1096:
921:, arranged in continuous arrays. The two coccolith types were originally thought to be produced by different families of coccolithophores. Now, however, it is known through a mix of observations on field samples and laboratory cultures, that the two coccolith types are produced by the same species but at different life cycle phases. Heterococcoliths are produced in the diploid life-cycle phase and holococcoliths in the haploid phase. Both in field samples and laboratory cultures, there is the possibility of observing a cell covered by a combination of heterococcoliths and holococcoliths. This indicates the transition from the diploid to the haploid phase of the species. Such combination of coccoliths has been observed in field samples, with many of them coming from the Mediterranean.
109:
97:
889:
1043:
1059:
1095:
1028:
215:
797:
20:
925:
183:. These are estimated to consume about two-thirds of the primary production in the ocean and microzooplankton can exert a strong grazing pressure on coccolithophore populations. Although calcification does not prevent predation, it has been argued that the coccosphere reduces the grazing efficiency by making it more difficult for the predator to utilise the organic content of coccolithophores.
2567:
1382:
1331:
1072:
170:
As of 2021, it is not known why coccolithophores calcify and how their ability to produce coccoliths is associated with their ecological success. The most plausible benefit of having a coccosphere seems to be a protection against predators or viruses. Viral infection is an important cause of
1881:
Monteiro, Fanny M.; Bach, Lennart T.; Brownlee, Colin; Bown, Paul; Rickaby, Rosalind E. M.; Poulton, Alex J.; Tyrrell, Toby; Beaufort, Luc; Dutkiewicz, Stephanie; Gibbs, Samantha; Gutowska, Magdalena A.; Lee, Renee; Riebesell, Ulf; Young, Jeremy; Ridgwell, Andy (2016).
1691:
Honjo, Susumu; Manganini, Steven J.; Krishfield, Richard A.; Francois, Roger (2008). "Particulate organic carbon fluxes to the ocean interior and factors controlling the biological pump: A synthesis of global sediment trap programs since 1983".
1071:
853:
and incorporated in the coccosphere. The coccoliths are either dispersed following death and breakup of the coccosphere, or are shed continually by some species. They sink through the water column to form an important part of the deep-sea
108:
1187:
Because coccoliths are formed of low-Mg calcite, the most stable form of calcium carbonate, they are readily fossilised. They are found in sediments together with similar microfossils of uncertain affinities (nanoliths) from the
1229:
Moheimani, N.R.; Webb, J.P.; Borowitzka, M.A. (2012), "Bioremediation and other potential applications of coccolithophorid algae: A review. . Bioremediation and other potential applications of coccolithophorid algae: A review",
1565:
Poulton, Alex J.; Adey, Tim R.; Balch, William M.; Holligan, Patrick M. (2007). "Relating coccolithophore calcification rates to phytoplankton community dynamics: Regional differences and implications for carbon export".
171:
phytoplankton death in the oceans, and it has recently been shown that calcification can influence the interaction between a coccolithophore and its virus. The major predators of marine phytoplankton are
862:
was the first person to observe these forms in modern marine sediments and he gave them the name 'coccoliths' in a report published in 1858. Coccoliths are composed of calcium carbonate as the mineral
1192:
to recent. They are widely used as biostratigraphic markers and as paleoclimatic proxies. Stable oxygen and carbon isotope data from coccoliths is used to reconstruct estimates of oceanic CO
1151:
Although coccoliths are remarkably elaborate structures whose formation is a complex product of cellular processes, their function is unclear. Hypotheses include defence against grazing by
190:
are able to selectively choose prey on the basis of its size or shape and through chemical signals and may thus favor other prey that is available and not protected by coccoliths.
96:
2048:
Johns, Christopher T.; Grubb, Austin R.; Nissimov, Jozef I.; Natale, Frank; Knapp, Viki; Mui, Alwin; Fredricks, Helen F.; Van Mooy, Benjamin A. S.; Bidle, Kay D. (2019).
78:, which are about 2–25 micrometres across. Coccolithophores are an important group of about 200 marine phytoplankton species which cover themselves with a
2183:
Mayers, K.M.J.; Poulton, A.J.; Daniels, C.J.; Wells, S.R.; Woodward, E.M.S.; Tarran, G.A.; Widdicombe, C.E.; Mayor, D.J.; Atkinson, A.; Giering, S.L.C. (2019).
2325:
2330:
Deep Sea
Soundings in the North Atlantic Ocean between Ireland and Newfoundland, made in H.M.S. Cyclops, Lieut.-Commander Joseph Dayman, in June and July 1857
888:
828:
1817:
Young, J. R. (1994). "Functions of coccoliths," in
Coccolithophores, eds A. Winter and W. G. Siesser (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 63–82.
1456:
Henderiks, Jorijntje (2008). "Coccolithophore size rules — Reconstructing ancient cell geometry and cellular calcite quota from fossil coccoliths".
917:. Heterococcoliths are formed of a radial array of elaborately shaped crystal units. Holococcoliths are formed of minute (~0.1 micrometre) calcite
559:
2654:
2533:
Bendif, El Mahdi; Probert, Ian; Díaz-Rosas, Francisco; Thomas, Daniela; van den Engh, Ger; Young, Jeremy R.; von Dassow, Peter (2016-05-24).
1350:"Increasing Costs Due to Ocean Acidification Drives Phytoplankton to Be More Heavily Calcified: Optimal Growth Strategy of Coccolithophores"
2681:
780:
2586:"Isotopic record of Pleistocene glacial/interglacial cycles in pelagic carbonates: Revisiting historical data from the Caribbean Sea"
2130:
Calbet, Albert; Landry, Michael R. (2004). "Phytoplankton growth, microzooplankton grazing, and carbon cycling in marine systems".
1127:
RCC4033; (E) Reticulofenestra parvular RCC4034; (F) Reticulofenestra parvular RCC4035; (G) Reticulofenestra parvular RCC4036; (H)
2290:"The role of dissolved infochemicals in mediating predator-prey interactions in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina"
821:
1644:"Association of sinking organic matter with various types of mineral ballast in the deep sea: Implications for the rain ratio"
2517:
2490:
2463:
1793:
1549:
1516:
1499:
Bown, Paul R.; Lees, Jackie A.; Young, Jeremy R. (2004). "Calcareous nannoplankton evolution and diversity through time".
814:
151:
precipitation of calcium carbonate during coccolith formation reduces the total alkalinity of seawater and releases CO
1989:
1808:
Young, J. R. (1987). Possible
Functional Interpretations of Coccolith Morphology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 305–313.
1776:
Rost, Björn; Riebesell, Ulf (2004). "Coccolithophores and the biological pump: Responses to environmental changes".
3757:
2674:
2404:
1299:"Influence of the Calcium Carbonate Shell of Coccolithophores on Ingestion and Growth of a Dinoflagellate Predator"
842:
691:
686:
519:
320:
1260:"A review of selected aspects of coccolithophore biology with implications for paleobiodiversity estimation"
2782:
82:
shell called a "coccosphere". They are ecologically and biogeochemically important but the reason why they
24:
2185:"Growth and mortality of coccolithophores during spring in a temperate Shelf Sea (Celtic Sea, April 2015)"
74:
Coccolithophores are spherical cells about 5–100 micrometres across, enclosed by calcareous plates called
2667:
918:
514:
3863:
3778:
2649:
2590:
801:
748:
3652:
2099:"The Calcium Carbonate Shell of Emiliania huxleyi Provides Limited Protection Against Viral Infection"
114:
Coccolithophore cell surrounded by its shield of coccoliths. The coccolith-bearing cell is called the
1729:"Marine calcification as a source of carbon dioxide: Positive feedback of increasing atmospheric CO2"
1297:
Haunost, Mathias; Riebesell, Ulf; D'Amore, Francesco; Kelting, Ole; Bach, Lennart T. (30 June 2021).
742:
401:
132:
3376:
288:
3616:
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524:
396:
2643:
3813:
3752:
3691:
3405:
1198:
896:
713:
538:
160:
139:
sediments. Their calcareous shell increases the sinking velocity of photosynthetically fixed CO
2507:
976:– ellipsoidal with a raised rim, in some cases the high rim forms a vase or cup-like structure
3773:
3764:
3350:
2480:
2245:
Tillmann, Urban (2004). "Interactions between
Planktonic Microalgae and Protozoan Grazers1".
1116:
871:
849:. When the coccolith is complete these vesicles fuse with the cell wall and the coccolith is
276:
2196:
2139:
1895:
1840:
1740:
1701:
1655:
1614:
1575:
1465:
1412:
1042:
308:
3476:
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8:
3701:
2650:
Cocco
Express - Coccolithophorids Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) & Microarray Database
2369:
2343:
2321:
879:
230:
156:
2200:
2143:
2005:
Brussaard, Corina P. D. (2004). "Viral
Control of Phytoplankton Populations-a Review1".
1899:
1844:
1744:
1705:
1659:
1618:
1579:
1469:
1416:
86:
remains elusive. One key function may be that the coccosphere offers protection against
2950:
2659:
2270:
2258:
2214:
2165:
2074:
2049:
2030:
2018:
1981:
1916:
1883:
1673:
1438:
1196:
concentrations in the geologic past. Coccoliths and related fossils are referred to as
763:
753:
604:
570:
487:
480:
391:
240:
2535:"Recent Reticulate Evolution in the Ecologically Dominant Lineage of Coccolithophores"
1058:
3747:
3706:
3059:
2772:
2640:- includes an illustrated guide to coccolith terminology and several image galleries.
2556:
2513:
2486:
2459:
2436:
2262:
2218:
2079:
2022:
1985:
1921:
1789:
1545:
1512:
1481:
1430:
1371:
1320:
1259:
1129:
768:
678:
347:
281:
206:
79:
56:
43:
2603:
2456:
Coccolithophores of the
Eastern Mediterranean sea: A look into the marine microworld
2454:
Malinverno, E; Dimiza, MD; Triantaphyllou, MV; Dermitzakis, MD; Corselli, C (2008).
2274:
2169:
2034:
1677:
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3512:
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3423:
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3318:
3195:
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2599:
2546:
2426:
2416:
2385:
2301:
2254:
2204:
2155:
2147:
2110:
2069:
2061:
2014:
1977:
1952:
1911:
1903:
1858:
1848:
1781:
1758:
1748:
1709:
1663:
1622:
1583:
1537:
1504:
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1473:
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1420:
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1310:
1274:
1241:
1122:
1078:
728:
718:
698:
315:
235:
172:
144:
87:
2750:
1603:"Ratio of coccolith CaCO3to foraminifera CaCO3in late Holocene deep sea sediments"
3497:
2729:
2235:, Eds A. Winter and W. G. Siesser (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 63–82.
2209:
2184:
1713:
1541:
1508:
1366:
1349:
1348:
Irie, Takahiro; Bessho, Kazuhiro; Findlay, Helen S.; Calosi, Piero (2010-10-15).
594:
470:
384:
352:
124:
60:) and cover the cell surface arranged in the form of a spherical shell, called a
47:
2373:
2347:
1785:
1278:
1245:
90:
predation, which is one of the main causes of phytoplankton death in the ocean.
3681:
3522:
3432:
3418:
3219:
3075:
3023:
2880:
2799:
2646:- illustrated guide to the taxonomy of coccolithophores and other nannofossils.
2571:
2288:
Breckels, M. N.; Roberts, E. C.; Archer, S. D.; Malin, G.; Steinke, M. (2011).
1587:
1386:
1335:
1232:
1189:
1172:
1168:
736:
599:
586:
440:
413:
408:
180:
2421:
2389:
2151:
2115:
2098:
1753:
1728:
1315:
1298:
3857:
3611:
3583:
3487:
3460:
3457:
3391:
2885:
2859:
2809:
2560:
2551:
2534:
2440:
1957:
1940:
1485:
1434:
1375:
1324:
1179:
light; or in deep-dwelling species, to concentrate light for photosynthesis.
1084:
859:
758:
703:
543:
506:
369:
327:
298:
293:
184:
51:
2306:
2289:
2065:
1425:
1400:
3798:
3768:
3628:
3279:
3131:
3126:
3028:
2964:
2833:
2828:
2694:
2690:
2266:
2083:
2026:
1925:
1907:
1205:
1105:
1027:
773:
450:
445:
427:
245:
2570:
Modified material was copied from this source, which is available under a
2050:"The mutual interplay between calcification and coccolithovirus infection"
1385:
Modified material was copied from this source, which is available under a
939:
Coccoliths are also classified depending on shape. Common shapes include:
3828:
3803:
3791:
3606:
3560:
3361:
3328:
3308:
3229:
3142:
3013:
2981:
2919:
2909:
2844:
2819:
2767:
2453:
1668:
1643:
1627:
1602:
1532:
Hay, William W. (2004). "Carbonate fluxes and calcareous nannoplankton".
1152:
723:
708:
651:
565:
332:
264:
62:
29:
2509:
Marine
Phytoplankton: A Guide to Naked Flagellates and Coccolithophorids
2160:
1863:
214:
19:
3842:
3837:
3818:
3808:
3786:
3442:
3366:
3186:
3157:
3085:
3064:
2935:
2823:
2777:
2719:
1972:
Hamm, Christian; Smetacek, Victor (2007). "Armor: Why, when, and How".
1762:
875:
850:
846:
303:
75:
2431:
1853:
1828:
1727:
Frankignoulle, Michel; Canon, Christine; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (1994).
102:
Partial cross section of a coccolithophore with coccolith layer
3823:
3696:
3686:
3550:
3532:
3507:
3437:
3289:
3269:
3255:
3234:
3162:
3042:
2924:
2870:
2762:
2741:
2348:"On some organisms living at great depth in the North Atlantic Ocean"
646:
639:
533:
379:
2374:"On the organic origin of the so-called 'Crystalloids' of the chalk"
3716:
3711:
3623:
3588:
3517:
3502:
3492:
3371:
3294:
3245:
3209:
3176:
3090:
3002:
2899:
2854:
2734:
2714:
1965:
1164:
1156:
1101:
SEM images correspond to coccolith drawings in the previous diagram
855:
634:
624:
359:
342:
148:
128:
1401:"Covariation of metabolic rates and cell size in coccolithophores"
1296:
3633:
3152:
3106:
2745:
2698:
1334:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1160:
863:
629:
554:
475:
364:
250:
187:
176:
83:
1690:
924:
3555:
3413:
3116:
2992:
2724:
658:
1941:"On the Genesis and Function of Coccolithophore Calcification"
3527:
3095:
2757:
2566:
2532:
2478:
1381:
1330:
964:– disc-shaped, with numerous perforations in the central area
867:
374:
16:
Calcium carbonate scales covering some phytoplankton species
2097:
Haunost, Mathias; Riebesell, Ulf; Bach, Lennart T. (2020).
970:– convex disc shaped, may with a projecting central process
492:
431:
2287:
1568:
Deep Sea
Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
1000:– rim composed of two plates stacked on top of one another
2182:
1829:"Environmental controls on coccolithophore calcification"
1726:
2689:
2047:
1880:
1564:
988:– basket or cup-shaped with a high rim, opening distally
2637:
2634:, containing essays on blooms, coccolith function, etc.
1347:
1228:
1176:
994:– pentagonal shape composed of five four-sided crystals
155:. Thus, coccolithophores play an important role in the
2572:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2405:"Atlas of Northwestern Mediterranean Coccolithophores"
1387:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1336:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2096:
135:
in the surface ocean and ~50% to pelagic CaCO
2231:Young, J. R. (1994) "Functions of coccoliths". In:
1012:– a single plate with a club-shaped central process
1257:
1087:is associated with a SEM image in the next diagram
3316:
2472:
2403:Fortuño, José Manuel; Cros, Lluïsa (2002-03-30).
3855:
1360:(10). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e13436.
2505:
1876:
1874:
131:. Today, coccolithophores contribute ~1–10% to
123:Coccolithophores have been an integral part of
2485:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–58.
1258:Young, J. R.; Geisen, M.; Probert, I. (2005).
878:times), in which they were first described by
3277:
2675:
2332:. London: British Admiralty. pp. 63–68 .
1826:
1775:
1600:
1498:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1018:– rhombohedral, with parallel lines in center
822:
2638:International Nannoplankton Association site
2129:
1971:
1871:
1601:Broecker, Wallace; Clark, Elizabeth (2009).
1222:
193:
2402:
1642:Klaas, Christine; Archer, David E. (2002).
1641:
946:– basket-shaped with openings near the base
115:
2682:
2668:
2526:
2352:Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
1285:
829:
815:
3184:
2550:
2499:
2430:
2420:
2305:
2208:
2159:
2114:
2073:
2004:
1974:Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea
1956:
1915:
1862:
1852:
1752:
1667:
1626:
1455:
1424:
1365:
1314:
841:Coccoliths are formed within the cell in
2479:Amos Winter; William G. Siesser (2006).
2244:
923:
909:There are two main types of coccoliths,
163:and the oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO
18:
2583:
1077:Coccolith structures of representative
3856:
2378:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
2342:
2320:
2247:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2007:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1938:
1398:
147:organic matter. At the same time, the
2663:
2368:
159:by influencing the efficiency of the
2613:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
2512:. Academic Press. pp. 161–165.
1052:consisting of overlapping placoliths
1531:
42:are individual plates or scales of
13:
2458:. Athens: "ION" Publishing Group.
2259:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00540.x
2019:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00537.x
1884:"Why marine phytoplankton calcify"
1411:(15). Copernicus GmbH: 4665–4692.
1006:– polygonal, may have perforations
982:– a placolith with a spiral margin
14:
3875:
2621:
2584:Hermoso, Michaël (1 April 2016).
2655:Possible functions of Coccoliths
2565:
1982:10.1016/B978-012370518-1/50015-1
1827:Raven, JA; Crawfurd, K. (2012).
1380:
1329:
1182:
1094:
1070:
1057:
1041:
1026:
887:
866:and are the main constituent of
858:(depending on the water depth).
796:
795:
213:
107:
95:
2604:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.02.003
2577:
2447:
2396:
2362:
2336:
2314:
2281:
2238:
2225:
2176:
2123:
2090:
2041:
1998:
1932:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1769:
1720:
1684:
1635:
1594:
560:microbial calcite precipitation
3429:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
1833:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1558:
1525:
1492:
1478:10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.01.005
1449:
1392:
1341:
1251:
958:– horseshoe or wishbone shaped
1:
3399:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
1464:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 143–154.
1215:
520:marine biogenic calcification
2294:Journal of Plankton Research
2210:10.1016/j.pocean.2018.02.024
1714:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.11.003
1648:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1542:10.1007/978-3-662-06278-4_19
1509:10.1007/978-3-662-06278-4_18
1399:Aloisi, G. (6 August 2015).
1367:10.1371/journal.pone.0013436
1206:nannoplankton (nanoplankton)
25:Scanning electron micrograph
7:
2103:Frontiers in Marine Science
1945:Frontiers in Marine Science
1786:10.1007/978-3-662-06278-4_5
1303:Frontiers in Marine Science
1279:10.2113/gsmicropal.51.4.267
1246:10.1016/j.algal.2012.06.002
1146:
749:Biomineralising polychaetes
515:amorphous calcium carbonate
201:Part of a series related to
69:
10:
3880:
2591:Quaternary Science Reviews
2132:Limnology and Oceanography
2054:Environmental Microbiology
1939:Müller, Marius N. (2019).
1733:Limnology and Oceanography
1588:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.12.003
781:Burgess Shale preservation
3738:
3672:
3597:
3574:
3541:
3474:
3348:
3341:
3307:
3268:
3243:
3217:
3208:
3175:
3140:
3104:
3073:
3050:
3041:
3011:
2990:
2972:
2963:
2933:
2907:
2898:
2868:
2842:
2807:
2798:
2791:
2705:
2539:Frontiers in Microbiology
2422:10.3989/scimar.2002.66s11
2390:10.1080/00222936108697404
2152:10.4319/lo.2004.49.1.0051
2116:10.3389/fmars.2020.530757
1754:10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0458
1316:10.3389/fmars.2021.664269
894:Collapsed coccosphere of
743:Cupriavidus metallidurans
194:Formation and composition
2720:Mastigophora/Flagellates
2552:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00784
2506:Carmelo R Tomas (2012).
2189:Progress in Oceanography
1958:10.3389/fmars.2019.00049
1694:Progress in Oceanography
1458:Marine Micropaleontology
1175:; to filter out harmful
934:
904:
464:Teeth, scales, tusks etc
34:, plated with coccoliths
3758:Baas-Becking hypothesis
2066:10.1111/1462-2920.14362
1426:10.5194/bg-12-4665-2015
525:calcareous nannofossils
321:Choanoflagellate lorica
143:into the deep ocean by
3753:Microbial biogeography
2545:. Frontiers Media SA.
1908:10.1126/sciadv.1501822
1309:. Frontiers Media SA.
1199:calcareous nanofossils
1112:Gephyrocapsa muellerae
952:– disc- or bowl-shaped
931:
897:Pleurochrysis carterae
714:Magnetotactic bacteria
539:oolitic aragonite sand
397:scaly-foot snail shell
161:biological carbon pump
127:communities since the
36:
2773:Fungus-like organisms
2307:10.1093/plankt/fbq114
1117:Gephyrocapsa oceanica
1035:Helicosphaera carteri
927:
872:white cliffs of Dover
870:deposits such as the
22:
3488:Simple cell membrane
3424:Pseudoparenchymatous
3412:Filamentous/trichal/
3396:Colonial flagellated
3329:Collar of microvilli
2630:- site dedicated to
2370:Sorby, Henry Clifton
2344:Huxley, Thomas Henry
2322:Huxley, Thomas Henry
1976:. pp. 311–332.
1669:10.1029/2001GB001765
1628:10.1029/2009PA001731
1536:. pp. 509–528.
1503:. pp. 481–508.
3702:Contractile vacuole
3653:Meiosis in protists
3634:Mitosis in protists
3612:Multinucleate cells
2834:Flagellar apparatus
2783:Ambiregnal protists
2725:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
2201:2019PrOce.17701928M
2144:2004LimOc..49...51C
1900:2016SciA....2E1822M
1845:2012MEPS..470..137R
1780:. pp. 99–125.
1745:1994LimOc..39..458F
1706:2008PrOce..76..217H
1660:2002GBioC..16.1116K
1619:2009PalOc..24.3205B
1580:2007DSRII..54..538P
1470:2008MarMP..67..143H
1417:2015BGeo...12.4665A
929:Types of coccoliths
880:Henry Clifton Sorby
441:Vertebrate skeleton
231:Mineralized tissues
157:marine carbon cycle
3533:Periplast/pellicle
3256:Periplast/pellicle
3196:Cruciform division
1137:morphotype A; (J)
1133:morphotype R; (I)
932:
605:diatomaceous earth
571:Great Calcite Belt
488:Scale microfossils
481:otolithic membrane
392:small shelly fauna
365:echinoderm stereom
241:Biocrystallization
133:primary production
37:
3864:Calcium compounds
3851:
3850:
3748:Microbial ecology
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3707:Eyespot apparatus
3337:
3336:
3319:Choanoflagellates
3303:
3302:
3264:
3263:
3204:
3203:
3171:
3170:
3037:
3036:
2959:
2958:
2894:
2893:
2632:Emiliania huxleyi
2519:978-0-323-13827-7
2492:978-0-521-03169-1
2465:978-960-411-660-7
1854:10.3354/meps09993
1795:978-3-642-06016-8
1551:978-3-642-06016-8
1518:978-3-642-06016-8
1267:Micropaleontology
1163:; maintenance of
1139:Emiliania huxleyi
1135:Emiliania huxleyi
1130:Emiliania huxleyi
1050:Emiliania huxleyi
845:derived from the
839:
838:
769:permineralization
754:Mineral nutrients
679:Mineral evolution
348:foraminifera test
207:Biomineralization
80:calcium carbonate
57:Emiliania huxleyi
44:calcium carbonate
3871:
3722:Mastigont system
3675:
3600:
3577:
3566:Gliding motility
3544:
3481:
3426:/plektenchymatic
3382:Amoeboflagellate
3355:
3346:
3345:
3322:
3314:
3313:
3283:
3275:
3274:
3249:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3189:
3182:
3181:
3146:
3110:
3079:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3017:
2996:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2939:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2874:
2848:
2812:
2805:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2628:The EHUX website
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2482:Coccolithophores
2476:
2470:
2469:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2242:
2236:
2233:Coccolithophores
2229:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2060:(6): 1896–1915.
2045:
2039:
2038:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1888:Science Advances
1878:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1856:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1778:Coccolithophores
1773:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1607:Paleoceanography
1598:
1592:
1591:
1574:(5–7): 538–557.
1562:
1556:
1555:
1534:Coccolithophores
1529:
1523:
1522:
1501:Coccolithophores
1496:
1490:
1489:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1428:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1318:
1294:
1283:
1282:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1226:
1155:or infection by
1123:Reticulofenestra
1098:
1079:Noelaerhabdaceae
1074:
1061:
1045:
1033:Helicoliths of
1030:
911:heterococcoliths
891:
831:
824:
817:
804:
799:
798:
719:Magnetoreception
699:Ballast minerals
294:Cephalopod shell
289:Brachiopod shell
236:Remineralisation
217:
198:
197:
173:microzooplankton
111:
99:
88:microzooplankton
48:coccolithophores
3879:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3740:
3726:
3673:
3668:
3598:
3593:
3575:
3570:
3542:
3537:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3352:
3349:
3333:
3317:
3299:
3278:
3260:
3244:
3239:
3218:
3200:
3185:
3167:
3141:
3136:
3105:
3100:
3076:Dinoflagellates
3074:
3069:
3051:
3033:
3012:
3007:
2991:
2986:
2973:
2955:
2934:
2929:
2908:
2890:
2869:
2864:
2843:
2838:
2808:
2787:
2708:classifications
2707:
2701:
2688:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2582:
2578:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2452:
2448:
2409:Scientia Marina
2401:
2397:
2384:(45): 193–200.
2367:
2363:
2341:
2337:
2319:
2315:
2286:
2282:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2181:
2177:
2128:
2124:
2095:
2091:
2046:
2042:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1970:
1966:
1937:
1933:
1894:(7): e1501822.
1879:
1872:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1774:
1770:
1725:
1721:
1689:
1685:
1640:
1636:
1599:
1595:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1497:
1493:
1454:
1450:
1397:
1393:
1346:
1342:
1295:
1286:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1195:
1185:
1149:
1142:
1102:
1099:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1048:Coccosphere of
1046:
1038:
1037:
1031:
937:
930:
907:
900:
892:
835:
794:
787:
786:
785:
673:
665:
664:
663:
619:
611:
610:
609:
595:biogenic silica
589:
579:
578:
577:
562:
550:
529:
509:
499:
498:
497:
465:
457:
456:
455:
435:
420:
419:
418:
385:gastropod shell
353:testate amoebae
343:diatom frustule
268:
257:
256:
255:
225:
196:
181:dinoflagellates
166:
154:
142:
138:
125:marine plankton
119:
112:
103:
100:
72:
50:(single-celled
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3877:
3867:
3866:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3450:Siphonocladous
3448:
3440:
3433:Multinucleated
3430:
3427:
3421:
3419:Parenchymatous
3416:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3358:
3356:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:Kinetoplastids
3212:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2886:Phycobilisomes
2883:
2881:Pit connection
2877:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2860:Phycobilisomes
2857:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2815:
2813:
2810:Chloroplastida
2802:
2800:Archaeplastida
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2623:
2622:External links
2620:
2617:
2616:
2576:
2525:
2518:
2498:
2491:
2471:
2464:
2446:
2395:
2361:
2354:. New series.
2335:
2313:
2300:(4): 629–639.
2280:
2253:(2): 156–168.
2237:
2224:
2175:
2122:
2089:
2040:
2013:(2): 125–138.
1997:
1990:
1964:
1931:
1870:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1794:
1768:
1739:(2): 458–462.
1719:
1700:(3): 217–285.
1683:
1634:
1593:
1557:
1550:
1524:
1517:
1491:
1448:
1405:Biogeosciences
1391:
1340:
1284:
1273:(4): 267–288.
1250:
1240:(2): 120–133,
1233:Algal Research
1220:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1193:
1190:Upper Triassic
1184:
1181:
1173:photosynthesis
1169:carbon dioxide
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1076:
1069:
1056:
1055:
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1039:
1032:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
936:
933:
928:
915:holococcoliths
906:
903:
902:
901:
893:
886:
874:(deposited in
837:
836:
834:
833:
826:
819:
811:
808:
807:
806:
805:
789:
788:
784:
783:
778:
777:
776:
771:
761:
756:
751:
746:
739:
734:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
695:
694:
692:immobilization
689:
687:mineralization
681:
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
662:
661:
656:
655:
654:
644:
643:
642:
637:
627:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
608:
607:
602:
600:siliceous ooze
597:
591:
590:
587:Silicification
585:
584:
581:
580:
576:
575:
574:
573:
568:
563:
551:
549:
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510:
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458:
454:
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448:
443:
437:
436:
426:
425:
422:
421:
417:
416:
411:
409:Sponge spicule
406:
405:
404:
402:estuary shells
399:
394:
389:
388:
387:
382:
377:
367:
357:
356:
355:
350:
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340:
335:
325:
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94:
71:
68:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3876:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3779:Fertilization
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
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3743:
3737:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
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3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3671:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3647:Pleuromitosis
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:Hydrogenosome
3582:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3540:
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3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:Multicellular
3456:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:Dictyostelids
3276:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:Apicomplexans
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Stramenopiles
2962:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2415:(S1): 1–182.
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1991:9780123705181
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1183:Fossil record
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:; release of
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1141:morphotype B.
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1085:morphospecies
1080:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1029:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
941:
940:
926:
922:
920:
916:
912:
899:
898:
890:
885:
884:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
860:Thomas Huxley
857:
852:
848:
844:
832:
827:
825:
820:
818:
813:
812:
810:
809:
803:
793:
792:
791:
790:
782:
779:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
764:Fossilization
762:
760:
759:Microbial mat
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
744:
740:
738:
735:
733:
731:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
704:Magnetofossil
702:
700:
697:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
682:
680:
677:
676:
669:
668:
660:
657:
653:
650:
649:
648:
645:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
615:
614:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
588:
583:
582:
572:
569:
567:
564:
561:
558:
557:
556:
553:
552:
545:
544:aragonite sea
542:
540:
537:
536:
535:
532:
531:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
508:
507:Calcification
503:
502:
494:
491:
489:
486:
482:
479:
478:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
461:
460:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
433:
429:
428:Endoskeletons
424:
423:
415:
412:
410:
407:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
370:mollusc shell
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
329:
328:Protist shell
326:
322:
319:
318:
317:
314:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
299:cirrate shell
297:
296:
295:
292:
290:
287:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
272:
271:
266:
261:
260:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
221:
220:
216:
212:
211:
208:
205:
204:
200:
199:
191:
189:
186:
185:Heterotrophic
182:
178:
174:
168:
162:
158:
150:
146:
134:
130:
126:
117:
110:
105:
98:
93:
92:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
67:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
52:phytoplankton
49:
45:
41:
33:
31:
26:
21:
3799:Heterotrophy
3769:Reproduction
3644:Orthomitosis
3629:Heterokaryon
3576:Mitochondria
3477:Cell surface
3353:organization
3309:Opisthokonta
3132:Micronucleus
3127:Macronucleus
3029:Pneumatocyst
2945:
2845:Glaucophytes
2829:Phragmoplast
2768:Thallophytes
2695:Protistology
2691:Microbiology
2631:
2609:17 September
2607:. Retrieved
2595:
2589:
2579:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2508:
2501:
2481:
2474:
2455:
2449:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2381:
2377:
2364:
2355:
2351:
2338:
2329:
2326:"Appendix A"
2316:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2161:10261/134985
2138:(1): 51–57.
2135:
2131:
2125:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1973:
1967:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1891:
1887:
1864:10453/114799
1836:
1832:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1777:
1771:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1533:
1527:
1500:
1494:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1306:
1302:
1270:
1266:
1253:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1211:
1203:
1197:
1186:
1150:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1110:RCC4032 (B)
1106:Gephyrocapsa
1104:
1049:
1034:
1015:
1009:
1004:Prismatolith
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
944:Calyptrolith
943:
938:
914:
910:
908:
895:
840:
774:petrifaction
741:
729:
724:Microfossils
471:Limpet teeth
451:Ossification
446:Bone mineral
380:chiton shell
337:
265:Exoskeletons
246:Biointerface
169:
122:
73:
61:
55:
39:
38:
28:
3829:Necrotrophy
3814:Saprotrophy
3804:Phagotrophy
3792:Phototrophy
3785:Nutrition:
3774:Life cycles
3765:Development
3739:Ecology and
3607:Nucleomorph
3561:Pseudopodia
3362:Unicellular
3246:Euglenoidea
3230:Kinetoplast
3014:Brown algae
2982:Mastigoneme
2920:Mastigoneme
2910:Cryptophyta
2820:green algae
2778:Slime molds
1839:: 137–166.
1763:2268/246251
1654:(4): 1116.
1204:calcareous
1153:zooplankton
919:rhombohedra
709:Magnetosome
652:phosphorite
618:Other forms
566:calcite sea
333:coccosphere
277:exoskeleton
116:coccosphere
63:coccosphere
30:Coccolithus
3843:Auxotrophy
3838:Mixotrophy
3819:Parasitism
3809:Osmotrophy
3787:Autotrophy
3741:physiology
3617:Plasmodium
3543:Locomotion
3479:structures
3443:Coenocytic
3187:Phytomyxea
3158:Apicoplast
3086:Dinokaryon
3065:Trichocyst
2936:Haptophyte
2824:Phycoplast
2792:Morphology
2763:Cryptogams
2432:10261/5441
2380:. Ser. 3.
2358:: 203–212.
2195:: 101928.
1216:References
1016:Scapholith
1010:Rhabdolith
986:Lopadolith
980:Helicolith
962:Cribrilith
956:Ceratolith
876:Cretaceous
851:exocytosed
847:golgi body
304:cuttlebone
273:Arthropod
145:ballasting
76:coccoliths
46:formed by
40:Coccoliths
3824:Biotrophy
3697:Extrusome
3687:Cytostome
3551:Flagellum
3508:Cell wall
3467:/histonal
3447:Siphonous
3438:Syncytial
3406:Coenobial
3402:Sarcinoid
3351:Levels of
3290:Macrocyst
3270:Amoebozoa
3235:Glycosome
3163:Microneme
3043:Alveolata
2951:Haptonema
2946:Coccolith
2925:Periplast
2871:Red algae
2855:Cyanelles
2742:Infusoria
2598:: 69–78.
2561:1664-302X
2441:1886-8134
2219:135347218
1486:0377-8398
1435:1726-4189
1376:1932-6203
1325:2296-7745
1108:ericsonii
998:Placolith
992:Pentalith
974:Discolith
968:Cyrtolith
950:Caneolith
882:in 1861.
856:sediments
730:engrailed
647:Phosphate
640:oil shale
534:Aragonite
338:coccolith
32:pelagicus
3858:Category
3717:Axostyle
3712:Pyrenoid
3692:Fimbriae
3624:Dikaryon
3589:Mitosome
3518:Skeleton
3503:Frustule
3493:Mucilage
3465:tissular
3389:Colonial
3372:Amoeboid
3367:Monadoid
3295:Sorocarp
3210:Excavate
3177:Rhizaria
3107:Ciliates
3091:Dinocyst
3052:General:
3003:Frustule
2974:General:
2900:Hacrobia
2751:Sporozoa
2746:Ciliates
2735:Heliozoa
2715:Protozoa
2699:Protists
2644:Nannotax
2372:(1861).
2346:(1868).
2324:(1858).
2275:36526359
2267:15134250
2170:22995996
2084:30043404
2035:21017882
2027:15134247
1926:27453937
1678:34159028
1354:PLOS ONE
1165:buoyancy
1157:bacteria
1147:Function
1125:parvular
843:vesicles
802:Category
683:In soil
635:alginite
625:Bone bed
360:Seashell
267:(shells)
188:protists
177:ciliates
149:biogenic
129:Jurassic
70:Overview
54:such as
3660:Zygotic
3657:Gametic
3599:Nucleus
3377:Coccoid
3342:General
3153:Rhoptry
3060:Alveoli
2993:Diatoms
2730:Testate
2197:Bibcode
2140:Bibcode
2075:7379532
1917:4956192
1896:Bibcode
1841:Bibcode
1741:Bibcode
1702:Bibcode
1656:Bibcode
1615:Bibcode
1576:Bibcode
1466:Bibcode
1443:6227548
1413:Bibcode
1161:viruses
864:calcite
672:Related
630:Kerogen
555:Calcite
476:Otolith
309:gladius
282:cuticle
251:Biofilm
224:General
84:calcify
3663:Sporic
3641:Closed
3556:Cilium
3513:Lorica
3414:hyphal
3122:Cirrus
3117:Cilium
3024:Lamina
2706:Former
2559:
2516:
2489:
2462:
2439:
2273:
2265:
2217:
2168:
2082:
2072:
2033:
2025:
1988:
1924:
1914:
1792:
1676:
1548:
1515:
1484:
1441:
1433:
1374:
1323:
800:
659:Pyrena
316:Lorica
3674:Other
3528:Theca
3498:Scale
3096:Theca
2758:Algae
2271:S2CID
2215:S2CID
2166:S2CID
2031:S2CID
1674:S2CID
1613:(3).
1439:S2CID
1263:(PDF)
1083:Each
935:Shape
905:Types
868:chalk
737:Druse
432:bones
375:nacre
175:like
3682:Cyst
3638:Open
3523:Test
3461:s.s.
3392:s.s.
2611:2024
2557:ISSN
2514:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2460:ISBN
2437:ISSN
2263:PMID
2080:PMID
2023:PMID
1986:ISBN
1922:PMID
1790:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1482:ISSN
1431:ISSN
1372:ISSN
1321:ISSN
1171:for
1120:(D)
1114:(C)
1103:(A)
913:and
732:gene
493:Tusk
414:Test
179:and
2822:":
2600:doi
2596:137
2547:doi
2427:hdl
2417:doi
2386:doi
2302:doi
2255:doi
2205:doi
2193:177
2156:hdl
2148:doi
2111:doi
2070:PMC
2062:doi
2015:doi
1978:doi
1953:doi
1912:PMC
1904:doi
1859:hdl
1849:doi
1837:470
1782:doi
1759:hdl
1749:doi
1710:doi
1664:doi
1623:doi
1584:doi
1538:doi
1505:doi
1474:doi
1421:doi
1362:doi
1311:doi
1275:doi
1242:doi
1202:or
1159:or
27:of
3860::
2697::
2693::
2594:.
2588:.
2555:.
2541:.
2537:.
2435:.
2425:.
2413:66
2411:.
2407:.
2376:.
2350:.
2328:.
2298:33
2296:.
2292:.
2269:.
2261:.
2251:51
2249:.
2213:.
2203:.
2191:.
2187:.
2164:.
2154:.
2146:.
2136:49
2134:.
2109:.
2105:.
2101:.
2078:.
2068:.
2058:21
2056:.
2052:.
2029:.
2021:.
2011:51
2009:.
1984:.
1951:.
1947:.
1943:.
1920:.
1910:.
1902:.
1890:.
1886:.
1873:^
1857:.
1847:.
1835:.
1831:.
1788:.
1757:.
1747:.
1737:39
1735:.
1731:.
1708:.
1698:76
1696:.
1672:.
1662:.
1652:16
1650:.
1646:.
1621:.
1611:24
1609:.
1605:.
1582:.
1572:54
1570:.
1544:.
1511:.
1480:.
1472:.
1462:67
1460:.
1437:.
1429:.
1419:.
1409:12
1407:.
1403:.
1370:.
1356:.
1352:.
1319:.
1305:.
1301:.
1287:^
1271:51
1269:.
1265:.
1236:,
1209:.
1177:UV
167:.
66:.
3767:/
3463:/
3321::
3282::
3248::
3222::
3145::
3109::
3078::
3016::
2995::
2938::
2912::
2873::
2847::
2818:"
2744:/
2683:e
2676:t
2669:v
2602::
2574:.
2563:.
2549::
2543:7
2522:.
2495:.
2468:.
2443:.
2429::
2419::
2392:.
2388::
2382:8
2356:8
2310:.
2304::
2277:.
2257::
2221:.
2207::
2199::
2172:.
2158::
2150::
2142::
2119:.
2113::
2107:7
2086:.
2064::
2037:.
2017::
1994:.
1980::
1961:.
1955::
1949:6
1928:.
1906::
1898::
1892:2
1867:.
1861::
1851::
1843::
1798:.
1784::
1765:.
1761::
1751::
1743::
1716:.
1712::
1704::
1680:.
1666::
1658::
1631:.
1625::
1617::
1590:.
1586::
1578::
1554:.
1540::
1521:.
1507::
1488:.
1476::
1468::
1445:.
1423::
1415::
1389:.
1378:.
1364::
1358:5
1338:.
1327:.
1313::
1307:8
1281:.
1277::
1244::
1238:1
1194:2
1081:.
830:e
823:t
816:v
434:)
430:(
165:2
153:2
141:2
137:3
118:.
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