1992:
island, to atoll, represented a sequence of gradual subsidence of what started as an oceanic volcano. He reasoned that a fringing coral reef surrounding a volcanic island in the tropical sea will grow upward as the island subsides (sinks), becoming an "almost atoll", or barrier reef island, as typified by an island such as
Aitutaki in the Cook Islands, and Bora Bora and others in the Society Islands. The fringing reef becomes a barrier reef for the reason that the outer part of the reef maintains itself near sea level through biotic growth, while the inner part of the reef falls behind, becoming a lagoon because conditions are less favorable for the coral and calcareous algae responsible for most reef growth. In time, subsidence carries the old volcano below the ocean surface and the barrier reef remains. At this point, the island has become an atoll.
473:
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1930:
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1970:
205:. Because of hydrologic properties of this karst, the rate of dissolution of the exposed coral is lowest along its rim and the rate of dissolution increases inward to its maximum at the center of the island. As a result, a saucer shaped island with a raised rim forms. When relative sea level submerges the island again, the rim provides a rocky core on which coral grow again to form the islands of an atoll and the flooded bottom of the saucer forms the lagoon within them.
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38:
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1981:
2004:
volcanic edifice. In fact, the
Neogene reefs underlying the studied modern atolls overlie and completely bury the subsided island are all non-atoll, flat-topped reefs. In fact, they found that atolls did not form doing the subsidence of an island until MIS-11, Mid-Brunhes, long after the many the former islands had been completely submerged and buried by flat topped reefs during the Neogene.
1999:
features that are the direct result of the interaction between subsidence and preferential karst dissolution that occurred in the interior of flat topped coral reefs during exposure during glacial lowstands of sea level. The elevated rims along an island created by this preferential karst dissolution
196:
that is detached from the island. Eventually, reef and the small coral islets on top of it are all that is left of the original island, and a lagoon has taken the place of the former volcano. The lagoon is not the former volcanic crater. For the atoll to persist, the coral reef must be maintained at
1991:
In 1842, Charles Darwin explained the creation of coral atolls in the southern
Pacific Ocean based upon observations made during a five-year voyage aboard HMS Beagle from 1831 to 1836. Darwin's explanation suggests that several tropical island types: from high volcanic island, through barrier reef
200:
An alternative model for the origin of atolls is called the antecedent karst model. In the antecedent karst model, the first step in the formation of an atoll is the development of a flat top, mound-like coral reef during the subsidence of an oceanic island of either volcanic or nonvolcanic origin
2114:
remains problematic and controversial, it is generally accepted that seawater was the source of magnesium for dolomitization and the fluid in which calcite was dolomitized to form the dolomites found within atolls. Various processes have been invoked to drive large amounts of seawater through an
2003:
The research of A. W. Droxler and others supports the antecedent karst model as they found that the morphology of modern atolls are independent of any influence of an underlying submerged and buried island and are not rooted to an initial fringing reef/barrier reef attached to a slowly subsiding
453:
as the largest atoll in the world in terms of land area. It is also a raised coral atoll (321 km, 124 sq mi land area; according to other sources even 575 km, 222 sq mi), 160 km (62 sq mi) main lagoon, 168 km (65 sq mi) other lagoons
2584:
El-Yamani, Mahmoud S.; John, Cédric M.; Bell, Rebecca (16 May 2022). "Stratigraphic evolution and karstification of a
Cretaceous Mid-Pacific atoll (Resolution Guyot) resolved from core-log-seismic integration and comparison with modern and ancient analogues".
191:
around which a coral fringing reef has formed. Over geologic time, the volcanic island becomes extinct and eroded as it subsides completely beneath the surface of the ocean. As the volcanic island subsides, the coral fringing reef becomes a
2055:
2016:
as they subside, and are eroded away at the surface. An island that is located where the ocean water temperatures are just sufficiently warm for upward reef growth to keep pace with the rate of subsidence is said to be at the
2071:
2540:
Bialik, Or M.; Samankassou, Elias; Meilijson, Aaron; Waldmann, Nicolas D.; Steinberg, Josh; Karcz, Kul; Makovsky, Yizhaq (January 2021). "Short-lived early
Cenomanian volcanic atolls of Mt. Carmel, northern Israel".
201:
below sea level. Then, when relative sea level drops below the level of the flat surface of coral reef, it is exposed to the atmosphere as a flat topped island which is dissolved by rainfall to form limestone
2881:
2007:
Atolls are the product of the growth of tropical marine organisms, and so these islands are found only in warm tropical waters. Volcanic islands located beyond the warm water temperature requirements of
1840:
437:
In most cases, the land area of an atoll is very small in comparison to the total area. Atoll islands are low lying, with their elevations less than 5 metres (16 ft). Measured by total area,
469:, situated in the southern region of the Maldives, holds the distinction of being the largest atoll based on the sheer number of islands it comprises, with a total of 255 individual islands.
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1877:
2374:
The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836
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refers to the elevated remains of an ancient atoll within a limestone region, appearing as a hill. The second largest atoll by dry land area is
3113:
2159:
1895:
482:
260:
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264:. He recognized the word's indigenous origin and defined it as a "circular group of coral islets", synonymously with "lagoon-island".
2784:
Rodgers, K A; Cantrell, Carol (1987). "Alfred Edmund Finckh 1866–1961: Leader of the 1898 Coral Reef Boring
Expedition to Funafuti".
378:
waters of oceans and seas, and therefore atolls are found only in the tropics and subtropics. The northernmost atoll in the world is
2110:
within them. They are the evaporative, seepage-reflux, mixing-zone, burial, and seawater models. Although the origin of replacement
2656:
Successions of late
Cenozoic platform dolomites distinguished by texture, geochemistry, and crystal chemistry; Niue, South Pacific
4384:
291:
There are approximately 440 atolls in the world. Most of the world's atolls are in the
Pacific Ocean (with concentrations in the
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3799:
3567:
3192:
17:
3344:
2706:
2317:
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1995:
As formulated by J. E. Hoffmeister, F. S. McNeil, E. G. Prudy, and others, the antecedent karst model argues that atolls are
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As the subsidence continues the fringing reef becomes a larger barrier reef farther from the shore with a bigger and deeper
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1929:
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Origin of atoll dolomites distinguished by geochemistry and crystal chemistry: Kita-daito-jima, northern
Philippine Sea
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the sea surface, with coral growth matching any relative change in sea level (sinking of the island or rising oceans).
2189:. Professor Edgeworth David led the expedition in 1897. The third expedition in 1898 was led by Alfred Edmund Finckh.
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3744:
3282:
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parts of the oceans and seas where corals can develop. Most of the approximately 440 atolls in the world are in the
3931:
3891:
3387:
3227:
2917:
1859:
2484:
5497:
4789:
4661:
3647:
3318:
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5140:
4741:
4334:
3513:
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2770:
2698:
472:
2463:
5352:
5279:
5184:
5147:
3242:
1438:
383:
3789:
3167:
1911:
344:
5209:
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Ultimately the island sinks below the sea, and the barrier reef becomes an atoll enclosing an open lagoon
1719:
1667:
1459:
1408:
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because its general form, while resembling that of an atoll, has a very different origin of formation.
336:
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680:
5649:
4521:
3926:
3886:
3359:
3124:
2728:
1303:
889:
630:
2154:. They wanted to determine whether traces of shallow water organisms could be found at depth in the
2000:
become the sites of coral growth and islands of atolls when flooded during interglacial highstands.
528:
5654:
5297:
4651:
4026:
4016:
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3592:
3562:
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3222:
3187:
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2483:(in Spanish). Caracas, Venezuela: Instituto Nacional de Parques (INPARQUES). 2007. Archived from
2178:
2139:
1825:
343:). In addition, Indonesia also has several atolls spread across the archipelago, such as in the
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5194:
4683:
4621:
4048:
3734:
3354:
3207:
2170:
1883:
1850:
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of 32°18′ N. At this latitude, coral reefs would not develop without the warming waters of the
332:
31:
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4006:
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3119:
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Funafuti or Three Months On A Coral Atoll: an unscientific account of a scientific expedition
2378:
348:
283:" or "in an exclusively morphological sense, a ring-shaped ribbon reef enclosing a lagoon".
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5322:
5307:
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4239:
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243:
8:
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in
Venezuela, the largest marine national park in Latin America, from space. Courtesy
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2570:
2313:
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2214:
1608:
1504:
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296:
3134:
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355:. The Atlantic Ocean has no large groups of atolls, other than eight atolls east of
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5372:
5347:
5342:
5317:
5267:
5093:
4953:
4871:
4836:
4678:
4646:
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4279:
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4021:
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3627:
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of Kiribati. Its southern tip is just 13 km (8 mi) north of the Equator.
407:
300:
292:
56:
2879:
Research Article: Predicting Coral Recruitment in Palau's Complex Reef Archipelago
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4329:
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4116:
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3717:
3642:
3602:
3484:
3454:
3303:
3157:
3102:
2903:
2885:
2843:
McNeil, F. S. 1954. "Organic reefs and banks and associated detrital sediments".
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2269:
2182:
2111:
2046:
1952:
1831:
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1645:
1296:
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1180:
1089:
660:
608:
454:(according to other sources 319 km, 123 sq mi total lagoon size).
304:
188:
2671:
Suzuki, Y., Iryu, Y., Inagaki, S., Yamada, T., Aizawa, S. and Budd, D.A., 2006.
187:'s subsidence model, the formation of an atoll is explained by the sinking of a
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3702:
3637:
3612:
3469:
3237:
3182:
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2368:
2250:
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2102:
of calcite occurs. Several models have been proposed for the dolomitization of
2099:
1712:
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446:
391:
387:
255:
184:
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2265:
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3422:
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1721:
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173:
1969:
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5332:
5204:
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4405:
4389:
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3911:
3697:
3607:
3582:
3435:
3252:
3027:
3019:
2971:
2938:
2874:
NOAA National Ocean Service – What are the three main types of coral reefs?
2836:
Fairbridge, R. W. 1950. "Recent and Pleistocene coral reefs of Australia".
2805:
2615:
2220:
1984:
1973:
1902:
1660:
934:
558:
430:
403:
320:
193:
157:
2890:
2865:– a short video discussing Darwin and Agassiz' coral reef formation debate
2404:
Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication
2348:
The Origin of Modern Atolls: Challenging Darwin's Deeply Ingrained Theory.
2245:
1957:
179:
Two different, well-cited models, the subsidence model and the antecedent
42:
5595:
5409:
5382:
5377:
5257:
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5229:
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5179:
5174:
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4708:
4440:
4369:
4234:
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4131:
4126:
4011:
3946:
3906:
3896:
3871:
3754:
3727:
3707:
3667:
3632:
3428:
3217:
3152:
2966:
2951:
2946:
2895:
2824:
Reef Madness: Charles Darwin, Alexander Agassiz, and the Meaning of Coral
2797:
2128:
1996:
1935:
1556:
1333:
1126:
971:
425:
328:
271:
describe them as "annular reefs enclosing a lagoon in which there are no
183:
model, have been used to explain the development of atolls. According to
3505:
5523:
5459:
5419:
5337:
5262:
5053:
4911:
4526:
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3996:
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3479:
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3075:
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3042:
3032:
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2026:
2009:
1764:
458:
450:
395:
379:
375:
340:
272:
169:
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4204:
4043:
4038:
3821:
3749:
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3597:
3587:
3544:
3474:
2309:
2107:
2065:, often including a shallow lagoon between the land and the main reef
1962:
1917:
1401:
1349:
1281:
1074:
1023:
763:
356:
4774:
2639:
Cenozoic dolomites of carbonate islands: their attributes and origin
2025:; warmer, more equatorial islands evolve toward atolls, for example
37:
5392:
5387:
5214:
5129:
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4813:
4693:
4415:
4274:
4166:
4156:
4101:
3577:
3162:
3010:
3000:
2976:
2143:
2030:
2021:. Islands in colder, more polar regions evolve toward seamounts or
2013:
1939:
1921:
1801:
1593:
1541:
1489:
1452:
1386:
919:
815:
421:
360:
308:
280:
247:
238:
2539:
2123:
5528:
5402:
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5123:
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5028:
5023:
5013:
4933:
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4552:
3722:
3692:
3262:
3047:
2200:
2103:
1865:
462:
417:
411:
371:
312:
165:
2524:
The shape of atolls; an inheritance from subaerial erosion forms
449:(660 km, 250 sq mi). More sources, however, list
5553:
5548:
5083:
5063:
5018:
5003:
4861:
4269:
3682:
3287:
2994:
2891:
World Atolls, Goldberg 2016: A global map containing all atolls
2147:
2118:
2078:
1980:
316:
153:
5434:
5397:
5156:
5058:
5008:
4993:
4983:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4886:
4881:
4631:
4450:
4229:
2926:
2869:
NOAA National Ocean Service Education – Coral Atoll Animation
2155:
2061:
As the island and ocean floor subside, coral growth builds a
2022:
1130:
496:
Largest atolls by total area (lagoon plus reef and dry land)
438:
276:
202:
180:
149:
122:
80:
2751:
Cantrell, Carol (1996). "Alfred Edmund Finckh (1866–1961)".
5568:
5558:
5533:
5043:
4973:
4921:
4916:
4063:
2158:
of Pacific atolls. This investigation followed the work on
2033:
appear to exhibit different growth and evolution patterns.
1887:
1869:
1846:
137:
98:
89:
486:
showing the world's major groups of atolls and coral reefs
107:
71:
5048:
4851:
3070:
1853:, which consists of 1,322 islands arranged into 26 atolls
410:
Group, at 24°41′ S. The atoll closest to the Equator is
161:
62:
250:. The word's first recorded English use was in 1625 as
420:
is sometimes claimed as the "northernmost atoll" at a
222:
2434:
Watts, T. (2019). "Science, Seamounts and Society".
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2196:
441:(1,146 km, 442 sq mi) is the largest
140:
134:
125:
119:
110:
104:
92:
83:
74:
65:
2654:Wheeler, C.W., Aharon, P. and Ferrell, R.E., 1999.
131:
116:
101:
59:
2648:
2169:The first expedition in 1896 was led by Professor
4479:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
2583:
2333:
5626:
2665:
2499:
4469:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
2732:. NSW: National Library of Australia. p. 6
2722:Finckh, Dr. Alfred Edmund (11 September 1934).
2217:, sometimes described as the oldest known atoll
2133:Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument
370:Reef-building corals will thrive only in warm
4790:
3521:
3114:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
2911:
2160:the structure and distribution of coral reefs
483:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
261:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
228:
2516:
2390:
2388:
2119:Investigation by the Royal Society of London
2115:atoll in order for dolomitization to occur.
382:at 28°25′ N, along with other atolls of the
2363:
2361:
2359:
386:. The southernmost atolls in the world are
68:
4797:
4783:
3528:
3514:
2925:
2918:
2904:
2777:
2744:
2473:
2469:. The Geological Society of America. 2001.
2098:Coral atolls are important as sites where
3535:
2715:
2631:
2614:
2433:
2385:
465:, with 155 km (60 sq mi).
2786:Historical Records of Australian Science
2682:
2507:Erosion of elevated fringing coral reefs
2427:
2356:
2271:Geomorphological Landscapes of the World
2258:
2122:
1979:
1968:
1956:
471:
286:
36:
2295:
402:Territory. The next southerly atoll is
164:on the rim. Atolls are located in warm
148:) is a ring-shaped island, including a
14:
5627:
3800:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
3193:Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
4804:
4778:
3509:
3345:Environmental issues with coral reefs
2899:
2396:Reef configurations, cause and effect
2346:Droxler, A.W. and Jorry, S.J., 2021.
2264:
2150:for the purpose of investigating the
2029:. However, ancient atolls during the
237:
4747:
457:The geological formation known as a
2308:. Vol. 5 Maritime Boundaries.
2231:
229:
24:
5493:Integrated coastal zone management
4627:National Oceanographic Data Center
4054:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
3942:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
2767:Australian Dictionary of Biography
721:Submerged, at shallowest <10 m
258:coined the term in his monograph,
25:
5666:
4474:Global Sea Level Observing System
2851:
2754:Finckh, Alfred Edmund (1866–1961)
2302:Blake, Gerald Henry, ed. (1994).
2012:(reef-building) organisms become
490:
5609:
5608:
5146:
5139:
4757:
4746:
4737:
4736:
3932:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
3848:
3837:
3388:International Coral Reef Society
3228:Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
3009:
2783:
2750:
2479:
2464:"Atoll Area, Depth and Rainfall"
2199:
2086:
2070:
2054:
2038:
1976:, Federated States of Micronesia
1928:
1910:
1894:
1876:
1858:
1839:
1824:
1140:Submerged, at shallowest 16.4 m
398:, both of which are part of the
55:
4662:Ocean thermal energy conversion
4385:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
3319:Stony coral tissue loss disease
2721:
2660:Journal of Sedimentary Research
2577:
2533:
2456:
2442:
2367:
2351:Annual Review of Marine Science
1849:satellite image of some of the
773:Submerged, at shallowest 7.3 m
670:Submerged, at shallowest 9.2 m
428:. However, Bermuda is termed a
5591:Region of freshwater influence
2771:Australian National University
2757:. National Centre of Biography
2688:
2450:"Misinformation about Islands"
2418:
2409:
2301:
2238:
2045:Darwin's theory starts with a
13:
1:
5640:Coastal and oceanic landforms
5353:Large-scale coastal behaviour
5185:Beaches in estuaries and bays
3248:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
2724:"TO THE EDITOR OF THE HERALD"
2226:
1439:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
618:Submerged, at shallowest 9 m
384:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
3922:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
3892:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
3648:Luke's variational principle
2563:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2020.105805
2481:"Archipiélago de Los Roques"
2138:In 1896, 1897 and 1898, the
1946:
1759:Raised atoll with no lagoon
1707:Raised atoll with no lagoon
7:
5645:Oceanographical terminology
3273:Southeast Asian coral reefs
2528:American Journal of Science
2398:. In Laporte, L. F. (ed.),
2192:
1953:Coral reef § Formation
267:More modern definitions of
223:
10:
5671:
3987:Ocean dynamical thermostat
3835:
3233:New Caledonia barrier reef
2858:Formation of Bermuda reefs
2816:
2693:(Caroline Martha) (1899).
2424:Fairbridge (1950, p. 341).
2381:– via Darwin Online.
1950:
1817:
445:of the world, followed by
365:San Andres and Providencia
29:
5604:
5506:
5473:
5278:
5238:
5155:
5137:
4812:
4732:
4571:
4545:
4522:Ocean acoustic tomography
4507:
4459:
4398:
4335:Mohorovičić discontinuity
4293:
4165:
4062:
3927:General circulation model
3857:
3563:Benjamin–Feir instability
3543:
3447:
3415:
3368:
3337:
3296:
3133:
3125:Spur and groove formation
3056:
3018:
3007:
2937:
2729:The Sydney Morning Herald
2505:Hoffmeister, J.E., 1930.
2274:. Springer. p. 349.
2251:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1763:
1711:
1659:
1607:
1555:
1503:
1451:
1400:
1348:
1295:
1245:
1193:
1144:
1088:
1036:
985:
933:
881:
829:
777:
725:
674:
622:
572:
520:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
5298:Coastal biogeomorphology
4652:Ocean surface topography
4027:Thermohaline circulation
4017:Subsurface ocean current
3957:Hydrothermal circulation
3790:Wave–current interaction
3568:Boussinesq approximation
3188:East African coral coast
2152:formation of coral reefs
2142:carried out drilling on
390:at 29°57′ S, and nearby
208:
4689:Sea surface temperature
4672:Outline of oceanography
3867:Atmospheric circulation
3805:shallow water equations
3795:Waves and shallow water
3688:Significant wave height
2679:, 183(3–4), pp.181–202.
2400:Reefs in Time and Space
2179:Walter George Woolnough
2140:Royal Society of London
2127:Aerial overview of the
5195:Coastal morphodynamics
4684:Sea surface microlayer
4049:Wind generated current
3355:Coral reef restoration
2452:. worldislandinfo.com.
2415:McNeil (1954, p. 396).
2177:. Geologists included
2171:William Johnson Sollas
2135:
1988:
1977:
1966:
1884:Los Roques Archipelago
1851:atolls of the Maldives
487:
333:atolls of the Maldives
46:
32:Atoll (disambiguation)
27:Ring-shaped coral reef
18:List of largest atolls
5586:Physical oceanography
4517:Deep scattering layer
4499:World Geodetic System
4007:Princeton Ocean Model
3887:Coriolis–Stokes force
3537:Physical oceanography
3350:Coral reef protection
3314:Skeletal eroding band
3120:Catlin Seaview Survey
3108:Census of Coral Reefs
3086:mesophotic coral reef
2643:Earth-Science Reviews
2530:, 252(7), pp.402–427.
2522:MacNeil, F.S., 1954.
2513:, 67(12), pp.549–554.
2438:. August 2019: 10–16.
2305:World Boundary Series
2126:
2049:which becomes extinct
1983:
1972:
1960:
1901:View of the coast of
1868:from space. Courtesy
475:
349:Taka Bonerate Islands
287:Distribution and size
275:other than reefs and
152:rim that encircles a
40:
5415:Submergent coastline
5368:Marine transgression
5323:Discordant coastline
5308:Concordant coastline
4537:Underwater acoustics
4097:Perigean spring tide
3962:Langmuir circulation
3673:Rossby-gravity waves
3460:Aquaculture of coral
3243:Non-tropical regions
2822:Dobbs, David. 2005.
2798:10.1071/HR9890740393
2662:, 69(1), pp.239–255.
2394:Purdy, E. G., 1974.
2187:University of Sydney
2175:University of Oxford
1246:Diamond Islets Bank
831:Chesterfield Islands
394:at 29°27′ S, in the
351:, and atolls in the
30:For other uses, see
5519:Coastal engineering
4699:Science On a Sphere
4305:Convergent boundary
3977:Modular Ocean Model
3937:Geostrophic current
3653:Mild-slope equation
3378:Coral Reef Alliance
3268:Solomon Archipelago
3173:Belize Barrier Reef
3148:African coral reefs
2677:Sedimentary Geology
2645:, 42(1–2), pp.1–47.
2599:2022BasR...34.1536E
2555:2021SedG..41105805B
2543:Sedimentary Geology
2511:Geological Magazine
2131:atoll, part of the
1783: /
1731: /
1679: /
1627: /
1575: /
1523: /
1471: /
1420: /
1368: /
1315: /
1263: /
1213: /
1162: /
1108: /
1056: /
1005: /
953: /
901: /
849: /
797: /
745: /
692: /
642: /
590: /
540: /
497:
359:that belong to the
244:Indo-Aryan language
45:in French Polynesia
5488:Coastal management
5328:Emergent coastline
4999:Intertidal wetland
4902:Continental margin
4355:Seafloor spreading
4345:Outer trench swell
4310:Divergent boundary
4210:Continental margin
4195:Carbonate platform
4092:Lunitidal interval
3324:White band disease
3309:Black band disease
3278:Tuvalu Archipelago
3258:Raja Ampat Islands
3198:Great Barrier Reef
2884:2021-09-20 at the
2847:, 252(7): 385–401.
2637:Budd, D.A., 1997.
2379:Smith Elder and Co
2136:
1989:
1987:, Marshall Islands
1978:
1967:
1965:, French Polynesia
712:Saya de Malha Bank
495:
488:
443:raised coral atoll
367:in the Caribbean.
353:Raja Ampat Islands
325:Chagos Archipelago
47:
5622:
5621:
5450:Wave-cut platform
5363:Marine regression
4907:Continental shelf
4897:Coastal waterfall
4806:Coastal geography
4772:
4771:
4764:Oceans portal
4724:World Ocean Atlas
4714:Underwater glider
4657:Ocean temperature
4320:Hydrothermal vent
4285:Submarine volcano
4220:Continental shelf
4200:Coastal geography
4190:Bathymetric chart
4072:Amphidromic point
3760:Wave nonlinearity
3618:Infragravity wave
3503:
3502:
3411:
3410:
3329:White pox disease
3178:Coral Sea Islands
2840:, 58(4): 330–401.
2708:978-1-151-25616-4
2607:10.1111/bre.12670
2369:Darwin, Charles R
2353:, 13, pp.537–573.
2319:978-0-415-08835-0
2281:978-90-481-3055-9
2215:Baratal limestone
1815:
1814:
1609:Ontong Java Atoll
1505:Kolhumadulu Atoll
624:Macclesfield Bank
522:Great Chagos Bank
400:Coral Sea Islands
297:Coral Sea Islands
279:composed of reef
242:). Dhivehi is an
239:[ˈat̪oɭu]
16:(Redirected from
5662:
5650:Biogeomorphology
5612:
5611:
5373:Raised shoreline
5348:Ingression coast
5343:Graded shoreline
5318:Cuspate foreland
5150:
5143:
5094:Submarine canyon
4954:Freshwater marsh
4799:
4792:
4785:
4776:
4775:
4762:
4761:
4750:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4679:Pelagic sediment
4617:Marine pollution
4411:Deep ocean water
4280:Submarine canyon
4215:Continental rise
4107:Rule of twelfths
4022:Sverdrup balance
3952:Humboldt Current
3877:Boundary current
3852:
3841:
3658:Radiation stress
3628:Iribarren number
3603:Equatorial waves
3558:Ballantine scale
3553:Airy wave theory
3530:
3523:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3490:Deep-water coral
3465:Coral dermatitis
3366:
3365:
3081:Deep-water coral
3013:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2863:Darwin's Volcano
2810:
2809:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2686:
2680:
2669:
2663:
2652:
2646:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2593:(5): 1536–1566.
2581:
2575:
2574:
2537:
2531:
2520:
2514:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2365:
2354:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2242:
2232:Inline citations
2209:
2204:
2203:
2166:in the Pacific.
2090:
2074:
2058:
2042:
1932:
1914:
1898:
1880:
1862:
1843:
1828:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:11.67°S 160.17°E
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1683:20.97°S 167.23°E
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1475:15.13°S 147.65°W
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1424:25.42°N 170.59°W
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1267:17.42°S 150.96°E
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1232:Marshall Islands
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:17.42°S 151.67°E
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
987:Sabalana Islands
968:
967:
965:
964:
963:
958:
954:
951:
950:
949:
946:
916:
915:
913:
912:
911:
906:
902:
899:
898:
897:
894:
864:
863:
861:
860:
859:
854:
853:19.35°S 158.66°E
850:
847:
846:
845:
842:
812:
811:
809:
808:
807:
802:
798:
795:
794:
793:
790:
760:
759:
757:
756:
755:
750:
746:
743:
742:
741:
738:
707:
706:
704:
703:
702:
697:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
657:
656:
654:
653:
652:
647:
646:16.00°N 114.50°E
643:
640:
639:
638:
635:
605:
604:
602:
601:
600:
595:
594:11.45°N 116.90°E
591:
588:
587:
586:
583:
555:
554:
552:
551:
550:
545:
541:
538:
537:
536:
533:
513:Total area (km)
498:
494:
408:Pitcairn Islands
345:Thousand Islands
301:Marshall Islands
293:Caroline Islands
241:
236:
232:
231:
226:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
95:
94:
91:
86:
85:
82:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
21:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5655:Islands by type
5625:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5600:
5576:Intertidal zone
5502:
5469:
5358:Longshore drift
5303:Coastal erosion
5274:
5234:
5170:Beach evolution
5151:
5145:
5144:
5135:
4822:Anchialine pool
4808:
4803:
4773:
4768:
4756:
4728:
4567:
4541:
4503:
4484:Sea-level curve
4455:
4394:
4380:Transform fault
4330:Mid-ocean ridge
4296:
4289:
4255:Oceanic plateau
4161:
4147:Tidal resonance
4117:Theory of tides
4058:
3967:Longshore drift
3917:Ekman transport
3853:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3833:
3785:Wave turbulence
3718:Trochoidal wave
3643:Longshore drift
3539:
3534:
3504:
3499:
3485:Coralline algae
3455:Artificial reef
3443:
3416:Symbiotic algae
3407:
3364:
3360:Reef resilience
3333:
3304:Coral bleaching
3292:
3158:Andros, Bahamas
3129:
3103:Coral reef fish
3052:
3014:
3005:
2933:
2924:
2886:Wayback Machine
2854:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2782:
2778:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2687:
2683:
2670:
2666:
2653:
2649:
2636:
2632:
2582:
2578:
2538:
2534:
2521:
2517:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2393:
2386:
2366:
2357:
2345:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2263:
2259:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2183:Edgeworth David
2121:
2094:
2091:
2082:
2075:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2047:volcanic island
2043:
1961:Aerial view of
1955:
1949:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1844:
1835:
1829:
1820:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1750:Solomon Islands
1739:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1646:Solomon Islands
1635:
1633:
1631:5.27°S 159.35°E
1629:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1480:-15.13; -147.65
1479:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1323:
1321:
1319:8.67°N 150.00°E
1317:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:Namonuito Atoll
1271:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1221:
1219:
1217:9.19°N 167.47°E
1215:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1195:Kwajalein Atoll
1181:Spratly Islands
1170:
1168:
1166:7.71°N 114.25°E
1164:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1116:
1114:
1112:13.08°N 72.42°E
1110:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:Bassas de Pedro
1064:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1013:
1011:
1009:6.75°S 118.83°E
1007:
1004:
999:
996:
994:
992:
991:
961:
959:
957:7.42°N 151.78°E
955:
952:
947:
944:
942:
940:
939:
909:
907:
903:
900:
895:
892:
890:
888:
887:
857:
855:
851:
848:
843:
840:
838:
836:
835:
805:
803:
799:
796:
791:
788:
786:
784:
783:
753:
751:
749:16.43°N 80.52°W
747:
744:
739:
736:
734:
732:
731:
700:
698:
694:
691:
686:
683:
681:
679:
678:
661:South China Sea
650:
648:
644:
641:
636:
633:
631:
629:
628:
609:Spratly Islands
598:
596:
592:
589:
584:
581:
579:
577:
576:
548:
546:
542:
539:
534:
531:
529:
527:
526:
510:Land area (km)
493:
305:Tuamotu Islands
289:
234:
217:comes from the
211:
189:volcanic island
156:. There may be
130:
115:
97:
88:
79:
58:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5668:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5479:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:Brackish marsh
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4847:Barrier island
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4802:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4779:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4754:
4744:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4704:Stratification
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4596:
4594:Color of water
4591:
4589:Benthic lander
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4494:Sea level rise
4491:
4489:Sea level drop
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4325:Marine geology
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4265:Passive margin
4262:
4260:Oceanic trench
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3992:Ocean dynamics
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3882:Coriolis force
3879:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3703:Stokes problem
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3638:Kinematic wave
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:Precious coral
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3297:Coral diseases
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3283:Virgin Islands
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3183:Coral Triangle
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2853:
2852:External links
2850:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2792:(4): 393–403.
2776:
2743:
2714:
2707:
2681:
2664:
2647:
2630:
2587:Basin Research
2576:
2532:
2515:
2498:
2472:
2455:
2441:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2384:
2355:
2332:
2318:
2294:
2280:
2268:, ed. (2010).
2257:
2254:(Online). n.d.
2236:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2210:
2207:Islands portal
2194:
2191:
2164:Charles Darwin
2120:
2117:
2100:dolomitization
2096:
2095:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2051:
2044:
2037:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1787:1.85°N 157.4°W
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1740:-11.67; 160.17
1715:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1688:-20.97; 167.23
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1579:4.42°N 73.50°E
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1527:2.37°N 73.12°E
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1429:25.42; -170.59
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1372:3.86°N 72.83°E
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1272:-17.42; 150.96
1247:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1146:
1145:Ardasier Bank
1142:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1065:-17.42; 151.67
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1021:
989:
983:
982:
980:
977:
975:
969:
937:
931:
930:
928:
925:
922:
917:
905:0.50°N 73.30°E
885:
879:
878:
876:
873:
870:
865:
858:-19.35; 158.66
833:
827:
826:
824:
821:
818:
813:
801:6.73°N 73.04°E
781:
779:Thiladhunmathi
775:
774:
771:
768:
766:
761:
729:
723:
722:
719:
716:
714:
708:
696:9.07°S 60.20°E
676:
672:
671:
668:
665:
663:
658:
626:
620:
619:
616:
613:
611:
606:
574:
570:
569:
567:
564:
561:
556:
544:6.17°S 72.00°E
524:
518:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
492:
491:List of atolls
489:
478:Charles Darwin
447:Rennell Island
392:Middleton Reef
388:Elizabeth Reef
363:department of
288:
285:
256:Charles Darwin
246:spoken in the
210:
207:
185:Charles Darwin
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5667:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5615:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5581:Littoral zone
5579:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5514:Bulkhead line
5512:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5455:Wave shoaling
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:Surge channel
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:Cliffed coast
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5220:Shingle beach
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5142:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4892:Coastal plain
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4795:
4793:
4788:
4786:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4745:
4743:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4612:Marine energy
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Acidification
4577:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:SOFAR channel
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Oceanic crust
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:Fracture zone
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:Oceanic basin
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:Abyssal plain
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4087:Internal tide
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:Ocean current
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3840:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:Wave shoaling
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:Ursell number
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Internal wave
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Breaking wave
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3423:Zooxanthellae
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:Project AWARE
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3370:Organizations
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:Ningaloo Reef
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:List of reefs
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3135:Coral regions
3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2846:
2845:Amer. J. Sci.
2842:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2832:0-375-42161-0
2829:
2826:. Pantheon.
2825:
2821:
2820:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2616:10044/1/98098
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2487:on 2008-04-24
2486:
2482:
2476:
2467:(spreadsheet)
2465:
2459:
2451:
2445:
2437:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2406:18, pp. 9–76.
2405:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2162:conducted by
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2063:fringing reef
2057:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1698:New Caledonia
1696:
1692:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:-5.27; 159.35
1612:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1336:, Micronesia
1335:
1332:
1328:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:-6.75; 118.83
990:
988:
984:
981:
978:
976:
974:, Micronesia
973:
970:
966:
938:
936:
932:
929:
926:
923:
921:
918:
914:
886:
884:
883:Huvadhu Atoll
880:
877:
874:
871:
869:
868:New Caledonia
866:
862:
834:
832:
828:
825:
822:
819:
817:
814:
810:
782:
780:
776:
772:
769:
767:
765:
762:
758:
754:16.43; -80.52
730:
728:
727:Rosalind Bank
724:
720:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
677:
673:
669:
666:
664:
662:
659:
655:
651:16.00; 114.50
627:
625:
621:
617:
614:
612:
610:
607:
603:
599:11.45; 116.90
575:
571:
568:
565:
562:
560:
557:
553:
525:
523:
519:
499:
485:
484:
479:
474:
470:
468:
467:Huvadhu Atoll
464:
460:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:Outer Islands
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
225:
220:
216:
206:
204:
198:
195:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
174:Pacific Ocean
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:coral islands
155:
151:
145:
52:
44:
41:The atoll of
39:
33:
19:
5445:Volcanic arc
5333:Feeder bluff
5240:River mouths
5205:Raised beach
5200:Pocket beach
5128:
5099:Tidal island
5089:Strand plain
5034:Natural arch
4831:
4719:Water column
4667:Oceanography
4642:Observations
4637:Explorations
4607:Marginal sea
4600:
4558:OSTM/Jason-2
4390:Volcanic arc
4365:Slab suction
4184:
4082:Head of tide
3972:Loop Current
3912:Ekman spiral
3698:Stokes drift
3608:Gravity wave
3583:Cnoidal wave
3436:Symbiodinium
3434:
3427:
3338:Conservation
3253:Pulley Ridge
3112:
3065:
3020:Octocorallia
2939:Hexacorallia
2844:
2837:
2823:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2765:– via
2759:. Retrieved
2753:
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2727:
2717:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2485:the original
2475:
2458:
2444:
2436:Geoscientist
2435:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2373:
2350:
2347:
2323:. Retrieved
2304:
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2270:
2266:Migoń, Piotr
2260:
2249:
2240:
2221:Coral island
2168:
2137:
2097:
2019:Darwin Point
2018:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1985:Bikini Atoll
1974:Tarawa Atoll
1903:Bikini Atoll
1792:1.85; -157.4
1324:8.67; 150.00
1222:9.19; 167.47
1171:7.71; 114.25
1117:13.08; 72.42
962:7.42; 151.78
935:Chuuk Lagoon
701:-9.07; 60.20
559:Indian Ocean
549:-6.17; 72.00
481:
456:
436:
431:pseudo-atoll
429:
416:
404:Ducie Island
369:
321:Indian Ocean
290:
273:promontories
268:
266:
259:
251:
214:
212:
199:
194:barrier reef
178:
50:
48:
5596:River plume
5410:Steep coast
5383:Rocky shore
5378:Rip current
5258:River delta
5230:Wash margin
5225:Storm beach
5215:Shell beach
5180:Beach wrack
5175:Beach ridge
5165:Beach cusps
5114:Tied island
5104:Tidal marsh
4827:Archipelago
4709:Thermocline
4426:Mesopelagic
4399:Ocean zones
4370:Slab window
4235:Hydrography
4175:Abyssal fan
4142:Tidal range
4132:Tidal power
4127:Tidal force
4012:Rip current
3947:Gulf Stream
3907:Ekman layer
3897:Downwelling
3872:Baroclinity
3859:Circulation
3755:Wave height
3745:Wave action
3728:megatsunami
3708:Stokes wave
3668:Rossby wave
3633:Kelvin wave
3613:Green's law
3429:Amphidinium
3218:Lakshadweep
3153:Amazon Reef
3058:Coral reefs
2931:coral reefs
2761:23 December
2699:John Murray
2491:27 February
2325:12 February
2287:12 February
2129:Wake Island
1997:Pleistocene
1936:Kaafu Atoll
1790: /
1738: /
1686: /
1634: /
1584:4.42; 73.50
1582: /
1557:Kaafu Atoll
1532:2.37; 73.12
1530: /
1478: /
1427: /
1377:3.86; 72.83
1375: /
1322: /
1270: /
1220: /
1169: /
1127:Lakshadweep
1115: /
1063: /
1012: /
960: /
910:0.50; 73.30
908: /
856: /
806:6.73; 73.04
804: /
752: /
699: /
675:North Bank
649: /
597: /
547: /
426:Gulf Stream
376:subtropical
329:Lakshadweep
170:subtropical
5629:Categories
5524:Grain size
5498:Submersion
5475:Management
5460:Wind fetch
5420:Surf break
5338:Flat coast
5268:regressive
5054:Salt marsh
4912:Coral reef
4647:Reanalysis
4546:Satellites
4527:Sofar bomb
4375:Subduction
4350:Ridge push
4245:Ocean bank
4225:Contourite
4152:Tide gauge
4137:Tidal race
4122:Tidal bore
4112:Slack tide
4077:Earth tide
3997:Ocean gyre
3817:Wind setup
3812:Wind fetch
3775:Wave setup
3770:Wave radar
3765:Wave power
3663:Rogue wave
3593:Dispersion
3495:Fire coral
3480:Coral sand
3403:Reef Check
3383:Green Fins
3098:Microatoll
3038:Organ pipe
2962:Hermatypic
2697:. London:
2549:: 105805.
2377:. London:
2227:References
2027:Kure Atoll
2010:hermatypic
1951:See also:
1905:from above
1765:Kiritimati
1038:Lihou Reef
573:Reed Bank
459:reef knoll
451:Kiritimati
396:Tasman Sea
380:Kure Atoll
341:Seychelles
335:, and the
319:) and the
235:pronounced
5483:Accretion
5465:Wind wave
5425:Surf zone
5280:Processes
5253:Mouth bar
5210:Recession
5190:Beachrock
5109:Tide pool
5039:Peninsula
4927:cliff-top
4814:Landforms
4509:Acoustics
4461:Sea level
4360:Slab pull
4297:tectonics
4205:Cold seep
4167:Landforms
4044:Whirlpool
4039:Upwelling
3822:Wind wave
3750:Wave base
3678:Sea state
3598:Edge wave
3588:Cross sea
3475:Coral rag
3398:Reef Ball
3168:Baa Atoll
2625:248223664
2571:228873675
2310:Routledge
2146:atoll in
2112:dolomites
2108:aragonite
2014:seamounts
1963:Bora Bora
1947:Formation
1918:Raa Atoll
1402:Maro Reef
1350:Ari Atoll
1282:Coral Sea
1075:Coral Sea
1024:Indonesia
764:Caribbean
710:North of
507:Location
504:Position
476:Map from
361:Colombian
357:Nicaragua
213:The word
43:Tetiʻaroa
5614:Category
5440:Undertow
5393:Sea foam
5388:Sea cave
5288:Blowhole
5130:Windwatt
4989:Headland
4837:Avulsion
4742:Category
4694:Seawater
4421:Littoral
4416:Deep sea
4275:Seamount
4157:Tideline
4102:Rip tide
4032:shutdown
4002:Overflow
3735:Undertow
3578:Clapotis
3223:Maldives
3213:Kiribati
3163:Apo Reef
3093:Fringing
3048:Sea pens
3043:Sea fans
3001:Tabulate
2987:Staghorn
2957:Elegance
2882:Archived
2838:J. Geol.
2806:11617111
2371:(1842).
2193:See also
2144:Funafuti
2031:Mesozoic
1940:Maldives
1922:Maldives
1802:Kiribati
1778:157°24′W
1726:160°10′E
1674:167°14′E
1622:159°21′E
1594:Maldives
1542:Maldives
1490:Tuamotus
1466:147°39′W
1453:Rangiroa
1415:170°35′W
1387:Maldives
1310:150°00′E
1258:150°58′E
1208:167°28′E
1157:114°15′E
1051:151°40′E
1000:118°50′E
948:151°47′E
920:Maldives
844:158°40′E
816:Maldives
637:114°30′E
585:116°54′E
480:'s 1842
422:latitude
372:tropical
309:Kiribati
281:detritus
248:Maldives
166:tropical
5564:shingle
5544:granule
5529:boulder
5507:Related
5403:peresyp
5313:Current
5248:Debouch
5157:Beaches
5124:Waituna
5119:Tombolo
5029:Mudflat
5024:Machair
5014:Isthmus
4934:Estuary
4877:Channel
4752:Commons
4622:Mooring
4572:Related
4563:Jason-3
4553:Jason-1
4436:Pelagic
4431:Oceanic
4406:Benthic
3723:Tsunami
3693:Soliton
3263:Red Sea
3208:Jamaica
2982:Elkhorn
2967:Chalice
2817:Sources
2736:20 June
2689:David,
2595:Bibcode
2551:Bibcode
2246:"atoll"
2185:of the
2173:of the
2104:calcite
1866:Nukuoro
1832:Penrhyn
1818:Gallery
1723:11°40′S
1713:Rennell
1671:20°58′S
1570:73°30′E
1518:73°07′E
1463:15°08′S
1412:25°25′N
1363:72°50′E
1255:17°25′S
1103:72°25′E
1100:13°05′N
1048:17°25′S
896:73°18′E
872:<10
841:19°21′S
792:73°02′E
740:80°31′W
737:16°26′N
687:60°12′E
634:16°00′N
582:11°27′N
566:12,642
535:72°00′E
463:Aldabra
418:Bermuda
412:Aranuka
406:in the
313:Tokelau
252:atollon
224:atholhu
219:Dhivehi
5635:Atolls
5554:pebble
5549:gravel
5539:cobble
5084:Strait
5064:Skerry
5019:Lagoon
5004:Island
4959:Fundus
4862:Bodden
4441:Photic
4270:Seabed
3683:Seiche
3288:Yabiji
3028:Bamboo
2995:Rugose
2972:Pillar
2927:Corals
2830:
2804:
2705:
2623:
2569:
2316:
2278:
2148:Tuvalu
2081:inside
2079:lagoon
2023:guyots
1775:1°51′N
1619:5°16′S
1601:1,565
1567:4°25′N
1549:1,617
1515:2°22′N
1497:1,762
1445:1,934
1394:2,252
1360:3°52′N
1342:2,267
1307:8°40′N
1289:2,282
1286:<1
1239:2,304
1205:9°11′N
1187:2,347
1154:7°43′N
1137:2,474
1082:2,529
1030:2,694
997:6°45′S
979:3,152
945:7°25′N
927:3,152
893:0°30′N
875:3,500
823:3,850
789:6°44′N
770:4,500
718:5,800
684:9°04′S
667:6,448
615:8,866
532:6°10′S
516:Notes
331:, the
317:Tuvalu
315:, and
303:, the
299:, the
295:, the
277:islets
230:އަތޮޅު
154:lagoon
5435:Swash
5398:Shoal
5079:Stack
5069:Sound
5059:Shoal
5009:Islet
4994:Inlet
4984:Hapua
4949:Fjord
4944:Fjard
4939:Firth
4887:Coast
4882:Cliff
4857:Bight
4832:Atoll
4632:Ocean
4601:Alvin
4451:Swash
4295:Plate
4240:Knoll
4230:Guyot
4185:Atoll
4064:Tides
3827:model
3713:Swell
3545:Waves
3448:Other
3203:India
3076:Coral
3066:Atoll
2977:Table
2952:Brain
2947:Black
2621:S2CID
2567:S2CID
2156:coral
1834:atoll
1704:1146
1661:Lifou
1653:1500
1334:Chuuk
1236:16.4
1131:India
972:Chuuk
924:38.5
501:Name
439:Lifou
323:(the
269:atoll
221:word
215:atoll
209:Usage
203:karst
181:karst
150:coral
51:atoll
5569:silt
5559:sand
5534:clay
5263:mega
5074:Spit
5044:Reef
4974:Gulf
4922:Dune
4917:Cove
4872:Cape
4842:Ayre
4599:DSV
4584:Argo
4446:Surf
3902:Eddy
3033:Blue
2929:and
2828:ISBN
2802:PMID
2763:2012
2738:2012
2703:ISBN
2691:Cara
2493:2013
2327:2013
2314:ISBN
2289:2013
2276:ISBN
2181:and
2106:and
1888:NASA
1870:NASA
1847:NASA
1809:640
1806:312
1756:660
1339:4.4
563:4.5
374:and
162:cays
5049:Ria
4979:Gut
4969:Geo
4964:Gat
4852:Bay
3071:Cay
2794:doi
2769:at
2611:hdl
2603:doi
2559:doi
2547:411
1938:in
1920:in
1650:12
1598:69
1546:79
1494:79
1391:69
820:51
339:of
168:or
160:or
49:An
5631::
2800:.
2788:.
2726:.
2701:.
2675:.
2658:.
2641:.
2619:.
2609:.
2601:.
2591:34
2589:.
2565:.
2557:.
2545:.
2526:.
2509:.
2402:.
2387:^
2358:^
2335:^
2312:.
2248:.
1129:,
1079:1
347:,
327:,
311:,
307:,
254:.
233:,
176:.
138:oʊ
129:,-
123:ɔː
114:,-
90:oʊ
87:,-
81:ɔː
78:,-
4798:e
4791:t
4784:v
3529:e
3522:t
3515:v
2999:†
2993:†
2919:e
2912:t
2905:v
2808:.
2796::
2790:7
2773:.
2740:.
2711:.
2627:.
2613::
2605::
2597::
2573:.
2561::
2553::
2495:.
2329:.
2291:.
227:(
144:/
141:l
135:t
132:ˈ
126:l
120:t
117:ˈ
111:l
108:ɒ
105:t
102:ˈ
99:ə
96:,
93:l
84:l
75:l
72:ɒ
69:.
66:t
63:æ
60:ˈ
57:/
53:(
34:.
20:)
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