622:, Fimbria led advance troops in the winter of 86β85 during the march through Thrace. He tried to win their allegiance by allowing them to plunder "the territory of allies as if it were enemy country, enslaving anyone they encountered". When the people complained of abuse, Flaccus rebuked Fimbria. This account is structured within a moral pattern that Diodorus favoured when interpreting events. Liv Mariah Yarrow notes: "The abuse of the allies by Fimbria in a ploy to gain power within the military structure actually leads to the disintegration of that military structure."
652:. Fimbria pursued him, found him hiding in a well, had him beheaded, and assumed the consular command. Flaccus had been accompanied to Asia by his son Lucius, who was probably under age 20 at the time and on his first tour of military duty. After the death of his father, he escaped and joined his uncle Gaius in Gaul. In 84 BC Sulla crossed over from Greece into Asia and made peace with Mithridates. Sulla then turned his army against Fimbria, who, seeing that there was no chance of escape, committed suicide.
361:
545:
376:, but seems not to have been spent as planned. Cicero claims the town lent out the funds at interest for its own profit. Three decades later, Flaccus's son Lucius was governor of the same province. Cicero defended him against multiple charges of financial impropriety during his administration – when the Trallians accused him of embezzlement, Cicero claimed that Flaccus was merely "recuperating" the funds.
481:(91β88 BC) had greatly lowered its value as collateral. With the loss of income from farms and estates, property values dropped, and creditors began to call in their loans. At the same time, general social turmoil resulted in coin hoarding. As the amount of money in circulation decreased, debtors found it increasingly difficult to pay off their loans or renegotiate the terms. The Roman economy also suffered due to the
688:
609:, a devoted Marian who seized on the discontent to make himself a rival for command. Fimbria's true motives are difficult to discern, and are sometimes considered irrational vehemence. However, he may have felt that Flaccus was too conciliatory toward Sulla. Flaccus may have played an early role in the attempts of his cousin, the leader of the Senate (
722:. He would thus have commanded the largest number of troops in the western half of the Republic. Gaius had either remained neutral or supported the Cinnan government until that point. It is probable that he started turning away from the Marian-Cinnan faction after a Marian killed his brother. He accepted Sulla's new regime once Sulla's troops were in
677:
reveal him to have been a strong disciplinarian, an experienced commander, well-acquainted with Asia through family contacts, and well-connected in the Cinnan regime. He was well-qualified for the
Eastern mission. β¦ What were Flaccus' orders regarding Sulla? Was he to attack him? If so, Flaccus would
577:) landed in Greece with Flaccus. Flaccus was outnumbered by Sulla's force of five legions, and lost a number of his troops in transit. An advance guard had been separated from the fleet, stranded by storms, and their ships burnt by Mithridates' Pontic navy. These men eventually make their way to
344:. The charges were vague, and could be one of several politically motivated prosecutions in the 90s BC. The prosecutions continued the political unrest of the preceding decade, moving away from violence and to the law courts. The trial did little to slow Flaccus's career. By 92 BC he was elected
629:
Flaccus dismissed
Fimbria with orders to return to Rome. Fimbria was replaced by Q. Minucius Thermus, whom Flaccus left in charge of Byzantium. However, Fimbria continued to stir up the troops. They eventually defected to him, and he took over Thermus's command. Flaccus, who had advanced to
442:. That Flaccus replaced the faction leader, and most eminent Roman of the day, and served alongside the new faction leader, is a sign of both the esteem in which he was held and how firmly aligned to the Marian faction he was considered to be.
308:, but it could pertain either to Flaccus or his son, who was also a governor of Asia. The inscription describes a marriage to a daughter of Lucius Saufeius and a daughter named Valeria Paullina. His mother, a
672:
vilifies
Fimbria, mentioning Flaccus only once and in a positive light. In assessing the character of Flaccus and his predicament in Asia, Michael Lovano attempts to filter through the biases of the sources:
1015:
733:
when the murder occurred. The elder Lucius had served with Marius as the consul for 100 BC, but after he failed to make peace with Sulla, he sponsored the legislation which established the
272:
BC. This legislation resolved the pressing economic crisis to the benefit of debtors by cancelling three-quarters of all outstanding debts, to the great disadvantage of their creditors.
678:
have been greatly outnumbered. Was he to cooperate with him? Sulla was still a public enemy. Was he to assume command from Sulla peacefully? It is unlikely Sulla would have complied.
17:
466:, which meant "general faith in the eventual repayment of loans and in the strength of the economy". This concept is similar to the perceived economic power of "
1399:
202:, the consul prior (leading consul), unexpectedly died. He was elected to complete Marius's term in office. Marius had fought a series of civil wars against
1322:
423:
faction. When the elder cousin Lucius
Flaccus held the consulship jointly with Marius in 100 BC, he was accused of being "more a servant than a colleague".
1552:
512:
bankers to recoup at least some of their losses instead of dealing with mass defaults. The plan included government and publicani debts, easing the
462:, which had been exacerbated by several factors. The credit system in Rome was based on the amount of money in circulation, stable land prices, and
702:
284:, who served as consul in 93 BC. Flaccus's son, also named Lucius Valerius Flaccus, was praetor in 63 BC and was defended by Cicero in the speech
1443:
218:; the leaders of the Marian-Cinna faction within the populares. Cinna was Marius's consular collegae and succeeded Marius as faction leader.
1637:
1618:
438:, following the latter's unexpected death in mid-January at the beginning of his seventh term. Flaccus's colleague in the consulship was
865:
1047:
1424:
1496:
1371:
698:
415:); this Valerius may be Flaccus. During the 90s BC and into the mid-80s the Valerii Flacci seemed to be securely aligned with the
372:, during Flaccus's governorship of Asia, collections were made for games and a festival in his honour. The money was deposited at
606:
289:
258:
1731:
1721:
1293:
781:
485:, which devastated Italian businesses in the east, greatly reduced trade and reduced tax revenues from the province of Asia.
395:. The two men are the first Roman governors known to be patrons of a free city, a practice that became common in the 60s BC.
1080:
1076:
1688:
96:
826:
573:
Because the Cinnan government had a depleted treasury, it could fund only five legions. Two of them (sometimes called the
1751:
1746:
1171:
1741:
1663:
364:
Map of Asia minor, 89 BC showing Roman provinces and client states (red), as well as Pontic territory (dark green).
46:
1726:
945:
929:
756:
726:. His nephew, who had joined him in Gaul after the assassination, served as his military tribune in 82 or 81 BC.
281:
1716:
1706:
560:, Rome's chief foreign adversary of the period. Although Sulla acted illegally and had even been declared a
615:), to come to a peaceful settlement with Sulla. At any rate, Sulla made no hostile advance toward Flaccus.
1186:, "Notes on Provincial Governors from the Social War down to Sulla's Victory," originally published in
586:
242:
936:, vol. 2, 99 B.C.β31 B.C. (New York: American Philological Association, 1952), pp. 6β7, 66β68, 76, 79.
638:, returned to deal with the situation. According to the most sensational account, Fimbria seized the
513:
478:
384:
861:
557:
341:
305:
234:
1736:
878:
664:
is highly critical of
Flaccus, blaming his own arrogance and cruelty for the mutiny of his men.
1684:
1676:
1160:
455:
439:
420:
215:
203:
143:
92:
67:
952:, vol. 2, 99 B.C.β31 B.C. (New York: American Philological Association, 1952), p. 178, note 2.
1711:
1629:
797:
553:
482:
369:
340:, a junior political position. On completion of his term he was unsuccessfully prosecuted by
230:
226:
167:
570:), Cinna apparently recognised that the threat of Mithridates required Roman co-operation.
8:
1285:
529:
467:
1207:. Philological Monograph No. 15. New York: American Philological Association, 1951 p. 76
525:
524:
generally supported the plan. Writing a hundred years after the fact, during the era of
1535:
1120:
711:
661:
474:
1353:, p. 98; Charles T. Barlow, "The Roman Government and the Roman Economy, 92β80 B.C.,"
352:
in Asia around 92β91 BC, only a few years after his brother Gaius held the same post.
777:
556:
as a countermeasure to Sulla's military operations and his diplomatic efforts toward
404:
1756:
1484:
1026:
723:
718:. He was also a recent, and possibly still current, governor of one or both of the
715:
611:
574:
333:
294:
238:
494:
388:
1440:
Historiography at the End of the
Republic: Provincial Perspectives on Roman Rule
1042:
For discussion of the nature and purpose of the festival, see T. Corey
Brennan,
1140:
994:
822:
734:
222:
191:
50:
597:
with growing tensions within the ranks and officer corps. Flaccus's strongest
1700:
1219:
Charles T. Barlow, "The Roman
Government and the Roman Economy, 92β80 B.C.,"
969:
459:
380:
349:
317:
762:, vol. 2, 99 B.C.β31 B.C. New York: American Philological Association, 1952.
373:
268:, his legislation on debt reform during the Roman economic crisis of the 80s
1656:
1589:
1563:
Bruce W. Frier, "Sulla's
Propaganda: The Collapse of the Cinnan Republic,"
582:
561:
435:
431:
424:
416:
408:
199:
187:
139:
80:
581:, where they promptly deserted to Sulla. The consular army marched across
309:
544:
427:
considers the
Valerii Flacci "one of the foremost pro-Marian families".
360:
626:
489:
336:, a senior military position, sometime before 100 BC. In 99 BC, he was
1419:
Mary Taliaferro Boatwright, Daniel J. Gargola, Richard J. A. Talbert,
458:. Immediately upon entering office, Flaccus needed to confront Rome's
1183:
649:
631:
594:
521:
321:
301:
250:
211:
207:
129:
1634:
From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68
1091:
Richard Gordon with Joyce Reynolds, "Roman Inscriptions 1995β2000,"
802:
From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68
1164:
1104:
719:
669:
635:
619:
602:
578:
412:
710:
At the time of his murder, Lucius's brother Gaius was governor of
1265:
1245:
598:
517:
345:
1398:(Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition 1994), vol. 9, p. 160
1132:
961:
687:
665:
640:
590:
506:. This three-quarters reduction in the debt burden allowed the
498:, debtors were allowed to pay off their loans at a rate of one
337:
254:
246:
847:
Unless otherwise noted, dates and offices are from Broughton,
729:
Gaius may have also been influenced by his cousin Lucius, the
392:
195:
183:
1124:
838:
Not the sister of Valerius Triarius, who had the same name.
214:. Flaccus was considered a staunch supporter of Marius and
737:, a significant factor in the triumph of Sulla's faction.
703:
Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 100 BC): Role in civil war
520:, born in the year of Flaccus's consulship, says that the
516:
and the liabilities of some of the bankers. The historian
552:
At the end of his term, Flaccus was made governor of the
1506:
1504:
900:
898:
768:(Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition 1994), vol. 9.
477:
for loans, but the large amount of land seized in the
1501:
1495:(University of North Carolina Press, 1994), p. 85β86
1376:
1327:
407:, a cavalry garrison commander named Valerius handed
312:, is also commemorated. Flaccus is called αΌΞ½ΞΈΟΟΞ±ΟΞΏΟ (
895:
648:, after which Flaccus fled to Chalcedon and then to
1321:(Cambridge University Press, 1994), vol. 9, p. 181
450:Flaccus's most controversial act as consul was the
280:Lucius Valerius Flaccus was the younger brother of
1617:(University of North Carolina Press, 1994), p. 86
1149:The Age of Cinna: Crucible of Late Republican Rome
1012:The Case for the Prosecution in the Ciceronian Era
792:The Age of Cinna: Crucible of Late Republican Rome
699:Gaius Valerius Flaccus (consul): Role in civil war
1188:Proceedings of the African Classical Associations
825:and by his brother carrying their father's name,
383:command in Asia around 96 BC, were recognised as
206:, both leaders of their respective factions: the
1698:
398:
488:Flaccus took drastic measures. With the silver
821:Birth order is determined by the dates of the
668:finds both Flaccus and Fimbria reprehensible.
445:
18:Lucius Valerius Flaccus (suffect consul 86 BC)
1615:Plutarch's Sertorius: A Historical Commentary
1493:Plutarch's Sertorius: A Historical Commentary
1151:(Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002), p. 56, note 13.
1123:25B names Valerius; on Marius seizing Ostia,
1046:(Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 553β554
1410:Seager, "Cambridge Ancient History", p. 181.
1014:(University of Michigan Press, 2002), p. 80
257:fomented by one of his senior subordinates,
997:, "Political Prosecutions in the 90's BC,"
565:
507:
860:For more on the case and its context, see
379:Flaccus and his brother Gaius, who held a
1215:
1213:
411:to Marius ("treacherously," according to
241:and marched towards his province through
1442:(Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 246
1423:(Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 188
1147:pp. 51 and 53, note 12; Michael Lovano,
1033:(Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 555.
985:51, 70ff. on the Deciani father and son.
686:
543:
359:
1434:
1432:
1075:(Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 79
644:, the symbol of Flaccus's authority as
64:January 86 BC β December 86 BC
14:
1699:
1510:
1382:
1333:
1210:
904:
866:"The case against L. Valerius Flaccus"
771:
682:
1473:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
1456:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
1370:(Routledge, 2nd edition 2005), p. 77
1347:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
1306:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
1205:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
1044:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
1031:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
950:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
934:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
760:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
751:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
1429:
539:
355:
221:In 85 BC, Flaccus was assigned the
24:
1594:Studies in Greek and Roman History
1421:The Romans: From Village to Empire
1394:John G.F. Hind, "Mithridates," in
1192:Studies in Greek and Roman History
691:Roman legionary standard (replica)
430:In 86 BC, Lucius Flaccus replaced
327:
25:
1768:
1596:(New York 1964), p. 229; Lovano,
1491:63 and 100; Christoph F. Konrad,
1203:Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton,
968:77; Bobbio Scholiast 95 and 105 (
536:, meaning "utterly disgraceful".
1288:, 2.23.2. Discussion in Lovano,
753:. Oxford University Press, 2000.
532:characterised Flaccus's plan as
1623:
1603:
1583:
1570:
1557:
1541:
1529:
1516:
1478:
1461:
1448:
1413:
1404:
1388:
1360:
1339:
1311:
1298:
1279:
1259:
1239:
1226:
1197:
1177:
1154:
1114:
1098:
1085:
1065:
1052:
1036:
1020:
1004:
988:
871:
854:
746:Appian, History of Rome 12.9.60
660:The 1st-century B.C. historian
292:, who was consul in 100 BC and
288:. He was a cousin of the older
1613:, p. 81; Christoph F. Konrad,
975:
955:
939:
923:
910:
841:
832:
815:
601:, sometimes identified as his
522:conservative senatorial elites
264:Flaccus is also known for the
13:
1:
1565:American Journal of Philology
1469:The Cambridge Ancient History
1396:The Cambridge Ancient History
1355:American Journal of Philology
1319:The Cambridge Ancient History
1221:American Journal of Philology
1073:Roman Patrons of Greek Cities
888:
794:. Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002.
766:The Cambridge Ancient History
655:
399:Pro-Marian and suffect consul
1732:Ancient Roman murder victims
1722:1st-century BC Roman consuls
851:, vol. 2, pp. 1, 18β19, 629.
27:Roman politician and general
7:
1475:, p. 557; Broughton, p. 18.
1010:Michael Charles Alexander,
877:Thermus was the brother of
776:. New York: PublicAffairs.
446:Credit crisis of the 80s BC
304:evidence has been found at
10:
1773:
1487:96.3 (Stangl 11), Cicero,
1368:Sulla, the Last Republican
1317:Robin Seager, "Sulla," in
774:The Storm before the Storm
740:
452:Lex Valeria de aere alieno
266:Lex Valeria de aere alieno
1752:Roman Republican praetors
1681:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1636:(Routledge, 1988), p. 79
473:Land was the most common
275:
173:
163:
158:
150:
135:
119:
111:
106:
102:
86:
74:
57:
45:
41:
34:
1747:Ancient Roman patricians
1274:volentibus omnibus bonis
1223:101 (1980), pp. 212β213.
1194:(New York, 1964), p. 94.
1093:Journal of Roman Studies
862:Gaius Appuleius Decianus
808:
558:Mithridates VI of Pontus
342:Gaius Appuleius Decianus
235:Mithridates VI of Pontus
1742:Roman governors of Asia
879:Marcus Minucius Thermus
470:" in the 21st century.
290:Lucius Valerius Flaccus
229:and the command of the
180:Lucius Valerius Flaccus
154:Lucius Valerius Flaccus
36:Lucius Valerius Flaccus
1727:Ancient Roman generals
692:
680:
566:
549:
548:Bust of Mithridates IV
508:
492:valued at four copper
365:
348:. He was a praetor or
282:Gaius Valerius Flaccus
227:Roman province of Asia
216:Lucius Cornelius Cinna
204:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
68:Lucius Cornelius Cinna
1717:2nd-century BC Romans
1707:2nd-century BC births
1190:(1958), reprinted in
772:Duncan, Mike (2017).
690:
675:
547:
483:First Mithridatic War
456:restructuring of debt
370:First Mithridatic War
363:
259:Gaius Flavius Fimbria
249:. He was murdered at
168:First Mithridatic War
66:Serving with
1143:5.19.17; Broughton,
1001:15 (1966), pp. 36β37
1471:, p. 160; Brennan,
1438:Liv Mariah Yarrow,
1357:101 (1980), p. 207.
1286:Velleius Paterculus
827:as was conventional
749:Brennan, T. Corey.
714:and most likely of
683:Effect on civil war
530:Velleius Paterculus
526:Augustan prosperity
468:consumer confidence
1689:Cn. Papirius Carbo
1685:L. Cornelius Cinna
1677:L. Cornelius Cinna
1649:Political offices
1567:92 (1971), p. 597.
1349:, p. 526; Lovano,
1121:Granius Licinianus
1095:93 (2003), p. 225.
829:for the elder son.
790:Lovano, Michael.
712:Gallia Transalpina
693:
593:. They arrived in
550:
366:
243:Northern-Macedonia
97:Cn. Papirius Carbo
93:L. Cornelius Cinna
1695:
1694:
1682:Succeeded by
1366:Arthur Keaveney,
823:offices they held
783:978-1-5417-2403-7
757:Broughton, T.R.S.
720:Spanish provinces
605:(treasurer), was
540:Mutiny and murder
403:In 87 BC, during
186:) became suffect
177:
176:
16:(Redirected from
1764:
1654:Preceded by
1646:
1645:
1640:
1627:
1621:
1611:The Age of Cinna
1607:
1601:
1598:The Age of Cinna
1587:
1581:
1578:The Age of Cinna
1574:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1549:The Age of Cinna
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1499:
1485:Bobbio Scholiast
1482:
1476:
1465:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1436:
1427:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1364:
1358:
1351:The Age of Cinna
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1290:The Age of Cinna
1283:
1277:
1263:
1257:
1250:Bellum Catilinae
1243:
1237:
1234:The Age of Cinna
1230:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1181:
1175:
1158:
1152:
1118:
1112:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1040:
1034:
1027:T. Corey Brennan
1024:
1018:
1008:
1002:
992:
986:
979:
973:
959:
953:
946:T.R.S. Broughton
943:
937:
930:T.R.S. Broughton
927:
921:
914:
908:
902:
882:
875:
869:
858:
852:
845:
839:
836:
830:
819:
804:Routledge, 1988.
787:
731:princeps senatus
612:princeps senatus
575:Valerian legions
569:
554:province of Asia
528:, the historian
511:
356:Governor of Asia
334:military tribune
295:princeps senatus
271:
159:Military service
126:
107:Personal details
89:
77:
62:
32:
31:
21:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1673:
1667:
1659:
1644:
1643:
1628:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1524:History of Rome
1521:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1483:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1449:
1437:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1365:
1361:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1284:
1280:
1264:
1260:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1182:
1178:
1163:, as quoted by
1159:
1155:
1119:
1115:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1071:Claude Eilers,
1070:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1041:
1037:
1025:
1021:
1009:
1005:
993:
989:
980:
976:
960:
956:
944:
940:
928:
924:
915:
911:
903:
896:
891:
886:
885:
876:
872:
859:
855:
846:
842:
837:
833:
820:
816:
811:
784:
743:
685:
658:
607:Flavius Fimbria
542:
448:
440:Cornelius Cinna
401:
387:of the city of
358:
330:
328:Life and career
278:
269:
136:Political party
128:
124:
87:
75:
70:
63:
58:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:Curule aediles
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1693:
1692:
1683:
1680:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1622:
1602:
1582:
1569:
1556:
1540:
1528:
1515:
1513:, p. 220.
1500:
1477:
1460:
1458:, pp. 556β557.
1447:
1428:
1412:
1403:
1387:
1385:, p. 218.
1375:
1359:
1338:
1336:, p. 217.
1326:
1310:
1297:
1278:
1258:
1252:33.2; Cicero,
1238:
1225:
1209:
1196:
1176:
1161:Rutilius Rufus
1153:
1113:
1097:
1084:
1064:
1051:
1035:
1019:
1003:
995:Erich S. Gruen
987:
974:
954:
938:
922:
909:
907:, p. 216.
893:
892:
890:
887:
884:
883:
870:
853:
840:
831:
813:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
795:
788:
782:
769:
763:
754:
747:
742:
739:
724:Cisalpine Gaul
708:
707:
684:
681:
657:
654:
541:
538:
514:budget deficit
447:
444:
400:
397:
381:promagisterial
357:
354:
332:Flaccus was a
329:
326:
277:
274:
237:. He mustered
192:Roman Republic
175:
174:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
137:
133:
132:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:
99:
90:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
65:
55:
54:
51:Roman Republic
43:
42:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1769:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:H.H. Scullard
1626:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1573:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:Bellum civile
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1000:
996:
991:
984:
978:
971:
967:
963:
958:
951:
947:
942:
935:
931:
926:
919:
913:
906:
901:
899:
894:
880:
874:
867:
864:, especially
863:
857:
850:
844:
835:
828:
824:
818:
814:
803:
799:
798:H.H. Scullard
796:
793:
789:
785:
779:
775:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
748:
745:
744:
738:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
704:
700:
695:
694:
689:
679:
674:
671:
667:
663:
653:
651:
647:
643:
642:
637:
633:
628:
623:
621:
618:According to
616:
614:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
568:
563:
559:
555:
546:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
505:
501:
497:
496:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
460:credit crisis
457:
453:
443:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:the civil war
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
362:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:curule aedile
335:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:Inscriptional
299:
297:
296:
291:
287:
283:
273:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
172:
169:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
85:
82:
79:
73:
69:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1712:85 BC deaths
1675:
1669:
1664:Roman consul
1662:
1657:Gaius Marius
1633:
1625:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1551:, pp. 98β99
1548:
1543:
1531:
1523:
1518:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1439:
1420:
1415:
1406:
1395:
1390:
1378:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1329:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1292:, pp. 72β73
1289:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1236:, pp. 70β75.
1233:
1228:
1220:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1168:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1011:
1006:
998:
990:
982:
977:
965:
957:
949:
941:
933:
925:
917:
912:
873:
856:
848:
843:
834:
817:
801:
791:
773:
765:
759:
750:
735:dictatorship
730:
728:
709:
696:
676:
659:
645:
639:
624:
617:
610:
572:
562:public enemy
551:
533:
503:
499:
493:
487:
472:
463:
454:, a radical
451:
449:
432:Gaius Marius
429:
425:Ernst Badian
402:
378:
367:
331:
313:
300:
293:
285:
279:
265:
263:
223:governorship
220:
200:Gaius Marius
179:
178:
88:Succeeded by
81:Gaius Marius
59:
29:
1511:Duncan 2017
1383:Duncan 2017
1334:Duncan 2017
1254:Pro Fonteio
1079:and p. 137
905:Duncan 2017
368:Before the
239:two legions
76:Preceded by
1701:Categories
1489:Pro Flacco
1060:Pro Flacco
983:Pro Flacco
966:Pro Flacco
918:Pro Flacco
889:References
656:Assessment
627:Hellespont
534:turpissima
504:sestertius
490:sestertius
479:Social War
350:propraetor
314:anthupatos
298:in 86 BC.
286:Pro Flacco
1672:)
1670:suffectus
1590:E. Badian
1522:Appian,
1454:Brennan,
1345:Brennan,
1308:, p. 526.
1304:Brennan,
1184:E. Badian
716:Cisalpina
697:See also
650:Nicomedia
632:Chalcedon
595:Byzantium
587:Macedonia
509:publicani
322:proconsul
320:term for
253:during a
251:Nicomedia
212:optimates
208:populares
130:Nicomedia
60:In office
53:, suffect
1609:Lovano,
1600:, p. 82.
1580:, p. 81.
1576:Lovano,
1547:Lovano,
1232:Lovano,
1165:Plutarch
1129:Periocha
1105:Plutarch
1058:Cicero,
999:Historia
981:Cicero,
916:Cicero,
670:Diodorus
636:Bithynia
620:Diodorus
603:quaestor
579:Thessaly
475:security
413:Plutarch
389:Colophon
306:Magnesia
233:against
210:and the
164:Commands
151:Children
1757:Valerii
1668:86 BC (
1638:online.
1619:online.
1553:online.
1526:12.9.60
1497:online.
1444:online.
1425:online.
1400:online.
1372:online.
1323:online.
1294:online.
1266:Sallust
1246:Sallust
1141:Orosius
1081:online.
1048:online.
1016:online.
741:Sources
625:At the
518:Sallust
502:on the
385:patrons
374:Tralles
346:praetor
225:of the
190:of the
146:faction
115:Unknown
49:of the
1674:With:
1536:Memnon
1467:Hind,
1169:Marius
1139:1.67;
1133:Appian
1109:Marius
1077:online
1062:55β57.
970:Stangl
962:Cicero
920:55β57.
780:
666:Appian
662:Memnon
646:consul
641:fasces
599:legate
591:Thrace
589:, and
583:Epirus
567:hostis
436:consul
421:Cinnan
417:Marian
310:Baebia
276:Family
270:
255:mutiny
247:Thrace
188:consul
182:(died
144:Cinnan
140:Marian
125:
47:Consul
1538:24.3.
809:Notes
495:asses
464:fides
409:Ostia
393:Lydia
318:Greek
316:), a
198:when
196:86 BC
184:85 BC
1272:33:
1270:Cat.
1256:1β5.
1172:28.8
1131:79;
1125:Livy
1111:42.1
778:ISBN
701:and
245:and
120:Died
112:Born
95:and
1145:MRR
849:MRR
634:in
434:as
391:in
231:war
194:in
1703::
1632:,
1592:,
1503:^
1431:^
1268:,
1248:,
1212:^
1167:,
1135:,
1127:,
1107:,
1029:,
972:).
964:,
948:,
932:,
897:^
800:,
585:,
500:as
324:.
261:.
127:BC
123:85
1276:.
1174:.
881:.
868:.
786:.
705:.
564:(
419:-
142:-
20:)
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