270:
157:
507:. The issue of the existence of such a lyotropic phase was raised by Langmuir in 1938, but remained an open question for a very long time and was only confirmed recently. With the rapid development of nanosciences, and the synthesis of many new anisotropic 2D nanoparticles, the number of such Nematic mesophase based on 2D nanosheet has increased quickly, with, for example graphene oxide colloidal suspensions. Noteworthy, a lamellar phase was even discovered, H
20:
398:) and the inverse micellar cubic phase (a bulk liquid crystal sample with spherical water cavities). In practice inverse topology phases are more readily formed by amphiphiles that have at least two hydrocarbon chains attached to a headgroup. The most abundant phospholipids that are found in cell membranes of mammalian cells are examples of amphiphiles that readily form inverse topology lyotropic phases.
342:
are formed, which are liquid crystal microdomains in an isotrophic phase. At higher amphiphile concentrations the micelles fuse to form cylindrical aggregates of indefinite length, and these cylinders are arranged on a long-ranged hexagonal lattice. This lyotropic liquid crystalline phase is known as
107:
The micro-phase segregation of two incompatible components on a nanometer scale results in different type of solvent-induced extended anisotropic arrangement, depending on the volume balances between the hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part. In turn, they generate the long-range order of the phases,
405:
The objects created by the amphiphiles are usually spherical (as in the case of micelles), but may also be disc-like (bicelles), rod-like, or biaxial (all three micelle axes are distinct). These anisotropic self-assembled nano-structures can then order themselves in much the same way as thermotropic
374:
For most amphiphiles that consist of a single hydrocarbon chain, one or more phases having complex architectures are formed at concentrations that are intermediate between those required to form a hexagonal phase and those that lead to the formation of a lamellar phase. Often this intermediate phase
235:
At very low amphiphile concentration, the molecules will be dispersed randomly without any ordering. At slightly higher (but still low) concentration, above the CMC, self-assembled amphiphile aggregates exist as independent entities in equilibrium with monomeric amphiphiles in solution, but with no
417:
Some of such molecules act as dopants, inducing specific properties to the whole phase, other ones can be considered simple guests with limited effect on the surrounding environment but possibly strong consequences on their physico-chemical properties, and some of them are used as probe to detect
119:
liquid crystals, lyotropic liquid crystals have therefore an additional degree of freedom, that is the concentration that enables them to induce a variety of different phases. As the concentration of amphiphilic molecules is increased, several different type of lyotropic liquid crystal structures
401:
Even within the same phases, self-assembled structures are tunable by the concentration: For example, in lamellar phases, the layer distances increase with the solvent volume. Since lyotropic liquid crystals rely on a subtle balance of intermolecular interactions, it is more difficult to analyze
255:
At higher concentration, the assemblies will become ordered. True lyotropic liquid crystalline phases are formed as the concentration of amphiphile in water is increased beyond the point where the micellar aggregates are forced to be disposed regularly in space. For amphiphiles that consist of a
383:
482:
to give a lyotropic phase. It is noted that in these cases the solvent acts to lower the melting point of the materials thereby enabling the liquid crystalline phases to be accessible. These liquid crystalline phases are closer in architecture to
120:
occur in solution. Each of these different types has a different extent of molecular ordering within the solvent matrix, from spherical micelles to larger cylinders, aligned cylinders and even bilayered and multiwalled aggregates.
366:
and can be considered the lyotropic equivalent of a smectic A mesophase. This phase consists of amphiphilic molecules arranged in bilayer sheets separated by layers of water. Each bilayer is a prototype of the arrangement of
213:
A typical amphiphilic flexible surfactant can form aggregates through a self-assembly process that results of specific interactions between the molecules of the amphiphilic mesogen and those of the non-mesogenic solvent.
221:". The aggregates formed by amphiphilic molecules are characterised by structures in which the hydrophilic head-groups expose their surface to aqueous solution, shielding the hydrophobic chains from contact with water.
714:
Jin, Hyoung-Joon; Park, Jaehyung; Valluzi, Regina; Kim, Ung-Jin; Cebe, Peggy; Kaplan, David L. (2006). "Bioprocessing of Silk
Proteins Controlling Assembly". In Lewis, Randolph V.; Renugopalakrishnan, V. (eds.).
657:
Qizhen Liang; Pengtao Liu; Cheng Liu; Xigao Jian; Dingyi Hong; Yang Li. (2005). "Synthesis and
Properties of Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Copolyamides Containing Phthalazinone Moieties and Ether Linkages".
229:
487:
liquid crystalline phases than to the conventional lyotropic phases. In contrast to the behaviour of amphiphilic molecules, the lyotropic behaviour of the rod-like molecules does not involve
872:
Klemm, Dieter; Kramer, Frederike; Moritz, Sebastian; Lindstrom, Tom; Ankerfors, Mikael; Gray, Derek; Dorris, Annie (2011). "Nanocellulose:A New Family of Nature-Based
Materials".
386:
Schematic showing the aggregation of amphiphiles into micelles and then into lyotropic liquid crystalline phases as a function of amphiphile concentration and of temperature.
969:
Paineau E, Philippe AM, Antonova K, Bihannic I, Davidson P, Dozov I, et al. (2013). "Liquidâcrystalline properties of aqueous suspensions of natural clay nanosheets".
430:
that are formed by certain polymeric materials, particularly those consisting of rigid rod-like macromolecules, when they are mixed with appropriate solvents. Examples are
376:
414:
It is possible that specific molecules are dissolved in lyotropic mesophases, where they can be located mainly inside, outside, or at the surface of the aggregates.
391:
96: 'change'. Historically, the term was used to describe the common behavior of materials composed of amphiphilic molecules upon the addition of a
348:
224:
For most lyotropic systems aggregation occurs only when the concentration of the amphiphile exceeds a critical concentration (known variously as the
907:
Langmuir I (1938). "The role of attractive and repulsive forces in the formation of tactoids, thixotropic gels, protein crystals and coacervates".
740:
Domenici, Valentina; Marchetti, Alessandro; Cifelli, Mario; Veracini, Carlo
Alberto (2009). "Dynamics of Partially Oriented L-Phenylalanine-d
818:
Davidson, Patrick; Gabriel, Jean-Christophe; Levelut, Anne-Marie; Batail, Patrick (1993). "Nematic liquid crystalline mineral polymers".
394:
lyotropic phases, namely the inverse cubic phases, the inverse hexagonal columnar phase (columns of water encapsulated by amphiphiles, (H
256:
single hydrocarbon chain the concentration at which the first liquid crystalline phases are formed is typically in the range 25â30 wt%.
139:
Biological structures such as fibrous proteins showings relatively long and well-defined hydrophobic and hydrophilic ââblocksââ of
406:
liquid crystals do, forming large-scale versions of all the thermotropic phases (such as a nematic phase of rod-shaped micelles).
334:. This is a highly viscous, optically isotropic phase in which the micelles are arranged on a cubic lattice. Prior to becoming
942:
Gabriel JC, Sanchez C, Davidson P (1996). "Observation of
Nematic Liquid-Crystal Textures in Aqueous Gels of Smectite Clays".
802:
724:
698:
390:
Increasing the amphiphile concentration beyond the point where lamellar phases are formed would lead to the formation of the
1160:
1137:
689:(2006). "Bioprocessing of Silk Proteins Controlling Assembly". In Lewis, Randolph V.; Renugopalakrishnan, V. (eds.).
604:
499:
Examples of lyotropic liquid crystals can also be generated using 2D nanosheets. The most striking example of a true
313:
291:
200:
178:
284:
171:
547:"Definitions of Basic Terms Relating to Low-Molar-Mass and Polymer LIQUID CRYSTALS (IUPAC Recommendations 2001)"
225:
1179:
28:
1005:
845:
Davidson P, Gabriel JC (2003). "Mineral Liquid
Crystals from Self-Assembly of Anisotropic Nanosystems".
686:
1184:
620:
Lagerwall, Jan P.F.; Giesselmann, Frank (2006). "Current Topics in
Smectic Liquid Crystal Research".
1189:
278:
165:
431:
295:
182:
79:
1075:
1020:
916:
439:
51:
8:
1079:
1024:
920:
1098:
1063:
1044:
986:
750:
569:
241:
236:
long ranged orientational or positional (translational) order. As a result, phases are
218:
462:
and cellulose derivatives form lyotropic liquid crystal phases as do nanocrystalline (
1156:
1133:
1103:
1036:
990:
889:
798:
767:
720:
694:
639:
600:
418:
molecular-level properties of the whole mesophase in specific analytical techniques.
335:
573:
136:. A mixture of soap and water is an everyday example of a lyotropic liquid crystal.
104:(which may be ionic or non-ionic) attached to a hydrophobic ('water-hating') group.
1093:
1083:
1048:
1028:
1004:
Gabriel JC, Camerel F, Lemaire BJ, Desvaux H, Davidson P, Batail P (October 2001).
978:
951:
924:
881:
854:
827:
790:
759:
667:
631:
592:
559:
551:
326:
The simplest liquid crystalline phase that is formed by spherical micelles is the '
101:
671:
523:, which exhibits hyperswelling up to ~250 nm for the interlamellar distance.
982:
344:
16:
Solution of amphiphilic molecules which has both fluid and crystalline properties
1064:"Isotropic, nematic, and lamellar phases in colloidal suspensions of nanosheets"
1129:
1068:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1006:"Swollen liquid-crystalline lamellar phase based on extended solid-like sheets"
427:
359:
327:
240:(i.e. not liquid crystalline). These dispersions are generally referred to as '
63:
24:
794:
685:
Jin, Hyoung-Joon; Park, Jaehyung; Valluzi, Regina; Kim, Ung-Jin; Cebe, Peggy;
74:
1173:
831:
488:
479:
463:
129:
116:
108:
with the solvent molecules filling the space around the compounds to provide
1088:
564:
546:
402:
their structures and properties than those of thermotropic liquid crystals.
1107:
1040:
893:
885:
771:
643:
635:
622:
484:
656:
596:
467:
47:
43:
259:
100:. Such molecules comprise a hydrophilic (literally 'water-loving') head-
140:
133:
39:
955:
928:
763:
589:
Self-Assembled
Supramolecular Architectures: Lyotropic Liquid Crystals
1152:
1032:
586:
459:
237:
109:
66:
1146:
997:
858:
426:
The term lyotropic has also been applied to the liquid crystalline
249:
19:
1061:
500:
455:
339:
97:
59:
739:
128:
Examples of amphiphilic compounds are the salts of fatty acids,
968:
475:
368:
217:
In aqueous media, the driving force of the aggregation is the "
55:
1062:
Davidson P, Penisson C, Constantin D, Gabriel JP (June 2018).
504:
435:
382:
1003:
817:
248:, while the constituent spherical aggregates are known as '
871:
351:' hexagonal phase and is generally denoted by the symbol H
471:
587:
Garti, N.; Somasundaran, P.; Mezzenga, R., eds. (2012).
494:
941:
143:
can also show lyotropic liquid crystalline behaviour.
260:
Liquid crystalline phases and composition/temperature
619:
748:O Lyotropic System via H NMR Relaxation Studies".
458:suspensions of non-spherical colloidal particles.
362:' is formed. This phase is denoted by the symbol L
713:
684:
69:includes everyday mixtures like soap and water.
1171:
844:
442:as well as synthetic macromolecules, such as Li
503:phase has been demonstrated for many smectite
1123:
123:
1147:Fennell Evans D. and Wennerström H. (1999).
358:At higher concentrations of amphiphile the '
146:
1126:The Aqueous Phase Behaviour of Surfactants
421:
1097:
1087:
784:
717:Bionanotechnology. Protein to Nanodevices
691:Bionanotechnology. Protein to Nanodevices
563:
314:Learn how and when to remove this message
201:Learn how and when to remove this message
23:A highly viscous cubic phase gel made of
906:
613:
381:
277:This section includes a list of general
230:critical aggregation concentration (CAC)
164:This section includes a list of general
18:
874:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
733:
540:
538:
1172:
132:. Many simple amphiphiles are used as
544:
495:Disk-like macromolecules / Nanosheets
535:
263:
150:
13:
1117:
785:Blumstein, Alexandre, ed. (1985).
283:it lacks sufficient corresponding
170:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1201:
409:
268:
244:', often denoted by the symbol L
155:
89: 'to dissolve' and
1055:
962:
935:
900:
865:
838:
811:
778:
707:
678:
650:
580:
226:critical micelle concentration
1:
672:10.1016/j.polymer.2005.05.059
529:
347:', or more specifically the '
983:10.1080/21680396.2013.842130
7:
10:
1206:
330:', denoted by the symbol I
124:Types of lyotropic systems
795:10.1007/978-1-4899-2299-1
787:Polymeric Liquid Crystals
719:. Springer. p. 191.
693:. Springer. p. 194.
470:. Other examples include
54:that behaves both like a
36:Lyotropic liquid crystals
832:10.1002/adma.19930050916
377:bicontinuous cubic phase
147:Amphiphile self-assembly
1089:10.1073/pnas.1802692115
971:Liquid Crystals Reviews
565:10.1351/pac200173050845
422:Rod-like macromolecules
298:more precise citations.
185:more precise citations.
1124:Laughlin R.G. (1996).
886:10.1002/anie.201001273
636:10.1002/cphc.200500472
387:
32:
597:10.1002/9781118336632
385:
22:
1149:The Colloidal Domain
478:, which dissolve in
440:tobacco mosaic virus
1180:Chemical properties
1080:2018PNAS..115.6662D
1025:2001Natur.413..504G
921:1938JChPh...6..873L
758:(23): 13581â13590.
371:in cell membranes.
820:Advanced Materials
545:Baron, M. (2003).
388:
242:micellar solutions
219:hydrophobic effect
64:liquid crystalline
50:, dissolve into a
33:
1074:(26): 6662â6667.
956:10.1021/jp961088z
929:10.1063/1.1750183
880:(24): 5438â5466.
804:978-1-4899-2301-1
764:10.1021/la901917m
726:978-1-4020-4219-5
700:978-1-4020-4219-5
666:(16): 6258â6265.
338:liquid crystals,
324:
323:
316:
211:
210:
203:
42:, which are both
1197:
1185:Phases of matter
1166:
1143:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1091:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1033:10.1038/35097046
1010:
1001:
995:
994:
966:
960:
959:
939:
933:
932:
904:
898:
897:
869:
863:
862:
842:
836:
835:
815:
809:
808:
782:
776:
775:
737:
731:
730:
711:
705:
704:
687:Kaplan, David L.
682:
676:
675:
654:
648:
647:
617:
611:
610:
584:
578:
577:
567:
552:Pure Appl. Chem.
542:
392:inverse topology
319:
312:
308:
305:
299:
294:this section by
285:inline citations
272:
271:
264:
206:
199:
195:
192:
186:
181:this section by
172:inline citations
159:
158:
151:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1190:Liquid crystals
1170:
1169:
1163:
1140:
1120:
1118:Further reading
1115:
1060:
1056:
1019:(6855): 504â8.
1008:
1002:
998:
967:
963:
940:
936:
905:
901:
870:
866:
843:
839:
816:
812:
805:
789:. Springer US.
783:
779:
747:
743:
738:
734:
727:
712:
708:
701:
683:
679:
655:
651:
618:
614:
607:
585:
581:
543:
536:
532:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
497:
453:
449:
445:
424:
412:
397:
365:
354:
349:normal topology
345:hexagonal phase
333:
320:
309:
303:
300:
290:Please help to
289:
273:
269:
262:
247:
207:
196:
190:
187:
177:Please help to
176:
160:
156:
149:
126:
115:In contrast to
112:to the system.
78:comes from
29:liquid paraffin
17:
12:
11:
5:
1203:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1144:
1138:
1130:Academic Press
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1054:
996:
961:
934:
899:
864:
859:10.1007/b10827
837:
826:(9): 665â668.
810:
803:
777:
745:
744:in the CsPFO/H
741:
732:
725:
706:
699:
677:
649:
612:
605:
579:
558:(5): 845â895.
533:
531:
528:
520:
516:
512:
508:
496:
493:
451:
447:
443:
423:
420:
411:
410:Host molecules
408:
395:
363:
360:lamellar phase
352:
331:
328:micellar cubic
322:
321:
276:
274:
267:
261:
258:
245:
209:
208:
163:
161:
154:
148:
145:
125:
122:
25:polysorbate 80
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1202:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1164:
1162:0-471-24247-0
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1139:0-12-437760-2
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
957:
953:
950:(26): 11139.
949:
945:
944:J. Phys. Chem
938:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
903:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
860:
856:
852:
848:
847:Top Curr Chem
841:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
806:
800:
796:
792:
788:
781:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:
736:
728:
722:
718:
710:
702:
696:
692:
688:
681:
673:
669:
665:
661:
653:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:
616:
608:
606:9781118336632
602:
598:
594:
590:
583:
575:
571:
566:
561:
557:
554:
553:
548:
541:
539:
534:
527:
524:
506:
502:
492:
490:
489:self-assembly
486:
481:
480:sulfuric acid
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:nanocellulose
461:
457:
454:nanowire or
441:
437:
433:
429:
419:
415:
407:
403:
399:
393:
384:
380:
378:
372:
370:
361:
356:
350:
346:
341:
337:
329:
318:
315:
307:
297:
293:
287:
286:
280:
275:
266:
265:
257:
253:
251:
243:
239:
233:
231:
228:(CMC) or the
227:
222:
220:
215:
205:
202:
194:
184:
180:
174:
173:
167:
162:
153:
152:
144:
142:
137:
135:
131:
130:phospholipids
121:
118:
113:
111:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
80:Ancient Greek
77:
76:
70:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
27:, water, and
26:
21:
1151:. New York:
1148:
1125:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1016:
1012:
999:
974:
970:
964:
947:
943:
937:
912:
908:
902:
877:
873:
867:
850:
846:
840:
823:
819:
813:
786:
780:
755:
749:
735:
716:
709:
690:
680:
663:
659:
652:
630:(1): 20â45.
627:
623:ChemPhysChem
621:
615:
588:
582:
555:
550:
525:
498:
485:thermotropic
438:such as the
434:of rod-like
425:
416:
413:
404:
400:
389:
373:
357:
325:
310:
301:
282:
254:
234:
223:
216:
212:
197:
188:
169:
138:
127:
117:thermotropic
114:
106:
93:
90:
86:
83:
73:
71:
58:and a solid
38:result when
35:
34:
915:(12): 873.
909:J Chem Phys
468:suspensions
432:suspensions
336:macroscopic
296:introducing
183:introducing
48:hydrophilic
44:hydrophobic
40:amphiphiles
1174:Categories
1128:. London:
977:(2): 110.
530:References
279:references
166:references
141:aminoacids
134:detergents
94:(tropikĂłs)
1153:Wiley VCH
991:136533412
591:. Wiley.
460:Cellulose
456:colloidal
238:isotropic
75:lyotropic
72:The term
67:mesophase
1108:29891691
1041:11586355
894:21598362
772:19761270
751:Langmuir
644:16404767
574:95656853
340:tactoids
304:May 2022
250:micelles
191:May 2022
110:fluidity
92:ÏÏÎżÏÎčÎșÏÏ
52:solution
1099:6042086
1076:Bibcode
1049:4416985
1021:Bibcode
917:Bibcode
853:: 119.
660:Polymer
501:nematic
436:viruses
292:improve
179:improve
98:solvent
62:. This
60:crystal
1159:
1136:
1106:
1096:
1047:
1039:
1013:Nature
989:
892:
801:
770:
723:
697:
642:
603:
572:
476:Kevlar
428:phases
369:lipids
281:, but
168:, but
56:liquid
1045:S2CID
1009:(PDF)
987:S2CID
570:S2CID
505:clays
375:is a
343:the '
102:group
87:(lĂșĆ)
82:
1157:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1104:PMID
1037:PMID
890:PMID
799:ISBN
768:PMID
721:ISBN
695:ISBN
640:PMID
601:ISBN
474:and
46:and
1094:PMC
1084:doi
1072:115
1029:doi
1017:413
979:doi
952:doi
948:100
925:doi
882:doi
855:doi
851:226
828:doi
791:doi
760:doi
668:doi
632:doi
593:doi
560:doi
472:DNA
252:'.
232:).
85:λÏÏ
1176::
1155:.
1132:.
1102:.
1092:.
1082:.
1070:.
1066:.
1043:.
1035:.
1027:.
1015:.
1011:.
985:.
973:.
946:.
923:.
911:.
888:.
878:50
876:.
849:.
822:.
797:.
766:.
756:25
754:.
664:46
662:.
638:.
626:.
599:.
568:.
556:73
549:.
537:^
521:14
511:Sb
491:.
466:)
450:Se
446:Mo
396:II
379:.
355:.
1165:.
1142:.
1110:.
1086::
1078::
1051:.
1031::
1023::
993:.
981::
975:1
958:.
954::
931:.
927::
919::
913:6
896:.
884::
861:.
857::
834:.
830::
824:5
807:.
793::
774:.
762::
746:2
742:8
729:.
703:.
674:.
670::
646:.
634::
628:7
609:.
595::
576:.
562::
519:O
517:2
515:P
513:3
509:3
452:6
448:6
444:2
364:α
353:I
332:1
317:)
311:(
306:)
302:(
288:.
246:1
204:)
198:(
193:)
189:(
175:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
