33:
615:
2206:
766:
Research on loricae has provided insights into the evolutionary adaptations and ecological strategies of microorganisms. Studies have focused on the structural diversity, material composition, and the genetic mechanisms underlying lorica formation.
722:
In the helical extension phase, the lorica is extended and shaped, often with a helical or spiral growth pattern. This phase involves the secretion of materials by the organism to reinforce the structure.
731:
The final phase, stabilization, involves the hardening and completion of the lorica. This process ensures that the lorica is durable and capable of providing effective protection.
714:
During agglomeration, the organism collects and assembles particles from its environment. These particles are then used to construct the initial framework of the lorica.
758:
The original meaning of the word "lorica" is cuirass, a type of chest armor, originally made of leather, afterward of plates of metal or horn sewn on linen or the like.
646:
806:
Davis, Charles C. (1 January 1981). "Variations of lorica shape in the genus
Ptychocylis (Protozoa: Tintinnina) in relation to species identification".
377:
854:
1027:
2247:
598:
674:
secrete. Usually it is tubular or conical in shape, with a loose case that is closed at one end. An example is the protozoan genus
639:
749:**Habitat**: It provides a stable habitat for the organism, allowing it to carry out its life processes in a secure environment.
925:
632:
982:
GutiĂ©rrez-RodrĂguez, A. (2013). "New perspectives on the functional morphology of the lorica in tintinnid ciliates".
935:
2103:
1020:
2240:
509:
504:
337:
138:
746:**Buoyancy**: For some planktonic organisms, the lorica can aid in maintaining buoyancy in the water column.
1128:
663:
is a shell-like protective outer covering, often reinforced with sand grains and other particles that some
2271:
1013:
332:
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2124:
690:
619:
566:
1998:
560:
219:
2266:
1722:
106:
1962:
342:
214:
694:
has a lorica that is attached as an outer structure, and into which it retracts when disturbed.
2159:
2098:
2037:
1751:
531:
356:
2119:
2110:
1696:
94:
743:**Protection**: It offers physical protection against predators and environmental stresses.
126:
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1822:
833:
8:
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1005:
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876:
786:
676:
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571:
422:
388:
305:
298:
209:
58:
877:"Sponge-Associated Microorganisms: Evolution, Ecology, and Biotechnological Potential"
2093:
2052:
1405:
1118:
931:
906:
586:
496:
165:
99:
24:
2067:
1911:
1810:
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1664:
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1467:
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888:
815:
546:
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516:
53:
1096:
1843:
1075:
412:
288:
202:
170:
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2027:
1868:
1778:
1764:
1565:
1421:
1369:
1226:
1145:
554:
417:
404:
258:
231:
226:
702:
There are three phases in the formation of lorica: agglomeration in a natural
2260:
1957:
1929:
1833:
1806:
1803:
1737:
1231:
1205:
1155:
819:
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187:
145:
116:
111:
685:
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1974:
1625:
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1179:
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910:
781:
591:
268:
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245:
63:
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Taylor, Michael W.; Radax, Regina; Steger, Daria; Wagner, Michael (2007).
2174:
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1707:
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1327:
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1190:
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668:
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526:
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383:
150:
82:
32:
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1503:
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1410:
1281:
1169:
1123:
1065:
121:
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1878:
1853:
1783:
1635:
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681:
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351:
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155:
2062:
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1969:
1934:
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1848:
1838:
1717:
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1080:
1060:
927:
Protozoan plankton ecology – Three phases of lorica formation
452:
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177:
160:
1979:
1498:
1452:
1091:
1044:
703:
447:
372:
293:
182:
68:
1901:
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1462:
1338:
1070:
776:
671:
476:
2205:
1873:
1441:
1103:
192:
310:
249:
1035:
684:, the lorica is frequently transparent and is used as a
874:
834:"lorica (biology) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
981:
1662:
2258:
680:, in which the lorica is trumpet-shaped. In the
923:
2241:
1623:
1021:
640:
739:The lorica serves several ecological roles:
2248:
2234:
1028:
1014:
881:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
647:
633:
1530:
924:Laybourn-Parry, J. A. (31 January 1992).
900:
706:; helical extension; and stabilization.
761:
2259:
1009:
805:
2200:
717:
697:
13:
734:
14:
2283:
2204:
726:
709:
614:
613:
31:
378:microbial calcite precipitation
1775:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
996:10.1016/j.marmicro.2013.08.002
975:
950:
917:
868:
847:
826:
799:
1:
1745:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
338:marine biogenic calcification
2220:. You can help Knowledge by
808:Journal of Plankton Research
753:
7:
962:Online Etymology Dictionary
770:
567:Biomineralising polychaetes
333:amorphous calcium carbonate
19:Part of a series related to
10:
2288:
2199:
857:. www.microscopy-uk.org.uk
691:Halofolliculina corallasia
599:Burgess Shale preservation
2084:
2018:
1943:
1920:
1887:
1820:
1694:
1687:
1653:
1614:
1589:
1563:
1554:
1521:
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1450:
1419:
1396:
1387:
1357:
1336:
1318:
1309:
1279:
1253:
1244:
1214:
1188:
1153:
1144:
1137:
1051:
561:Cupriavidus metallidurans
1066:Mastigophora/Flagellates
984:Marine Micropaleontology
792:
282:Teeth, scales, tusks etc
2104:Baas-Becking hypothesis
343:calcareous nannofossils
139:Choanoflagellate lorica
2216:-related article is a
2099:Microbial biogeography
820:10.1093/plankt/3.3.433
532:Magnetotactic bacteria
357:oolitic aragonite sand
215:scaly-foot snail shell
1119:Fungus-like organisms
958:"Etymology of Lorica"
893:10.1128/MMBR.00040-06
855:"Mic-UK: TINTINNINAE"
1834:Simple cell membrane
1770:Pseudoparenchymatous
1758:Filamentous/trichal/
1742:Colonial flagellated
1675:Collar of microvilli
762:Research and Studies
2048:Contractile vacuole
1999:Meiosis in protists
1980:Mitosis in protists
1958:Multinucleate cells
1180:Flagellar apparatus
1129:Ambiregnal protists
1071:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
259:Vertebrate skeleton
49:Mineralized tissues
2272:Microbiology stubs
1879:Periplast/pellicle
1602:Periplast/pellicle
1542:Cruciform division
423:diatomaceous earth
389:Great Calcite Belt
306:Scale microfossils
299:otolithic membrane
210:small shelly fauna
183:echinoderm stereom
59:Biocrystallization
2229:
2228:
2197:
2196:
2094:Microbial ecology
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2053:Eyespot apparatus
1683:
1682:
1665:Choanoflagellates
1649:
1648:
1610:
1609:
1550:
1549:
1517:
1516:
1383:
1382:
1305:
1304:
1240:
1239:
718:Helical Extension
698:Formation Process
657:
656:
587:permineralization
572:Mineral nutrients
497:Mineral evolution
166:foraminifera test
25:Biomineralization
2279:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2208:
2201:
2068:Mastigont system
2021:
1946:
1923:
1912:Gliding motility
1890:
1827:
1772:/plektenchymatic
1728:Amoeboflagellate
1701:
1692:
1691:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1595:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1535:
1528:
1527:
1492:
1456:
1425:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1363:
1342:
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1315:
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1016:
1007:
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1000:
999:
979:
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841:
836:. britannica.com
830:
824:
823:
803:
649:
642:
635:
622:
617:
616:
537:Magnetoreception
517:Ballast minerals
112:Cephalopod shell
107:Brachiopod shell
54:Remineralisation
35:
16:
15:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2267:Ciliate biology
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2198:
2193:
2086:
2072:
2019:
2014:
1944:
1939:
1921:
1916:
1888:
1883:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1698:
1695:
1679:
1663:
1645:
1624:
1606:
1590:
1585:
1564:
1546:
1531:
1513:
1487:
1482:
1451:
1446:
1422:Dinoflagellates
1420:
1415:
1397:
1379:
1358:
1353:
1337:
1332:
1319:
1301:
1280:
1275:
1254:
1236:
1215:
1210:
1189:
1184:
1154:
1133:
1054:classifications
1053:
1047:
1034:
1004:
1003:
980:
976:
966:
964:
956:
955:
951:
942:
940:
938:
922:
918:
873:
869:
860:
858:
853:
852:
848:
839:
837:
832:
831:
827:
804:
800:
795:
773:
764:
756:
737:
735:Ecological Role
729:
720:
712:
700:
653:
612:
605:
604:
603:
491:
483:
482:
481:
437:
429:
428:
427:
413:biogenic silica
407:
397:
396:
395:
380:
368:
347:
327:
317:
316:
315:
283:
275:
274:
273:
253:
238:
237:
236:
203:gastropod shell
171:testate amoebae
161:diatom frustule
86:
75:
74:
73:
43:
12:
11:
5:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2209:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:Siphonocladous
1794:
1786:
1779:Multinucleated
1776:
1773:
1767:
1765:Parenchymatous
1762:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1704:
1702:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:Kinetoplastids
1558:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1232:Phycobilisomes
1229:
1227:Pit connection
1223:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1206:Phycobilisomes
1203:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1161:
1159:
1156:Chloroplastida
1148:
1146:Archaeplastida
1139:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1068:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1002:
1001:
974:
949:
936:
916:
887:(2): 295–347.
867:
846:
825:
814:(3): 433–443.
797:
796:
794:
791:
790:
789:
784:
779:
772:
769:
763:
760:
755:
752:
751:
750:
747:
744:
736:
733:
728:
725:
719:
716:
711:
708:
699:
696:
659:In biology, a
655:
654:
652:
651:
644:
637:
629:
626:
625:
624:
623:
607:
606:
602:
601:
596:
595:
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589:
579:
574:
569:
564:
557:
552:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
513:
512:
510:immobilization
507:
505:mineralization
499:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
480:
479:
474:
473:
472:
462:
461:
460:
455:
445:
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
426:
425:
420:
418:siliceous ooze
415:
409:
408:
405:Silicification
403:
402:
399:
398:
394:
393:
392:
391:
386:
381:
369:
367:
366:
365:
364:
359:
348:
346:
345:
340:
335:
329:
328:
323:
322:
319:
318:
314:
313:
308:
303:
302:
301:
291:
285:
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281:
280:
277:
276:
272:
271:
266:
261:
255:
254:
244:
243:
240:
239:
235:
234:
229:
227:Sponge spicule
224:
223:
222:
220:estuary shells
217:
212:
207:
206:
205:
200:
195:
185:
175:
174:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
143:
142:
141:
131:
130:
129:
124:
119:
109:
104:
103:
102:
97:
88:
87:
81:
80:
77:
76:
72:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
45:
44:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2284:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:Fertilization
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1993:Pleuromitosis
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Hydrogenosome
1928:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:Multicellular
1802:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1626:Dictyostelids
1622:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1553:
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325:Calcification
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279:
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188:mollusc shell
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26:
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18:
17:
2222:expanding it
2214:microbiology
2211:
2145:Heterotrophy
2115:Reproduction
1990:Orthomitosis
1975:Heterokaryon
1922:Mitochondria
1858:
1823:Cell surface
1699:organization
1655:Opisthokonta
1478:Micronucleus
1473:Macronucleus
1375:Pneumatocyst
1191:Glaucophytes
1175:Phragmoplast
1114:Thallophytes
1041:Protistology
1037:Microbiology
987:
983:
977:
965:. Retrieved
961:
952:
941:. Retrieved
926:
919:
884:
880:
870:
859:. Retrieved
849:
838:. Retrieved
828:
811:
807:
801:
782:Periostracum
765:
757:
738:
730:
721:
713:
701:
689:
675:
660:
658:
592:petrifaction
559:
547:
542:Microfossils
289:Limpet teeth
269:Ossification
264:Bone mineral
198:chiton shell
133:
83:Exoskeletons
64:Biointerface
2175:Necrotrophy
2160:Saprotrophy
2150:Phagotrophy
2138:Phototrophy
2131:Nutrition:
2120:Life cycles
2111:Development
2085:Ecology and
1953:Nucleomorph
1907:Pseudopodia
1708:Unicellular
1592:Euglenoidea
1576:Kinetoplast
1360:Brown algae
1328:Mastigoneme
1266:Mastigoneme
1256:Cryptophyta
1166:green algae
1124:Slime molds
669:loriciferan
527:Magnetosome
470:phosphorite
436:Other forms
384:calcite sea
151:coccosphere
95:exoskeleton
2261:Categories
2189:Auxotrophy
2184:Mixotrophy
2165:Parasitism
2155:Osmotrophy
2133:Autotrophy
2087:physiology
1963:Plasmodium
1889:Locomotion
1825:structures
1789:Coenocytic
1533:Phytomyxea
1504:Apicoplast
1432:Dinokaryon
1411:Trichocyst
1282:Haptophyte
1170:Phycoplast
1138:Morphology
1109:Cryptogams
943:2009-08-16
861:2009-08-16
840:2009-08-16
682:tintinnids
665:protozoans
122:cuttlebone
91:Arthropod
2170:Biotrophy
2043:Extrusome
2033:Cytostome
1897:Flagellum
1854:Cell wall
1813:/histonal
1793:Siphonous
1784:Syncytial
1752:Coenobial
1748:Sarcinoid
1697:Levels of
1636:Macrocyst
1616:Amoebozoa
1581:Glycosome
1509:Microneme
1389:Alveolata
1297:Haptonema
1292:Coccolith
1271:Periplast
1217:Red algae
1201:Cyanelles
1088:Infusoria
754:Etymology
548:engrailed
465:Phosphate
458:oil shale
352:Aragonite
156:coccolith
2063:Axostyle
2058:Pyrenoid
2038:Fimbriae
1970:Dikaryon
1935:Mitosome
1864:Skeleton
1849:Frustule
1839:Mucilage
1811:tissular
1735:Colonial
1718:Amoeboid
1713:Monadoid
1641:Sorocarp
1556:Excavate
1523:Rhizaria
1453:Ciliates
1437:Dinocyst
1398:General:
1349:Frustule
1320:General:
1246:Hacrobia
1097:Sporozoa
1092:Ciliates
1081:Heliozoa
1061:Protozoa
1045:Protists
990:: 1–16.
967:July 30,
911:17554047
771:See also
686:domicile
620:Category
501:In soil
453:alginite
443:Bone bed
178:Seashell
85:(shells)
2006:Zygotic
2003:Gametic
1945:Nucleus
1723:Coccoid
1688:General
1499:Rhoptry
1406:Alveoli
1339:Diatoms
1076:Testate
902:2176056
677:Stentor
672:animals
490:Related
448:Kerogen
373:Calcite
294:Otolith
127:gladius
100:cuticle
69:Biofilm
42:General
2009:Sporic
1987:Closed
1902:Cilium
1859:Lorica
1760:hyphal
1468:Cirrus
1463:Cilium
1370:Lamina
1052:Former
934:
909:
899:
787:Tectin
777:Chitin
661:lorica
618:
477:Pyrena
134:Lorica
2212:This
2020:Other
1874:Theca
1844:Scale
1442:Theca
1104:Algae
793:Notes
555:Druse
250:bones
193:nacre
2218:stub
2028:Cyst
1984:Open
1869:Test
1807:s.s.
1738:s.s.
969:2024
932:ISBN
907:PMID
704:cast
667:and
550:gene
311:Tusk
232:Test
1168:":
992:doi
988:104
897:PMC
889:doi
816:doi
2263::
1043::
1039::
986:.
960:.
930:.
905:.
895:.
885:71
883:.
879:.
810:.
688:.
2249:e
2242:t
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1424::
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1164:"
1090:/
1029:e
1022:t
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998:.
994::
971:.
946:.
913:.
891::
864:.
843:.
822:.
818::
812:3
648:e
641:t
634:v
252:)
248:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
