464:, in opposition to the idea of high-brow art following the initial rejection of recognition of his work from several pre-established art institutions. The movement has also been referred to as "pop surrealism" in some circles (and likewise Williams himself has referred to it as "cartoon-tainted abstract surrealism"), where the feeling appears to be that the label "lowbrow" may be inappropriate, given the artistic merit found in the movement's artists. Despite initial pushback from contemporary critics, the movement has begun to be taken more seriously as the years have gone on, with the first formal gallery exhibition displaying the works of the movement being orchestrated in 1992 by Greg Escalante at the Julie Rico Gallery in
570:, has been studied as an example of low culture consumed by upper classes. Certain examples of these artifacts, such as artwork from African cultures, may be found in higher-income establishments with no ties to these cultures, a phenomenon that has been described as "cultural omnivorousness ," with the aim of creating a more distinguished air in the interior design of the owners' business or living spaces. These cases exemplify another means by which media deemed low culture can still be consumed by socioeconomic classes besides those with which it is chiefly associated, or notably for which it has primarily been created.
414:. Although most forms of off-color comedy could be viewed as a kind of low culture, toilet humor in particular has received this connotation due to the comedy style's frequent interest amongst toddlers and young children, for whom cultural taboos related to the acknowledgement of waste excretion still have a degree of novelty. For this reason, toilet humor has come to be regularly viewed as juvenile, although it has continued to find success in a number of modern settings such as in the
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494:, memes are cultural ideas (often in the form of images, videos, or vernacular phrases) that have gradually developed certain contextual meanings for their audiences. Memes are often shared by internet users in an informal setting, often with the intent of humor, satire, or social commentary; these behaviors frequently lead to certain images reaching a status of near-universal recognition and fame across the internet. The rapid popularization of
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colorful designs and relatively inexpensive production, which led to their frequent consumption for both spreading various sociopolitical ideas or decorative purposes. This usage of brief, eye-catching marketing strategy allowed the prints, much like their
European counterparts, to appeal to a wider audience that would be receptive to both the entertainment and political content they contained.
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techniques advanced, and the quality of the art itself improved during the 17th and 18th centuries, higher social classes began to take more interest in it. This has allowed for more of this genre's later works to survive into the modern age, with earlier, 15th century era works being lost to time due to the perishable nature of printing materials.
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experience of being able to live vicariously through the lives of others by viewing them through various forms of media. While the audiences that consume low culture tend to originate from lower socioeconomic classes, those considered 'elite' can also interact with this media. An example of this interaction between classes can be found in
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in a manner that can be perceived as more simplistic, crude, emotive, unbalanced, or blunt compared to the ways in which a piece of high culture would implement them. This leads to the perception of high culture as being more subtle, balanced, or refined and open for interpretation in comparison with
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Popular prints are also observed in
Chinese society from the late 1800s to mid-1900s, in which they were intended to be readily accessible to the majority of consumers (i.e., the working or middle classes). Similarly to those found in Europe, the Chinese prints would emphasize design elements such as
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began to enter the public lexicon in the 1980s as a classification for these kinds of recent low-cultural expressions. This kind of content is often considered to be either vulgar, in poor taste, or lacking in-depth artistic merit. With the explosion of tabloid journalism and sensationalistic reality
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in many countries generated interest from middle class enthusiasts. In comparison to other forms of music, such as music written for orchestras or by well-known classical composers, folk music was considered a product of low culture given its association with the more popular, cruder tastes of those
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mass-produces each type of popular culture for every socioeconomic class. Despite being viewed as characteristic of less-educated social classes, low culture is still often enjoyed by upper classes as well. This makes the content that falls under this categorization the most broadly consumed kind of
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has specific meanings and usages that are collectively determined by the members of any respective social class. However, people of higher social classes often view the cultural objects they consume as having a higher societal standing than that taken in by lower classes. This makes the distinction
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would use these works as inspirations to bridge the gap between the confines of high and low culture. The result of this on his work in particular has been media that could belong to either categorization based on the grotesque nature of his works content mixed with the depth more characteristic of
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All cultural products (especially high culture) have a certain demographic to which they appeal most. In regard to low culture, it often appeals to very simple and basic human emotional needs, while also offering a perceived return to innocence. This escape from real world problems comes from the
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The demographics who make up lower social classes have often been given specific phrases to refer to their classification as being of a lower social standing. These varying groups, who are usually made up of younger and poorer individuals, are often viewed as being a part of regionally specific
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Aesthetic standards of low culture stress substance, form being totally subservient, and there is no explicit concern with abstract ideas or even with fictional forms of contemporary social problems and issues. . . . Low culture emphasizes morality, but limits itself to familial and individual
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Although the reach of popular prints was both far spanning and effective, its classification as a lower art made it less desirable to higher classes, especially during the art form's earlier years when the drawings themselves were more crude and simply produced due to necessity. As printing
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or luxury objects of high culture. While this is a necessity for this low culture media to be broadly disseminated, it has also contributed to its reputation as low-brow or of lesser merit. The cheapness of the materials, many of which are perishable, generally means that their survival and
380:, popular prints became a useful tool for spreading political, religious, and social ideas to the working class—emphasis was placed on adding artwork or visually appealing designs in order to maximize readership in societies which, at the time, were not fully
221:) is thought of as a reflection of common themes present in its community of origin. These combined traits help define folk music as an early, widespread form of low culture, for which the lower/working classes were both the largest producers and consumers.
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possesses its own versions of high and low culture, the definition and content of which are determined by the socioeconomic and educational particulars of the people who compose said social class. This falls in line with the sociological theory known as
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who created it. This social separation between folk and classical music was also influenced by the traditions and expectations followed by the latter, which was often written for use in religious settings that demanded certain consistencies in the
537:—interestingly, it has been heavily associated with consumption by higher classes throughout the 20th century in a notable example of higher classes consuming media that was neither generated by nor specifically intended to catch their attention.
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and other academic communities, as the meme's spread and highly varied usage by different online groups represented a unique kind of media that could influence future political discourse, particularly among middle- or lower-class internet users.
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media in a culture overall. Various forms of low culture can be found across a variety of cultures, with the physical objects composing these mediums often being constructed from less expensive, perishable materials. The phrase
49:
German peasants bare their buttocks and fart in response to a papal bull of Pope Paul III: "The Pope speaks: Our sentences are to be feared, even if unjust. Response: Be damned! Behold, o furious race, our bared buttocks."
1282:"Lessons in On-Line Reference Publishing Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary . Merriam-Webster Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus . Merriam-Webster Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia . Merriam-Webster"
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problems and values, which apply to such problems. Low culture is content to depict traditional working class values winning out over the temptation to give in to conflicting impulses and behavior patterns.
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which states that the way that people perceive and respond to the social world they inhabit is through their personal habits, skills, and disposition of character. Therefore, what exactly constitutes
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are common. Wood must have been a common material, but survives for long periods only in certain climatic conditions, such as Egypt and other very arid areas, and permanently wet and slightly acidic
384:. These prints contributed to pioneering satirical content, varying portrayals of common subcultures at the time, and other subject matter that is still found in modern-day low culture media.
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as a meme in the mid-2010s highlights the variety of symbolic purposes that any one meme can be applied to represent. The image, which can be traced back to a comic book character created by
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Common throughout the 1400s to 1700s in Europe, popular prints highlight some of the key identifying features of low culture media. Shortly after innovations in printing technology such as
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In Latin, the caption concludes: "PAPA LOQVITUR. Sententiae nostrae etiam iniustae metuendae sunt. Responsio. Maledetta Aspice nudatas gens furiosa nates. Ecco qui Papa el mio belvedere."
268:
between high and low culture one drawn along social standings, a trend that has resulted in the art and content that makes up low culture being regularly discredited throughout history.
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its lower counterpart. Modern media that would often be constituted as low culture often continues to implement stereotypes, often to comment or critique them in a satirical manner.
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is another notable historical manifestation of low culture. Much traditional folk music was only written down, and later mechanically recorded, in the 19th century, as growing
502:
in 2005, was heavily reused and shared across various online forums in later years. Eventually, Pepe's presence spread to a number of far-right communities on the website
1327:
Nagarajan, T.; Vijayalakshmi, P.; O'Shaughnessy, Douglas (2006-09-17). "Combining multiple-sized sub-word units in a speech recognition system using baseform selection".
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In other words, low culture is often associated with media that presents smaller-scale or individual experiences that are easier for the general public to identify with.
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has come to be viewed by some as a derogatory idea in and of itself, existing to put down elements of pop or tribal culture that others may deem to be "inferior."
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media franchises. This relation between low culture and what is enjoyed by children demonstrates a regular pattern in who is seen to find low culture appealing.
1827:
Hahl, Oliver; Zuckerman, Ezra W.; Kim, Minjae (2017-06-02). "Why Elites Love
Authentic Lowbrow Culture: Overcoming High-Status Denigration with Outsider Art".
440:, area during the 1960s, Lowbrow was an underground visual art movement that took inspiration from other popular forms of low culture art of the time such as
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Physical artifacts from low culture are normally cheaply and often crudely made, as well as often small, in contrast to the comparatively grand
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delinquent subcultures. The following variations of these types of groups are stereotypical of the audiences who consume low culture works.
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1236:"Tangier, a Novel, by Diane Skelly Ponasik. North Charleston: BookSurge Publishing, 2005. 409 pages. US$ 17.99 (Paper) ISBN 1-4196-2086-X"
1189:"Tangier, a Novel, by Diane Skelly Ponasik. North Charleston: BookSurge Publishing, 2005. 409 pages. US$ 17.99 (Paper) ISBN 1-4196-2086-X"
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Sports, pop music, fast food, fast-fashion and superhero movies are all considered modern examples of low culture. The phrase
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Pettegree, Andrew (2017-06-30), "Broadsheets: Single-Sheet
Publishing in the First Age of Print. Typology and Typography",
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1396:"The Music of the Machine: A Ying, International Constructivism, and Sonic Modernity in Chinese Revolutionary Literature"
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is a small piece of pottery (or sometimes stone) which has been written on, for any of a number of purposes, among which
600:– Cultural objects which a society deems to be intellectually and artistically exemplary (the opposite of low culture).
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642:, also known as Primitive art – art made by the indigenous tribes that has been categorized by some as "low culture."
84:, often broadly appealing to the middle or lower cultures of any given society. This is in contrast to the forms of
1152:"O tym, dlaczego dresiarze noszą dresy. Rozważania nad antropologią odzieży sportowej w subkulturach chuligaoskich"
763:
Bru, Sascha; Nuijs, Laurence; Hjartarson, Benedikt; Nicholls, Peter; Ørum, Tania; Berg, Hubert, eds. (2011-11-20).
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198:, typically new topical words to a familiar tune. These examples became extremely common, but were treated as
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that deals with defecation, urination, and other bodily functions that would often be deemed as societally
612:– society based on relations between huge numbers of people, whose prototypical denizen is the "mass man."
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648:– A popular style of sensationalized journalism known for being lurid and vulgar in nature (similar to
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594:– A branch of social sciences with the scientific understanding and analysis of cultures as a whole.
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Ames, Melissa; McDuffie, Kristi (2023-04-01), "Introduction: Redefining
Hashtag Activism",
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510:. This sudden shift in usage prompted more serious analysis in other circles, including
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Right-Wing
Extremists' Use of the Internet: Emerging Trends in the Empirical Literature
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Hashtag
Activism Interrogated and Embodied: Case Studies on Social Justice Movements
1704:, Palgrave Hate Studies, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 355–380,
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Bret Easton Ellis's controversial fiction: writing between high and low culture
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964:"From J.C. Bach to Hip Hop: Musical Borrowing, Copyright and Cultural Context"
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1872:"An Economic Theory of Avant-Garde and Popular Art, or High and Low Culture"
658:– Type of off-color humor dealing with defecation, urination and flatulence.
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Also referred to as potty or scatological humor, toilet humor is a brand of
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1801:(Second ed.). London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
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1474:. Cambridge studies in early modern British history (Reprinted ed.).
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Regarding the
Popular: Modernism, the Avant-Garde and High and Low Culture
352:– A derogatory, stereotypical phrase used within the Canadian province of
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preservation in modern times is rare. There are exceptions, especially in
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1993:
1776:. A Longman topics reader (Nachdr. ed.). New York: Pearson Longman.
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Many well-known examples of modern low culture are represented by online
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television throughout the late 20th century, many modern artists such as
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Scrivens, Ryan; Gaudette, Tiana; Conway, Maura; Holt, Thomas J. (2022),
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342:– Derogatory term applied to a white person from the rural South of the
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that appeal to a smaller, often upper-class proportion of the populace.
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The use and display of different cultural artifacts, especially in the
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Popular culture and high culture: an analysis and evaluation of taste
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Popular
Culture and High Culture: An Analysis and Evaluation of Taste
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511:
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115:
Popular
Culture and High Culture: An Analysis and Evaluation of Taste
1887:
533:, which is often created by individuals without a background in the
186:. This technology also allowed for the production of cheap texts in
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582:– Figure of speech referring to a superficial means of appeasement.
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1935:
1048:. Continuum literary studies series. London New York: Continuum.
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used to refer to someone who is ignorant, aggressive and unruly.
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term for delinquent. Characterized as wearing Adidas tracksuits.
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298:– Stereotype of anti-social youth dressed in sportswear in the
460:, who decided to name a 1979 book containing his paintings as
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The Graphic Art of the Underground: A Countercultural History
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Lowbrow art: the unlikely defender of art history's tradition
624:– Figure of speech used to describe jokes of a vulgar nature.
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670:– Cultures created by or popular among working class people.
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The Latin title reads: "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur."
295:
1904:
1697:
1537:"WCBS-TV News/New York Times New York City Poll, May 1993"
762:
1447:
Prints & people: a social history of printed pictures
1799:
God in the details: American religion in popular culture
742:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Fortress. p. 4.
202:, so survival of this material is relatively uncommon.
1073:(Rev. and updated ed.). New York: Basic Books.
999:"Concerning the Conception of Authentic Folk Music*"
739:
Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46
92:
proposes that both high culture and low culture are
52:
The irreligious scene is low-culture humor from the
1350:
1348:
1870:Cowen, Tyler; Tabarrok, Alexander (October 2000).
1797:Mazur, Eric Michael; McCarthy, Kate, eds. (2011).
903:
312:chav-like subculture that originated in the 1990s.
27:Term for forms of popular culture with mass appeal
936:"World Wetlands Day: An introduction to peatland"
490:or messaging platforms. In the context of modern
456:. The phrase for this style was coined by artist
217:. Instead, folk music (along with its successor,
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1826:
1575:(Thesis). Louisiana State University Libraries.
1345:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1094:de Quehen, Hugh. "Bogan, Zachary (1625–1659)".
1003:Journal of the International Folk Music Council
865:, London: SAGE Publications, pp. 131–144,
827:
825:
823:
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1742:, Utah State University Press, pp. 3–17,
1631:Beinart, William; Hughes, Lotte (2007-10-11),
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545:Low culture can often be formulaic, employing
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1100:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
818:
108:
1675:Post memes: seizing the memes of production
1673:Bown, Alfie; Bristow, Daniel, eds. (2019).
1672:
1595:
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561:
506:, in which it later became associated with
182:became increasingly widespread by the late
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1913:
1472:Cheap print and popular piety: 1550 - 1640
952:
801:Globalization and American Popular Culture
242:
1815:
1747:
1602:(1 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
1580:
1449:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton Univ. Press.
1429:
1411:
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636:– Hostility to intellect, art and beauty.
284:– Unrefined or unsophisticated person in
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1240:Middle East Studies Association Bulletin
1193:Middle East Studies Association Bulletin
831:
804:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 48.
729:
486:that can quickly spread through various
159:or more positive magical spells such as
36:
1496:"National Coalition Against Censorship"
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1131:. Oxford University Press. 2023-03-02.
1097:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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704:
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14:
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910:. New York City: Basic Books. p.
856:
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1908:
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1400:Modern Chinese Literature and Culture
1093:
996:
961:
708:The Impact of the Reformation: Essays
3222:
2823:Role of Christianity in civilization
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1234:Dichter, Thomas W. (December 2006).
1187:Dichter, Thomas W. (December 2006).
1068:
898:
836:. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
3234:
1500:Encyclopedia of the First Amendment
1331:. Art. 1280-Wed1BuP.12. ISCA.
360:
30:For the UK television website, see
24:
1645:10.1093/oso/9780199260317.003.0006
705:Oberman, Heiko Augustinus (1994).
25:
3295:
1677:. Goleta, Calif.: Punctom Books.
1596:Lowey, Ian; Prince, Suzy (2014).
1502:, Washington DC: CQ Press, 2009,
471:
462:The Lowbrow Art of Robt. Williams
365:
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1944:
60:, 1545) series of wood cuts, by
3035:Culture and positive psychology
1945:
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1394:Kindler, Benjamin (June 2022).
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1150:Dąbrowski, Jakub (2005-12-19).
1143:
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395:
2474:High- and low-context cultures
1582:10.31390/gradschool_theses.654
892:
859:"Four Types of Visual Culture"
850:
791:
756:
689:
680:
540:
96:within a society, because the
13:
1:
1445:Mayor, Alpheus Hyatt (1980).
1338:10.21437/Interspeech.2006-446
736:Edwards, Mark U. Jr. (2004).
674:
518:
224:
3040:Culture and social cognition
2025:Cross-cultural communication
1829:American Sociological Review
1772:Tomasino, Anna, ed. (2007).
1710:10.1007/978-3-030-99804-2_14
1608:10.5040/9781474293914.ch-004
1329:Proceedings Interspeech 2006
1114:UK public library membership
962:Arewa, Olufunmilayo (2004).
863:Handbook of Material Culture
857:Pinney, Christopher (2006),
64:, which was commissioned by
58:Depictions of Papal Messages
7:
3122:Intercultural communication
1934:
1774:Discovering popular culture
1749:10.7330/9781646423187.c000b
1639:, Oxford University Press,
1044:Baelo-Allué, Sonia (2011).
573:
523:
178:) became relatively cheap,
10:
3300:
2565:Cross cultural sensitivity
2232:Resistance through culture
1508:10.4135/9781604265774.n915
713:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
711:. Grand Rapids, Michigan:
475:
429:
399:
369:
133:
29:
3205:
3177:Transformation of culture
2870:
2790:
2610:Cultural environmentalism
2547:
2287:
2150:
2040:Cross-cultural psychology
2035:Cross-cultural psychiatry
2030:Cross-cultural leadership
2007:
1956:
1942:
1876:Southern Economic Journal
1366:10.1163/9789004340312_002
1292:(3): 392–399. July 2001.
1252:10.1017/S0026318400050409
1205:10.1017/S0026318400050409
1129:Oxford English Dictionary
1069:Gans, Herbert J. (2001).
832:Brottman, Mikita (2005).
354:Newfoundland and Labrador
109:Standards and definitions
3279:Social class subcultures
3137:Living things in culture
3127:Intercultural competence
3030:Culture and menstruation
2529:Trans-cultural diffusion
1841:10.1177/0003122417710642
1359:, BRILL, pp. 1–32,
871:10.4135/9781848607972.n9
562:Cross-cultural artifacts
322:urban lower-class youth.
76:identifies the forms of
2948:Cultural homogenization
2178:Individualistic culture
2112:Popular culture studies
2097:Intercultural relations
1571:Givens, Joseph (2013).
968:SSRN Electronic Journal
834:High theory/low culture
438:Los Angeles, California
243:Culture as social class
239:other high-brow works.
219:contemporary folk music
62:Lucas Cranach the Elder
46:Kissing the Pope's Feet
2883:Archaeological culture
2630:Cultural globalization
2499:Organizational culture
2347:Cultural communication
2305:Cultural appropriation
2092:Intercultural learning
2020:Cross-cultural studies
1637:Environment and Empire
1413:10.3366/mclc.2022.0008
1137:10.1093/oed/9795111462
997:Wiora, Walter (1949).
798:Lane Crothers (2021).
432:Lowbrow (art movement)
210:nationalist sentiments
128:
69:
3284:Working-class culture
3152:Participatory culture
2943:Cultural evolutionism
2767:Multiracial democracy
2645:Cultural intelligence
2590:Cultural conservatism
2580:Cultural backwardness
2570:Cultural assimilation
2444:Cultural reproduction
2300:Cultural appreciation
2252:Far-right subcultures
2142:Transcultural nursing
2107:Philosophy of culture
1984:Cultural neuroscience
1964:Cultural anthropology
1286:The Library Quarterly
1106:10.1093/ref:odnb/2763
775:10.1515/9783110274691
668:Working Class Culture
123:
72:In society, the term
40:
3147:Oppositional culture
3117:Emotions and culture
3025:Cultural sensibility
3015:Cultural translation
2953:Cultural institution
2933:Cultural determinism
2655:Cultural nationalism
2640:Cultural imperialism
2600:Cultural deprivation
2494:Non-material culture
2127:Sociology of culture
2122:Semiotics of culture
1470:Watt, Tessa (1996).
1165:10.12775/DP.2005.010
426:Lowbrow art movement
350:Skeet (Newfoundland)
272:Variation by country
2998:Culture speculation
2993:Cultural relativism
2923:Cultural competence
2813:Cultural Christians
2685:Cultural Revolution
2675:Cultural radicalism
2650:Cultural liberalism
2585:Cultural Bolshevism
2560:Consumer capitalism
2514:Relational mobility
2454:Cultural technology
2362:Cultural dissonance
2279:Culture by location
2242:Alternative culture
2158:Constructed culture
2137:Theology of culture
2077:Cultural psychology
2057:Cultural entomology
1541:ICPSR Data Holdings
976:10.2139/ssrn.633241
42:Low-culture humor:
3157:Permission culture
3090:Disability culture
3070:Children's culture
2938:Cultural diversity
2898:Circuit of culture
2680:Cultural retention
2660:Cultural pessimism
2615:Cultural exception
2605:Cultural diplomacy
2595:Cultural contracts
2555:Colonial mentality
2484:Manuscript culture
2459:Cultural universal
2429:Cultural pluralism
2409:Cultural landscape
2404:Cultural invention
2372:Cultural framework
2274:Vernacular culture
2072:Cultural mediation
2052:Cultural economics
2047:Cultural analytics
1979:Cultural geography
1969:Cultural astronomy
1549:10.3886/icpsr06203
1156:Dialogi Polityczne
646:Tabloid Journalism
580:Bread and circuses
416:Captain Underpants
236:Brett Easton Ellis
70:
3256:
3255:
3085:Death and culture
2978:Cultural movement
2968:Cultural literacy
2828:Eastern Orthodoxy
2740:Dominator culture
2735:Deculturalization
2635:Cultural hegemony
2625:Cultural genocide
2620:Cultural feminism
2439:Cultural property
2434:Cultural practice
2419:Cultural leveling
2414:Cultural learning
2399:Cultural industry
2394:Cultural identity
2377:Cultural heritage
2367:Cultural emphasis
2352:Cultural conflict
2325:Cultural behavior
2315:Cultural artifact
2227:Primitive culture
2203:Political culture
1808:978-0-415-48537-1
1783:978-0-321-35596-6
1759:978-1-64642-317-0
1719:978-3-030-99803-5
1684:978-1-950192-43-4
1654:978-0-19-926031-7
1617:978-1-4742-9391-4
1481:978-0-521-38255-7
1456:978-0-691-00326-9
1112:(Subscription or
1080:978-0-465-02609-8
1055:978-1-4411-0791-6
921:978-0-465-02609-8
843:978-1-4039-6641-4
811:978-1-5381-4269-1
784:978-3-11-027456-1
749:978-0-8006-3735-4
722:978-0-8028-0732-8
650:yellow journalism
547:trope conventions
442:underground comix
215:musical structure
196:broadside ballads
188:street literature
16:(Redirected from
3291:
3237:
3236:
3225:
3224:
3213:
3212:
3102:Drinking culture
3055:Culture industry
3003:Cultural tourism
2983:Cultural mulatto
2958:Cultural jet lag
2893:Cannabis culture
2850:Cultural Muslims
2772:Pluriculturalism
2755:Multiculturalism
2745:Interculturalism
2720:Culture minister
2710:Cultural Zionism
2705:Cultural subsidy
2700:Cultural silence
2575:Cultural attaché
2534:Transculturation
2489:Material culture
2479:Interculturality
2335:Cultural capital
2320:Cultural baggage
2257:Youth subculture
2198:Official culture
2163:Dominant culture
2102:Internet culture
2067:Cultural mapping
2062:Cultural history
1989:Cultural studies
1974:Cultural ecology
1948:
1947:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1824:
1813:
1812:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1751:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1415:
1391:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1158:(5–6): 123–130.
1147:
1141:
1140:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1041:
1035:
1034:
994:
988:
987:
959:
950:
949:
947:
946:
932:
926:
925:
909:
896:
890:
889:
888:
887:
854:
848:
847:
829:
816:
815:
795:
789:
788:
760:
754:
753:
733:
727:
726:
702:
696:
693:
687:
684:
586:Culture industry
553:, and character
551:stock characters
492:internet culture
361:Popular examples
334:Eastern European
98:culture industry
21:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3269:Popular culture
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3201:
3192:Western culture
3187:Welfare culture
3112:Eastern culture
2973:Cultural mosaic
2928:Cultural critic
2918:Cultural center
2866:
2840:Cultural Hindus
2786:
2777:Polyculturalism
2750:Monoculturalism
2725:Culture of fear
2695:Cultural safety
2690:Cultural rights
2670:Cultural racism
2665:Cultural policy
2543:
2449:Cultural system
2424:Cultural memory
2357:Cultural cringe
2283:
2215:Popular culture
2146:
2082:Cultural values
2003:
1952:
1938:
1933:
1903:
1888:10.2307/1061469
1868:
1864:
1825:
1816:
1809:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1594:
1590:
1569:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1443:
1439:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1353:
1346:
1325:
1321:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1232:
1228:
1185:
1181:
1148:
1144:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1042:
1038:
995:
991:
960:
953:
944:
942:
934:
933:
929:
922:
897:
893:
885:
883:
881:
855:
851:
844:
830:
819:
812:
796:
792:
785:
761:
757:
750:
734:
730:
723:
703:
699:
694:
690:
685:
681:
677:
622:Off-color humor
576:
564:
543:
526:
521:
480:
474:
458:Robert Williams
436:Arising in the
434:
428:
408:off-color humor
404:
398:
374:
368:
363:
274:
245:
227:
136:
119:Herbert J. Gans
111:
78:popular culture
54:Papstsbotbilder
51:
48:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3297:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:Cultural probe
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:Cross-cultural
2910:
2908:Coffee culture
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2878:Animal culture
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2782:Transculturism
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2715:Culture change
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2539:Visual culture
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2519:Safety culture
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2340:Cross-cultural
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1999:Culture theory
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1862:
1835:(4): 828–856.
1814:
1807:
1789:
1782:
1764:
1758:
1730:
1718:
1690:
1683:
1665:
1653:
1633:"Introduction"
1623:
1616:
1588:
1560:
1543:. 1994-03-10.
1528:
1516:
1487:
1480:
1462:
1455:
1437:
1406:(1): 170–201.
1381:
1375:
1344:
1319:
1298:10.1086/603287
1273:
1246:(2): 309–310.
1226:
1199:(2): 309–310.
1179:
1142:
1119:
1086:
1079:
1061:
1054:
1036:
1015:10.2307/835923
989:
951:
927:
920:
891:
879:
849:
842:
817:
810:
790:
783:
769:. De Gruyter.
755:
748:
728:
721:
715:. p. 61.
697:
688:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
665:
659:
653:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
575:
572:
563:
560:
542:
539:
525:
522:
520:
517:
476:Main article:
473:
472:Internet memes
470:
430:Main article:
427:
424:
400:Main article:
397:
394:
370:Main article:
367:
366:Popular prints
364:
362:
359:
358:
357:
347:
337:
323:
313:
308:– Member of a
303:
300:United Kingdom
293:
273:
270:
244:
241:
226:
223:
180:popular prints
135:
132:
110:
107:
90:Culture theory
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3296:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3198:
3197:Youth culture
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Urban culture
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Remix culture
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:Media culture
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Languaculture
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Culture shock
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:Cultural turn
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Bennett scale
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:Protestantism
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2760:Biculturalism
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Technoculture
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Print culture
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:Enculturation
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
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3107:Drug culture
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3050:Culture hero
2963:Cultural lag
2903:Civilization
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2168:Folk culture
2117:Postcritique
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3172:Tea culture
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2730:Culture war
2188:Low culture
2087:Culturomics
1994:Culturology
1357:Broadsheets
940:Kekkilä-BVB
592:Culturology
541:Stereotypes
508:hate speech
290:New Zealand
265:low culture
184:Renaissance
103:low culture
94:subcultures
82:mass appeal
74:low culture
3274:Mass media
3263:Categories
2237:Subculture
2015:Bioculture
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945:2023-12-13
886:2023-11-20
675:References
640:Tribal art
616:Middlebrow
555:archetypes
519:Mass media
500:Matt Furie
446:punk music
420:South Park
225:Modern day
206:Folk music
192:broadsides
161:love magic
140:public art
80:that have
32:Lowculture
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2008:Subfields
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512:sociology
286:Australia
165:peat bogs
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2798:Buddhism
2548:Politics
1957:Sciences
574:See also
524:Audience
454:graffiti
382:literate
200:ephemera
190:such as
172:printing
153:ostracon
149:graffiti
117:(1958),
18:Low arts
3247:Changes
3228:Commons
2871:Related
2862:Sikhism
2857:Judaism
2288:Aspects
1950:Outline
1936:Culture
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330:Russian
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134:History
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1027:JSTOR
504:4chan
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