34:
910:
576:; all the members of the school district's board of trustees, and other state education officials, were named as defendants, with the head of the board of trustees, Greek Rice, as the lead. Among the state officials was the state superintendent of education, Willard Faroe Bond, whom Brewer believed to have betrayed him politically while he was governor; Brewer thus drew some satisfaction from the knowledge that Bond would be personally served with the legal papers.
896:
843:
of the beautiful stone and brick structure attended by whites. You see, the three months you are allowed to attend this institution, between the sowing, chopping and picking of cotton, are equal to the nine months white children go to school. Your teachers, barely out of the primary school themselves, possessing no special training for teachers, are the equals of white teachers all especially trained and prepared for the work they undertake.
1581:
469:, who are entitled, by law, to participate in the political control of the State and nation, who are not excluded, by law or by reason of their race, from public stations of any kind, and who have all the legal rights that belong to white citizens, are yet declared to be criminals, liable to imprisonment, if they ride in a public coach occupied by citizens of the white race.
673:
brought to justice. Brewer handed the Lum case to a younger associate, James
Flowers, who had prior to his employment with Brewer worked primarily as corporate counsel for several railroads in Mississippi. Flowers was aware that he was ignorant in the areas of law related to the case, especially the Fourteenth Amendment.
765:
Most of the cases cited arose, it is true, over the establishment of separate schools as between white pupils and black pupils; but we cannot think that the question is any different, or that any different result can be reached, assuming the cases above cited to be rightly decided, where the issue is
743:
We must assume, then, that there are school districts for colored children in
Bolivar county, but that no colored school is within the limits of the Rosedale consolidated high school district. This is not inconsistent with there being at a place outside of that district and in a different district, a
648:
The state had also, since 1892, prohibited marriages between whites and Asians, for whom it used the term "Mongolians", the latter being defined as anyone with more than one-eighth Asian ancestry. Asians and coloreds, also barred from marrying whites, were free to marry each other, Ethridge noted. He
531:
The couple had two daughters, Berda and Martha, and later a son, Hamilton. Both Gong Jeu and
Katherine especially sought to make sure their children lived a better life than they had. While Berda resisted her parents' efforts to educate her, desiring to leave the Delta region when she grew up, Martha
748:
Taft further stated that given the accessibility of segregated schools, the question then was whether a person of
Chinese ancestry, born in and a citizen of the United States, was denied equal protection of the law by being given the opportunity to attend a school that received "only children of the
842:
It is the opinion of Chief
Justice William Howard Taft that these opportunities are equal ... The little shacks you attend, in which a large coal stove in the center of the room furnishes both heat and smokeāthe ramshackle, tumble-down contraption, situated far down among the cotton stalksāis equal
672:
After the
Supreme Court agreed to hear the case in 1927, Brewer was preoccupied with representing the relatives of a Black man in Bolivar County who had been murdered immediately following his acquittal on murder charges in the death of a local white farmer's son, as they sought to have the killers
644:
schools after it was learned that they had a Black great-grandmother. While that case had not gone beyond the instant issue in deciding that those whose racial heritage was colored above a certain threshold were themselves legally colored, Ethridge wrote, "a careful reading of the opinion ... shows
559:
There was no school in the district maintained for
Chinese students, and the Lum daughters were required to attend school. That left the district's school for colored children as the only public school available. It was underfunded and poorly equipped; the Lums did not want their daughters educated
464:
There is a race so different from our own that we do not permit those belonging to it to become citizens of the United States. Persons belonging to it are, with few exceptions, absolutely excluded from our country. I allude to the
Chinese race. But by the statute in question, a Chinaman can ride in
289:
that their reason for choosing to avoid black schools was motivated by racism. In fact, Katherine Lum later told a reporter, āI did not want my children to attend the ācoloredā schools the community would have classified us as
Negroes.ā They filed suit in local court to force the district to allow
786:
Other
Chinese in Mississippi likewise began leaving the Delta, some even returning to China; save for those who found a few school districts still willing to accept their children in their white schools. Other Chinese families established private schools; in the late 1930s the state of Mississippi
619:
The court reversed the lower court's decision and allowed the board of trustees to exclude Martha Lum from the school for white children. Justice George Ethridge, a former teacher to whom his colleagues generally deferred in matters related to education, wrote for a unanimous court that considered
113:
Chinese children do not meet the statutory definition of "White" and thus may lawfully be denied admission to schools reserved for children of that race only; attendance at school for Black students is constitutional as long as facilities are equal to those provided Whites. Classifying students by
680:
for the Supreme Court justices was inconsistent, alternating between defending segregation but attacking it inasmuch as he argued the Constitution protected Lum from being forced to attend a colored school, yet ending with a suggestion that segregated schools were inherently unequal. Justice
714:
The short time available to travel to Washington, and the possibility that the case would be forfeited to the state if no one argued for the Lums, was the least of Flowers' concerns. He had never argued a case before any court, considering himself a poor public speaker. First he sought a
412:, limiting further Chinese immigration to narrowly defined categories of people, including a bar on family members of Chinese citizens already in the U.S., the only time the law has mandated immigrants be denied admission explicitly on the grounds of racial identity or national origin.
823:
The Supreme Court's opinion points the way toward making still more effective. So far segregation depends largely upon private agreement, and private agreements sometimes break down when they are submitted to severe strain. It will be better all around when they can be given legal
3101:
861:, which outlawed segregation in public schools. An important part of the decision still standsāthe power of the state to make racial distinctions in its school system, and to determine the race of its students. It has not been overturned because it was not an issue in
652:
Lum's right to an education was not affected by the decision, Ethridge concluded. She could attend the colored school, but did not have to, as she could also be educated privately, as long as she was educated. Lum and Brewer petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court for
624:
and statutes were clearer in defining white people as those not "colored". "e think," he wrote, "that the constitutional convention used the word 'colored' in the broad sense rather than the restricted sense; its purpose being to provide schools for the white or
755:, Taft concluded that the "right and power of the state to regulate the method of providing for the education of its youth at public expense is clear." Additionally, Taft pointed to a number of federal and state court decisions, most prominently
739:, it affirmed the Mississippi Supreme Court's ruling and thus the position of the board of trustees. Taft held that the petitioner had not shown that there were no segregated schools accessible for the education of Martha Lum in Mississippi:
620:
the case as a question of whether the Lum children were within the statutory definition of white. While some other states' courts and statutes had extended the definition of "white" to include members of other races who were not Black,
800:
were inadmissible as evidence, reversing the convictions of several of his clients. Brewer died in 1942, before he could live to see schools desegregated, but that had happened by the time Jeu Gong died in 1965 and Katherine in 1988.
783:, where they opened another grocery and Katherine was able to find a high school that would accept her daughters. It was not as prosperous a market as the one in Rosedale, and in later years the family left the Delta region entirely.
1161:"An Act to amend section one thousand six hundred and sixty-two of an Act of the Legislature of the State of California, entitled "An Act to establish a Political Code," approved March 12, 1872, relating to public schools"
706:
The Lums themselves, realizing that the case had implications for all Chinese Americans, had similar concerns, and had arranged for a longtime friend of theirs, not a lawyer, to travel to Washington and be present at
527:
laws. Operating a store made Lum a merchant and thus exempt from the Exclusion Act. Black patrons preferred shopping at Chinese-owned stores since the Chinese were less insistent on being addressed with honorifics.
2091:
607:, with all six justices participating. Assistant attorney general Elmer Clinton Sharp argued the case for the school district, reiterating the history of segregation in the state and saying that Asians and
3937:
611:
were not considered white. Brewer argued in response that while the state constitution had indeed not put whites and Asians on equal footing, it had also distinguished Asians and Blacks, and therefore the
3037:
3029:
3740:
766:
as between white pupils and the pupils of the yellow races. The decision is within the discretion of the state in regulating its public schools, and does not conflict with the Fourteenth Amendment.
377:
and later to work on railroad construction and mining. Both came to be seen as a threat to an existing social hierarchy dominated by whites: Blacks for their newly free status, and the Chinese as
3181:
685:, who believed the Fourteenth Amendment allowed too much federal interference with state authority yet was open to arguments that discrimination against members of minority groups violated their
1512:
3149:
3005:
1478:
3828:
3644:
583:
to force the members of the board of trustees to admit the Lums. Their case was not that racial discrimination as such was illegal but that his daughter, had incorrectly been classified as
3304:
649:
added that a pair of U.S. Supreme Court decisions had both held that Asians were not white or Caucasian in the historical sense of how that word had been understood in the United States.
719:
but learned that was unlikely, so then he and Brewer asked if the case could be decided purely on the basis of the briefs. The Court allowed that, and there would be no oral argument of
2067:
880:
has called it an "ugly and unfortunate" decision. "The Court's ruling had established a precedent more powerful than the Lum family could have imagined", observed Adrienne Berard, in
466:
511:. There he married Katherine Wong, a Chinese American woman who had been adopted as an orphan in China and raised mostly in the U.S. by a Chinese father who grew wealthy operating a
3478:
3013:
2273:
3141:
2327:
855:
continued to be cited in briefs supporting racial segregation, and court decisions upholding it, until it was effectively overruled 27 years later by the Court's decision in
408:, which allowed unrestricted entry and a path to citizenship for any immigrants of African descent, denied it to anyone of Chinese descent. In 1882 Congress passed the first
629:, to which schools no other race could be admitted, carrying out the broad dominant purpose of preserving the purity and integrity of the white race and its social policy."
4104:
1865:
933:
711:. That would be unnecessary. Within a week of filing the brief, the Court informed Flowers by telegram that it had scheduled the case for argument within the next week.
3961:
645:
that the court did not intend to restrict the term 'colored' to persons having negro blood in their veins or who were descendants of negroes or of the negro race."
277:, Chinese immigrants with two American-born children who had attended local public schools for white children without incident until, in the wake of an increase in
4084:
3860:
2758:
556:, which effectively ended all immigration from Asia, told the Lum girls they could no longer attend its schools for whites because they were not considered white.
2734:
2171:
452:, which went further and upheld the constitutionality of laws that mandated segregation in private facilities open to the public such as rail transport, Justice
2973:
2853:
1675:
613:
443:
439:
297:
260:
213:
318:
that Mississippi's constitution and laws clearly distinguished Asians ("Mongolians", it called them) from whites, so the Lums could not attend white schools.
4114:
3804:
3454:
2941:
2917:
2115:
2059:
1598:
928:
473:
Harlan's belief that the Chinese were culturally incapable of assimilating into American society and thus properly barred from naturalizing was personal; in
75:
446:
Amendments to the Constitution, both passed in the years after the war, only barred racial discrimination by the government, not private parties. In 1896's
4089:
4059:
3748:
2813:
2139:
2107:
3780:
3692:
3636:
3550:
3542:
3438:
3336:
3921:
3296:
3165:
3085:
2019:
4079:
3518:
3117:
2933:
2909:
2610:
690:
4069:
3820:
3812:
3430:
3232:
3021:
779:, which did not restrict Chinese attendance at its schools as strictly, in case the decision went down against them. When it did, they settled in
3470:
2893:
2187:
1974:
999:
285:, they were told by administrators that their children could only attend the district's school for black children. Adrienne Berard points out in
2418:
640:, a 1917 case where, in an opinion he had also authored, a unanimous court upheld the dismissal of several children of a white couple from the
4109:
3969:
3320:
3077:
2925:
2718:
751:
365:, the United States began to deal with the place in society of two racial minorities: Blacks, especially those newly freed from slavery, and
761:, all of which had upheld segregation in the public sphere and particularly in the realm of public education. Accordingly, Taft concluded:
1160:
3772:
3684:
2311:
278:
4064:
2570:
938:
348:
a quarter-century later, it gave greater legal foundation to educational segregation in the short term and set back efforts to end it.
342:'s unanimous opinion ended with a pronouncement that all racial segregation in schools was constitutional; while it was overturned by
3796:
3328:
2343:
1666:
296:, a former governor of the state, represented the Lums, arguing that forcing the girls to attend the inferior school violated their
500:
378:
4074:
3609:
2474:
2075:
1942:
524:
386:
252:
2981:
2155:
1966:
4099:
2335:
971:
608:
549:
300:, and that since they were not Black they should be allowed to attend the schools for whites. He was able to win the writ of
3486:
3173:
3157:
3061:
1097:
Water Tossing Boulders: How a Family of Chinese Immigrants Led the First Fight to Desegregate Schools in the Jim Crow South
621:
3069:
2179:
1031:
838:" provisions supposedly governing segregation in light of the conditions found in many schools for Black children only:
787:
formally established some schools for Chinese students. They were never well-attended, and the last one closed in 1947.
731:
Late in November 1927 the Court announced its decision. In a nine-page unanimous opinion, with no footnotes, written by
3885:
3601:
3526:
2790:
336:
248:
38:
3945:
1885:
1618:
1262:
1109:
545:
3764:
2634:
552:
for two semesters. The following September, that ended when the school district, in response to the passage of the
465:
the same passenger coach with white citizens of the United States, while citizens of the black race in Louisiana,
2514:
2359:
1873:
370:
4094:
3344:
2202:
1095:
507:, where immigration laws were less enforced as employers sought to replace Black workers who had left for the
1986:
1725:
1659:
1226:
703:(himself later appointed to the Court), if it might be possible to find more competent counsel for the Lums.
475:
429:
public school was unconstitutional; the state responded by allowing the establishment of segregated schools.
4119:
2742:
2594:
2546:
2287:
1902:
1636:
1330:
598:
103:
Trial court ordered writ of mandamus. Reversed by Supreme Court of Mississippi, 139 Miss. 760, 104 So. 105.
3628:
2798:
2099:
1950:
1492:
857:
834:, a prominent Black newspaper, also ran a front-page editorial, condemning the decision as ignoring the "
516:
390:
344:
228:
2750:
1254:
641:
405:
523:
that primarily served the area's Black population, barred from many business establishments by strict
3953:
3360:
3352:
2965:
2386:
2319:
1290:
923:
305:
139:
1424:
1212:
699:, another case involving Chinese petitioners) was deeply disturbed by the brief; he asked a friend,
3985:
3929:
3093:
2650:
2618:
2249:
2043:
2027:
1652:
1516:
1474:
1456:
1232:
1147:
974:
with dark skin who was considered Black since she socialized with Black people and worshipped at a
868:
It is remembered today for increasing the scope of permissible segregation. Historian and educator
422:
1585:
3993:
3558:
3414:
2675:
2602:
1995:
1910:
790:
Earl Brewer continued to pursue civil rights cases in the courts. In 1936 he successfully argued
565:
553:
282:
171:
1609:
819:
put its response, praising the Court and advocating for further segregation, on the front page:
572:, to represent them in legal action against the district. The Lums and their daughters were the
3224:
1356:
508:
151:
1644:
1246:
3913:
3756:
3724:
3312:
2861:
1809:
1701:
1602:
958:
541:
480:
409:
274:
244:
67:
3905:
3652:
3502:
3395:
3200:
3133:
2642:
2578:
2458:
2295:
2123:
2083:
2035:
1450:
792:
693:, to the point that he had written several majority opinions to that effect (most recently
453:
374:
356:
175:
404:
Legal discrimination against Chinese immigrants began in California during the 1870s. The
8:
3836:
3788:
3732:
3668:
3660:
3593:
3510:
3446:
3109:
3053:
2997:
2989:
2626:
2506:
2490:
2367:
2147:
2131:
1825:
1709:
1567:
1400:
1368:
736:
695:
520:
339:
147:
131:
3897:
3716:
3708:
3534:
3494:
3462:
3379:
3248:
3240:
3208:
3125:
2949:
2901:
2877:
2845:
2766:
2710:
2702:
2554:
2450:
2265:
1934:
1849:
1778:
1689:
1551:
1498:
1406:
1206:
1186:
915:
835:
757:
686:
448:
434:
362:
4032:
4024:
3977:
3700:
3574:
3288:
3045:
2885:
2869:
2820:
2806:
2782:
2538:
2522:
2482:
2410:
2351:
2051:
1958:
1894:
1841:
1733:
1258:
1192:
1115:
1105:
815:
797:
700:
504:
366:
335:
to ask around if some other lawyer could be found on short notice to argue the case.
163:
3280:
3256:
2837:
2586:
2562:
2426:
1833:
1801:
1749:
1543:
830:
810:
780:
580:
256:
1513:"How a Chinese American Family Challenged School Segregation in 1920s Mississippi"
1362:
3102:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville
2694:
2434:
2303:
1857:
1817:
1741:
1534:
Payne, Charles (1984). "Multicultural Education and Racism in American Schools".
876:"the most racist Supreme Court decision in the twentieth century". Legal scholar
484:
398:
394:
393:
that made specific acts crimes when committed by Blacks, and vaguely worded anti-
183:
70:
1627:
3844:
3676:
3422:
3387:
3264:
2774:
2530:
2442:
2211:
1717:
1374:
1141:
884:, a history of the case. "By fighting, they had only made the enemy stronger."
682:
626:
561:
496:
417:
332:
331:; instead just decided on its briefs, and the Lums were so poor it led Justice
267:
159:
114:
race and segregating them is within state authority under Fourteenth Amendment.
1547:
1025:
4053:
3938:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
3566:
2957:
2829:
2498:
2466:
2394:
2257:
2163:
2011:
1926:
1119:
732:
708:
512:
426:
328:
315:
1286:
3852:
3216:
2402:
1757:
1101:
975:
877:
869:
467:
many of whom, perhaps, risked their lives for the preservation of the Union
460:, noted the dissonance between the legal treatment of Blacks and Chinese:
397:
laws that allowed many Black men to be taken into custody for purposes of
2003:
1918:
1790:
716:
677:
569:
381:. States that had formerly allowed slavery dealt with the former through
293:
3182:
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
357:
Legal discrimination against Blacks and Chinese in the late 19th century
3272:
1555:
901:
655:
323:
86:
3150:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
3006:
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
1326:
744:
colored school which the plaintiff Martha Lum may conveniently attend.
633:
573:
895:
2068:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
776:
382:
301:
1580:
603:
585:
310:
2274:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
1674:
389:
in public accommodations such as transport and public schools,
82:
33:
2328:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
1027:
The Story of California From the Earliest Days to the Present
813:
account of the decision. Some responded with editorials. The
1000:"BROWN V. BOARD: Timeline of School Integration in the U.S."
961:
severely limited which Chinese could lawfully enter the U.S.
934:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court
1562:
White, G. Edward. "The lost episode of Gong Lum v. Rice."
304:
they sought, but then the school district appealed to the
3962:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
1866:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
2759:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
1251:
Asian American Children: A Historical Handbook and Guide
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
616:
required that the Lum children be schooled with whites.
290:
their daughters to continue attending the white school.
2172:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
2854:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
261:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
2918:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
2060:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
1316:
1314:
1046:
929:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 275
775:
The Lums had pre-emptively moved across the river to
532:
consistently earned good grades in the local school.
263:. The decision effectively approved the exclusion of
3749:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
2814:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
2140:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
1030:. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co. pp. 283ā296.
891:
568:
who had just overwhelmingly lost an election to the
4105:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Taft Court
3637:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
579:A lower court granted the plaintiff's request of a
3297:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
3166:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
2020:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
1311:
2934:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
2611:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
1276:
1274:
798:confessions obtained through beatings and torture
4051:
3813:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
3022:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
515:. Lum, too, opened a general store in the small
373:in large numbers first to try their luck in the
327:petition to review the case. The case was never
4085:Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions
2894:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2419:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
749:brown, yellow or black races." In reference to
425:held that a Chinese student's exclusion from a
1271:
3970:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
3321:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
3078:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
2926:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
2719:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
1660:
752:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
503:from Canada in 1904 and settled in the lower
4115:United States racial discrimination case law
2188:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
2092:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
1975:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
1244:
592:
4090:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
4060:United States school desegregation case law
3773:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
3685:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
2674:
2312:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
1301:
1299:
479:two years later, where the Court held that
456:, the sole dissenter as he had been in the
270:children from schools reserved for whites.
3038:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
2571:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
1667:
1653:
1510:
939:Chinese Americans in the Mississippi Delta
809:Newspapers around the country carried the
796:before the Supreme Court, which held that
314:and unanimously reversed the lower court,
273:The case was brought by the Lum family of
3797:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
3329:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
2344:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
259:from a public school did not violate the
16:1927 U.S. Supreme Court civil rights case
4080:Education in Bolivar County, Mississippi
3030:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
1296:
487:in dissenting in part on those grounds.
361:In the late 19th century, following the
321:The U.S. Supreme Court granted Brewer's
4070:United States equal protection case law
3741:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
3610:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
2475:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
2076:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1943:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
726:
483:were citizens, he joined Chief Justice
4052:
3884:
2982:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
1777:
1688:
1093:
1023:
251:case in which the Court held that the
4012:
3883:
2673:
2336:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
1776:
1687:
1648:
1533:
662:
550:Rosedale Consolidated School District
535:
21:1927 United States Supreme Court case
4110:Education segregation in Mississippi
3062:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
2203:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
1542:(2). Taylor & Francis: 124ā131.
544:and moved there. The girls attended
540:In 1923, the Lums bought a house in
3829:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
3645:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
3070:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
2180:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
2156:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
1967:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
970:The record suggests that she was a
667:
116:Mississippi Supreme Court affirmed.
13:
3602:Arlington County Board v. Richards
3527:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
3305:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
2791:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
1676:United States Fourteenth Amendment
1527:
560:there. They retained local lawyer
369:, who had begun emigrating to the
39:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
4131:
4065:United States Supreme Court cases
3946:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
3487:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
1573:
804:
632:Ethridge found the most relevant
601:, which decided to hear the case
546:Rosedale Consolidated High School
490:
279:anti-Chinese sentiment nationwide
3765:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
3174:Fisher v. University of Texas II
2635:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
1605:78 (1927) is available from:
1579:
1034:from the original on May 9, 2008
908:
894:
501:illegally immigrated to the U.S.
32:
3479:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
3158:Fisher v. University of Texas I
2515:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
2360:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
1874:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
1504:
1484:
1462:
1442:
1430:
1412:
1392:
1380:
1348:
1336:
1238:
1146:, 66 Cal. 473 (
964:
57:Gong Lum, et al. v. Rice et al.
4075:1927 in United States case law
3345:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
1218:
1198:
1178:
1153:
1133:
1017:
992:
951:
438:, the Court had held that the
1:
3014:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
2219:McNeese v. Board of Education
1726:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
1227:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
985:
597:The trustees appealed to the
476:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
351:
4100:Legal history of Mississippi
2743:Hirabayashi v. United States
2595:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
2547:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
2288:Owen v. City of Independence
1903:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
770:
599:Supreme Court of Mississippi
253:exclusion on account of race
7:
3629:United States v. Cruikshank
2799:Brown v. Board of Education
2100:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1951:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1511:Lee Rawles (May 17, 2017).
1493:Brown v. Board of Education
887:
858:Brown v. Board of Education
345:Brown v. Board of Education
249:United States Supreme Court
229:Brown v. Board of Education
10:
4136:
2751:Korematsu v. United States
1255:Greenwood Publishing Group
1245:Tong, Benson, ed. (2004).
735:and former U.S. President
622:Mississippi's constitution
495:Jeu Gong Lum, a native of
432:Two years earlier, in the
423:California's Supreme Court
406:Naturalization Act of 1870
46:Submitted October 12, 1927
4019:
4013:
4008:
3954:United States v. Morrison
3892:
3879:
3620:
3585:
3406:
3371:
3361:United States v. Skrmetti
3353:United States v. Virginia
3192:
2966:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
2686:
2682:
2669:
2387:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
2378:
2320:Gonzaga University v. Doe
2198:
1985:
1884:
1789:
1785:
1772:
1696:
1683:
1548:10.1080/00405848409543102
1094:Berard, Adrienne (2016).
1024:Norton, Henry K. (1924).
924:1927 in the United States
847:
593:Mississippi Supreme Court
306:Mississippi Supreme Court
226:
219:
212:
207:
196:
191:
125:
120:
112:
107:
99:
94:
62:
52:
48:Decided November 21, 1927
45:
31:
26:
3986:United States v. Georgia
3930:City of Boerne v. Flores
3094:United States v. Fordice
2651:Williams v. Pennsylvania
2619:Washington v. Glucksberg
1517:American Bar Association
944:
3994:Shelby County v. Holder
3559:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
3415:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
2676:Equal Protection Clause
2603:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
1996:United States v. Vuitch
1911:Griswold v. Connecticut
554:Immigration Act of 1924
308:, which heard the case
283:Immigration Act of 1924
3861:Armour v. Indianapolis
3225:Moritz v. Commissioner
2281:Procunier v. Navarette
2199:Civil rights liability
1987:Abortion jurisprudence
1566:18.2 (2015): 191ā205.
1475:93 F.Supp. 327
1357:Ozawa v. United States
882:Water Tossing Boulders
845:
826:
768:
746:
471:
287:Water Tossing Boulders
214:U.S. Const. amend. XIV
4095:Asian-American issues
3914:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
3757:Richardson v. Ramirez
3725:Boddie v. Connecticut
3313:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
3142:Johnson v. California
2862:McLaughlin v. Florida
2250:O'Connor v. Donaldson
1810:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
1702:Slaughter-House Cases
1327:114 Miss. 560
1287:139 Miss. 760
959:Chinese Exclusion Act
840:
821:
763:
741:
481:American-born Chinese
462:
410:Chinese Exclusion Act
281:after passage of the
275:Rosedale, Mississippi
3906:Katzenbach v. Morgan
3653:Breedlove v. Suttles
3503:Graham v. Richardson
3396:Obergefell v. Hodges
3201:Breedlove v. Suttles
3134:Grutter v. Bollinger
2974:Jefferson v. Hackney
2643:Obergefell v. Hodges
2579:Edwards v. Aguillard
2459:Epperson v. Arkansas
2296:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
2231:Jenkins v. McKeithen
2124:Mazurek v. Armstrong
2084:Hodgson v. Minnesota
2044:Bellotti v. Baird II
2036:Colautti v. Franklin
1791:Economic substantive
1536:Theory into Practice
1499:347 U.S. 483
1457:297 U.S. 278
1451:Brown v. Mississippi
1407:259 U.S. 276
1375:260 U.S. 199
1363:260 U.S. 178
1233:169 U.S. 649
1213:163 U.S. 537
1003:Learning for Justice
793:Brown v. Mississippi
727:Opinion of the Court
614:Fourteenth Amendment
589:by the authorities.
454:John Marshall Harlan
375:California Gold Rush
298:Fourteenth Amendment
140:Oliver W. Holmes Jr.
4120:1927 in Mississippi
3837:Gregory v. Ashcroft
3805:Mills v. Habluetzel
3789:Zablocki v. Redhail
3733:Eisenstadt v. Baird
3669:Oyama v. California
3661:Skinner v. Oklahoma
3594:Shapiro v. Thompson
3511:Sugarman v. Dougall
3455:Porterfield v. Webb
3447:Terrace v. Thompson
3110:Missouri v. Jenkins
3054:Hunter v. Underwood
2998:Milliken v. Bradley
2990:Norwood v. Harrison
2942:McDaniel v. Barresi
2627:Troxel v. Granville
2507:Mathews v. Eldridge
2491:Taylor v. Louisiana
2368:Connick v. Thompson
2148:Gonzales v. Carhart
2132:Stenberg v. Carhart
2116:Lambert v. Wicklund
2028:Bellotti v. Baird I
1826:Lochner v. New York
1710:Minor v. Happersett
1637:Library of Congress
1425:275 U.S. 78
1401:Ng Fung Ho v. White
1369:Yamashita v. Hinkle
737:William Howard Taft
696:Ng Fung Ho v. White
340:William Howard Taft
152:James C. McReynolds
148:Willis Van Devanter
3898:Civil Rights Cases
3886:Enforcement Clause
3717:Oregon v. Mitchell
3709:Williams v. Rhodes
3535:Nyquist v. Mauclet
3495:Hernandez v. Texas
3380:Bowers v. Hardwick
3372:Sexual orientation
3249:Stanton v. Stanton
3241:Geduldig v. Aiello
3209:Goesaert v. Cleary
3126:Gratz v. Bollinger
2950:Palmer v. Thompson
2902:Hunter v. Erickson
2878:Loving v. Virginia
2846:Anderson v. Martin
2767:Shelley v. Kraemer
2711:Plessy v. Ferguson
2703:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
2555:Kolender v. Lawson
2451:Loving v. Virginia
2266:Imbler v. Pachtman
2243:Wood v. Strickland
2108:Leavitt v. Jane L.
1935:Bowers v. Hardwick
1850:Buchanan v. Warley
1779:Due Process Clause
1690:Citizenship Clause
1470:Epps v. Carmichael
1322:Moreau v. Grandich
1207:Plessy v. Ferguson
1193:109 U.S. 3
1187:Civil Rights Cases
1166:. 1885. p. 99
916:Mississippi portal
836:separate but equal
758:Plessy v. Ferguson
687:due process rights
663:U.S. Supreme Court
638:Moreau v. Grandich
536:Underlying dispute
525:racial segregation
458:Civil Rights Cases
449:Plessy v. Ferguson
435:Civil Rights Cases
387:racial segregation
136:Associate Justices
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4033:Trump v. Anderson
4025:Gold Clause Cases
4004:
4003:
3978:Tennessee v. Lane
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3781:Trimble v. Gordon
3701:Levy v. Louisiana
3693:Rinaldi v. Yeager
3575:Bernal v. Fainter
3551:Ambach v. Norwick
3543:Foley v. Connelie
3439:Crane v. New York
3337:Lehr v. Robertson
3289:Caban v. Mohammed
3046:Palmore v. Sidoti
2886:Lee v. Washington
2870:Reitman v. Mulkey
2821:Gebhart v. Belton
2807:Briggs v. Elliott
2783:Sweatt v. Painter
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2539:Parratt v. Taylor
2523:Duren v. Missouri
2483:Arnett v. Kennedy
2411:Powell v. Alabama
2352:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
2237:Scheuer v. Rhodes
2052:H. L. v. Matheson
1959:Lawrence v. Texas
1895:Meyer v. Nebraska
1842:Coppage v. Kansas
1768:
1767:
1734:Perez v. Brownell
1584:Works related to
1365: (1922). and
1235:, 731 (1898).
1215:, 561 (1896).
957:At the time, the
816:Los Angeles Times
701:Felix Frankfurter
505:Mississippi Delta
415:In the 1885 case
236:
235:
176:Edward T. Sanford
164:George Sutherland
81:48 S. Ct. 91; 72
4127:
4010:
4009:
3922:Dellmuth v. Muth
3881:
3880:
3281:Parham v. Hughes
3257:Edwards v. Healy
3086:Freeman v. Pitts
2841:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
2838:Browder v. Gayle
2684:
2683:
2671:
2670:
2587:Turner v. Safley
2563:Hudson v. Palmer
2427:NAACP v. Alabama
1886:Right to privacy
1834:Muller v. Oregon
1802:Mugler v. Kansas
1787:
1786:
1774:
1773:
1750:Rogers v. Bellei
1685:
1684:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1587:Gong Lum v. Rice
1583:
1559:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1482:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1427:, 84 (1927).
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1360:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1324:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1294:
1284:
1282:Rice v. Gong Lum
1278:
1269:
1268:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1091:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
996:
979:
968:
962:
955:
918:
913:
912:
911:
904:
899:
898:
831:Chicago Defender
811:Associated Press
668:Before the Court
609:Native Americans
581:writ of mandamus
257:Chinese ancestry
247:78 (1927), is a
200:Taft, joined by
121:Court membership
36:
35:
24:
23:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4039:
4015:
4000:
3888:
3867:
3616:
3581:
3519:In re Griffiths
3463:Webb v. O'Brien
3402:
3367:
3188:
3118:Texas v. Lesage
2910:Hadnott v. Amos
2695:Pace v. Alabama
2678:
2657:
2435:Hoyt v. Florida
2374:
2304:Felder v. Casey
2200:
2194:
1981:
1880:
1858:Adams v. Tanner
1818:Holden v. Hardy
1792:
1781:
1764:
1742:Afroyim v. Rusk
1692:
1679:
1673:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1576:
1530:
1528:Further reading
1525:
1524:
1509:
1505:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1477:, 330ā331 (
1468:
1467:
1463:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1366:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1297:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1243:
1239:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1112:
1092:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1006:
1005:. April 1, 2004
998:
997:
993:
988:
983:
982:
972:Native American
969:
965:
956:
952:
947:
914:
909:
907:
900:
893:
890:
850:
807:
773:
729:
691:Fifth Amendment
670:
665:
595:
538:
493:
485:Melville Fuller
399:convict leasing
385:laws mandating
359:
354:
232:(1954, in part)
222:
184:Harlan F. Stone
174:
162:
150:
132:William H. Taft
115:
90:
47:
41:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4133:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4029:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3845:Vacco v. Quill
3841:
3833:
3825:
3821:Clark v. Jeter
3817:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3677:Oyler v. Boles
3673:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3633:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3431:Heim v. McCall
3427:
3423:Truax v. Raich
3419:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3392:
3388:Romer v. Evans
3384:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3265:Craig v. Boren
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3233:Kahn v. Shevin
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2775:Perez v. Sharp
2771:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2735:Smith v. Texas
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2531:Parham v. J.R.
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2443:Oyler v. Boles
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2225:Pierson v. Ray
2222:
2216:
2212:Monroe v. Pape
2207:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1797:
1795:
1783:
1782:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1718:Elk v. Wilkins
1714:
1706:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1591:
1575:
1574:External links
1572:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1503:
1483:
1461:
1441:
1429:
1411:
1391:
1379:
1347:
1335:
1310:
1295:
1270:
1263:
1237:
1217:
1197:
1177:
1152:
1142:Tape v. Hurley
1132:
1110:
1045:
1016:
990:
989:
987:
984:
981:
980:
963:
949:
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
936:
931:
926:
920:
919:
905:
889:
886:
849:
846:
806:
805:Press reaction
803:
772:
769:
728:
725:
683:Louis Brandeis
669:
666:
664:
661:
627:Caucasian race
594:
591:
562:Earl L. Brewer
537:
534:
517:Bolivar County
497:southern China
492:
491:The Lum family
489:
418:Tape v. Hurley
358:
355:
353:
350:
333:Louis Brandeis
288:
255:of a child of
234:
233:
224:
223:
220:
217:
216:
210:
209:
205:
204:
198:
194:
193:
189:
188:
187:
186:
160:Louis Brandeis
137:
134:
129:
123:
122:
118:
117:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
80:
64:
60:
59:
54:
53:Full case name
50:
49:
43:
42:
37:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4132:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4011:
4007:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:Plyler v. Doe
3564:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:Frick v. Webb
3468:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:Coit v. Green
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:Lucy v. Adams
2827:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:Goss v. Lopez
2496:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:In re Winship
2464:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:Zucht v. King
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:Paul v. Davis
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:Azar v. Garza
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:Doe v. Bolton
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:Doe v. Bolton
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1610:CourtListener
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1590:at Wikisource
1589:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1264:9780313330421
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:9780807033531
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1004:
1001:
995:
991:
977:
973:
967:
960:
954:
950:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
917:
906:
903:
897:
892:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
859:
854:
844:
839:
837:
833:
832:
825:
820:
818:
817:
812:
802:
799:
795:
794:
788:
784:
782:
778:
767:
762:
760:
759:
754:
753:
745:
740:
738:
734:
733:Chief Justice
724:
722:
718:
712:
710:
709:oral argument
704:
702:
698:
697:
692:
688:
684:
679:
674:
660:
658:
657:
650:
646:
643:
642:Bay St. Louis
639:
635:
630:
628:
623:
617:
615:
610:
606:
605:
600:
590:
588:
587:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
533:
529:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:general store
510:
506:
502:
498:
488:
486:
482:
478:
477:
470:
468:
461:
459:
455:
451:
450:
445:
441:
437:
436:
430:
428:
427:San Francisco
424:
420:
419:
413:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
349:
347:
346:
341:
338:
337:Chief Justice
334:
330:
326:
325:
319:
317:
313:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
231:
230:
225:
218:
215:
211:
206:
203:
199:
195:
190:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:Pierce Butler
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:Chief Justice
127:
126:
124:
119:
111:
106:
102:
98:
93:
88:
84:
78:
77:
72:
69:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
44:
40:
30:
25:
19:
4031:
4023:
3992:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3928:
3920:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3859:
3853:Bush v. Gore
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3217:Reed v. Reed
3215:
3207:
3199:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2403:Buck v. Bell
2401:
2393:
2385:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1800:
1758:Saenz v. Roe
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1594:
1586:
1563:
1539:
1535:
1506:
1501: (1954).
1491:
1486:
1469:
1464:
1459: (1936).
1449:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1419:
1414:
1409: (1922).
1399:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1377: (1922).
1367:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1321:
1305:
1281:
1250:
1240:
1225:
1220:
1205:
1200:
1195: (1883).
1185:
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1155:
1140:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1102:Beacon Press
1096:
1036:. Retrieved
1026:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1002:
994:
976:black church
966:
953:
881:
878:Jamal Greene
873:
870:James Loewen
867:
862:
856:
852:
851:
841:
829:
827:
822:
814:
808:
791:
789:
785:
774:
764:
756:
750:
747:
742:
730:
720:
713:
705:
694:
675:
671:
654:
651:
647:
637:
631:
618:
602:
596:
584:
578:
558:
539:
530:
494:
474:
472:
463:
457:
447:
433:
431:
416:
414:
403:
360:
343:
322:
320:
309:
292:
272:
264:
239:
238:
237:
227:
221:Overruled by
208:Laws applied
201:
192:Case opinion
179:
167:
155:
143:
95:Case history
74:
56:
18:
2778:(Cal. 1948)
2727:Lum v. Rice
2004:Roe v. Wade
1919:Roe v. Wade
1793:due process
1595:Lum v. Rice
1515:(Podcast).
1481: 1950).
1420:Lum v. Rice
1333: 1917).
1293: 1925).
1170:October 10,
1150: 1885).
1038:October 10,
723:before it.
721:Lum v. Rice
717:continuance
570:U.S. Senate
564:, a former
391:Black Codes
379:cheap labor
294:Earl Brewer
240:Lum v. Rice
27:Lum v. Rice
4054:Categories
3273:Orr v. Orr
1439:, at 86ā87
1125:October 8,
1100:. Boston:
986:References
902:Law portal
689:under the
656:certiorari
574:plaintiffs
444:Fourteenth
440:Thirteenth
371:West Coast
352:Background
324:certiorari
87:U.S. LEXIS
85:172; 1927
3586:Residency
1564:Green Bag
1389:, 781ā784
1120:939994405
1009:March 18,
771:Aftermath
676:Flowers'
634:precedent
363:Civil War
202:unanimous
63:Citations
3407:Alienage
1678:case law
1593:Text of
1479:M.D.N.C.
1345:, at 779
1308:, at 788
1032:Archived
888:See also
824:backing.
777:Arkansas
566:governor
542:Rosedale
519:town of
395:vagrancy
383:Jim Crow
302:mandamus
268:minority
197:Majority
2802:(1954)
1619:Findlaw
1556:1476441
872:called
604:en banc
586:colored
548:of the
367:Chinese
316:holding
311:en banc
108:Holding
4036:(2024)
4028:(1935)
3997:(2013)
3989:(2006)
3981:(2004)
3973:(2003)
3965:(2001)
3957:(2000)
3949:(2000)
3941:(1999)
3933:(1997)
3925:(1989)
3917:(1976)
3909:(1966)
3901:(1883)
3864:(2012)
3856:(2000)
3848:(1997)
3840:(1991)
3832:(1988)
3824:(1988)
3816:(1985)
3808:(1982)
3800:(1979)
3792:(1978)
3784:(1977)
3776:(1976)
3768:(1974)
3760:(1974)
3752:(1973)
3744:(1973)
3736:(1972)
3728:(1971)
3720:(1970)
3712:(1968)
3704:(1968)
3696:(1966)
3688:(1966)
3680:(1962)
3672:(1948)
3664:(1942)
3656:(1937)
3648:(1928)
3640:(1886)
3632:(1876)
3613:(1985)
3605:(1977)
3597:(1969)
3578:(1984)
3570:(1982)
3562:(1982)
3554:(1979)
3546:(1978)
3538:(1977)
3530:(1976)
3522:(1973)
3514:(1973)
3506:(1971)
3498:(1954)
3490:(1948)
3482:(1927)
3474:(1923)
3466:(1923)
3458:(1923)
3450:(1923)
3442:(1915)
3434:(1915)
3426:(1915)
3418:(1914)
3399:(2015)
3391:(1996)
3383:(1986)
3364:(2024)
3356:(1996)
3348:(1994)
3340:(1983)
3332:(1982)
3324:(1981)
3316:(1981)
3308:(1980)
3300:(1979)
3292:(1979)
3284:(1979)
3276:(1979)
3268:(1976)
3260:(1975)
3252:(1975)
3244:(1974)
3236:(1974)
3228:(1972)
3220:(1971)
3212:(1948)
3204:(1937)
3185:(2023)
3177:(2016)
3169:(2014)
3161:(2013)
3153:(2007)
3145:(2005)
3137:(2003)
3129:(2003)
3121:(1999)
3113:(1995)
3105:(1993)
3097:(1992)
3089:(1992)
3081:(1991)
3073:(1989)
3065:(1986)
3057:(1985)
3049:(1984)
3041:(1982)
3033:(1982)
3025:(1978)
3017:(1977)
3009:(1977)
3001:(1974)
2993:(1973)
2985:(1973)
2977:(1972)
2969:(1971)
2961:(1971)
2953:(1971)
2945:(1971)
2937:(1971)
2929:(1969)
2921:(1969)
2913:(1969)
2905:(1969)
2897:(1968)
2889:(1968)
2881:(1967)
2873:(1967)
2865:(1964)
2857:(1964)
2849:(1964)
2833:(1955)
2794:(1950)
2786:(1950)
2770:(1948)
2762:(1948)
2754:(1944)
2746:(1943)
2738:(1940)
2730:(1927)
2722:(1899)
2714:(1896)
2706:(1886)
2698:(1883)
2654:(2016)
2646:(2015)
2638:(2009)
2630:(2000)
2622:(1997)
2614:(1990)
2606:(1989)
2598:(1989)
2590:(1987)
2582:(1987)
2574:(1985)
2566:(1984)
2558:(1983)
2550:(1982)
2542:(1981)
2534:(1979)
2526:(1979)
2518:(1977)
2510:(1976)
2502:(1975)
2494:(1975)
2486:(1974)
2478:(1974)
2470:(1971)
2462:(1968)
2454:(1967)
2446:(1962)
2438:(1961)
2430:(1958)
2422:(1950)
2414:(1932)
2406:(1927)
2398:(1922)
2390:(1905)
2371:(2011)
2363:(2010)
2355:(2009)
2347:(2009)
2339:(2005)
2331:(2003)
2323:(2002)
2315:(1989)
2307:(1988)
2299:(1982)
2291:(1980)
2283:(1978)
2277:(1978)
2269:(1976)
2261:(1976)
2253:(1975)
2245:(1975)
2239:(1974)
2233:(1969)
2227:(1967)
2221:(1963)
2215:(1961)
2201:under
2191:(2022)
2183:(2020)
2175:(2019)
2167:(2018)
2159:(2016)
2151:(2007)
2143:(2006)
2135:(2000)
2127:(1997)
2119:(1997)
2111:(1996)
2103:(1992)
2095:(1990)
2087:(1990)
2079:(1989)
2071:(1986)
2063:(1983)
2055:(1981)
2047:(1979)
2039:(1979)
2031:(1976)
2023:(1976)
2015:(1973)
2007:(1973)
1999:(1971)
1978:(2022)
1970:(2016)
1962:(2003)
1954:(1992)
1946:(1989)
1938:(1986)
1930:(1973)
1922:(1973)
1914:(1965)
1906:(1925)
1898:(1923)
1877:(1937)
1869:(1931)
1861:(1917)
1853:(1917)
1845:(1915)
1837:(1908)
1829:(1905)
1821:(1898)
1813:(1897)
1805:(1887)
1761:(1999)
1753:(1971)
1745:(1967)
1737:(1958)
1729:(1898)
1721:(1884)
1713:(1875)
1705:(1873)
1640:
1634:
1631:
1628:Justia
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1568:online
1554:
1497:,
1473:,
1455:,
1423:,
1405:,
1373:,
1361:,
1329: (
1325:,
1289: (
1285:,
1261:
1231:,
1211:,
1191:,
1118:
1108:
848:Legacy
781:Elaine
636:to be
521:Benoit
329:argued
243:, 275
182:
180:·
178:
170:
168:·
166:
158:
156:·
154:
146:
144:·
142:
83:L. Ed.
4014:Other
3621:Other
2379:Other
1601:
1552:JSTOR
1331:Miss.
1291:Miss.
1164:(PDF)
945:Notes
863:Brown
678:brief
509:North
100:Prior
2687:Race
1603:U.S.
1387:Rice
1343:Rice
1306:Rice
1259:ISBN
1247:"10"
1172:2021
1148:Cal.
1127:2021
1116:OCLC
1106:ISBN
1040:2021
1011:2021
828:The
442:and
245:U.S.
76:more
68:U.S.
66:275
3193:Sex
1599:275
1544:doi
1437:Lum
874:Lum
853:Lum
265:any
89:256
4056::
1597:,
1550:.
1540:23
1538:.
1313:^
1298:^
1273:^
1257:.
1253:.
1249:.
1114:.
1104:.
1048:^
865:.
659:.
499:,
421:,
401:.
71:78
1668:e
1661:t
1654:v
1558:.
1546::
1519:.
1267:.
1174:.
1129:.
1042:.
1013:.
978:.
79:)
73:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.