Serbia 7454:Russia 7439:Poland 7434:Norway 7414:Monaco 7384:Latvia 7354:Greece 7339:France 7314:Cyprus 7192:Bizone 7179:(USSR) 7159:Berlin 7139:Saxony 6998:Bremen 6834: 6802: 6782: 6741:since 6724:, and 6672:28 May 6411:Länder 6406:German 6183:76.99 6161:99.41 6133:327.05 6111:949.16 6070:Number 6064:Number 6061:Number 6002:Berlin 5908:Aachen 5799:Bremen 5791:Berlin 5756:Kreise 5686:. The 5646:Bremen 5566:Senate 5544:Saxony 5524:Bremen 5520:Berlin 5233:Russia 5208:France 5160:Saxony 5120:Bremen 5110:Berlin 4425:Social 4420:Labour 4415:Fiscal 4307:Scholz 4101:Länder 4050:Soviet 3765:Länder 3759:Länder 3675:, and 3576:, and 3570:Saxony 3536:, and 3516:, and 3506:Bremen 3467:Lübeck 3445:system 3428:Länder 3404:Coburg 3381:, the 3350:, the 3336:Nassau 3232:0.923 3201:Erfurt 3181: 3167:0.921 3122: 3108:0.911 3057: 3043:0.933 2995:Saxony 2992: 2978:0.931 2969:2,569 2933: 2919:0.929 2868: 2854:0.939 2803: 2789:0.916 2744: 2730:0.930 2673: 2659:0.950 2616:Hessen 2608: 2594:0.972 2591:2,439 2551: 2537:0.954 2534:1,630 2506:Bremen 2495:Bremen 2492: 2478:0.918 2433: 2419:0.959 2416:4,086 2379:Berlin 2376: 2362:0.950 2325:Munich 2313:Bayern 2305: 2291:0.956 2274:Greens 2246: 2203:votes 2167:State 2147:Länder 2143:Länder 2113:Russia 2109:Poland 2101:Neisse 2072:Saxony 2036:Berlin 1986:Lübeck 1946:Anhalt 1931:Saxony 1916:Bremen 1885:Länder 1857:Länder 1840:States 1690:Hessen 1677:Bremen 1672:Bayern 1642:, and 1640:Saxony 1604:Bremen 1596:Berlin 1592:states 1416:Russia 1391:France 1343:Saxony 1303:Bremen 1293:Berlin 608:Social 603:Labour 598:Fiscal 490:Scholz 273:Bremen 258:Number 171:France 164:Poland 139:Anhalt 132:Saxony 101:Saxony 84:Bremen 74:Berlin 62:Baden- 9325:Åland 9244:Spain 9169:Malta 9139:Italy 8849:Hesse 8763:Other 8701:Hesse 8566:Index 8530:Sport 8515:Names 8510:Music 8505:Media 8460:Dance 8332:Women 8297:Crime 8271:Women 8007:Lakes 7681:Goths 7479:Spain 7404:Malta 7374:Italy 7094:Baden 7003:Hesse 6908:(PDF) 6897:(PDF) 6718:Baden 6497:(PDF) 6486:(PDF) 6427:sing. 6416:sing. 6387:Notes 6189:Total 6177:66.98 6155:99.41 6123:Hesse 6047:State 6006:Gröde 5954:, or 5928:Ämter 5924:Ämter 5917:Ämter 5747:] 5680:Lippe 5626:image 5504:' 5228:China 5213:Italy 5130:Hesse 4508:Kreis 4293:Grüne 4010:into 4008:Trier 3999:39.5% 3971:Baden 3954:Worms 3844:15.1% 3842:Baden 3830:25.3% 3828:Hesse 3826:into 3819:14.2% 3815:into 3813:Trier 3804:15.3% 3797:12.9% 3756:into 3746:Baden 3550:Baden 3510:Hesse 3441:Nazi 2943:1957 2888:Mainz 2611:Hesse 2386:1990 2256:1952 2208:(km) 2193:Mayor 2175:Since 1976:Lippe 1956:Baden 1926:Hesse 1685:Hesse 1667:Baden 1411:China 1396:Italy 1313:Hesse 691:Kreis 476:Grüne 268:Areas 220:North 99:Lower 94:Hesse 8480:Flag 8437:Arts 8103:LGBT 7200:Rape 6916:2010 6880:2011 6850:2020 6832:ISBN 6818:2020 6800:ISBN 6780:ISBN 6704:2021 6674:2019 6644:2020 6572:2014 6539:2011 6505:2010 6421:Land 5793:and 5782:The 5701:and 5648:and 5632:The 5542:and 5526:and 5488:Diet 5254:Visa 5070:2024 5064:2019 5059:2014 5054:2009 5049:2004 5044:1999 5039:1994 5034:1989 5029:1984 5024:1979 5005:Next 4999:2021 4994:2017 4989:2013 4984:2009 4979:2005 4974:2002 4969:1998 4964:1994 4959:1990 4954:1987 4949:1983 4944:1980 4939:1976 4934:1972 4929:1969 4924:1965 4919:1961 4914:1957 4909:1953 4904:1949 4899:1938 4894:1936 4869:1930 4864:1928 4849:1920 4844:1919 4839:1912 4834:1907 4829:1903 4824:1898 4819:1893 4814:1890 4809:1887 4804:1884 4799:1881 4794:1878 4789:1877 4784:1874 4779:1871 4774:1868 4745:2022 4739:2017 4734:2012 4729:2010 4724:2009 4719:2004 4714:1999 4709:1994 4704:1989 4699:1984 4694:1979 4689:1974 4684:1969 4679:1964 4674:1959 4669:1954 4664:1949 4648:1957 4643:1953 4638:1949 4622:1932 4617:1925 4612:1919 4540:list 4515:list 4465:Land 4260:list 4006:and 3980:and 3915:The 3811:and 3752:and 3650:Land 3643:Land 3607:and 3276:The 3260:The 3250:and 3229:133 3197:1990 3164:183 3136:Kiel 3132:1949 3105:108 3073:1990 3040:221 3008:1990 2975:386 2916:206 2884:1949 2851:526 2819:1949 2754:1990 2727:168 2689:1949 2656:297 2624:1949 2585:755 2561:1949 2528:419 2502:1949 2443:1990 2410:892 2359:185 2321:1949 2288:310 2211:Pop. 2206:Area 2154:List 2105:Oder 2103:and 2082:and 2058:and 2030:was 2020:and 1998:and 1877:Land 1850:Bund 1657:The 1602:and 1582:The 1437:Visa 1253:2024 1247:2019 1242:2014 1237:2009 1232:2004 1227:1999 1222:1994 1217:1989 1212:1984 1207:1979 1188:Next 1182:2021 1177:2017 1172:2013 1167:2009 1162:2005 1157:2002 1152:1998 1147:1994 1142:1990 1137:1987 1132:1983 1127:1980 1122:1976 1117:1972 1112:1969 1107:1965 1102:1961 1097:1957 1092:1953 1087:1949 1082:1938 1077:1936 1052:1930 1047:1928 1032:1920 1027:1919 1022:1912 1017:1907 1012:1903 1007:1898 1002:1893 997:1890 992:1887 987:1884 982:1881 977:1878 972:1877 967:1874 962:1871 957:1868 928:2022 922:2017 917:2012 912:2010 907:2009 902:2004 897:1999 892:1994 887:1989 882:1984 877:1979 872:1974 867:1969 862:1964 857:1959 852:1954 847:1949 831:1957 826:1953 821:1949 805:1932 800:1925 795:1919 723:list 698:list 648:Land 443:list 8432:Art 8115:Law 7245:in 6439:pl. 6202:295 6196:246 6193:206 6092:262 6086:216 6083:173 6008:in 5985:Amt 5934:), 5932:Amt 5538:of 5223:USA 4524:Amt 4272:SPD 4235:SPD 4116:" ( 4014:13% 3992:31% 3936:to 3595:of 3443:Gau 3194:TH 3150:CDU 3129:SH 3091:CDU 3070:ST 3026:CDU 3005:SN 2961:SPD 2940:SL 2902:SPD 2881:RP 2837:CDU 2816:NW 2786:69 2772:SPD 2751:MV 2713:SPD 2686:NI 2642:CDU 2621:HE 2577:SPD 2558:HH 2520:SPD 2499:HB 2475:85 2461:SPD 2440:BB 2402:CDU 2383:BE 2345:CSU 2318:BY 2253:BW 2227:GDP 2220:HDI 2191:or 2111:or 2066:of 1794:), 1776:of 1723:), 1713:), 1703:), 1693:), 1675:), 1406:USA 707:Amt 455:SPD 418:SPD 317:Amt 275:) – 222:Sea 9372:: 6903:. 6899:. 6866:. 6840:. 6822:; 6808:. 6790:; 6720:, 6694:. 6690:. 6664:. 6660:. 6630:. 6595:, 6562:. 6529:. 6525:. 6492:. 6488:. 6477:, 6453:). 6449:, 6437:/( 6414:, 6408:: 6114:25 6108:23 6105:25 6024:. 5958:. 5950:, 5946:, 5942:, 5938:, 5745:de 5729:. 5644:: 5522:, 5515:. 5413:, 5409:, 5279:/ 5218:UK 4048:. 3973:. 3748:, 3742:A8 3723:. 3715:, 3707:, 3703:, 3671:, 3603:, 3599:, 3572:, 3568:, 3564:, 3552:, 3548:, 3544:; 3532:, 3528:, 3524:; 3512:, 3508:, 3473:. 3338:, 3334:, 3220:4 3217:) 3191:) 3155:4 3152:) 3096:4 3093:) 3067:) 3031:4 3028:) 3002:) 2966:3 2963:) 2907:4 2904:) 2878:) 2842:6 2839:) 2813:) 2777:3 2774:) 2718:6 2715:) 2700:) 2683:) 2647:5 2644:) 2618:) 2582:3 2579:) 2564:– 2525:3 2522:) 2466:4 2463:) 2407:4 2404:) 2389:– 2350:6 2347:) 2332:) 2315:) 2279:6 2276:) 2115:. 2070:, 2054:, 2050:, 2046:, 2042:, 2038:, 1912:). 1761:. 1727:, 1683:, 1679:, 1638:, 1622:(" 1610:, 1598:, 1594:. 1462:/ 1401:UK 319:, 315:, 311:, 262:16 9005:e 8998:t 8991:v 8809:e 8802:t 8795:v 8621:e 8614:t 8607:v 7600:e 7593:t 7586:v 7234:e 7227:t 7220:v 6961:e 6954:t 6947:v 6918:. 6882:. 6852:. 6820:. 6788:. 6753:. 6706:. 6676:. 6646:. 6574:. 6541:. 6507:. 6399:( 6180:2 6174:1 6171:2 6158:2 6152:2 6149:2 6136:4 6130:4 6127:4 5979:( 5966:) 5919:) 5910:. 5882:. 5758:) 5749:. 5717:) 5678:- 5660:) 5628:) 5388:e 5381:t 5374:v 5301:) 5297:( 4588:) 4535:) 4526:) 4510:) 4484:) 4467:) 4295:) 4291:( 4274:) 4270:( 4262:) 4258:( 4237:) 4233:( 3699:( 3459:( 3213:( 3187:( 3148:( 3089:( 3063:( 3024:( 2998:( 2959:( 2900:( 2874:( 2835:( 2809:( 2770:( 2711:( 2696:( 2679:( 2640:( 2614:( 2575:( 2518:( 2459:( 2400:( 2343:( 2328:( 2311:( 2272:( 2233:€ 2231:( 2195:) 2187:( 2136:. 2126:. 2024:. 2006:. 1992:. 1982:. 1972:. 1962:. 1952:. 1798:( 1717:( 1707:( 1697:( 1687:( 1571:e 1564:t 1557:v 1484:) 1480:( 771:) 718:) 709:) 693:) 667:) 650:) 478:) 474:( 457:) 453:( 445:) 441:( 420:) 416:( 281:) 43:. 36:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.