Dressage - Knowledge

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is helpful and effective as a guide for the training of any horse, but has come to be most closely associated with dressage. Despite its appearance, the training scale is not meant to be a rigid format. Instead, each level is built on as the horse progresses in training: so a Grand Prix horse would work on the refinement of the first levels of the pyramid, instead of focusing on only the final level: "collection." The levels are also interconnected. For example, a crooked horse cannot develop

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cleaned off the horse's mouth before entering the arena due to it being a sign of submission. Conversely, some riders choose to wipe the foam from their horses' mouths prior to entering the arena, as foam can land on the horses' chests and legs. The presence of foam does not necessarily indicate the horse's acceptance of the bit, as certain metals such as German silver may cause the horse's salivation to increase without full acceptance of the bit.

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value of 2, which then doubles the marks given for that segment. Movements that are given a coefficient are generally considered to be particularly important to the horse's progression in training, and should be competently executed prior to moving up to the next level of competition. The scores for the general attributes of gait, submission, impulsion, and rider performance mentioned above are scored using a coefficient.

917: 814: 909: 1146:, the mane is preferred to be braided on the right; in competitive dressage, however, it is occasionally braided on the left, should it naturally fall there. Braids vary in size, but Europeans tend to put in fewer, larger braids, while Americans tend to have more smaller braids per horse. Braids are occasionally accented in white tape, which also helps them stay in throughout the day. The 400:. The standard dressage arena letters are A-K-V-E-S-H-C-M-R-B-P-F. The letters on the long sides of the arena, nearest the corners, are 6 m (20 ft) in from the corners, and are 12 m (39 ft) apart from each other. The letters along the center line are D-L-X-I-G, with X again being halfway down the arena. There is speculation as to why these letters were chosen. 323: 613:

and signed before handing them to the scorers. The scribe should have some knowledge of dressage terminology, be smartly dressed and have legible handwriting. The scribe should also be professional in manner, neutral and not engage in small talk or make comments. It is permissible to use abbreviations provided they are accepted and intelligible.

1273:. In the United States, junior riders and riders through Fourth Level at recognized competitions are required to wear an ASTM/SEI approved helmet to protect against head trauma in the event of a fall. At the upper levels, a top hat that matches the rider's coat is traditionally worn, though use of helmets is legal and increasing in popularity. 685:, the horse lengthens its stride to the maximum length through great forward thrust and reach. Grand Prix horses show amazing trot extensions. Though not as visually impressive, equally important is the extended walk, which shows that the horse can easily relax and stretch in the midst of the more collected movements. 1064:

block. Dressage saddles have longer billets and use shorter girth than other types of English saddles to minimize the straps and buckles underneath the rider's legs. The saddle is usually placed over a square, white saddle pad. Colored trim on the white saddle pad is permitted. A dressage saddle is required in

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Special test, which consists of Grand Prix movements arranged in a different pattern. For those 25 riders, the scores from the Grand Prix and the Grand Prix Special are then combined and the resulting top 15 horse/rider combinations move on to the individual medal competition—the crowd-pleasing Grand Prix

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When a horse collects, more weight moves to the hindquarters. Collection is natural for horses and is often seen during pasture play. A collected horse can move more freely. The joints of the hind limbs have greater flexion, allowing the horse to lower the hindquarters, bringing the hind legs further

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The second level of the pyramid is relaxation (looseness). Signs of looseness in the horse may be seen by an even stride that is swinging through the back and causing the tail to swing like a pendulum, looseness at the poll, a soft chewing of the bit, and a relaxed blowing through the nose. The horse

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Rhythm, gait, tempo, and regularity should be the same on straight and bending lines, through lateral work, and through transitions. Rhythm refers to the sequence of the footfalls, which should only include the pure walk, pure trot, and pure canter. The regularity, or purity, of the gait includes the

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Competitive dressage training in the U.S. is based on a progression of six steps developed by the German National Equestrian Foundation. This system is arranged in a pyramid or sequential fashion, with "rhythm and regularity" at the start of the pyramid and "collection" at the end. The training scale

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with a small pin. Gloves are usually white, although less-experienced riders or those at the lower levels often opt for black, as white gloves tend to accentuate the movement of a less-experienced rider's unsteady hands. The coat worn is usually solid black with metal buttons, although solid navy is

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Clear hoof polish may be applied before the horse enters the arena. The horse is thoroughly clean. The horse's saliva often forms "foam" about the horse's lips, which is generally considered to be a sign of the horse's submission and acceptance of the bit. Some riders believe that foam should not be

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For their freestyles, riders and horses perform specially choreographed patterns to music. At this level, the freestyle tests may contain all the Grand Prix movements, as well as double canter pirouettes, pirouettes in piaffe, and half-pass in passage. For the freestyle, judges award technical marks

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Horses are not permitted to wear "visual enhancements" that might be considered distracting, or that might influence the judge's perception of the horse. Bangles, ribbons, or other decorations are not allowed in the horse's mane or tail. Competitors are not allowed to use black hoof polish on white

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Scribing (also known as pencilling or writing) is the writing down of the scores and comments of judges at dressage events so that the judge can concentrate on the performance. In addition to this, the scribe should check the identity of each competitor, and ensure that the test papers are complete

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Although the judge's positions are known by their closest letter, only C, B, & E are actually directly behind their respective marker, with the other judges being on the short sides (on a plane with C, and two metres in from the edge of the arena for M & H, and at the A end of the arena and

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is usually not braided (although it is permitted), because it may cause the horse to carry the tail stiffly. Because the tail is an extension of the animal's spine, a supple tail is desirable as it shows that the horse is supple through its back. The tail should be "banged", or cut straight across

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There is a popular belief that these moves were originally taught to horses for military purposes, and indeed both the Spanish Riding School and the Cadre Noir are military foundations. However, while agility was necessary on the battlefield, most of the airs as performed today would have actually

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Tests ridden at the Olympic Games are scored by a panel of seven international judges. Each movement in each test receives a numeric score from 0 (lowest) to 10 (highest) and the resulting final score is then converted into a percentage, which is carried out to three decimal points. The higher the

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A very collected trot, in which the horse has great elevation of stride and seems to pause between each stride (it has a great amount of suspension in the stride). A higher degree of collection causes a definite shift of impulsion to the hindquarters. "An understanding of load distribution between

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In addition to marks for the dressage movements, marks are also awarded for more general attributes such as the horse's gaits, submission, impulsion and the rider's performance. Some segments are given increased weight by the use of a multiplier, or coefficient. Coefficients are typically given a

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There is always a judge sitting at C, although for upper-level competition there can be up to seven judges at different places around the arena — at C, E, B, K, F, M, and H — which allows the horse to be seen in each movement from all angles. This helps prevent certain faults from going

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is required for riding dressage, specifically a "dressage saddle" which is modeled exclusively for the discipline. It is designed with a long and straight saddle flap, mirroring the leg of the dressage rider, which is long with a slight bend in the knee, a deep seat and usually a pronounced knee

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According to the United States Dressage Federation, "Anyone can volunteer at a schooling show to scribe. Schooling shows are not recognized as official shows but are a great way to practice riding tests or to learn to scribe for a judge. Once you have scribed at a schooling show and at the lower

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Contact—the third level of the pyramid—is the result of the horse's pushing power, and should never be achieved by the pulling of the rider's hands. The rider encourages the horse to stretch into soft hands that allow the horse to lift the base of the neck, coming up into the bridle, and should

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in the dressage phase, as well as for some pure dressage competitions at lower levels. Its letters around the outside edge, starting from the point of entry and moving clockwise, are A-K-E-H-C-M-B-F. Letters also mark locations along the "center line" in the middle of the arena. Moving down the

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Once the team medals are determined, horses and riders compete for individual medals. The team competition serves as the first individual qualifier, in that the top 25 horse/rider combinations from the Grand Prix test move on to the next round. The second individual qualifier is the Grand Prix

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There are two sizes of arenas, small and standard. Each has letters assigned to positions around the arena for dressage tests to specify where movements are to be performed. Cones with letters on them are positioned on the sidelines of the arena for reference as to where a movement is to be

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evaluate each movement on the basis of a standard appropriate to the level of the test and assign each movement a score from zero to ten – zero being "not executed" and 10 being "excellent". A competitor achieving all 6s (or 60% overall) might typically then move up to the next level.

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percentage, the higher the score. However, in eventing dressage the score is calculated by dividing the number of points achieved by the total possible points, then multiplied by 100 (rounded to 2 decimal points) and subtracted from 100. Thus, a lower score is better than a higher score.

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Judges are registered through their national federation depending on the judge's experience and training, with the highest qualified being registered with the FEI for international competition. Judges are strictly regulated to ensure as consistent marking as possible within the limits of

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used in competition. Although horses and riders are competing against each other, tests are completed by one horse and rider combination at a time, and horses and riders are judged against a common standard, rather than having their performance scored relative to the other competitors.

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may be left unbraided; this style is most common with stallions. Braids are held in place by either yarn or rubber bands. It is a common misconception that a dressage horse must be braided, however this is not the case, and some riders may choose for various reasons not to braid.

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A calm, composed, collected, and elevated trot in place (although minimal movement forward is allowed and not penalized in competitions as it is the natural way of performing the movement. In any case the horse should never move backwards and this is considered a serious

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Along with each mark a "comment" may be given, which can describe things a rider and horse lack during the movement, or what they have. Any of the definitions of each numeric mark can only be used in the comment if the mark corresponds with the definition.

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is clipped or pulled, usually only 1–2 inches. The animal's coat may be trimmed. American stables almost always trim the muzzle, face, ears, and legs, while European stables do not have such a strict tradition and may leave different parts untrimmed.

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exposed horses' vulnerable underbellies to the weapons of foot soldiers. It is therefore more likely that the airs were exercises to develop the agility, responsiveness and physiology of the military horse and rider, rather than to be employed in combat.

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Impulsion can occur at the walk, trot and canter. It is highly important to establish good, forward movement and impulsion at the walk, as achieving desirable form in the trot and canter relies heavily on the transition from a good, supple, forward walk.

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In addition, there are four to six lower levels, occasionally more, regulated in individual nations by their respective national federation (such as the USDF in America, British Dressage, Dressage Australia etc.). The lower levels ask horses for basic

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At the start of the test, the horse enters the arena at an opening at A. Ideally this opening is then closed for the duration of the test. However, this is not always logistically possible, particularly at smaller competitions with few volunteers.

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dressage when entering space around arena or during the test for FEI events. Whips (no longer than 120 cm) are permitted in eventing dressage at any time for USEA tests, except USEF/USEA Championships and USEA Championship divisions.

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are required at the upper levels, and riders must maintain a steady lower leg for proper use. A whip may be carried in any competition except in a CDI or a national championship, and the length is regulated. Whips are not permitted in

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A horse is straight when the hind legs follow the path of the front legs, on both straight lines and on bending lines, and the body follows the line of travel. Straightness allows the horse to channel its impulsion directly toward its

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levels, you may ask to scribe at a recognized show and perhaps even the FEI levels of competition." Scribing or pencilling is also an integral part of a judge's training as they look to become accredited or upgrade to a higher level.

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The rules on permitted cavessons (nosebands) saddles, saddle pads, etc., are subject to change and do change as more and more styles and stylish equipments are introduced into the marketplace. Dressage horses are shown in minimal

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Impulsion not only encourages correct muscle and joint use, but also engages the mind of the horse, focusing it on the rider and, particularly at the walk and trot, allowing for relaxation and dissipation of nervous energy.

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In addition to the center line, the arena also has two "quarter lines", which lie between the center line and the long side of the arena. However, these are infrequently, if ever, used for competition except in a freestyle.

890:) in more advanced horses. Collection requires greater muscular strength, so must be advanced upon slowly. When in a collected gait, the stride length should shorten, and the stride should increase in energy and activity. 714:

A 360 degree turn in place, usually performed at the canter. In a Freestyle to music (kür) test, a turn of up to 720° is permissible for Grand Prix. (In levels lower than Grand Prix, a 180 degree pirouette may be

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under the body, and lighten and lift the forehand. In essence, collection is the horse's ability to move its centre of gravity to the rear while lifting the freespan of its back to better round under the rider.

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A shortening of stride in which the horse brings its hindquarters more underneath himself and carries more weight on his hind end. The tempo does not change, the horse simply shortens and elevates his stride.

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movements where the horse leaves the ground. These include the capriole, courbette, the mezair, the croupade, and levade. None are used in modern competitive dressage, but are performed by horses of various

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At FEI competitions, members of the military, police, national studs, national schools and national institutes retain the right to wear their service dress instead of the dress required of civilian riders.

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Informally called "tempis" or "tempi changes" at this level, The horse changes leads at the canter every stride (one time tempis or "oneseys"), two strides (two time tempis), three strides or four strides.

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or show bow. A hair net blends in with the rider's hair color, whereas a show bow combines a barrette or hair tie with a small bow and thick hair net, and is usually black. Lower-level riders may use a

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to promote ethical and evidence-based equestrianism. The FEI has banned hyperflexion of horse’s neck, the Rollkur technique, but a July 2014 article in the Guardian notes that it was still in use.

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At the apex of the training scale stands collection. It may refer to collected gaits: they can be used occasionally to supplement less vigorous work. It involves difficult movements (such as

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evenness and levelness of the stride. Once a rider can obtain pure gaits, or can avoid irregularity, the combination may be fit to do a more difficult exercise. Even in the very difficult

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unnoticed, which may be difficult for a judge to see from only one area of the arena. For example, the horse's straightness going across the diagonal may be assessed by judges at M and H.

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Correct dressage turnout, with braided mane, banged and pulled tail, trimmed legs and polished hooves. Upper level riders wear a shadbelly, white gloves, breeches, tall boots, and spurs.

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Each test is segmented into a number of sequential blocks which may contain one or more movements. Each block is generally scored between zero and ten on a scale such as the following:

758:, and a horse that is not relaxed will be less likely to travel with a rhythmic gait. However, this training scale as presented below is a translation from the German to the English. 238:, most commonly translated as "training") is a form of horse riding performed in exhibition and competition, as well as an art sometimes pursued solely for the sake of mastery. As an 1736: 1015:(1808–1885). The 20th century saw an increase in writing and teaching about Dressage training and techniques as the discipline became an international sport with the influence of 2010: 1784: 965:

are most often trained to perform the "airs" today, in part due to their powerfully conformed hindquarters, which allow them the strength to perform these difficult movements.

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Weishaupt, M. A.; Byström, A.; Peinen, K.; Wiestner, T.; Meyer, H.; Waldern, N.; Johnston, C.; Weeren, R.; Roepstorff, L. (2009). "Kinetics and kinematics of the passage".

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with a smooth curb chain. Traditionally, the snaffle is used to open and lift the poll angle, while the curb is used to bring the nose of the horse towards the vertical.

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anywhere on the showgrounds during the competition. Due to the formality of dressage, tack is usually black leather, although dark brown is seen from time to time.

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Equestrian journalist and horse welfare activist Julie Taylor has argued for equestrian dressage to be dropped from the Olympics. The ban on star UK rider

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or FEI. The highest level of modern competition is at the Grand Prix level. This is the level test ridden in the prestigious international competitions (

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The earliest practitioner who wrote treatises that survive today that describe sympathetic and systematic training of the horse was the Greek general

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a number of early modern trainers began to write on the topic of horse training, each expanding upon the work of their predecessors, including

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A movement where the horse goes on a diagonal, moving sideways and forward at the same time, while bent slightly in the direction of movement.

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makes smooth transitions, is easy to position from side to side, and willingly reaches down into the contact as the reins are lengthened.

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at the various levels is demonstrated through the performance of "tests", prescribed series of movements ridden within a standard arena.

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five metres in from the long side of the arena for F & K) rather than on the long side where the letter would seem to indicate.

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Olympic team medals are won by the teams with the highest combined percentages from their best three rides in the Grand Prix test.

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forelimbs and hindlimbs in relation to different riding techniques is vital to prevent wear-and-tear on the locomotor apparatus".

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Burns, T. E. & Clayton, H. M. (1997) "Comparison of the temporal kinematics of the canter pirouette and collected canter".

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dressage competition are Grand Prix. This level of testing demands the most skill and concentration from both horse and rider.

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subjectivity, and in FEI competitions, it is expected that all judges' final percentage be within five percent of each other.

2199: 1972: 1706: 1469: 1826: 284:'s "The Rules of Riding" was published in 1550, one of the first notable European treatises on equitation since Xenophon's 1671: 745:

for the various movements, as well as artistic marks. In the case of a tie, the ride with the higher artistic marks wins.

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At the upper levels, tests for international competitions, including the Olympics, are issued under the auspices of the

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Dressage riders, like their horses, are dressed for formality. In competition, they wear white, cream or pale-coloured

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Clayton, H. M. (1995). "Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, medium, and extended walks in horses".

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Clayton, H. M. (1997). "Classification of collected trot, passage and piaffe using stance phase temporal variables".

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Since 2011, all international tests, and some national tests have also allowed half marks (0.5 – 9.5) in all blocks.

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are gradually introduced as the horse progresses, until the point at which the horse can compete in the FEI levels.

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than the international levels. Lateral movements are not required in the earliest levels, and movements such as the

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Clayton, H. M. (1994). "Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, working, medium, and extended trot".

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are the Prix St. Georges, Intermediare I, Intermediare II, and Grand Prix. The dressage tests performed at the

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there is still regularity: the horse "trots on the spot" in place, raising the front and hind legs in rhythm.

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The standard arena is 20 by 60 m (66 by 197 ft), and is used for tests in both pure dressage and

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nosebands, due to their severity. Beads and colored trim are permitted along the brow band of the bridle.

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always follow the natural motion of the animal's head. The horse should have equal contact in both reins.

269:. The rider is relaxed and appears effort-free while the horse willingly performs the requested movement. 2972: 2518: 2503: 2343: 1767: 987:(427–355 BC). Despite living over 2000 years ago, his ideas are still widely praised. Beginning in the 1330:

before the Paris Olympics in July 2024 raised the public awareness on the welfare of dressage horses.

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An upper level dressage horse and rider perform a series of movements upon which they will be judged.

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hooves. Tail extensions are permitted in some countries, but not in FEI-sanctioned competitions.

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The dressage horse at lower levels is only permitted to be shown at recognized competitions in a

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Clayton, H. M. (1994). "Comparison of the collected, working, medium, and extended canters".

1723:"Horse & Hound - 7 Things You Need to Know about the Portuguese School of Equestrian Art" 1216: 1196: 934: 903: 499: 314: 53: 1540: 555:

also produce their own tests, including basic walk/trot tests which cater for child riders.

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The small arena is 20 by 40 m (66 by 131 ft) and is used for the lower levels of

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The turnout of a dressage horse is not taken into consideration in the marking of a test.

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Dressage horses are turned out to a high standard. It is usual for horses to have their

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in Vienna, Austria, Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre in Lisbon, Portugal, and the

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classes, although any simple English-type saddle may be used at the lower levels.

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Dressage competitions consist of a series of individual tests with an increasing

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The "school jumps", or "airs above the ground", are a series of higher-level

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center line from A, they are D-X-G, with X being directly between E and B.

276:. Modern dressage has evolved as an important equestrian pursuit since the 2778: 2240: 2147: 2118: 2097: 1319:. Their recently enacted Equine Ethics and Wellbeing Commission published 1260:

If the dressage rider has long hair, it is typically worn in a bun with a

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The discipline has a rich history with ancient roots in the writings of

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including boots or wraps during the test, nor are they allowed to wear

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also seen. In upper-level classes, the riders wear a tailed jacket (

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training and performances that involve the "airs above the ground" (

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Dressage tests are the formalized sequence of a number of dressage

509: 439: 397: 381: 273: 2207:"The biomechanics of skipping gaits: A third locomotion paradigm?" 941:, Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre in Lisbon, Portugal, and the 3375: 3288: 3185: 2648: 2450: 1185:. However, they are currently considered somewhat old-fashioned. 1115: 1107: 1370:, International Equestrian Federation, retrieved August 26, 2011 916: 368:

of horses are popular and purposely bred for these specialties.

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in Saumur, France. This type of schooling is also a part of

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At the international level, dressage tests governed by the

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are sometimes seen, especially in the dressage phase of

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Competitions are held at all levels from amateur to the

2303: 2298: 2072:. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co /London: John Murray 1910:"The FEI Code of Conduct for the Welfare of the Horse" 360: 246:, dressage is described as "the highest expression of 1633: 1631: 1406:"2013 USEF Rule Book, dressage division, Rule DR-122" 1110:. Upper level and FEI dressage horses are shown in a 1071:

At the lower levels of dressage, a bridle includes a

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Movements included in Grand Prix dressage tests are:

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An upper-level dressage horse at the extended trot.

212: 171: 1777: 1628: 1584: 1582: 824:The pushing power (thrust) of the horse is called 494:Apart from competition, there is the tradition of 475:, relatively large circles, and a lower level of 43:An upper-level dressage competitor performing an 3512: 2271:Dressage: a study of the finer points of riding. 860: 1701:. Rowman & Littlefield. 2009. p. 160. 1579: 778: 761: 3133: 1932: 1853:International Federation for Equestrian Sports 1823:International Federation for Equestrian Sports 1616:Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations. 1566: 1313:International Federation for Equestrian Sports 392:Standard dressage arena, 20 by 60 m 59:International Federation for Equestrian Sports 3119: 2351: 1935:"FEI Moves to Raise Equine Welfare Standards" 1698:Grooming Horses: A Complete Illustrated Guide 1588: 547:. In Great Britain, dressage is overseen by 2064:Barretto de Souza, Joseph, Count (c. 1927) 877: 297:In modern dressage competition, successful 82:Individual and team at international levels 3126: 3112: 2358: 2344: 831:Proper impulsion is achieved by means of: 37: 2230: 1207:, one of the "Big Four" most prestigious 635:Dressage at the 1980 Summer Olympic games 2294:Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) 1933:Lesté-Lasserre, Christa (May 11, 2023). 1880:"Sport Week: History of para-equestrian" 1538: 1195: 1129: 1026: 1001:William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle 915: 907: 812: 630: 627:Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics 438: 387: 321: 313: 2204: 2154: 2125: 2107:American Journal of Veterinary Research 2104: 2075: 1125: 3513: 1987: 1962: 1947: 1877: 804: 791: 620: 3107: 2365: 2339: 2168:German National Equestrian Federation 1306: 817:An upper level dressage horse at the 233: 2157:Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 2078:Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 2046:Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 2008: 1499: 1497: 1287:Para-equestrian § Para-dressage 1269:, hunting cap, or ASTM/SEI-approved 330:at the passage in a classical frame. 1890:from the original on March 29, 2016 1859:from the original on March 28, 2024 1205:Portuguese School of Equestrian Art 972: 541:United States Equestrian Federation 244:International Equestrian Federation 13: 2251:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2192:40 Fundamentals of English Riding. 2140:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04375.x 2090:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb05054.x 1963:Taylor, Julie (January 15, 2022). 1884:International Paralympic Committee 1829:from the original on July 29, 2024 1005:François Robichon de La Guérinière 453:Fédération Équestre Internationale 309: 14: 3552: 2287: 1574:40 Fundamentals of English Riding 1494: 1191: 1040:. They are not permitted to wear 835:Correct driving aids of the rider 748: 690:Collected gaits (trot and canter) 545:United States Dressage Federation 3134: 2211:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 1988:Kevany, Sophie (July 24, 2024). 1948:Kevany, Sophie (July 24, 2024). 1665:"British Dressage Rulebook 2009" 1639:"USDF | Tack and Equipment" 1576:, Storey Publishing, 2011, p. 83 1280: 199: 167: 2187:. London: J. A. Allen & Co. 2002: 1981: 1956: 1941: 1926: 1902: 1871: 1841: 1811: 1786:FEI Dressage Rules 24th edition 1753: 1729: 1715: 1689: 1657: 1608: 463:games, Dressage World Cup, and 19:For the 2018 Iranian film, see 1878:Howell, Rob (March 24, 2016). 1532: 1478: 1455:Dressage Canada scribing guide 1446: 1422: 1398: 1373: 1361: 1291:Para-dressage is dressage for 434: 1: 3541:Equestrian sports disciplines 2178:Advanced Techniques of Riding 2037: 1618:Bluebridge, 2006, pp. 166–67 1321:recommendations and documents 2429:FEI disciplines, non-Olympic 2174:Boonsboro, Md: Half Halt Pr. 2009:Hunt, Elle (July 31, 2024). 1211:in the world, alongside the 1142:(also known as plaited). 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London: Country Life 2262:Santini, Piero (1936) 2223:10.1098/rspb.1998.0424 1224: 1135: 1032: 921: 913: 821: 636: 465:World Equestrian Games 444: 393: 331: 319: 259:World Equestrian Games 124:Country or region 3500:Winter Olympic sports 3428:Greco-Roman wrestling 3140:Summer Olympic sports 2943:Show hunter (British) 2552:Equestrian drill team 2324:Spanish Riding School 2273:London: Museum Press 2066:Elementary Equitation 1773:on November 18, 2017. 1761:"USEA 2016 Rule Book" 1217:Spanish Riding School 1199: 1133: 1050:draw or running reins 1030: 935:Spanish Riding School 919: 911: 904:Airs above the ground 816: 634: 500:Spanish Riding School 442: 391: 325: 317: 242:sport defined by the 3439:Discretionary sports 3057:Mounted orienteering 3006:Icelandic equitation 2742:Working stock sports 2021:Guardian Media Group 1442:on October 31, 2008. 1126:Turnout of the horse 1061:English-style saddle 995:(mid-16th century), 677:Usually done at the 3423:Freestyle wrestling 3319:Rhythmic gymnastics 3314:Artistic gymnastics 2991:Camargue equitation 2913:Halter (horse show) 2708:Draft horse showing 2264:The Forward Impulse 2217:(1402): 1227–1235. 2070:Advanced Equitation 1967:. 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2814:Ranch sorting 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2784:Chilean rodeo 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2718:Horse pulling 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2693:Ban'ei racing 2691: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2609:Barrel racing 2607: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2416: 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1724: 1718: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1673: 1666: 1660: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1625: 1624:0-9742405-9-1 1621: 1617: 1611: 1596: 1592: 1585: 1583: 1575: 1569: 1554: 1552:9781612122748 1548: 1544: 1543: 1535: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1512:(3): 263–67. 1511: 1507: 1500: 1498: 1491: 1488: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1449: 1438: 1431: 1425: 1414: 1407: 1401: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1340:Equestrianism 1338: 1337: 1331: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1281:Para-dressage 1278: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1179:Quarter marks 1176: 1172: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140:manes braided 1132: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112:double bridle 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:drop noseband 1074: 1069: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1029: 1020: 1019:competition. 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007:(1688–1751), 1006: 1003:(1592–1676), 1002: 999:(1555–1620), 998: 994: 990: 986: 980: 970: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 951:Baroque horse 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 927: 918: 910: 905: 895: 891: 889: 881: 875: 873: 864: 858: 854: 847: 843: 840: 837: 834: 833: 832: 829: 827: 820: 815: 808: 802: 795: 789: 782: 776: 774: 765: 759: 757: 746: 742: 740: 734: 731: 724: 722: 719: 718: 713: 711: 708: 707: 703: 700: 697: 696: 692: 689: 688: 684: 680: 676: 673: 672: 667: 665: 662: 658: 656: 653: 652: 651: 648: 646: 645:Olympic Games 642: 633: 628: 618: 614: 605: 601: 597: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 571:7 Fairly good 570: 567: 564: 561: 560: 559: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 530: 520: 519:exhibitions. 518: 515: 511: 507: 506: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 441: 432: 428: 424: 419: 409: 405: 401: 399: 390: 386: 383: 378: 369: 367: 363: 362: 356: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 329: 324: 316: 307: 304: 300: 295: 293: 289: 288: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 255:Olympic Games 251: 249: 245: 241: 236: 226: 194: 164: 155: 154:para-dressage 151: 148: 146: 142: 139: 136: 134: 130: 126: 122: 117: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 91: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 64: 60: 57: 55: 50: 46: 45:extended trot 40: 35: 29: 25: 23: 3492: 3381:Table tennis 3351:Rugby sevens 3324:Trampolining 3294:Field hockey 3282:Show jumping 3271: 3255:Road cycling 3228:Canoe sprint 3223:Canoe slalom 3067:Trail riding 3042:Field hunter 3020:Field sports 3001:Doma vaquera 2982:Regional and 2953:Stunt riding 2882:Pig sticking 2829:Team penning 2774:Campdrafting 2764:Bronc riding 2713:Fine harness 2669:Sinjska alka 2659:Pole bending 2644:Keyhole race 2593:Team chasing 2504:Steeplechase 2476:Horse racing 2456:Tent pegging 2420:Show jumping 2409: 2385: 2377: 2277: 2270: 2263: 2249:Riding Logic 2248: 2214: 2210: 2191: 2184: 2177: 2171: 2160: 2156: 2131: 2127: 2110: 2106: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2048:; 23, 58–61. 2045: 2024:. Retrieved 2016:The Guardian 2014: 2004: 1995:The Guardian 1993: 1983: 1964: 1958: 1943: 1937:. The Horse. 1928: 1917:the original 1904: 1894:September 2, 1892:. Retrieved 1873: 1863:September 2, 1861:. Retrieved 1852: 1843: 1833:September 2, 1831:. Retrieved 1822: 1813: 1801:. Retrieved 1794:the original 1785: 1779: 1768:the original 1755: 1744:the original 1731: 1717: 1697: 1691: 1679:. Retrieved 1672:the original 1659: 1647:. Retrieved 1643:the original 1615: 1610: 1600:November 24, 1598:. Retrieved 1594: 1573: 1568: 1558:November 13, 1556:. Retrieved 1541: 1534: 1509: 1505: 1484: 1480: 1452: 1448: 1437:the original 1424: 1413:the original 1400: 1388:. Retrieved 1384: 1375: 1363: 1325: 1310: 1290: 1275: 1259: 1242: 1226: 1187: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1157: 1153: 1137: 1104:kimberwickes 1093: 1085:Figure-eight 1070: 1058: 1034: 982: 967: 923: 920:The capriole 892: 885: 879: 878:Collection ( 868: 862: 855: 851: 845: 830: 823: 806: 799: 793: 786: 780: 779:Relaxation ( 769: 763: 752: 743: 735: 732: 728: 649: 638: 615: 611: 602: 598: 595: 583:3 Fairly Bad 562:10 Excellent 557: 534: 526: 517:bullfighting 503: 493: 469: 446: 429: 425: 421: 406: 402: 395: 379: 375: 358: 352: 338:seen at the 336:horse breeds 333: 296: 285: 271: 267:minimal aids 263:riding horse 252: 162: 161: 79:Team members 28: 21: 3047:Fox hunting 2938:Show hunter 2928:Saddle seat 2834:Team roping 2769:Calf roping 2664:Potato race 2624:Dzhigitovka 2547:Cowboy polo 2535:Team sports 2524:by capacity 2484:Flat racing 2278:Equitation. 1245:dress boots 1168:bridle path 1096:snaffle bit 1046:martingales 989:Renaissance 880:Versammlung 842:Throughness 805:Impulsion ( 715:performed.) 701:in sequence 565:9 Very good 489:haunches-in 485:shoulder-in 435:Competition 377:performed. 278:Renaissance 3515:Categories 3401:Volleyball 3309:Gymnastics 3267:Equestrian 3240:BMX racing 3201:Basketball 3179:Water polo 2948:Sidesaddle 2892:Horse show 2804:Goat tying 2588:Polocrosse 2387:Equitation 2038:References 1803:August 12, 1681:August 12, 1649:August 12, 1453:see, e.g. 1390:August 12, 1295:. It is a 1219:, and the 1213:Cadre Noir 977:See also: 955:Andalusian 943:Cadre Noir 912:The levade 625:See also: 589:1 Very bad 577:5 Marginal 553:Pony Clubs 510:Portuguese 505:Cadre Noir 477:collection 359:described 328:Andalusian 240:equestrian 145:Paralympic 105:horse tack 3493:See also: 3418:Wrestling 3396:Triathlon 3386:Taekwondo 3196:Badminton 3191:Athletics 3027:Cavalcade 2933:Show hack 2923:Hunt seat 2779:Charrería 2674:Skijoring 2654:O-Mok-See 2446:Horseball 2441:Endurance 2026:August 1, 1238:shadbelly 1233:stock tie 826:impulsion 794:Anlehnung 792:Contact ( 756:impulsion 721:Half-pass 710:Pirouette 529:movements 481:leg yield 348:warmblood 127:Worldwide 97:Equipment 88:Mixed-sex 3521:Dressage 3475:Lacrosse 3455:Softball 3451:Baseball 3446:Breaking 3361:Shooting 3331:Handball 3299:Football 3277:Eventing 3272:Dressage 3218:Canoeing 3174:Swimming 3159:Artistic 3154:Aquatics 2870:Yabusame 2860:Jousting 2848:Weaponry 2728:Roadster 2639:Gymkhana 2634:Er Enish 2562:Fantasia 2542:Buzkashi 2461:Vaulting 2415:Eventing 2410:Dressage 2327:Archived 2163:: 16–19. 2056:Archived 1888:Archived 1857:Archived 1827:Archived 1526:19469233 1470:Archived 1458:Archived 1334:See also 1262:hair net 1254:eventing 1229:breeches 1201:Lusitano 1183:eventing 1148:forelock 1144:eventing 1120:curb bit 1108:gag bits 985:Xenophon 963:Lipizzan 959:Lusitano 608:Scribing 543:and the 398:eventing 382:eventing 340:Olympics 299:training 274:Xenophon 163:Dressage 119:Presence 52:Highest 32:Dressage 22:Dressage 3460:Cricket 3376:Surfing 3356:Sailing 3289:Fencing 3235:Cycling 3186:Archery 3081:Related 2794:Cutting 2684:Driving 2649:Kyz kuu 2569:(cirit) 2451:Reining 2402:Olympic 2241:9699315 2232:1689187 2170:(1990) 2148:8542844 2119:7574149 2098:9354290 1116:bradoon 1100:pelhams 1089:Kineton 1052:or the 807:Schwung 664:Passage 660:fault): 514:Spanish 461:Olympic 364:), the 231:French: 133:Olympic 71:Contact 3480:Squash 3470:Karate 3391:Tennis 3346:Rowing 3213:Boxing 3164:Diving 2877:Pasola 2686:sports 2567:Jereed 2255: 2239: 2229: 2198: 2146: 2117: 2096: 1971: 1705: 1622: 1549: 1524: 1299:since 1215:, the 1118:and a 947:Saumur 939:Vienna 819:canter 773:piaffe 683:canter 655:Piaffe 568:8 Good 412:Judges 303:Judges 24:(film) 2819:Rodeo 2789:Coleo 2494:Palio 1920:(PDF) 1913:(PDF) 1797:(PDF) 1790:(PDF) 1771:(PDF) 1764:(PDF) 1747:(PDF) 1740:(PDF) 1675:(PDF) 1668:(PDF) 1440:(PDF) 1433:(PDF) 1416:(PDF) 1409:(PDF) 1356:Notes 1267:derby 1249:Spurs 1106:, or 1079:, or 1054:gogue 586:2 Bad 523:Tests 487:, or 473:gaits 372:Arena 361:below 280:when 111:Venue 101:Horse 61:(FEI) 3498:and 3336:Judo 3304:Golf 3072:TREC 2583:Polo 2578:Pato 2573:Mata 2253:ISBN 2237:PMID 2196:ISBN 2144:PMID 2115:PMID 2094:PMID 2068:and 2028:2024 1969:ISBN 1896:2024 1865:2024 1835:2024 1805:2016 1703:ISBN 1683:2016 1651:2016 1620:ISBN 1602:2016 1560:2015 1547:ISBN 1522:PMID 1392:2016 1311:The 1301:1996 1166:The 1160:tail 1158:The 1038:tack 1023:Tack 961:and 764:Takt 681:and 679:trot 512:and 457:CDIs 257:and 150:1996 138:1912 3206:3x3 2894:and 2398:FEI 2227:PMC 2219:doi 2215:265 2136:doi 2086:doi 1514:doi 1066:FEI 1059:An 945:in 937:in 641:FEI 537:FEI 353:In 344:FEI 326:An 197:or 92:Yes 3517:: 3453:/ 2235:. 2225:. 2213:. 2209:. 2161:17 2159:. 2142:. 2132:26 2130:. 2111:56 2109:. 2092:. 2082:23 2080:. 2019:. 2013:. 1992:. 1886:. 1882:. 1855:. 1851:. 1825:. 1821:. 1630:^ 1593:. 1581:^ 1520:. 1510:41 1508:. 1496:^ 1383:. 1303:. 1102:, 1075:, 957:, 949:. 741:. 551:. 483:, 294:. 229:; 219:ɑː 187:ɑː 74:No 3127:e 3120:t 3113:v 2359:e 2352:t 2345:v 2243:. 2221:: 2150:. 2138:: 2121:. 2100:. 2088:: 2030:. 1998:. 1977:. 1898:. 1867:. 1837:. 1807:. 1725:. 1711:. 1685:. 1653:. 1604:. 1562:. 1528:. 1516:: 1489:. 1394:. 1223:. 882:) 865:) 844:( 809:) 796:) 783:) 766:) 225:/ 222:ʒ 216:s 213:ˈ 210:ɪ 207:r 204:d 201:/ 193:/ 190:ʒ 184:s 181:ɛ 178:r 175:d 172:ˈ 169:/ 165:( 156:) 152:( 26:.

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