2979:
4668:
4678:
4657:
2965:
4688:
2385:
that would run between New
Zealand and Tahiti, connecting a number of South Pacific island countries. It would have been 6,500 km (4,039 mi) long and have a 64x10 Gbit/s capacity. It was planned to be in service late 2010. The project did not go ahead due to lack of funding. The SPIN
104:– Africa Coast to Europe; France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Canary Islands (Spain), Western Sahara, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, São Tomé and Príncipe, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Namibia, South Africa
283:– Americas Region Caribbean Optical-ring System; USA, Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Turks and Caicos Islands, Bahamas
2849:
2100:
866:
712:
2908:) (South Africa, Namibia, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Nigeria, Togo, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Cape Verde, Canary Islands, Portugal, United Kingdom)
74:– Asia Africa Europe Gateway; France, Italy, Greece, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti, Yemen, Qatar, UAE, Oman, Pakistan, India, Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Hong Kong
991:
1240:– (Linking the GCC countries (Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and the UAE) to each other and onwards to Europe, Africa and Asia) – (planned for 2012)
2769:
2764:
2807:
2801:
2215:
1213:
1174:
1168:
845:
840:
835:
830:
2718:
1402:
1396:
1185:
1179:
825:
820:
815:
810:
172:
166:
1876:
750:
154:
1995:
1629:
1163:
652:
647:
354:
3060:
1438:
1413:
1408:
107:
2796:
2791:
2774:
2758:
2338:
2332:
1549:
1433:
1418:
1037:
795:
789:
43:
in two or more countries. Several older cables, although no longer used for international telecommunications, are used for scientific purposes. Others are simply abandoned.
2785:
2780:
2437:
2027:
2022:
1565:
1428:
1423:
244:
2812:
1658:
1527:
1521:
664:
443:
2280:
1729:
1379:
1043:
997:
376:
2461:
2455:
2443:
2419:
1864:
1761:
1533:
1461:
1320:
1296:
1290:
1260:
576:
336:
306:
1813:
1623:
1607:
1595:
1019:
625:
382:
196:
113:
2316:
1898:– Pakistan & East Africa Connecting Europe; (Cyprus, Djibouti, Egypt, France, Kenya, Maldives, Malta, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Singapore, Tunisia)
1735:
1681:
1384:
1157:
985:
979:
953:
947:
756:
702:
469:
397:
220:
2708:
2668:
2431:
2425:
2356:
2310:
2298:
2175:
2169:
1751:
1691:
1390:
893:
631:
348:
2911:
2698:
2555:
2205:
2074:
1555:
1492:
1326:
1284:
1243:
1112:
1092:
925:
905:
495:
475:
449:
250:
3932:
3503:
2866:
2545:
2304:
2163:
2113:
1901:
1790:
1703:
1642:
1486:
1308:
1219:
1147:
1102:
1031:
741:
692:
658:
549:
459:
417:
324:
226:
214:
131:
1803:
1784:
1481:
485:
1275:– (New Jersey, US – Blaabjerg, Denmark – branches to Ireland and Norway). Sold under the brand name America Europe Connect-2 = AEC-2. (Live in Q4 2020)
3107:
1498:
922:) (Trinidad, Grenada, St Vincent, Barbados, St Lucia, Martinique, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Antigua, St Kitts, St Maarten, Anguilla, Tortola)
3086:
2992:
24:
2387:
1278:
2220:
1225:
300:
80:– Asia America Gateway; Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, Continental USA West Coast
4640:
4612:
4607:
3632:
3012:
3462:
3313:
1076:) (UK, Spain, Italy, Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Hong Kong, China, South Korea, Japan)
3410:
184:
3064:
4717:
525:
208:
2884:
1882:
1672:
1066:) – (Bahrain, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Maldives, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, UAE, Yemen)
860:
274:
95:
4634:
3239:
235:– Asia-Pacific Cable Network; Japan, Korea, Philippines, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Australia
2365:– (St Kitts, Martinique, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Guadeloupe, Antigua)
4629:
4619:
4599:
4401:
3541:
3195:
3584:
3766:
3528:
4691:
4624:
4470:
3435:— at ISCPC.org, includes a register of submarine cables worldwide (though not always updated as often as one might hope)
4396:
312:
3481:
4490:
1079:
1069:
1059:
1049:
4275:
3823:
3625:
4386:
4381:
2382:
1907:
1819:
19:
4712:
4406:
2292:
3385:
4681:
4442:
4339:
3882:
3677:
3649:
3426:
143:
3128:
4671:
4178:
3618:
2752:
2286:
2202:) (Portugal, Spain, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, South Africa)
1976:
1835:
3361:
241:– Asia-Pacific Cable Network 2; Japan, Korea, Philippines, Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore
4530:
4452:
4391:
4098:
1723:
729:
717:
330:
3438:
3285:
3217:
181:– USA, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, Martinique, Curaçao, Trinidad, Venezuela, French Guiana, Brazil
4302:
4263:
4108:
4008:
3937:
3870:
3697:
2970:
2921:
2658:
2647:
2636:
2195:
1237:
850:
735:
360:
4661:
3903:
3838:
3791:
3751:
3510:
3336:
3290:
2654:) – (Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Guam) (decommissioned – portions in scientific use)
2643:) – (Hong Kong, the Philippines, Japan, Guam, Hawaii) (decommissioned – portions in scientific use)
2449:
2362:
966:) (UK, Portugal, Gibraltar, France, Monaco, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti, Oman, UAE, India)
732:(COMPAC) (Canada, USA, Fiji, New Zealand, Australia) (decommissioned – portions in scientific use)
4500:
4485:
4329:
4280:
4203:
4103:
3781:
3667:
3662:
2836:
1773:
1652:
1471:
1456:
1266:
1013:
3257:
2347:– (Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Hong Kong, China, Japan) – planned
4422:
4208:
4023:
3968:
3963:
3776:
3741:
3420:
3016:
2824:
2818:
2678:
2068:
2062:
2056:
1767:
1589:
1583:
1314:
883:
433:
160:
4324:
4128:
4093:
4013:
3993:
3915:
3803:
3724:
2830:
2746:
2615:
2611:
2350:
1947:
1937:
1697:
1025:
969:
937:
586:
559:
505:
407:
262:
238:
148:
137:
3657:
890:) (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Philippines, Vietnam, Guam, USA)
4238:
4198:
4168:
3925:
3860:
3682:
3407:
3178:
2854:
2729:
2601:
2585:
2565:
2413:
2368:
2185:
2153:
1870:
1191:
686:
680:
535:
423:
318:
77:
345:– Argentina, Brazil, Senegal, Cape Verde Islands, Canary Islands, Madeira, Spain, Portugal
8:
4248:
4188:
3947:
3909:
3707:
3692:
2943:
2901:
2860:
2401:
2143:
2123:
2090:
1956:
1858:
1741:
1713:
1613:
1346:
1336:
915:
772:
670:
256:
232:
83:
40:
3166:
4475:
4432:
4363:
4233:
4163:
4138:
4073:
3920:
3641:
2984:
2872:
2688:
2629:
2344:
2084:
1982:
1966:
1841:
1601:
1373:
1141:
959:
268:
101:
3108:"Aqua Comms Continues Investment in Subsea Cables and Announces North Atlantic Bridge"
3038:
902:– (an East Africa Submarine Cable System with endpoints in South Africa and the Sudan)
4515:
4437:
4351:
4334:
4297:
4143:
3973:
3942:
3808:
3702:
3497:
3401:
2878:
2726:(Taiwan Strait Express 1) (First cable directly connecting Taiwan and mainland China)
2595:
1302:
1231:
193:– United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Brazil
4183:
2289:– (Singapore-Jesselton(Kota Kinabalu)-Hong Kong-Guam-Madang-Cairns) (decommissioned)
1904:– (Pan-American Crossing) (California, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela, and the Caribbean)
4520:
4480:
4460:
4427:
4356:
4314:
4228:
4083:
4068:
4043:
4018:
3978:
3828:
3687:
3672:
2552:) (Italy-Albania, continuing overland through Macedonia, Bulgaria, and into Turkey)
1867:– (Hong Kong, the Philippines, Japan) (decommissioned – portions in scientific use)
292:
98:– Asia Connect Cable System; Singapore, Indonesia, Australia, East Timor, Guam, USA
3549:
4148:
4003:
3771:
3746:
3734:
3414:
3389:
286:
3450:
3447:— at KISCA.org.uk, source of free maps of cable routes around the United Kingdom
4346:
4218:
4193:
4153:
4123:
3998:
3833:
3786:
3761:
3719:
3522:
2715:) – runs the length of Korea to mainland Japan via Changson-Tsushima-Seburiyama
1198:) (Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal, Mauritania, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, UK) (planned)
3516:
3153:
2182:) (South Africa, Ascension (UK), Cape Verde, Spain, Portugal) (decommissioned)
4706:
4495:
4268:
4258:
4173:
4063:
4058:
4048:
4033:
3855:
3714:
3013:"AEConnect – The newest, most secure Transatlantic cable system in existence"
2032:
128:– France, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Djibouti, UAE, Pakistan, Somalia, Kenya
4373:
4213:
4158:
4088:
4053:
3988:
3887:
3877:
3729:
3595:
3262:
2295:– (South Africa, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, India and Europe)
1546:
Key West-Havana 6 (USA, Cuba) (decommissioned – portions in scientific use)
1543:
Key West-Havana 5 (USA, Cuba) (decommissioned – portions in scientific use)
723:
217:– Australia (Melbourne and Tasmania including Flinders Island), New Zealand
4573:
4223:
4133:
4118:
4078:
4038:
3897:
2270:
2260:
2250:
2240:
2230:
2050:
2044:
1895:
1370:) (India, Pakistan, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the Lebanon, Italy, France)
1281:– (New Zealand, Australia, American Samoa, New Caledonia, Hawaii, Oregon)
622:) – (Canada, Iceland, the Faeroes, UK, Denmark, Germany) (decommissioned)
178:
3474:
3087:"Expanding our global infrastructure with new regions and subsea cables"
2978:
321:– Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand (decommissioned)
4578:
4285:
3983:
3892:
3848:
3818:
3796:
3468:
2542:– (USA, UK, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark) (decommissioned)
1927:
1917:
1700:– (USA, Mexico, Cayman Islands, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia)
1207:
342:
202:
4563:
4028:
3843:
3610:
2533:
2319:– (Suriname-Guyana Submarine Cable System) (Trinidad-Guyana-Suriname)
1979:– Pacific Light Cable Network (California, US – Taiwan – Philippines)
119:
3517:
Map and satellite views of US landing sites for transatlantic cables
4558:
4548:
4465:
4290:
4113:
3523:
Map and satellite views of US landing sites for transpacific cables
3475:
List of the suppliers of the world's undersea communications cables
3395:
3132:
2575:
1495:– (USA, Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan) (planned, but not built)
615:
605:
595:
543:
229:– Asia-Pacific Cable; Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore
125:
1287:– (France-Tunisia-Libya-Italy-Turkey-Cyprus-Syria-Egypt) – planned
366:
Australia West
Express (planned) – Perth – Diego Garcia – Djibouti
4553:
4538:
3756:
3129:"Honotua cable to begin construction in November | CommsDay"
2713:
Telecommunication Plan for
Improvement of Communications in Korea
2322:
1363:
1272:
641:
280:
58:
3382:
1580:
La
Perouse-Wakapuaka – (Australia, New Zealand) (decommissioned)
1269:– (Guam – Pohnpei (FSM) – Majuro (Marshall Islands) – Kwajalein)
4583:
4543:
3865:
2539:
2527:
2521:
2005:
801:
766:
566:) (Barka – Fujairah – India – Sri Lanka – Malaysia – Singapore)
515:
36:
3531:— at Futures-Perfect.com, cables in service, updated regularly
1861:– (the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway) (portions decommissioned)
1738:– (Mauritius-Reunion Island-Madagascar-South Africa) (Planned)
1501:(Bezeq International Optical System) – (Israel, Cyprus, Italy)
928:– (Japan, China) (decommissioned – portions in scientific use)
4568:
4505:
3813:
2723:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
1667:
1577:
La
Perouse-Nelson – (Australia, New Zealand) (decommissioned)
1511:
1489:– (Japan-Korea) (decommissioned – portions in scientific use)
899:
190:
71:
32:
28:
3565:
1885:– (Algeria-Spain) (expected to enter into operation in 2018)
807:
Darwin – Banjoewangi (Australia, Indonesia) (decommissioned)
388:
Banjoewangi – Broome (Australia, Indonesia) (decommissioned)
187:– Bude, UK-Le Porge, France, Lynn, USA (due to go live 2022)
4510:
3534:
3511:
Map of all submarine communications cables currently in use
2133:
1443:
1201:
89:
3444:
2440:– (Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands)
2097:) (Hong Kong – Taiwan – Japan, Hong Kong – Korea – Japan)
3451:
France
Telecom's fishermen's/submarine cable information
1228:– (Transatlantic – Bude, New York, Bilbao) – (live 2021)
3432:
592:
Canal Zone – Jamaica (Panama, Jamaica) (decommissioned)
3456:
3392:— Network Atlas – Global Internet Infrastructure Atlas
86:– Atlantic Crossing; USA, UK, Germany, the Netherlands
3167:
http://www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/6_january_2008.htm
2394:
List of international submarine communications cables
2047:– (United Kingdom – The Netherlands) (decommissioned)
744:– (Sydney-Solomon Islands), (Sydney-Papua New Guinea)
3240:"Pacific cable project looks to islands for revenue"
2960:
1829:
New Jersey-Bermuda – (USA, Bermuda) (decommissioned)
1655:– (Portugal, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa) (planned)
315:– Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore (2012)
2101:
Russian
Optical Trans-Arctic Submarine Cable System
1154:) (Guadeloupe, St. Martin, Ste. Croix, Puerto Rico)
3469:Comprehensive list of cable landing sites globally
707:Central North Sea Fibre Telecommunications Company
1089:Florida-Jamaica – (USA, Jamaica) (decommissioned)
747:Cross-Straits Cable Network (CSCN) (China-Taiwan)
223:– Australia, New Zealand, Canada (decommissioned)
4704:
3502:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2993:List of domestic submarine communications cables
2010:Private Trans-Atlantic Telecommunications System
1953:Pangea (Baltic Sea) – (Sweden, Estonia, Finland)
428:Bahamas Domestic Submarine Network international
394:Barcelona – Rome (Spain, Italy) (decommissioned)
391:Barcelona – Pisa (Spain, Italy) (decommissioned)
175:– US Virgin Islands, Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil
134:– Australia-Indonesia-Singapore (decommissioned)
3362:"SPIN cable to bring real competition for Fiji"
3286:"Hawaiki's hazy Pacific cable plan gets hazier"
2371:– (Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, United States)
2103:(ROTACS) – (UK, Russia, China, Japan) (planned)
3484:. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013
2397:), which started commercial operation in 2018.
2071:– (Belgium – The Netherlands) (decommissioned)
1351:High capacity, Undersea Guernsey Optical-fibre
1341:High capacity, Undersea Guernsey Optical-fibre
3626:
3314:"Hawaiki Transpacific Submarine Cable System"
2065:– (United Kingdom – Belgium) (decommissioned)
871:Dhiraagu & Sri Lanka Telecom Cable System
259:– Australia-Papua New Guinea (decommissioned)
3433:The International Cable Protection Committee
2200:South Atlantic 3/West Africa Submarine Cable
2150:) (South Africa, Mauritius, India, Malaysia)
1748:) (Italy, Greece, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Oman)
1222:– (Guam-Philippines-Taiwan) (decommissioned)
339:– Brazil, Senegal, Portugal (decommissioned)
4641:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
3482:"Internet/Tel Undersea Cables of the World"
2059:– (United Kingdom – Spain) (decommissioned)
4677:
3633:
3619:
2458:– (Australia-New Zealand) (decommissioned)
2275:South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe
2265:South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe
2255:South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe
2245:South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe
2235:South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe
2225:South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe
1826:) (USA; Japan; South Korea; China; Taiwan)
1311:– (Hong Kong-Japan-Korea) (decommissioned)
934:EDF2 (INGRID) – (Guernsey, Jersey, France)
163:– Algiers-Palma de Mallorca; Algeria-Spain
92:– Atlantic Crossing, a.k.a. Yellow; USA-UK
39:. All the cable systems listed below have
3439:United Kingdom Cable Protection Committee
3154:"Alcatel-Lucent Has Begun Laying Honotua"
2624:Tata Indicom India-Singapore Cable System
1781:MOYLE SOUTH – (Northern Ireland-Scotland)
1778:MOYLE NORTH – (Northern Ireland-Scotland)
1726:– (Italy, Greece, Turkey, Israel, Cyprus)
1086:) (Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan)
738:– (Triangular UK-Belgium-the Netherlands)
3179:"Orange inaugurates LION undersea cable"
1478:) (Indonesia-Australia) (Decommissioned)
3421:Timeline of submarine cables, 1850–2007
3334:
3190:
3188:
2518:– (USA, Canada, Spain) (decommissioned)
1950:– (UK-Denmark & UK-the Netherlands)
1924:) (New Zealand-Hawaii) (decommissioned)
581:China-Japan Fibre Optic Submarine Cable
211:– US Virgin Islands, St Lucia, Barbados
4705:
3640:
3417:— reference site for GCN, MCN, and SCF
2850:Ventspils-Farosund (Gotland)-Stockholm
1592:– (Northern Ireland (UK) -Isle of Man)
564:BBG Bay of Bengal Gateway Cable System
420:– (Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia, Finland)
3614:
3585:"The Internet's Undersea World (map)"
3542:"Maps of communications cable routes"
3404:— at TeleGeography.com (2018 Version)
3337:"SPIN: South Pacific Islands Network"
3196:"Global Crossing Ltd Company History"
2869:– (Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan, Guam)
2383:submarine communications cable system
1466:Java – Kalimantan – Batam – Singapore
1323:– (Hong Kong-Taiwan) (decommissioned)
414:) (Spain-Italy) (decommissioned 2018)
27:, such as those on the coastlines of
4687:
3529:Gazetteer of submarine cable systems
3185:
2705:) (China, Korea, Taiwan, USA, Japan)
2536:– (USA, UK, France) (decommissioned)
2530:– (USA, France, UK) (decommissioned)
2512:– (USA, UK, France) (decommissioned)
2422:– (France-Portugal) (decommissioned)
2053:– (United Kingdom – The Netherlands)
1989:)(Australia, Papua New Guinea, Guam)
1963:) (California, Washington and Japan)
1710:) (Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique)
1620:) – (Madagascar, Reunion, Mauritius)
1552:– (Yemen – Kenya) (planned for 2007)
974:Eastern Mediterranean Optical System
699:) (PRC-South Korea) (decommissioned)
351:– Portugal, Morocco (decommissioned)
297:) – UK, Canada, USA, Japan (planned)
3039:"Asia-Pacific Gateway Cable System"
2301:– (Sweden-Finland) (decommissioned)
2000:Hibernia Atlantic's Project Express
1934:) (Australia-Guam) (decommissioned)
1832:New Zealand-Fiji – (decommissioned)
1393:– (India-Malaysia) (decommissioned)
1064:FLAG Alcatel-Lucent Optical Network
13:
3457:Oregon Fisherman's Cable Committee
2889:Vodafone Malta-Sicily Cable System
2476:– (France-Canada) (decommissioned)
2446:– (Norway-North Sea Oil Platforms)
2212:) (Indonesia, Hong Kong) – planned
1810:) (Hong Kong,China; Taiwan; Japan)
1678:Marseille-Palermo – (France-Italy)
912:) (Trinidad, Netherlands Antilles)
510:Black Sea Fibre Optic Cable System
313:ASE (Asia Submarine Cable Express)
303:– UK, Canada, USA, Japan (planned)
122:– Shirley, USA to Killala, Ireland
46:
14:
4729:
3427:TeleGeography submarine cable map
3376:
3350:– via The Coconut Wireless.
3181:. Telecompaper. 14 December 2009.
2434:– (Taiwan-Luzon) (decommissioned)
2386:personnel went on to develop the
2192:) (South Africa, Spain, Portugal)
1848:) – (USA, Japan) (decommissioned)
976:) (Greece, Israel, Turkey, Italy)
530:British Telecom – Telecom Éireann
333:– USA, Bermuda, Venezuela, Brazil
199:– France-Tunisia (decommissioned)
151:– Alexandria-Tarsous; Egypt-Syria
4686:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4655:
4276:Free-space optical communication
3258:"Another trans-Pac fibre mooted"
2977:
2963:
2632:– (Thailand-Indonesia-Singapore)
2524:– (Germany-USA) (decommissioned)
2428:– (Taiwan-Guam) (decommissioned)
1610:– (UK, Guernsey, Jersey, France)
1368:India-Middle East-Western Europe
1248:Greece to Western Europe Network
931:EDF1 (INGRID) – (Jersey, France)
709:) – (UK-North Sea oil platforms)
612:) – (Canada-UK) (decommissioned)
602:) – (Canada-UK) (decommissioned)
404:) (Spain-Italy) (decommissioned)
402:Cabrera de Mar, Barcelona-Genova
247:– Greece-Cyprus (decommissioned)
205:– Dominican Republic-Puerto Rico
4718:Submarine communications cables
3354:
3328:
3306:
3278:
3250:
3232:
3210:
2500:– (France-USA) (decommissioned)
2488:– (France-USA) (decommissioned)
1824:New Cross Pacific Cable Network
1446:– (Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia)
1387:(Australia-Indonesia-Singapore)
1131:France-Tunisia (decommissioned)
1128:France-Morocco (decommissioned)
1122:France-Algeria (decommissioned)
1010:FALCON – see FLAG FALCON below.
554:Batam Dumai Malaka Cable System
327:– American Samoa, Samoa, Hawaii
20:submarine communications cables
3445:Kingfisher Information Service
3402:Detailed interactive world map
3171:
3160:
3146:
3121:
3100:
3079:
3053:
3031:
3005:
2833:– (Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil)
2685:) – (Japan, Guam, Hawaii, USA)
2590:The East African Marine System
2494:– (Spain-USA) (decommissioned)
2470:– (UK-Canada) (decommissioned)
2416:– (Thailand-Vietnam-Hong Kong)
1992:Portugal-UK – (decommissioned)
1908:Pacific Caribbean Cable System
1476:Jakarta – Surabaya – Australia
1331:Hokkaido-Sakhalin Cable System
1125:France-Greece (decommissioned)
1046:– (Jamaica-Dominican Republic)
1034:– (Finland Estonia Connection)
920:Eastern Caribbean Fibre System
520:British Telecom – Manx Telecom
1:
3463:SAT3 WASC SAFE undersea cable
3335:Galasso, Remi (8 July 2008).
3063:. Cinia Group. Archived from
2998:
2695:) (China, Korea, Taiwan, USA)
2560:Trans Caribbean Cable Network
2379:South Pacific Islands Network
2335:– (Northern Ireland-Scotland)
1756:Moratel International Cable 1
1598:– (Northern Ireland-Scotland)
1518:) (Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania)
1516:Karadeniz Fiber Optik Sistemi
1000:– (Portugal, Morocco, France)
779:) (Korea-US-China-Japan-Guam)
726:– (USA-Azores-Portugal-Italy)
655:– (UK-Ireland) (planned 2010)
512:) (Bulgaria, Ukraine, Russia)
464:Brunei, Malaysia, Philippines
454:Bahamas Internet Cable System
61:– Africa, Middle East, Europe
4662:Telecommunication portal
4443:Telecommunications equipment
3015:. Aqua Comms. Archived from
2210:Submarine Cable Asia Network
1353:) (France, Jersey, Guernsey)
1305:– (UK, Ireland, Canada, USA)
1234:– (Canada-Greenland-Iceland)
1210:– (New Caledonia, Australia)
1109:) (UAE-Qatar-Bahrain-Kuwait)
863:– US-France – went live 2020
675:Cyprus-Israel Optical System
500:Batam-Singapore Cable System
265:– Australia-Papua New Guinea
144:Alaska Communications System
7:
4179:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2956:
2926:West Africa Submarine Cable
2608:) – (Australia-New Zealand)
2506:– (UK-USA) (decommissioned)
2482:– (UK-USA) (decommissioned)
2353:– (St. Maarten-Puerto Rico)
2128:South Atlantic Cable System
385:– (Poland, Denmark, Sweden)
10:
4734:
3883:Telecommunications history
3220:. Submarine Cable Networks
3218:"Submarine Cable Networks"
3041:. Submarine Cable Networks
2916:West Africa Festoon System
2079:Russia-Japan Cable Network
1793:– (Guam, Marianas Islands)
1618:Lower Indian Ocean Network
730:Commonwealth Pacific Cable
446:– (BLCS) (India-Sri Lanka)
116:– Croatia, Albania, Greece
4650:
4592:
4529:
4491:Public Switched Telephone
4451:
4415:
4372:
4313:
4303:telecommunication circuit
4264:Fiber-optic communication
4247:
4009:Francis Blake (telephone)
3956:
3804:Optical telecommunication
3648:
2971:Telecommunications portal
2464:– (Australia-New Zealand)
1942:Pan-American Cable System
1659:SLT-Dhiraagu Cable System
1604:– (Italy, Cyprus, Israel)
1560:Korea-Japan Cable Network
1238:Gulf Bridge International
1119:) (UAE-Iraq-Saudi Arabia)
910:Eastern Link Cable System
855:Dumai-Melaka Cable System
769:– Cuba-Venezuela (ALBA-1)
502:) (Indonesia – Singapore)
480:Batam Rengit Cable System
444:Bharat Lanka Cable System
361:Australia Singapore Cable
209:Antilles Crossing Phase 1
4402:Orbital angular-momentum
3839:Satellite communications
3678:Communications satellite
3513:— at KDDI.com, July 2002
2906:West Africa Cable System
2570:Trans-Caribbean System 1
2363:Southern Caribbean Fiber
2166:– (Samoa-American Samoa)
1914:) Operational since 2015
1746:Middle East North Africa
1675:– (Mauritius, Rodrigues)
1343:) (UK, Guernsey, France)
1152:Global Caribbean Network
713:Colombia-Jamaica-Florida
636:Caribbean Atlantic Cable
556:) (Indonesia – Malaysia)
482:) (Indonesia – Malaysia)
4281:Molecular communication
4104:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3933:Undersea telegraph line
3668:Cable protection system
3525:— at Eyeball-Series.org
3519:— at Eyeball-Series.org
3423:— at Atlantic-Cable.com
2863:– (UK, Portugal, Spain)
2307:– (Sweden-Finland Link)
2118:South American Crossing
1865:Okinawa-Luzon-Hong Kong
1808:North Asia Cable System
1774:Monet (submarine cable)
1762:Micronesia Cable System
1720:) (Indonesia-Singapore)
1632:– (Libya-Crete, Greece)
1468:) (Indonesia-Singapore)
982:– (Wexford to Cornwall)
896:– (Japan-USA) – planned
363:– Australia – Singapore
169:– USA-US Virgin Islands
140:– Australia-Japan Cable
4423:Communication protocol
4209:Charles Sumner Tainter
4024:Walter Houser Brattain
3969:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3777:Information revolution
3429:— at TeleGeography.com
3061:"C-Lion – Cinia Group"
2827:– (UK-the Netherlands)
2393:
2172:– (Saudi Arabia-Sudan)
2138:South Atlantic Express
2087:– (Russia-Japan-Korea)
1099:) (Japan, Canada, USA)
1022:– (UK-the Netherlands)
988:– (Dublin to Ainsdale)
888:East Asia Crossing/C2C
873:) (Maldives-Sri Lanka)
857:) (Indonesia-Malaysia)
777:China-US Cable Network
683:– (UK-the Netherlands)
271:– Asia-Pacific Gateway
25:domestic cable systems
23:. It does not include
18:list of international
4397:Polarization-division
4129:Narinder Singh Kapany
4094:Erna Schneider Hoover
4014:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3994:Alexander Graham Bell
3725:online video platform
3396:SubmarineCableMap.com
3198:. Global Crossing Ltd
2736:) (UAE-Oman-Pakistan)
2734:Transworld Associates
2703:Trans-Pacific Express
2693:Trans-Pacific Express
2148:South Africa-Far East
2095:Reach North Asia Loop
1971:Pan-European Crossing
1787:– (Malaysia-Thailand)
1708:Mid-Caribbean Network
1647:Mid-Atlantic Crossing
1084:FLAG North Asian Loop
1016:– (UK-Faroes-Iceland)
753:– (Greece-Montenegro)
644:– (Finland – Germany)
4713:Coastal construction
4239:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4199:Almon Brown Strowger
4169:Charles Grafton Page
3824:Prepaid mobile phone
3752:Electrical telegraph
3592:image.Guardian.co.uk
3537:— from CableMap.info
3465:— at Safe-Sat3.co.za
3408:Global Caribbean net
3366:The Coconut Wireless
2950:
2937:
2932:
2895:
2881:– (Japan, Guam, USA)
2855:VSNL Northern Europe
2843:
2740:
2606:Tasman Global Access
2407:
2402:Cable landing points
2107:
2038:
2016:
1889:
1871:Oman Australia Cable
1852:
1797:
1758:) (Batam, Singapore)
1686:Marseille – Tel Aviv
1636:
1571:
1505:
1450:
1357:
1254:
1160:– (USA, UK, Bermuda)
1144:– (Guam-Philippines)
1135:
1028:– (USA-Japan-Taiwan)
1004:
964:Europe India Gateway
877:
783:
720:– (USA-Mexico-Italy)
620:Canada Transatlantic
610:Canada Transatlantic
600:Canada Transatlantic
570:
370:
331:Atlantica-1/GlobeNet
65:
52:
4189:Johann Philipp Reis
3948:Wireless revolution
3910:The Telephone Cases
3767:Hydraulic telegraph
3067:on 16 December 2017
2861:VSNL Western Europe
2683:Trans Pacific Cable
2673:Trans Pacific Cable
2663:Trans Pacific Cable
2652:Trans Pacific Cable
2641:Trans Pacific Cable
2626:) (India-Singapore)
2580:Telecom Egypt North
2404:were proposed for:
2341:– (Ireland-England)
1846:North Pacific Cable
1718:Matrix Cable System
1376:– (India-Singapore)
1056:) (USA, UK, France)
1040:– (Denmark-Germany)
956:– (Estonia-Finland)
950:– (Estonia-Finland)
804:– (Denmark-Iceland)
638:) (Bermuda-Tortola)
542:– now a segment of
4387:Frequency-division
4364:Telephone exchange
4234:Charles Wheatstone
4164:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
4139:Innocenzo Manzetti
4074:Reginald Fessenden
3809:Optical telegraphy
3642:Telecommunications
3570:FibreForAfrica.net
3566:"Fibre for Africa"
3552:on 7 February 2006
3546:CyberGeography.org
3535:Google Maps mashup
3453:— at SigCables.com
3413:2016-10-18 at the
3388:2019-03-23 at the
3294:. 6 September 2012
3266:. 4 September 2012
3156:. 12 January 2009.
3019:on 24 January 2018
2985:Engineering portal
2873:VSNL Transatlantic
2867:VSNL SG HK JP Guam
2857:– (UK-Netherlands)
2770:UK-Channel Isles 8
2765:UK-Channel Isles 7
2675:) (decommissioned)
2665:) (decommissioned)
2620:Tata Indicom Cable
2572:) (decommissioned)
2313:– (Sweden-Finland)
2237:) (decommissioned)
2227:) (decommissioned)
1987:Pipe Pacific Cable
1873:– (Oman-Australia)
1732:– (France-Algeria)
1688:) (decommissioned)
1661:Maldives-Sri Lanka
1649:) (USA, St. Croix)
1586:– (Isle of Man-UK)
1530:– (Denmark-Sweden)
1524:– (Denmark-Sweden)
1333:) (Russia – Japan)
1299:– (UK-Netherlands)
1250:) (Italy – Greece)
1117:Fiber Optic Gulf 2
994:– (Morocco, Spain)
944:) (Estonia-Sweden)
589:– (Cyprus-Lebanon)
522:) (UK-Isle of Man)
492:) (decommissioned)
472:– (Sweden-Finland)
466:) (decommissioned)
215:ANZAC Cable System
4700:
4699:
4438:Store and forward
4433:Data transmission
4347:Network switching
4298:Transmission line
4144:Guglielmo Marconi
4109:Internet pioneers
3974:Mohamed M. Atalla
3943:Whistled language
3598:. 1 February 2008
3441:— at UKCPC.org.uk
2879:VSNL Transpacific
2808:UK-Netherlands 14
2802:UK-Netherlands 12
2598:– (Sydney-Hawaii)
2596:Telstra Endeavour
2562:) – (USA-Jamaica)
2550:Trans-Balkan Line
2381:) was a proposed
2216:Scandinavian Ring
2081:) (Russia, Japan)
1664:Malaysia-Thailand
1626:– (Latvia-Sweden)
1540:) (Tunisia-Italy)
1482:Jersey-Guernsey 4
1317:– (Tahiti-Hawaii)
1303:Hibernia Atlantic
1263:– (Tunisia-Italy)
1232:Greenland Connect
1216:– (Sweden-Latvia)
1214:Gotland-Ventspils
1175:Germany-Denmark 2
1169:Germany-Denmark 1
846:Denmark-Sweden 18
841:Denmark-Sweden 17
836:Denmark-Sweden 16
831:Denmark-Sweden 15
697:China-Korea Cable
677:) (Cyprus-Israel)
440:) (Syria-Lebanon)
295:
277:– USA, UK, France
4725:
4690:
4689:
4680:
4679:
4670:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4531:Notable networks
4521:Wireless network
4461:Cellular network
4453:Types of network
4428:Computer network
4315:Network topology
4229:Thomas A. Watson
4084:Oliver Heaviside
4069:Philo Farnsworth
4044:Daniel Davis Jr.
4019:Charles Bourseul
3979:John Logie Baird
3688:Data compression
3683:Computer network
3635:
3628:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3589:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3548:. Archived from
3507:
3501:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3383:NetworkAtlas.com
3370:
3369:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3131:. Archived from
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3009:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2815:(decommissioned)
2804:(decommissioned)
2788:(decommissioned)
2777:(decommissioned)
2761:(decommissioned)
2755:(decommissioned)
2749:– (Cyprus-Syria)
2719:Trinidad-Curacao
2582:) (France-Egypt)
1961:Pacific Crossing
1932:Pacific Rim West
1922:Pacific Rim East
1879:– (Italy-Greece)
1816:– (Italy-Greece)
1770:– (Cyprus-Italy)
1188:(decommissioned)
1186:Germany-Sweden 5
1182:(decommissioned)
1180:Germany-Sweden 4
1171:(decommissioned)
1107:Fiber Optic Gulf
1074:FLAG Europe-Asia
942:Estonia-Sweden 1
826:Denmark-Russia 1
821:Denmark-Poland 2
816:Denmark-Norway 6
811:Denmark-Norway 5
798:(Denmark-Sweden)
792:(Denmark-Sweden)
763:) (France-Italy)
761:Corsica-Sardinia
661:– (USA-Colombia)
490:Brunei-Singapore
412:Barcelona-Savona
357:– Morocco-France
291:
173:AMERICAS-1 SOUTH
167:AMERICAS-1 NORTH
110:– Yemen-Djibouti
4733:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4656:
4654:
4646:
4588:
4525:
4447:
4411:
4368:
4317:
4309:
4250:
4243:
4149:Robert Metcalfe
4004:Tim Berners-Lee
3952:
3772:Information Age
3644:
3639:
3601:
3599:
3587:
3583:
3574:
3572:
3564:
3555:
3553:
3540:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3477:— at KIDORF.com
3471:— at KIDORF.com
3415:Wayback Machine
3390:Wayback Machine
3379:
3374:
3373:
3368:. 30 June 2010.
3360:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3267:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3246:. 1 March 2013.
3238:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2940:
2935:
2898:
2891:) (Italy-Malta)
2846:
2743:
2410:
2327:Shetland-Faroes
2158:South America-1
2110:
2041:
2019:
1996:Project Express
1892:
1855:
1800:
1694:– (Italy-Spain)
1639:
1574:
1538:Kelibia-Trapani
1508:
1453:
1360:
1257:
1204:– (Italy-Malta)
1138:
1007:
992:Estepona–Tetuán
880:
786:
667:– (USA-Bermuda)
573:
379:– (USA-Bahamas)
373:
309:– France-Greece
287:it:Arctic Fibre
253:– Greece-Cyprus
157:– Aruba-Curaçao
155:Alonso de Ojeda
68:
55:
49:
47:Alphabetic list
12:
11:
5:
4731:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4674:
4664:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4602:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:Space-division
4378:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4219:Camille Tissot
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4194:Claude Shannon
4191:
4186:
4184:Tivadar Puskás
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4154:Antonio Meucci
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4124:Charles K. Kao
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4099:Harold Hopkins
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3999:Emile Berliner
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3938:Videotelephony
3935:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3841:
3836:
3834:Radiotelephone
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3720:Internet video
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3581:
3562:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3378:
3377:External links
3375:
3372:
3371:
3353:
3327:
3305:
3277:
3249:
3231:
3209:
3184:
3170:
3159:
3145:
3120:
3099:
3078:
3052:
3030:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2974:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2706:
2696:
2686:
2676:
2666:
2655:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2609:
2599:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2452:– (UK-Belgium)
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2409:
2406:
2399:
2398:
2372:
2369:Southern Cross
2366:
2360:
2359:– (Ireland-UK)
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2283:– (USA-Brazil)
2278:
2268:
2258:
2248:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2190:South Atlantic
2183:
2180:South Atlantic
2173:
2167:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2088:
2082:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1990:
1980:
1974:
1964:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1817:
1811:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1749:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1405:– (Ireland-UK)
1400:
1399:– (Ireland-UK)
1394:
1388:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1293:– (UK-Belgium)
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1164:Georgia-Russia
1161:
1155:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
967:
957:
951:
945:
935:
932:
929:
923:
913:
903:
897:
891:
879:
876:
875:
874:
864:
858:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
805:
799:
793:
785:
782:
781:
780:
770:
767:Cuba-Venezuela
764:
754:
748:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
710:
700:
690:
684:
678:
668:
662:
656:
653:CELTIX CONNECT
650:
648:Cayman-Jamaica
645:
639:
629:
628:– (Canada-USA)
623:
613:
603:
593:
590:
584:
572:
569:
568:
567:
557:
547:
533:
532:) (UK-Ireland)
523:
513:
503:
493:
483:
473:
467:
457:
447:
441:
438:Beirut-Tartous
431:
421:
415:
405:
395:
392:
389:
386:
380:
372:
369:
368:
367:
364:
358:
355:Atlas Offshore
352:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
310:
304:
298:
284:
278:
272:
266:
260:
254:
248:
242:
236:
230:
224:
218:
212:
206:
200:
194:
188:
182:
176:
170:
164:
158:
152:
146:
141:
135:
129:
123:
117:
111:
105:
99:
93:
87:
81:
75:
67:
64:
63:
62:
54:
51:
50:
48:
45:
41:landing points
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4730:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4693:
4685:
4683:
4675:
4673:
4665:
4663:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4407:Code-division
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:Time-division
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:and switching
4316:
4312:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4269:optical fiber
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4259:Coaxial cable
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:Radia Perlman
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:Lee de Forest
4062:
4060:
4059:Thomas Edison
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Donald Davies
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:Claude Chappe
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:Smoke signals
3876:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:Semiconductor
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:Digital media
3713:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3582:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3459:— at OFCC.com
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3338:
3331:
3315:
3309:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3219:
3213:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3149:
3135:on 2010-01-01
3134:
3130:
3124:
3109:
3103:
3088:
3082:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3040:
3034:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2961:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2839:– (Japan-USA)
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2821:– (UK-France)
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2592:) (UAE-Kenya)
2591:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2388:Hawaiki Cable
2384:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2329:) (UK-Faroes)
2328:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2033:Quantum Cable
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:Otranto-Corfù
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1838:– (Norway-UK)
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:Italy-Tunisia
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Italy-Croatia
1412:
1410:
1409:Italy-Albania
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:FLAG Atlantic
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
971:
968:
965:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
917:
914:
911:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
885:
882:
881:
872:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
787:
778:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
714:
711:
708:
704:
701:
698:
694:
691:
689:– (UK-France)
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
649:
646:
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633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
617:
614:
611:
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582:
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548:
545:
541:
537:
534:
531:
527:
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521:
517:
514:
511:
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497:
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491:
487:
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477:
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468:
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145:
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133:
130:
127:
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118:
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112:
109:
108:Aden-Djibouti
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
60:
57:
56:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:
4374:Multiplexing
4249:Transmission
4214:Nikola Tesla
4204:Henry Sutton
4159:Samuel Morse
4089:Robert Hooke
4054:Amos Dolbear
3989:John Bardeen
3908:
3888:Telautograph
3792:Mobile phone
3747:Edholm's law
3730:social media
3663:Broadcasting
3600:. Retrieved
3596:The Guardian
3591:
3573:. Retrieved
3569:
3554:. Retrieved
3550:the original
3545:
3488:20 September
3486:. Retrieved
3398:— simple map
3365:
3356:
3344:. Retrieved
3330:
3318:. Retrieved
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3289:
3280:
3268:. Retrieved
3263:The Register
3261:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3212:
3200:. Retrieved
3173:
3162:
3148:
3137:. Retrieved
3133:the original
3123:
3112:. Retrieved
3110:. 2018-01-15
3102:
3091:. Retrieved
3089:. 2018-01-16
3081:
3069:. Retrieved
3065:the original
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3017:the original
3007:
2925:
2915:
2905:
2888:
2797:UK-Germany 6
2792:UK-Germany 5
2775:UK-Denmark 4
2759:UK-Belgium 6
2753:UK-Belgium 5
2733:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2672:
2662:
2651:
2640:
2623:
2619:
2605:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2400:
2391:
2378:
2374:
2339:SIRIUS SOUTH
2333:SIRIUS NORTH
2326:
2274:
2264:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2224:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2127:
2117:
2094:
2078:
2009:
2002:)(Canada-UK)
1999:
1986:
1970:
1960:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1845:
1836:NorSea Com 1
1823:
1807:
1755:
1745:
1736:METISS Cable
1717:
1707:
1685:
1646:
1617:
1559:
1550:KDN-Reliance
1537:
1515:
1475:
1465:
1434:Italy-Monaco
1419:Italy-Greece
1367:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1247:
1226:Grace Hopper
1195:
1151:
1116:
1106:
1097:FLAG Pacific
1096:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1038:Fehmarn Belt
973:
963:
941:
919:
909:
887:
870:
854:
796:Danica South
790:Danica North
776:
760:
724:COLUMBUS III
706:
696:
674:
635:
619:
609:
599:
580:
563:
553:
539:
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:
479:
463:
453:
437:
427:
411:
401:
290:
17:
15:
4574:NPL network
4286:Radio waves
4224:Alfred Vail
4134:Hedy Lamarr
4119:Dawon Kahng
4079:Elisha Gray
4039:Yogen Dalal
3964:Nasir Ahmed
3898:Teleprinter
3762:Heliographs
3602:27 November
3556:12 February
3346:13 December
3320:13 December
3298:13 December
3270:13 December
3224:11 February
3071:16 December
2786:UK-France 4
2781:UK-France 3
2438:TAINO CARIB
2277:) - planned
2271:SEA-ME-WE 6
2261:SEA-ME-WE 5
2251:SEA-ME-WE 4
2241:SEA-ME-WE 3
2231:SEA-ME-WE 2
2221:SEA-ME-WE 1
2051:REMBRANDT-2
2045:REMBRANDT-1
2028:Qatar-UAE 2
2023:Qatar-UAE 1
1896:PEACE Cable
1724:MedNautilus
1566:Kuwait-Iran
1429:Italy-Malta
1424:Italy-Libya
1403:Ir-UK Seg B
1397:Ir-UK Seg A
1385:INDIGO-West
1060:FLAG FALCON
718:COLUMBUS II
687:CIRCE SOUTH
681:CIRCE NORTH
301:Arctic Link
251:APHRODITE-2
245:APHRODITE-1
179:AMERICAS-II
4707:Categories
4620:Antarctica
4579:Toasternet
4501:Television
3984:Paul Baran
3916:Television
3900:(teletype)
3893:Telegraphy
3871:transistor
3849:Phryctoria
3819:Photophone
3797:Smartphone
3787:Mass media
3342:. SPIN Ltd
3316:. Vodafone
3139:2010-01-20
3114:2018-08-23
3093:2018-08-23
2999:References
2946:– (USA-UK)
2944:Yellow/AC2
2875:– (UK-USA)
2813:UK-Spain 4
2659:TRANSPAC-3
2648:TRANSPAC-2
2637:TRANSPAC-1
2196:SAT-3/WASC
2012:) (USA-UK)
1928:PacRimWest
1918:PacRimEast
1528:KATTEGAT-2
1522:KATTEGAT-1
1208:Gondwana-1
1196:Globacom-1
736:Concerto 1
665:Challenger
540:Bermuda-US
343:ATLANTIS-2
203:ANTILLAS I
16:This is a
4604:Americas
4593:Locations
4564:Internet2
4325:Bandwidth
4029:Vint Cerf
3926:streaming
3904:Telephone
3844:Semaphore
3735:streaming
2825:ULYSSES-2
2819:ULYSSES-1
2534:TAT-12/13
2450:Tangerine
2281:Seabras-1
1730:MED Cable
1380:India-UAE
1347:HUGO East
1093:FLAG FP-1
1080:FLAG FNAL
1050:FLAG FA-1
1044:Fibralink
998:EURAFRICA
751:Corfù–Bar
377:BAHAMAS 2
120:AEConnect
4672:Category
4559:Internet
4549:CYCLADES
4466:Ethernet
4416:Concepts
4340:terminal
4291:wireless
4114:Bob Kahn
3957:Pioneers
3782:Internet
3673:Cable TV
3498:cite web
3411:Archived
3386:Archived
3202:21 April
3023:24 April
2957:See also
2576:TE North
2462:TASMAN 2
2456:TASMAN 1
2420:TAGIDE-2
1653:Main One
1534:KELTRA-2
1472:JASURAUS
1462:JAKABARE
1457:Japan-US
1321:HONTAI-2
1297:HERMES-2
1291:HERMES-1
1267:HANTRU-1
1261:HANNIBAL
1070:FLAG FEA
1014:FARICE-1
616:CANTAT-3
606:CANTAT-2
596:CANTAT-1
577:C-J FOSC
544:GlobeNet
337:ATLANTIS
307:ARIANE-2
126:Africa-1
4692:Commons
4682:Outline
4635:Oceania
4554:FidoNet
4539:ARPANET
4352:circuit
3921:digital
3650:History
2679:TPC-5CN
2444:TampNet
2323:SHEFA-2
2069:RIOJA-3
2063:RIOJA-2
2057:RIOJA-1
1814:NAFSIKA
1768:MINERVA
1624:LV-SE 1
1608:Liberty
1596:LANIS-3
1590:LANIS-2
1584:LANIS-1
1364:I-ME-WE
1315:Honotua
1279:Hawaiki
1273:Havfrue
1020:FARLAND
884:EAC-C2C
642:C-Lion1
626:CANUS-1
434:BERYTAR
383:BALTICA
293:italian
281:ARCOS-1
197:ANNIBAL
161:ALPAL-2
114:ADRIA-1
59:2Africa
4630:Europe
4600:Africa
4584:Usenet
4544:BITNET
4481:Mobile
4357:packet
3866:MOSFET
3861:device
3658:Beacon
3575:7 June
3244:ITnews
3045:7 July
2831:UNISUR
2747:UGARIT
2657:TPC-3/
2646:TPC-2/
2635:TPC-1/
2622:) or (
2616:TIISCS
2540:TAT-14
2528:TAT-11
2522:TAT-10
2351:SMPR-1
2317:SG-SCS
2293:SEACOM
2287:SEACOM
2006:PTAT-1
1948:Pangea
1938:PAN AM
1698:MAYA-1
1682:MARTEL
1158:Gemini
1026:FASTER
986:ESAT 2
980:ESAT 1
970:EMOS 1
954:EESF-3
948:EESF-2
861:Dunant
802:DANICE
757:CORSAR
703:CNSFTC
587:CADMOS
526:BT-TE1
516:BT-MT1
506:BSFOCS
470:Botnia
408:BARSAV
398:BARGEN
275:Apollo
263:APNG-2
257:APNG-1
239:APCN 2
221:ANZCAN
185:Amitié
149:ALETAR
37:Brazil
35:, and
4613:South
4608:North
4569:JANET
4506:Telex
4496:Radio
4335:Nodes
4330:Links
4251:media
3829:Radio
3814:Pager
3742:Drums
3708:video
3703:image
3693:audio
3588:(jpg)
3340:(PDF)
2885:VMSCS
2837:UNITY
2730:TWA-1
2724:TSE-1
2709:TPICK
2669:TPC-4
2586:TEAMS
2566:TCS-1
2516:TAT-9
2510:TAT-8
2504:TAT-7
2498:TAT-6
2492:TAT-5
2486:TAT-4
2480:TAT-3
2474:TAT-2
2468:TAT-1
2432:TAILU
2426:TAIGU
2414:T-V-H
2357:SOLAS
2311:SFS-4
2299:SF-S5
2186:SAT-2
2176:SAT-1
2170:SAS-1
2154:SAm-1
1983:PPC-1
1883:ORVAL
1752:MIC-1
1692:MAT-2
1668:MAREA
1512:KAFOS
1499:JONAH
1391:IOCOM
1192:GLO-1
938:EE-S1
900:EASSy
894:Eagle
632:CARAC
536:BUS-1
424:BDSNi
349:ATLAS
319:ASEAN
191:AMX-1
96:ACC-1
72:AAE-1
33:Italy
29:Japan
4625:Asia
4511:UUCP
4471:ISDN
3604:2010
3577:2007
3558:2006
3504:link
3490:2006
3348:2023
3322:2023
3300:2023
3272:2023
3226:2012
3204:2011
3073:2017
3047:2012
3025:2018
2922:WASC
2912:WAFS
2902:WACS
2699:TPE2
2556:TCCN
2392:see
2377:(or
2375:SPIN
2206:SCAN
2144:SAFE
2134:SAex
2124:SACS
2091:RNAL
2075:RJCN
1977:PLCN
1957:PC-1
1912:PCCS
1859:ODIN
1804:NACS
1742:MENA
1673:MARS
1614:LION
1556:KJCN
1493:JNAC
1444:ITUR
1337:HUGO
1327:HSCS
1285:Hawk
1244:GWEN
1202:GO-1
1113:FOG2
926:ECSC
916:ECFS
906:EC-1
867:DSCS
851:DMCS
773:CUCN
671:CIOS
496:BSCS
476:BRCS
450:BICS
233:APCN
90:AC-2
84:AC-1
4516:WAN
4486:NGN
4476:LAN
3757:Fax
3698:DCT
3291:NBR
2924:– (
2914:– (
2904:– (
2887:– (
2701:– (
2691:– (
2689:TPE
2681:– (
2671:– (
2661:– (
2650:– (
2639:– (
2630:TIS
2618:– (
2614:or
2612:TIC
2602:TGA
2588:– (
2578:– (
2568:– (
2558:– (
2548:– (
2546:TBL
2345:SJC
2325:– (
2305:SFL
2273:– (
2263:– (
2253:– (
2243:– (
2233:– (
2223:– (
2208:– (
2198:– (
2188:– (
2178:– (
2164:SAS
2156:– (
2146:– (
2136:– (
2126:– (
2116:– (
2114:SAC
2093:– (
2085:RJK
2077:– (
2008:– (
1998:– (
1985:– (
1969:– (
1967:PEC
1959:– (
1940:– (
1930:– (
1920:– (
1910:– (
1902:PAC
1844:– (
1842:NPC
1822:– (
1820:NCP
1806:– (
1791:MTC
1754:– (
1744:– (
1716:– (
1714:MCS
1706:– (
1704:MCN
1645:– (
1643:MAC
1630:LSP
1602:LEV
1558:– (
1536:– (
1514:– (
1487:JKC
1474:– (
1464:– (
1374:i2i
1366:– (
1349:– (
1339:– (
1329:– (
1309:HJK
1246:– (
1220:GPT
1194:– (
1150:– (
1148:GCN
1142:G-P
1115:– (
1105:– (
1103:FOG
1095:– (
1082:– (
1072:– (
1062:– (
1052:– (
1032:FEC
972:– (
962:– (
960:EIG
940:– (
918:– (
908:– (
886:– (
869:– (
853:– (
775:– (
759:– (
742:CS2
705:– (
695:– (
693:CKC
673:– (
659:CFX
634:– (
618:– (
608:– (
598:– (
579:– (
562:– (
560:BBG
552:– (
550:BDM
538:– (
528:– (
518:– (
508:– (
498:– (
488:– (
478:– (
462:– (
460:BMP
452:– (
436:– (
426:– (
418:BCS
410:– (
400:– (
325:ASH
269:APG
227:APC
138:AJC
132:AIS
102:ACE
78:AAG
4709::
3594:.
3590:.
3568:.
3544:.
3500:}}
3496:{{
3364:.
3288:.
3260:.
3242:.
3187:^
1785:MT
486:BS
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3560:.
3506:)
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3228:.
3206:.
3142:.
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3075:.
3049:.
3027:.
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2938:Y
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2928:)
2918:)
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2741:U
2732:(
2711:(
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2017:Q
1973:)
1944:)
1890:P
1853:O
1798:N
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1684:(
1637:M
1616:(
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1562:)
1506:K
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878:E
784:D
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571:C
546:)
456:)
430:)
371:B
289:(
66:A
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