587:
273:
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34:
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and promote the
Lusitano breed in Australia and New Zealand, and in June 2005 signed an agreement with their parent organization, the Portuguese Associação Portuguesa de Criadores do Cavalo Puro Sangue Lusitano, to follow that association's rules and regulations. The LHAA maintains two studbooks (for the purebred Lusitano and the purebred Iberian) and a crossbred registry for horses with one Lusitano parent. An example of a combined registry is the International Andalusian and Lusitano Horse Association (IALHA).
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landed class attracted political agitators, estates were vacated, and stud farms were broken up and their horses sold to Spain. However, the best lines were saved through the efforts of breeders, and breeding soon increased. Today, Lusitanos are bred mainly in
Portugal and Brazil, but maintain a presence in many other countries throughout the world, including Australia, the United States, Great Britain, South Africa, and other European countries.
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366:(also Philip IV of Spain), Portuguese horse breeding reached its lowest point. The Spanish passed laws to halt the country's production of cavalry horses, and what stud farms did exist were run in secrecy with horses smuggled or stolen from Spain. These secret farms, however, provided the base for the modern Lusitano. In 1662, when
511:
Lusitano Horse
Association of Australasia (LHAA), which shares responsibility for the Purebred Iberian Horse (an Andalusian/Lusitano cross) with the Australasia Andalusian Association, as well as hosting a combined National Show for the two breeds in Australia. The LHAA was formed in 2003 to register
385:
Prior to the 1960s, the
Iberian-type horse was called the Andalusian in both Portugal and Spain. In 1966, the Lusitano name was adopted by Portugal after a studbook separation by the two countries. The revolutions of Portugal's African colonies resulted in the near economic collapse of Portugal. The
629:
They are still used for mounted bullfighting today, in a form where the bull is not killed and it is considered a disgrace to the rider if the horse is injured. Horses bred for this sport must be agile and calm, remaining in the control of the rider even when confronted by a bull. Between 1980 and
490:
that ended the monarchy, the Alter Real strain faced extinction, as records were burned, stallions were gelded and the stud discontinued. Ruy d'Andrade, a specialist in
Iberian horse breeds, saved two stallions and several mares, and was able to re-establish the strain, turning his herd over to the
220:
as far back as 25,000 to 20,000 BC, as shown by cave paintings in the area. Among the local wild horses originally used by humans were the probable ancestors of the modern
Lusitano, as studies comparing ancient and modern horse DNA indicate that the modern "Lusitano C" group contains maternal
930:
McGahern, A; Bower, M. A. M.; Edwards, C. J.; Brophy, P. O.; Sulimova, G.; Zakharov, I.; Vizuete-Forster, M.; Levine, M.; Li, S.; MacHugh, D. E.; Hill, E. W. (2006). "Evidence for biogeographic patterning of mitochondrial DNA sequences in
Eastern horse populations".
346:
in Spain. Some sources state that the
Andalusian and the Lusitano are genetically the same breed, and the only difference is the country in which individual horses are born. The Lusitano is also known as the Portuguese, Peninsular, National or Betico-lusitano horse.
337:
Prior to modern times, horse breeds throughout Europe were known primarily by the name of the region where they were bred. The
Lusitano takes its name from Lusitania, an ancient Roman name for the region that today is Portugal. A very similar horse, the Spanish
195:
type, with convex facial profiles, heavy muscling, intelligent and willing natures, with agile and elevated movement. Originally bred for war, dressage and bullfighting, Lusitanos are still used today in the latter two. They have competed in several
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of the three main breed lineages: Andrade, Veiga and
Coudelaria Nacional (Portuguese State Stud). Although each line meets breed standards, they differ from each other in individual characteristics. The six foundation horses are:
894:
Cai, Dawei; Zhuowei Tang; Lu Han; Camilla F. Speller; Dongya Y. Yang; Xiaolin Ma; Jian'en Cao; Hong Zhu; Hui Zhou (2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the origin of the Chinese domestic horse".
1717:
thought to originate wholly or partly within Portugal and Spain. Some have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively Iberian.
358:
During the 16th and 17th centuries, horses moved continually between Spain and Portugal, and horses from the studs of Andalusia were used to improve the Portuguese cavalry. Portugal's successful
152:. The fame of the horses from Lusitania goes back to the Roman Age, which attributed its speed to the influence of the West wind, who was considered capable of fertilizing the mares. When the
563:(64 inches, 163 cm). Members of the breed have narrow, but well-proportioned, heads with profiles that are slightly convex. The necks are thick and arched, leading to well defined
233:
around 600 BC. It is believed that these invaders also brought horses with them, contributing outside blood to the ancestry of the modern Iberian breeds. By 800 BC, the alliance known as
172:, the ancient Roman name for the region that modern Portugal occupies. There are four main breed lineages within the breed today, and characteristics differ slightly between each line.
288:, which were crossed with native Iberian horses. The cross between these two breeds produced a war horse superior even to the original Iberian horse, and it was this new type that the
330:
that is largely separated from most Iberian breeds. One maternal lineage is shared with the Lusitano, however, Sorraia lineages in Iberian breeds are relatively recent, dating to the
318:
in each direction, were crossbred with each other, and thus each influenced the other's maternal bloodlines. While Portuguese historian Ruy d'Andrade hypothesized that the ancient
241:, writing around 370 BC, admired the advanced horsemanship and riding techniques used by Iberian horsemen in war, made possible in part by their agile horses. Legend claimed that
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Portuguese Ministry of Agriculture in 1942, when the stud was reopened. The Portuguese state has maintained ownership of the stud, and continues to produce horses for use in
626:, as did one Spanish dressage competitor. The Belgian Brasseur took the gold medal in four-in-hand driving at the same competition with a team composed solely of Lusitanos.
463:(Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre) uses these horses exclusively in their performances. The strain was developed from 300 Iberian mares imported from Spain in 1747. When
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introduced to the Americas. Called the Iberian war horse, this ancestor of the Lusitano was used both on the battlefield and in major riding academies throughout Europe.
1246:
575:, leading to a low-set tail. The legs are sturdy and muscled. Lusitanos are known as powerful horses, noted for their intelligence and willing nature. The breed's
966:
Luís, C, Bastos-Silveira, C., Costa-Ferreira, J., Cothran, E.G., Oom, M.M. (December 2006). "A lost Sorraia maternal lineage found in the Lusitano horse breed".
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horses, although these crosses are no longer allowed by the breed registry. An Alter Real stallion, taken to Brazil prior to Napoleon's invasion, was a
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1001:
880:
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1838:
611:
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821:
Jansen, Thomas, Peter Forster, Marsha A. Levine, Hardy Oelke, Matthew Hurles, Colin Renfrew, Jürgen Weber, and Klaus Olek (August 6, 2002).
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The Alter Real is a strain of the Lusitano which is bred only at the Alter Real State Stud in Portugal. The stud was founded in 1748 by the
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1434:
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are agile and elevated, but generally comfortable to ride. The Lusitano differs from the Andalusian through having a more sloped
747:
Royo, L.J., I. Álvarez, A. Beja-Pereira, A. Molina, I. Fernández, J. Jordana, E. Gómez, J. P. Gutiérrez, and F. Goyache (2005).
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blood. However, in the 19th and 20th centuries the strain was re-established with the further introduction of Spanish blood.
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had been formed by the Iberians and Celts, and from this point on the horses bred in this area were renowned as war horses.
249:), and one modern hypothesis suggests that the bond between Iberian humans and horses was the initial inspiration for the
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against Spain (1640–1668) was in part based on mounted troops riding war horses of Spanish blood. During the reign of
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1553:
The book of horses and horse care: an encyclopedia of horses, and a comprehensive guide to horse and pony care
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1976:
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1705:
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281:
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583:, a lower-set tail, and a more convex head profile. The mane and tail are extremely thick in both breeds.
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297:
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invaded Spain in the early 19th century, the Alter Real strain deteriorated due to the introduction of
359:
671:
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1334:
487:
322:
breed was an ancestor of the Southern Iberian breeds, including the Lusitano, genetic studies using
20:
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garrisons. These garrisons included large groups of Portuguese cavalry, mounted on Iberian horses.
272:
226:
160:
with them that were crossed with the native horses, developing a horse that became useful for war,
699:"Ancient DNA reveals traces of Iberian Neolithic and Bronze Age lineages in modern Iberian horses"
614:
Driving World Cup, and took the World Championships in 1996. In 2002, there was a Lusitano on the
1682:
567:, shoulders that are muscular and sloping and a deep, broad chest. The horses have short, strong
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201:
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635:
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371:
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1981:
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904:
834:
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8:
315:
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on horseback. Today, Lusitanos are seen in internationdisciplines, including high-level
520:
440:
Marialva II, a 1930 Antonio Fontes Pereira de Melo stallion, out of Campina, by Marialva
726:
595:
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horses of partial Lusitano blood are popular, especially when crossed with Andalusian,
363:
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as part of the Portuguese and Spanish dressage teams. They have also made a showing in
2006:
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competitions, with a Belgian team of Lusitanos winning multiple international titles.
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of the area were sired by the wind (hence their amazing swiftness, passed onto their
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period. These ancient horses were used for war, with clear evidence of their use by
217:
176:
149:
145:
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559:(62 and 63 inches, 157 and 160 cm) high, although some stand over 16
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1956:
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competition. In 1995, a four-in-hand team driven by Belgian Felix Brasseur won the
607:
555:. Only bays are bred at the Alter Real stud. They usually stand 15.2 and 15.3
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480:
339:
222:
1768:
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1946:
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bronze-winning dressage team that went on to collect a silver medal at the 2004
434:
Primorosa, a 1927 Dominquez Hermanos stallion, out of Primorosa II, by Presumido
191:. Horses of the Alter Real strain are always brown. Members of the breed are of
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1936:
1833:
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of both Lusitanos and Andalusians are often closely linked. One example is the
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33:
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2001:
1996:
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Destinado, a 1930 Dominquez Hermanos stallion, out of Destinada, by Alegre II
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165:
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A 1603 painting of a Spanish war horse, an ancestor of the modern Lusitano
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Hucharia, a 1943 Coudelaria Nacional mare, out of Viscaina, by Cartujano
314:, present convincing evidence that Barbs and Iberian horses crossed the
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studies of the closely related modern Andalusian horse, compared to the
148:
as far back as 20,000 BC, and by 800 BC the region was renowned for its
2230:
2147:
2137:
1991:
1971:
1726:
893:
576:
334:, making the Sorraia an unlikely prehistoric ancestor of the Lusitano.
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2011:
1941:
1657:
622:. In 2006, the entire Portuguese dressage team rode Lusitanos at the
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to provide horses for the national riding academy and royal use. The
387:
343:
342:, originally described the horses of distinct quality that came from
293:
266:
169:
230:
2028:
1813:
1629:
The Royal Horse of Europe: The Story of the Andalusian and Lusitano
552:
464:
414:) that are called the "heads of lineage". These six horses are the
407:
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55:
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Convex profile, powerful neck and hindquarters, high-stepping gait
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1966:
1843:
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Associação Portuguesa de Criadores do Cavalo Puro Sangue Lusitano
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375:
319:
250:
83:
284:
invaded the Iberian peninsula in 711 AD, their invasion brought
2375:
2142:
1884:
1828:
1494:
Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America
1481:
Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America
379:
153:
1662:
1572:
Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America
749:"The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA"
443:
Regedor, a 1923 Alter Real stallion, out of Gavina, by Gavioto
269:
that bred cavalry horses for the Roman army from local stock.
168:. The Portuguese horse was named the Lusitano, after the word
2555:
2365:
1337:. Andalusian Horse Association of Australasia. Archived from
1271:
422:
141:
108:
503:
Today, outside of Portugal and Spain, breeding, showing and
221:
lineages also present in wild Iberian horses from the Early
2129:
1593:(1st American ed.). New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley.
1247:"Impressive Opening Ceremony Attended by 38,500 Spectators"
1190:. Lusitano Horse Association of Australasia. Archived from
411:
246:
242:
1338:
431:
Agareno, a 1931 Veiga stallion, out of Bagocha, by Lidador
1704:
1249:. World Equestrian Festival. July 3, 2007. Archived from
823:"Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse"
1652:
1458:
Fédération Equestre Internationale (November 4, 2007).
594:
The ancestors of the Lusitano were originally used for
88:
1588:
1513:(1st ed.). Solvang, CA: Amigo Publications Inc.
406:
The Portuguese stud book recognizes six horses (five
300:
were common entertainment for the Portuguese gentry.
1653:
International Andalusian Lusitano Horse Association
1527:
1274:(in Portuguese). Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre
1043:
543:, though they can be of any solid color, including
47:
Portuguese horse, Peninsular horse, Betico-lusitano
2452:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
1529:
253:, which was believed to come from the area of the
1607:
1532:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies
1293:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies
374:of Portugal, the royal dowry included Portugal's
2610:
1511:Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship
827:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
216:Horses were known to humans on what is now the
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1550:
1303:
1301:
144:breed. Horses were known to be present on the
1900:
1690:
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265:resulted in these civilizations establishing
1626:
1508:
1013:
1011:
1000:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
879:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
787:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1536:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc.
1421:
1383:. Lusitano Horse Association of Australasia
1381:"The Stud Books and the Crossbred Register"
1362:. Lusitano Horse Association of Australasia
1298:
1215:. Lusitano Horse Association of Australasia
1094:. Oklahoma State University. Archived from
923:
696:
515:
1907:
1893:
1697:
1683:
1610:International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds
1309:International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds
1148:
1024:
32:
1663:Lusitano Horse Association of Australasia
1460:"Lusitano Horses - The Pride of Portugal"
1008:
856:
846:
764:
2409:Museo Municipal Taurino Francisco Montes
1044:Stephens, Stephanie (July–August 2005).
697:Lira, Jaime; et al. (25 Nov 2009).
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519:
421:
401:
349:
271:
1394:
1182:
1180:
1082:
1080:
1078:
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968:Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics
630:1987, Lusitanos were used for breeding
156:invaded Iberia in 711 AD, they brought
2611:
742:
740:
692:
690:
688:
1888:
1706:Horse breeds of the Iberian peninsula
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814:
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662:
660:
658:
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2624:Horse breeds originating in Portugal
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1177:
1073:
486:In the early 20th century, with the
1404:. International Museum of the Horse
1046:"Dressage:Superlative Alternatives"
959:
737:
685:
674:. International Museum of the Horse
461:Portuguese School of Equestrian Art
326:show that the Sorraia is part of a
257:. Later invasions into the area by
13:
651:
14:
2635:
2404:California Academy of Tauromaquia
1646:
1528:Bongianni, Maurizio, ed. (1988).
1234:The book of horses and horse care
897:Journal of Archaeological Science
2590:
2580:
2569:
2568:
1914:
1612:. University of Oklahoma Press.
980:10.1111/j.1439-0388.2006.00612.x
945:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01495.x
802:d'Andrade, R (1945). "Sorraia".
715:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04430.x
1589:Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994).
1486:
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1424:"The Andalusian & Lusitano"
1415:
1373:
1352:
1327:
1314:
1285:
1264:
1239:
1226:
1213:"Lusitano Lineages in Portugal"
1205:
1164:
1135:
1122:
1109:
1037:
498:
1422:Veder, Tina (September 2005).
795:
179:, although they are generally
1:
2427:Animal Welfare Board of India
1977:Portuguese-style bullfighting
1591:The Encyclopedia of the Horse
1502:
1159:The Encyclopedia of the Horse
450:
296:on horseback and displays of
7:
2266:List of female bullfighters
526:2014 World Equestrian Games
175:Lusitanos can be any solid
10:
2640:
1987:Spanish-style bullfighting
1608:Hendricks, Bonnie (2007).
211:
18:
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1322:The Royal Horse of Europe
1172:The Royal Horse of Europe
1143:The Royal Horse of Europe
1130:The Royal Horse of Europe
1117:The Royal Horse of Europe
917:10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.006
102:
79:
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66:
61:
51:
43:
31:
21:Lusitano (disambiguation)
16:Horse breed from Portugal
645:
531:Lusitanos are generally
516:Characteristics and uses
1631:. London: J. A. Allen.
1570:Dutson, Judith (2005).
1551:Draper, Judith (1998).
1055:: 65–66. Archived from
590:Lusitano in a bullfight
457:Portuguese royal family
67:Distinguishing features
2498:The Story of Ferdinand
2437:Anti-Bullfighting City
1555:. Barnes & Noble.
1188:"Origins of the Breed"
848:10.1073/pnas.152330099
624:World Equestrian Games
616:World Equestrian Games
591:
528:
427:
364:Philip III of Portugal
355:
277:
202:World Equestrian Games
2158:Spanish Fighting Bull
1749:Basque Mountain Horse
1627:Loch, Sylvia (1986).
1574:. Storey Publishing.
1509:Bennett, Deb (1998).
766:10.1093/jhered/esi116
589:
523:
425:
402:Strains and sub-types
372:Catherine of Braganza
368:Charles II of England
353:
275:
2261:List of bullfighters
1982:Running of the bulls
1868:List of horse breeds
1433:: 53. Archived from
640:Mangalarga Marchador
571:and rounded, sloped
493:high school dressage
298:high school dressage
135:Puro Sangue Lusitano
125:, also known as the
109:Equus ferus caballus
19:For other uses, see
1849:Spanish Sport Horse
1092:Breeds of Livestock
909:2009JArSc..36..835C
839:2002PNAS...9910905J
833:(16): 10905–10910.
753:Journal of Heredity
636:foundation stallion
316:Strait of Gibraltar
229:around 1100 BC and
127:Pure Blood Lusitano
28:
2505:Ferdinand the Bull
1668:2011-11-23 at the
1253:on August 18, 2011
596:classical dressage
592:
529:
524:A Lusitano at the
428:
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278:
94:LHAA (Australasia)
26:
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2442:CAS International
2419:Anti-bullfighting
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2192:
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2117:
2116:
2109:Route of the Bull
1882:
1881:
1824:Pónei da Terceira
1638:978-0-85131-422-8
1619:978-0-8061-3884-8
1600:978-1-56458-614-8
1581:978-1-58017-613-2
1562:978-0-7607-0714-2
1543:978-0-671-66068-0
1520:978-0-9658533-0-9
806:(in Portuguese).
703:Molecular Ecology
416:foundation horses
354:A modern Lusitano
324:mitochondrial DNA
304:Mitochondrial DNA
218:Iberian Peninsula
146:Iberian Peninsula
119:
118:
52:Country of origin
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1440:on 2011-06-17
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1194:on 2014-09-13
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2397:Institutions
2332:Puerto Rican
2247:bullfighters
2211:Alguacilillo
2183:
2102:Other venues
1952:Don Tancredo
1932:Bull-leaping
1916:Bullfighting
1788:
1779:Jaca Navarra
1715:Horse breeds
1628:
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1480:
1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1453:
1442:. Retrieved
1435:the original
1430:
1417:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:"Andalusian"
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1375:
1364:. Retrieved
1354:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:the original
1329:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1292:
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1266:
1255:. Retrieved
1251:the original
1241:
1233:
1228:
1217:. Retrieved
1207:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:the original
1171:
1166:
1158:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:the original
1091:
1064:. Retrieved
1057:the original
1052:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1018:
996:cite journal
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875:cite journal
830:
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816:
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797:
783:cite journal
756:
752:
709:(1): 64–78.
706:
702:
676:. Retrieved
628:
604:bullfighting
593:
530:
509:Australasian
505:registration
502:
499:Registration
485:
473:Thoroughbred
454:
405:
396:Thoroughbred
384:
357:
336:
312:North Africa
302:
294:Bullfighting
279:
235:Celtiberians
215:
174:
134:
130:
126:
122:
120:
106:
2236:Rodeo clown
2216:Bullfighter
1462:. Horsetalk
1307:Hendricks,
1291:Bongianni,
1272:"Historial"
332:Middle Ages
286:Barb horses
255:Tagus River
227:Phoenicians
89:IALHA (USA)
44:Other names
2613:Categories
2596:Wiktionary
2327:Portuguese
2317:Mozambican
2285:By country
2245:Individual
2231:Rejoneador
2153:Murciélago
2148:Miura bull
2068:Mozambique
2031:by country
1972:Jallikattu
1925:and events
1794:Mallorquín
1737:Carthusian
1732:Andalusian
1727:Alter Real
1503:References
1466:2010-03-06
1444:2010-01-25
1431:Equestrian
1408:2009-06-12
1387:2010-01-11
1366:2010-01-11
1360:"About Us"
1345:2009-06-20
1335:"Homepage"
1278:2010-01-25
1257:2011-06-18
1219:2010-01-18
1198:2010-01-18
1102:2009-11-13
1088:"Lusitano"
1066:2009-06-26
1053:Equestrian
1032:Conquerors
1019:Conquerors
678:2009-11-13
672:"Lusitano"
481:Hanoverian
451:Alter Real
340:Andalusian
267:stud farms
150:war horses
139:Portuguese
2513:Ferdinand
2492:(musical)
2447:Equanimal
2359:Equipment
2302:Colombian
2093:Venezuela
2038:Argentina
2029:Bullrings
2012:Vaquejada
1942:Corraleja
1834:Retuertas
1804:Menorquín
1799:Marismeño
1295:, Entry 8
1157:Edwards,
1030:Bennett,
1017:Bennett,
408:stallions
388:Crossbred
344:Andalusia
310:horse of
280:When the
223:Neolithic
170:Lusitania
2575:Category
2337:Romanian
2322:Peruvian
2292:American
2184:Lusitano
2078:Portugal
2043:Colombia
1814:Monchino
1789:Lusitano
1754:Burguete
1744:Asturcón
1666:Archived
1496:, p. 102
1492:Dutson,
1479:Dutson,
1232:Draper,
1161:, p. 107
1132:, p. 126
1034:, p. 159
1021:, p. 158
988:17177696
953:16978180
867:12130666
775:16251517
723:19943892
553:palomino
549:buckskin
541:chestnut
465:Napoleon
410:and one
370:married
239:Xenophon
198:Olympics
189:chestnut
162:dressage
137:), is a
123:Lusitano
56:Portugal
27:Lusitano
2586:Commons
2524:Related
2371:Montera
2342:Spanish
2312:Mexican
2297:British
2254:By name
2226:Picador
2221:Forcado
2122:Animals
2088:Uruguay
2063:Morocco
2048:Ecuador
1967:Guanniu
1844:Sorraia
1839:Serrano
1764:Garrano
1759:Gallego
1483:, p. 72
1324:, p. 32
1311:, p. 14
1236:, p. 93
905:Bibcode
835:Bibcode
810:: 1–13.
731:1376591
642:breed.
638:of the
600:driving
565:withers
469:Arabian
398:blood.
392:Arabian
376:Tangier
320:Sorraia
251:centaur
212:History
206:driving
193:Baroque
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