36:
383:, France). The simplicity of the corresponding decoder together with the high audio quality of this codec using for the first time a 48 kHz sampling frequency, a 20 bits/sample input format (the highest available sampling standard in 1991, compatible with the AES/EBU professional digital input studio standard) were the main reasons to later adopt the characteristics of MUSICAM as the basic features for an advanced digital music compression codec such as MP3.
485:), originally published in 1995. MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) defined additional bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III. The new sampling rates are exactly half that of those originally defined for MPEG-1 Audio. MPEG-2 Part 3 also enhanced MPEG-1's audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels, up to 5.1 multichannel.
587:(VBR), but it is not widely supported. Layer II can use a method called bit rate switching. Each frame may be created with a different bit rate. According to ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993, Section 2.4.2.3: To provide the smallest possible delay and complexity, the (MPEG audio) decoder is not required to support a continuously variable bit rate when in layer I or II.
336:(DAB) project managed by Egon Meier-Engelen of the Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt fĂĽr Luft- und Raumfahrt (later on called Deutsches Zentrum fĂĽr Luft- und Raumfahrt, German Aerospace Center) in Germany. The European Community financed this project, commonly known as EU-147, from 1987 to 1994 as a part of the
640:
MP2 splits the input audio signal into 32 sub-bands, and if the audio in a sub-band is deemed to be imperceptible then that sub-band is not transmitted. MP3, on the other hand, transforms the input audio signal to the frequency domain in 576 frequency components. Therefore, MP3 has a higher frequency
636:
has shown that if there is a strong signal on a certain frequency, then weaker signals at frequencies close to the strong signal's frequency cannot be perceived by the human auditory system. This is called frequency masking. Perceptual audio codecs take advantage of this frequency masking by ignoring
354:
As a predecessor of the MP3 format and technology, the perceptual codec MUSICAM is based on integer arithmetics 32 subbands transform, driven by a psychoacoustic model. It was primarily designed for
Digital Audio Broadcasting and digital TV, and disclosed by CCETT(France) and IRT (Germany) in Atlanta
631:
Like MP3, MP2 is a perceptual coding format, which means that it removes information that the human auditory system will not be able to easily perceive. To choose which information to remove, the audio signal is analyzed according to a psychoacoustic model, which takes into account the parameters of
1442:
p. 144: "In the year 1988, the MASCAM method was developed at the
Institut fĂĽr Rundfunktechnik (IRT) in Munich in preparation for the digital audio broadcasting (DAB) system. From MASCAM, the MUSICAM (masking pattern universal subband integrated coding and multiplexing) method was developed in 1989
648:
tool, and higher frequency accuracy (due to the larger number of frequency sub-bands used by MP3) explains why MP3 does not need as high a bit rate as MP2 to get an acceptable audio quality. Conversely, MP2 shows a better behavior than MP3 in the time domain, due to its lower frequency resolution.
386:
The audio coding algorithm used by the Eureka 147 Digital Audio
Broadcasting (DAB) system has been subject to the standardization process within the ISO/Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) in 1989–94. MUSICAM audio coding was used as a basis for some coding schemes of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Audio. Most
660:
concealment" feature, due to the specific temporal masking effect of its mother filter. This unique characteristic of the MPEG-1 Audio family implies a very good sound quality on audio signals with rapid energy changes, such as percussive sounds. Because both the MP2 and MP3 formats use the same
736:
A value of 256 kbit/s has been judged to provide a high quality stereo broadcast signal. However, a small reduction, to 224 kbit/s is often adequate, and in some cases it may be possible to accept a further reduction to 192 kbit/s, especially if redundancy in the stereo signal is
704:
players often do not. As the encoding and decoding process would have been a significant drain on CPU resources in the first generations of broadcast playout systems, professional broadcast playout systems typically implement the codec in hardware, such as by delegating the task of encoding and
350:
MUSICAM was one of the few codecs able to achieve high audio quality at bit rates in the range of 64 to 192 kbit/s per monophonic channel. It has been designed to meet the technical requirements of most applications (in the field of broadcasting, telecommunication and recording on digital
390:
Since the finalisation of MPEG-1 Audio and MPEG-2 Audio (in 1992 and 1994), the original MUSICAM algorithm is not used anymore. The name MUSICAM is often mistakenly used when MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is meant. This can lead to some confusion, because the name MUSICAM is trademarked by different
394:
The Eureka
Project 147 resulted in the publication of European Standard, ETS 300 401 in 1995, for DAB which now has worldwide acceptance. The DAB standard uses the MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (ISO/IEC 11172-3) for 48 kHz sampling frequency and the MPEG-2 Audio Layer II (ISO/IEC 13818-3) for
434:
Audio standard included the three audio "layers" (encoding techniques) now known as Layer I (MP1), Layer II (MP2) and Layer III (MP3). All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 as the committee draft of ISO-11172 and finalized in 1992 as part of
387:
key features of MPEG-1 Audio were directly inherited from MUSICAM, including the filter bank, time-domain processing, audio frame sizes, etc. However, improvements were made, and the actual MUSICAM algorithm was not used in the final MPEG-1 Audio Layer II standard.
737:
exploited by a process of 'joint stereo' encoding (i.e. some sounds appearing at the centre of the stereo image need not be sent twice). At 192 kbit/s, it is relatively easy to hear imperfections in critical audio material.
363:
during the NAB show (Las Vegas) in 1991. The implementation of the audio part of this broadcasting system was based on a two chips encoder (one for the subband transform, one for the psychoacoustic model designed by the team of
687:
MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is commonly used within the broadcast industry for distributing live audio over satellite, ISDN and IP Network connections as well as for storage of audio in digital playout systems. An example is
329:
pan-European inter-governmental research and development initiative for the development of a system for the broadcasting of audio and data to fixed, portable or mobile receivers (established in 1987).
621:
MPEG Audio Layer II is the core algorithm of the MP3 standards. All psychoacoustical characteristics and frame format structures of the MP3 format are derived from the basic MP2 algorithm and format.
504:
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algorithm that was designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent an audio recording and sound like a decent reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners.
380:
314:
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companies in different regions of the world. (Musicam is the name used for MP2 in some specifications for Astra
Digital Radio as well as in the BBC's DAB documents.)
993:"ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993 – Information technology — Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s — Part 3: Audio"
411:(MPEG) started an effort to standardize digital audio and video encoding, expected to have a wide range of applications in digital radio and TV broadcasting (later
355:
during an IEEE-ICASSP conference. This codec incorporated into a broadcasting system using COFDM modulation was demonstrated on air and on the field together with
649:
This implies less codec time delay — which can make editing audio simpler — as well as "ruggedness" and resistance to errors which may occur during the
696:
Content Depot programming distribution system. The
Content Depot distributes MPEG-1 L2 audio in a Broadcast Wave File wrapper. MPEG2 with RIFF headers (used in
1652:
1391:
Radio
Broadcasting Systems; Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) to mobile, portable and fixed receivers – Details of 'REN/JTC-DAB-36' Work Item – EN 300 401
641:
resolution than MP2, which allows the psychoacoustic model to be applied more selectively than for MP2. So MP3 has greater scope to reduce the bit rate.
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information at frequencies that are deemed to be imperceptible, thus allowing more data to be allocated to the reproduction of perceptible frequencies.
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700:) is specified in the RIFF/WAV standards. As a result, Windows Media Player will directly play Content Depot files, however, less intelligent
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MUSICAM Source Coding by Yves-François Dehery, AES 10th
International Conference: Kensington, London, England, (7-9 Sept 1991), pp 71–79.
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1950:
365:
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1017:"ISO/IEC 13818-3:1995 – Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information — Part 3: Audio"
4419:
4147:
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encoding, and additional sampling rates, defined in ISO/IEC 13818-3. The abbreviation MP2 is also sometimes erroneously applied to
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1870:
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2239:
1259:
Digital Audio
Broadcasting (DAB); DAB to mobile, portable and fixed receivers – Details of 'DE/JTC-DAB' Work Item – ETS 300 401
519:
in
Engineering 2000 for development of a digital audio two-channel compression system known as Musicam or MPEG Audio Layer II.
3632:
1485:"CD 11172-3 - Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio for Digital Storage Media at up to About 1.5 MBit/s Part 3 Audio"
732:
Research & Development department states that at least 192 kbit/s is necessary for a high fidelity stereo broadcast:
3032:
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1523:
Article's reference 3 is: 'ISO/IEC JTC/SC29, "Coded Representation of Picture, Audio and Multimedia/Hypermedia Information",
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964:
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368:(IRT Germany), later known as Psychoacoustic model I in the ISO MPEG audio standard) and a real time decoder using one
1654:
National Academey of Television Arts and Sciences, Outstanding Achievement in Technical/Engineering Development Awards
1434:
Digital Video and Audio Broadcasting Technology: A Practical Engineering Guide (Signals and Communication Technology)
462:), published in 1993. Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards,
4743:
4013:
3064:
2475:
1781:"BBC R&D White Paper WHP 061 June 2003, DAB:An introduction to the EUREKA DAB System and a guide to how it works"
1439:
1217:
1148:
79:
57:
50:
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store audio in MP2 and many consumer-authored DVDs use the format, commercial DVDs with MP2 soundtracks are rare.
427:). The MUSICAM audio coding was one of 14 proposals for MPEG-1 Audio standard that were submitted to ISO in 1989.
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Dehery, Y.F.; Lever, M.; Urcun, P. (1991). "A MUSICAM source codec for digital audio broadcasting and storage".
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1133:[Proceedings] ICASSP 91: 1991 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing
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An extension has been provided in MPEG-2 Audio Layer II and is defined in ISO/IEC 13818-3 (MPEG-2 Part 3)
3405:
2445:
1884:
723:
140:
1859:
1370:"MUSICAM USA Frequently Asked Questions – Isn't MUSICAM simply your implementation of ISO/MPEG Layer 2?"
561:
The format is based on successive digital frames of 1152 sampling intervals with four possible formats:
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1042:(Partial draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 17 May 2012
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with a low-delay filter bank producing 32 frequency domain components. By comparison, MP3 is a
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in IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 52, Nr. 3, pp. 1043–1049, August 2006
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2020:
1960:
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Reference 3 in the paper is to Committee Draft of Standard ISO/IEC 11172, December 6, 1991.
852:
267:
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557:- up to 5 full range audio channels and an LFE-channel (Low Frequency Enhancement channel)
8:
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1998:
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The MPEG-1 Audio standard was based on the existing MUSICAM and ASPEC audio formats. The
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storage media) — low delay, low complexity, error robustness, short access units, etc.
98:
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951:. ACM Multimedia. New York City: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 75–82.
232:
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The MP2 encoder may exploit inter channel redundancies using optional "joint stereo"
584:
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493:
279:
180:
170:
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1814:
1623:"Overview of MPEG Audio: Current and Future Standards for Low-Bit-Rate Audio Coding"
1202:
ICASSP 91: 1991 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing
1158:
949:
Proceedings of the first ACM international conference on Multimedia - MULTIMEDIA '93
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4223:
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1982:
1907:
1735:
1205:
1136:
974:
952:
615:
204:
2316:
1235:"A DAB commentary from Alan Box, EZ communication and chairman NAB DAB task force"
4738:
4201:
3993:
3102:
3079:
2382:
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1988:
633:
603:
196:
192:
3563:
1622:
1488:
1175:
4608:
4603:
4598:
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4283:
4130:
3971:
3840:
2933:
1992:
1209:
1140:
944:
869:
823:
775:
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540:: 32, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 320 and 384 kbit/s
369:
4823:
4807:
4671:
4573:
4560:
4512:
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4179:
3986:
3480:
3278:
3044:
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1972:
1911:
922:
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countries are not required to decode MP2 audio, although most do. While some
756:
713:
674:
531:
3543:
311:
Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing
4818:
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4003:
3768:
3558:
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3410:
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2881:
2439:
1914:
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countries contain stereo MP2 decoders, making MP2 a possible competitor to
720:
356:
343:
The Eureka 147 System comprised three main elements: MUSICAM Audio Coding (
956:
4067:
4008:
3946:
3548:
3311:
3306:
2891:
2811:
2540:
2362:
2187:
1978:
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with hybrid filter bank, which means that compression takes place in the
607:
1853:
596:
299:
3981:
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2923:
2886:
2821:
2705:
2582:
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1932:
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110:
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applications, MP2 remains a dominant standard for audio broadcasting.
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3455:
3435:
3255:
3250:
2913:
2871:
2307:
2166:
1369:
1288:
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748:
345:
Masking pattern Universal Sub-band Integrated Coding And Multiplexing
527:
MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is defined in ISO/IEC 11172-3 (MPEG-1 Part 3)
4028:
3907:
3538:
3430:
2856:
2710:
2057:
2010:
1968:
1688:
879:
771:
537:
424:
283:
1841:
1685:"CCETT - DAB : Digital Audio Broadcasting (archived website)"
661:
basic sub-band filter bank, both benefit from this characteristic.
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4243:
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3738:
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3400:
3164:
3144:
3129:
2918:
2846:
2826:
2097:
2052:
2006:
1281:
DAB – Service planning for terrestrial Digital Audio Broadcasting
1198:
A MUSICAM source codec for Digital Audio Broadcasting and storage
512:
318:
295:
2490:
1865:
822:, a mostly backward compatible extension which adds support for
818:
usually refer MPEG-1 Audio Layer II data, but can also refer to
347:), Transmission Coding & Multiplexing and COFDM Modulation.
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
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2567:
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2106:
2065:
2016:
2002:
1815:
Genesis of the MP3 Audio Coding Standard by Hans Georg Musmann
864:
847:
831:
785:
MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is the standard audio format used in the
770:
MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is the standard audio format used in the
705:
decoding to a compatible soundcard rather than the system CPU.
463:
436:
431:
337:
4780:
4566:
4454:
4092:
4023:
3866:
3642:
3605:
3490:
3192:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3124:
3119:
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2635:
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2142:
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after a hybrid (double) transformation from the time domain.
309:
MPEG-1 Audio Layer 2 encoding was derived from the MUSICAM (
4033:
3778:
3733:
3723:
3713:
3687:
3647:
3637:
3533:
3475:
3395:
3358:
3353:
3270:
3212:
3202:
2963:
2841:
2715:
2695:
1856:– The document defining MIME type for MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
760:
440:
1847:
1729:
1727:
923:"MIME Type Registration of RTP Payload Formats – RFC 3555"
571:
intensity encoded joint stereo format (stereo irrelevance)
315:
Centre commun d'études de télévision et télécommunications
4527:
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4072:
4060:
3902:
3718:
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3022:
2764:
2759:
2754:
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2744:
2739:
1906:
857:
793:
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formats (VCD and SVCD also support variable bit rate and
752:
729:
689:
489:
375:
chip running an integer arithmetics software designed by
289:
275:
656:
The MP2 sub-band filter bank also provides an inherent "
4339:
1724:
551:
Additional bit rates: 8, 16, 24, 40 and 144 kbit/s
1621:
Brandenburg, Karlheinz; Bosi, Marina (February 1997).
4693:
Part 1: Transport and Storage of Genomic Information
548:
Additional sampling rates: 16, 22.05 and 24 kHz
1443:
in cooperation with CCETT, Philips and Matsushita."
233:
http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards/mpeg-1/audio
921:Hoschka, Philipp; Casner, Stephen L. (July 2003).
792:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is the audio format used in
708:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is the audio format used in
606:, which means that compression takes place in the
1733:
1601:"MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC"
1592:
1512:Patel, Ketan; Smith, Brian C.; Rowe, Lawrence A.
4805:
1702:
1195:
1130:
882:originally MP2-based, with numerous improvements
466:, more formally known as international standard
4781:Part 2: Low Complexity Enhancement Video Coding
1620:
1614:
1476:
1196:Dehery, Y.F.; Lever, M.; Urcun, P. (May 1991).
936:
443:, which resulted in the international standard
1756:MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9, MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC
1575:International Organization for Standardization
1571:"Press Release - Adopted at 22nd WG11 meeting"
1170:
1168:
945:"Performance of a software MPEG video decoder"
942:
4325:
2476:
1892:
1565:
1563:
1539:"MPEG Press Release, London, 6 November 1992"
1309:
1307:
920:
4734:Part 2: High Efficiency Video Coding (H.265)
1862:– Source code for small open source decoder.
1515:Performance of a Software MPEG Video Decoder
1452:
1410:
1315:"Status report of ISO MPEG – September 1990"
499:
1165:
1111:"Digital Radio — The Eureka 147 DAB System"
590:
522:
4744:Part 12: High Efficiency Image File Format
4332:
4318:
2483:
2469:
1899:
1885:
1560:
1511:
1304:
1086:
1871:Patent Status of MPEG-1, H.261 and MPEG-2
1525:Committee Draft of Standard ISO/IEC 11172
1341:
1246:. Vol. 150, no. 15. p. 26.
1108:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1039:MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Layer II Audio Encoding
1011:
1009:
987:
985:
943:Patel K, Smith BC, Rowe LA (1993-09-01).
742:BBC R&D White Paper WHP 061 June 2003
632:the human auditory system. Research into
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1627:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
1530:
1453:Chiariglione, Leonardo (November 1991).
1337:
1335:
806:
43:This article includes a list of general
4677:Part 3: Unified Speech and Audio Coding
4635:Part 2: Description definition language
1446:
1411:Chiariglione, Leonardo (October 1989).
1367:
1176:"AES E-Library – Musicam Source Coding"
898:
759:in these markets. DVD-Video players in
653:process, or during transmission errors.
14:
4806:
4760:Part 3: Versatile Video Coding (H.266)
4584:Part 10: Advanced Video Coding (H.264)
1832:The history of MP3 from Fraunhofer IIS
1054:
1006:
982:
901:"The audio/mpeg Media Type - RFC 3003"
665:
290:History of development from MP2 to MP3
4698:Part 2: Coding of Genomic Information
4313:
2464:
2277:
1880:
1332:
266:defined by ISO/IEC 11172-3 alongside
1734:Predrag Supurovic (September 1998).
1250:
578:
29:
4594:Part 12: ISO base media file format
4341:MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group)
1860:A MPEG Audio Layer II decoder in 4k
1709:Werner Oomen, Leon van de Kerkhof.
1598:
1536:
1482:
1232:
799:MP2 files are compatible with some
726:in many countries around the world.
24:
4656:Part 5: Rights Expression Language
4274:Comparison of audio coding formats
2278:
1773:
574:dual channel (uncorrelated) format
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
4835:
1837:MPEG Audio Resources and Software
1825:
1521:. ACM Multimedia 1993 Conference.
899:Nilsson, Martin (November 2000).
2433:
1873:– Some information about patents
1768:TwoLAME: MPEG Audio Layer II VBR
395:24 kHz sampling frequency.
34:
1793:from the original on 2009-03-04
1761:
1748:
1677:
1645:
1505:
1428:
1404:
1382:
1361:
1272:
1226:
1189:
1124:
1087:Techopedia (16 February 2015).
251:, sometimes incorrectly called
93:MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer II
4776:Part 1: Essential Video Coding
4651:Parts 2, 3 and 9: Digital Item
4619:Part 33: Internet Video Coding
4604:Part 17: Streaming text format
3836:ISO/IEC base media file format
2373:Error detection and correction
1344:"Facts about MPEG compression"
1102:
1080:
1030:
914:
892:
439:, the first standard suite by
27:Lossy audio compression format
13:
1:
4545:Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding
1807:
1487:. neuron2.net. Archived from
1089:"MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (MP2)"
398:
325:(IRT) in 1989 as part of the
4729:Part 1: MPEG media transport
1850:– A fork of the tooLAME code
1687:. 2001-02-11. Archived from
1577:. 1993-04-02. Archived from
1459:Moving Picture Experts Group
1417:Moving Picture Experts Group
1135:. pp. 3605–3608 vol.5.
789:standard for set-top boxes.
724:digital audio radio services
423:), and use on CD-ROM (later
409:Moving Picture Experts Group
323:Institut fĂĽr Rundfunktechnik
313:) audio codec, developed by
7:
2446:Comparison of radio systems
841:
150:; 26 years ago
10:
4840:
4708:Part 4: Reference Software
4589:Part 11: Scene description
4492:Part 1: Systems (H.222.0)
4279:Comparison of video codecs
2789:(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1)
2419:International broadcasting
2388:FM extended band in Brazil
1770:, retrieved on 2009-07-11.
1758:, retrieved on 2009-07-11.
1210:10.1109/ICASSP.1991.151054
1141:10.1109/ICASSP.1991.151054
1067:"MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9"
594:
534:: 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz
304:
293:
4789:
4768:
4752:
4721:
4685:
4664:
4643:
4627:
4614:Part 22: Open Font Format
4553:
4485:
4433:
4347:
4292:
4266:
4111:
4085:
3939:
3916:
3888:
3865:
3800:
3791:
3706:
3587:
3576:
3368:
3320:
3297:
3269:
3211:
3173:
3088:
2987:
2976:
2804:
2773:
2724:
2686:
2634:
2517:
2506:
2427:
2406:
2345:
2305:
2284:
2273:
2229:
2186:
2156:
2120:
2085:
2078:
2030:
1959:
1928:
1921:
1754:ISO MPEG Audio Subgroup,
1736:"MPEG Audio Frame Header"
1711:"MPEG-2 Audio Layer I/II"
644:The use of an additional
515:(The Netherlands) won an
500:Emmy Award in Engineering
278:is much more popular for
228:
215:
202:
186:
176:
163:
139:
121:
109:
97:
4599:Part 14: MP4 file format
1233:Box, Alan (1991-04-15).
886:
591:How the MP2 format works
523:Technical specifications
264:audio compression format
111:Internet media type
4739:Part 3: MPEG-H 3D Audio
4103:Alliance for Open Media
2398:Shortwave relay station
2297:Audio signal processing
710:Digital Audio Broadcast
612:transform audio encoder
334:Digital Audio Broadcast
64:more precise citations.
3023:MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)
2292:Audio data compression
1866:Official MPEG web site
1317:. 1990. Archived from
1287:, 1992, archived from
1204:. pp. 3605–3608.
870:MP4 (container format)
858:MPEG-1 Audio Layer III
801:Portable audio players
745:
604:sub-band audio encoder
597:MPEG-1 § Layer II
300:MPEG-1 § Layer II
272:MPEG-1 Audio Layer III
127:; 32 years ago
4672:Part 1: MPEG Surround
4508:Part 2: Video (H.262)
4041:QuickTime File Format
2393:Multipath propagation
2216:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
2086:Frequency allocations
1961:Frequency allocations
1483:ISO (November 1991).
957:10.1145/166266.166274
820:MPEG-2 Audio Layer II
807:Naming and extensions
782:as added by MPEG-2).
734:
245:MPEG-2 Audio Layer II
241:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
116:audio/mpeg, audio/MPA
4300:Compression software
3857:MPEG media transport
2934:Sorenson Video/Spark
2346:Technical (emission)
1599:ISO (October 1998).
1527:, December 6, 1991'.
1455:"MPEG Press Release"
1413:"MPEG Press Release"
853:MPEG-1 Audio Layer I
583:MPEG audio may have
555:Multichannel support
268:MPEG-1 Audio Layer I
146:ISO/IEC 13818-3:1998
125:6 December 1991
4713:Part 5: Conformance
4298:for techniques and
4296:Compression methods
2792:HDR Vivid(GY/T 358)
666:Applications of MP2
492:) component uses a
476:backward compatible
403:In the late 1980s,
94:
1713:. chiariglione.org
1537:ISO (1992-11-06).
1109:A J Bower (1998).
824:multichannel audio
813:filename extension
682:digital television
626:intensity encoding
340:research program.
296:MP3 § History
99:Filename extension
92:
4801:
4800:
4533:MPEG Multichannel
4307:
4306:
4081:
4080:
3999:DivX Media Format
3787:
3786:
3572:
3571:
2972:
2971:
2862:Microsoft Video 1
2797:AVS3 P2(GY/T 368)
2783:(GB/T 20090.2/16)
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2378:FM broadcast band
2285:Technical (audio)
2182:
2181:
2074:
2073:
1573:(Press release).
1549:on 12 August 2010
966:978-0-89791-596-0
875:Elementary stream
828:variable bit rate
811:The term MP2 and
780:MPEG Multichannel
651:digital recording
585:variable bit rate
579:Variable bit rate
494:lossy compression
238:
237:
177:Contained by
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
4831:
4496:Transport stream
4440:Part 1: Systems
4334:
4327:
4320:
4311:
4310:
4073:VOB, IFO and BUP
3847:Motion JPEG 2000
3798:
3797:
3585:
3584:
3544:aptX Low Latency
3321:Chinese Standard
2985:
2984:
2774:Chinese Standard
2546:Motion JPEG 2000
2515:
2514:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2440:Radio portal
2438:
2437:
2436:
2414:History of radio
2358:AM expanded band
2275:
2274:
2158:Commercial radio
2083:
2082:
1926:
1925:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1844:– An MP2 encoder
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1660:, archived from
1659:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1545:. Archived from
1543:Chiariglione.org
1534:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:on June 11, 2010
1493:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1461:. Archived from
1450:
1444:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1419:. Archived from
1408:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1346:. Archived from
1339:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1091:. techopedia.com
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1063:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1013:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
989:
980:
978:
940:
934:
933:
931:
930:
918:
912:
911:
909:
908:
896:
834:video or MPEG-2
817:
743:
703:
699:
616:frequency domain
332:It began as the
221:
208:
158:
156:
151:
135:
133:
128:
95:
91:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4785:
4764:
4748:
4717:
4681:
4660:
4639:
4623:
4549:
4481:
4429:
4343:
4338:
4308:
4303:
4288:
4262:
4107:
4077:
3935:
3912:
3884:
3861:
3783:
3702:
3600:
3579:
3568:
3364:
3336:(GB/T 33475.3)
3330:(GB/T 20090.10)
3316:
3293:
3265:
3207:
3169:
3084:
3080:MPEG-H 3D Audio
3006:MPEG-1 Layer II
2996:
2979:
2968:
2800:
2769:
2720:
2682:
2630:
2526:
2509:
2502:
2489:
2459:
2450:
2434:
2432:
2423:
2402:
2383:FM broadcasting
2353:AM broadcasting
2341:
2301:
2280:
2269:
2225:
2178:
2152:
2121:Digital systems
2116:
2101:
2070:
2031:Digital systems
2026:
1955:
1917:
1905:
1828:
1823:
1810:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1778:
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1584:
1582:
1569:
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1561:
1552:
1550:
1535:
1531:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1451:
1447:
1433:
1429:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1342:Telos Systems.
1340:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1179:
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1151:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1007:
998:
996:
991:
990:
983:
967:
941:
937:
928:
926:
919:
915:
906:
904:
897:
893:
889:
844:
815:
809:
744:
741:
727:
701:
697:
668:
634:psychoacoustics
599:
593:
581:
525:
502:
488:The Layer III (
483:MPEG-2 Audio BC
468:ISO/IEC 13818-3
401:
307:
302:
292:
216:
203:
197:ISO/IEC 13818-3
193:ISO/IEC 11172-3
159:
154:
152:
149:
148:April 1998
147:
131:
129:
126:
122:Initial release
117:
105:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:MPEG-1 Layer II
15:
12:
11:
5:
4837:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4609:Part 20: LASeR
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4540:Part 6: DSM CC
4537:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4501:Program stream
4498:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4461:Part 3: Audio
4459:
4458:
4457:
4450:Part 2: Video
4448:
4447:
4446:
4444:Program stream
4437:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4398:
4395:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4284:List of codecs
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4086:Collaborations
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3852:MPEG-21 Part 9
3849:
3844:
3841:MPEG-4 Part 14
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3810:
3808:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3582:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3421:Monkey's Audio
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3361:(SJ/T 11299.4)
3356:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3018:MPEG-1 Layer I
3015:
3014:
3013:
3002:
3000:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2784:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2624:Part 2 / LCEVC
2621:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2404:
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2279:Related topics
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4574:Part 3: Audio
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2595:Part 2 / HEVC
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2583:Part 33 / IVC
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1691:on 2001-02-11
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1368:MUSICAM USA.
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316:
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287:
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281:
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273:
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81:
73:
70:December 2016
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4814:Audio codecs
4769:MPEG-5 Parts
4753:MPEG-I Parts
4722:MPEG-H Parts
4703:Part 3: APIs
4686:MPEG-G Parts
4665:MPEG-D Parts
4628:MPEG-7 Parts
4579:Part 6: DMIF
4554:MPEG-4 Parts
4486:MPEG-2 Parts
4469:
4434:MPEG-1 Parts
3350:(GB/T 22726)
3011:Multichannel
3005:
2867:MSU Lossless
2781:AVS1 P2/AVS+
2735:TrueMotion S
2673:H.265 / HEVC
2619:Part 1 / EVC
2607:Part 3 / VVC
2573:Part 2 / ASP
2431:
2215:
1915:broadcasting
1795:. Retrieved
1775:
1763:
1750:
1739:. Retrieved
1715:. Retrieved
1704:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:the original
1679:
1669:, retrieved
1662:the original
1653:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1630:
1626:
1616:
1605:. Retrieved
1594:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:the original
1551:. Retrieved
1547:the original
1542:
1532:
1524:
1514:
1507:
1496:. Retrieved
1489:the original
1478:
1467:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1457:. Kurihama:
1448:
1430:
1421:the original
1415:. Kurihama:
1406:
1396:, retrieved
1394:, 2006-06-15
1390:
1384:
1373:. Retrieved
1363:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:the original
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1296:, retrieved
1289:the original
1280:
1274:
1264:, retrieved
1262:, 1995-02-15
1258:
1252:
1243:Broadcasting
1241:
1228:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1180:. Retrieved
1132:
1126:
1115:. Retrieved
1104:
1093:. Retrieved
1082:
1071:. Retrieved
1044:. Retrieved
1038:
1032:
1021:. Retrieved
997:. Retrieved
948:
938:
927:. Retrieved
916:
905:. Retrieved
894:
819:
810:
798:
796:camcorders.
791:
784:
769:
746:
735:
721:broadcasting
707:
686:
670:Part of the
669:
582:
560:
543:
526:
503:
487:
482:
479:MPEG-2 Audio
478:
471:
467:
459:
456:MPEG-1 Audio
455:
444:
429:
402:
393:
389:
385:
357:Radio Canada
353:
349:
344:
342:
331:
310:
308:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:
76:
67:
48:
4068:MOD and TOD
4009:Flash Video
3947:3GP and 3G2
3628:HEIC / HEIF
3580:compression
3340:Audio Vivid
3075:MPEG-D USAC
3070:MPEG-4 CELP
3065:MPEG-4 HVXC
2980:compression
2812:Apple Video
2728:and AOMedia
2678:H.266 / VVC
2668:H.264 / AVC
2510:compression
2495:compression
2363:Cable radio
2306:Technical (
2066:DVB-T2 Lite
1922:Terrestrial
1633:(1/2): 4–21
1019:. ISO. 1995
995:. ISO. 1993
751:players in
684:standards.
608:time domain
565:mono format
377:Y.F. Dehery
218:Free format
205:Open format
62:introducing
4808:Categories
4302:for codecs
4249:Daubechies
4224:Transforms
4126:Arithmetic
3793:Containers
3498:True Audio
3342:(GY/T 363)
3060:MPEG-4 DST
3055:MPEG-4 SLS
3050:MPEG-4 ALS
2924:SheerVideo
2898:QuickTime
2726:TrueMotion
2492:Multimedia
2245:DirectBand
2231:Subcarrier
1933:modulation
1808:References
1797:2007-05-08
1741:2009-07-11
1717:2009-12-29
1695:2010-08-01
1671:2010-08-01
1607:2009-10-28
1585:2010-07-18
1553:2010-07-17
1498:2010-07-17
1469:2010-07-17
1398:2010-08-23
1375:2010-08-23
1354:2010-08-22
1325:2010-08-22
1298:2010-08-22
1266:2010-08-23
1182:2010-08-22
1117:2010-08-22
1095:2022-03-17
1073:2010-08-22
1046:1 December
1023:2010-07-14
999:2010-07-14
929:2009-12-07
907:2009-12-07
595:See also:
517:Emmy Award
507:(France),
399:MPEG Audio
361:CRC Canada
327:EUREKA 147
321:, and the
294:See also:
132:1991-12-06
45:references
4795:MPEG-DASH
4565:based on
4528:Layer III
4475:Layer III
4453:based on
4051:RealMedia
3653:JPEG 2000
3456:RealAudio
3436:OptimFROG
2914:RealVideo
2902:Animation
2872:OMS Video
2499:container
2308:AM stereo
2167:Sirius XM
2160:providers
2079:Satellite
1113:. UK: BBC
749:DVD-Video
712:(DAB), a
658:transient
602:MP2 is a
538:Bit rates
379:'s team (
317:(CCETT),
4523:Layer II
4470:Layer II
4170:Lossless
4136:Modified
4029:Matroska
3908:Matroska
3819:MPEG-PES
3431:Musepack
3328:AVS1 P10
2907:Graphics
2857:Lagarith
2407:Cultural
2337:Magnavox
2310:formats)
2260:SCA/SCMO
2255:RDS/RBDS
2058:HD Radio
2048:DRM/DRM+
2043:DAB/DAB+
1854:RFC 3003
1788:Archived
1159:62615197
880:Musepack
842:See also
772:Video CD
740:—
717:standard
470:(a.k.a.
454:(a.k.a.
425:Video CD
366:G. Stoll
284:Internet
188:Standard
4518:Layer I
4465:Layer I
4244:Wavelet
4185:DEFLATE
4131:Huffman
4121:Entropy
4113:Methods
4098:MPEG LA
3987:Smacker
3875:H.222.0
3831:MPEG-TS
3826:MPEG-PS
3814:MPEG-ES
3698:TIFF/IT
3693:TIFF/EP
3678:JPEG XT
3673:JPEG XS
3668:JPEG XR
3663:JPEG XL
3658:JPEG-LS
3539:aptX HD
3519:WavPack
3461:RTAudio
3401:Codec 2
3334:AVS2 P3
3261:GSM-EFR
3231:AMR-WB+
3165:G.729.1
3145:G.723.1
3135:G.722.2
3130:G.722.1
2929:Smacker
2919:RTVideo
2847:Huffyuv
2827:Cinepak
2787:AVS2 P2
2501:formats
2233:signals
2201:AMR-WB+
2053:FMeXtra
1848:TwoLAME
1842:TooLAME
1637:30 June
975:3773268
838:audio.
513:Philips
452:11172-3
319:Philips
305:MUSICAM
259:) is a
257:MUSICAM
253:Musicam
229:Website
181:MPEG-ES
155:1998-04
153: (
130: (
58:improve
4352:MPEG-1
4046:RatDVD
3940:Others
3707:Others
3509:VMR-WB
3504:TwinVQ
3369:Others
3256:GSM-FR
3251:GSM-HR
3241:EVRC-B
3226:AMR-WB
3198:Vorbis
3038:AAC-LD
3033:HE-AAC
2939:Theora
2882:ProRes
2877:Pixlet
2805:Others
2614:MPEG-5
2602:MPEG-I
2590:MPEG-H
2568:MPEG-4
2561:Part 2
2556:MPEG-2
2551:MPEG-1
2327:Harris
2322:C-QUAM
2211:HE-AAC
2188:Codecs
2172:Canada
2138:DVB-SH
2112:S band
2107:L band
2093:C band
2017:L band
1908:Analog
1438:
1216:
1178:. 1991
1157:
1147:
1069:. 1998
973:
963:
925:. IETF
903:. IETF
865:MPEG-2
848:MPEG-1
832:MPEG-2
464:MPEG-2
437:MPEG-1
432:MPEG-1
338:EUREKA
298:, and
47:, but
4790:Other
4567:H.263
4455:H.261
4267:Lists
4212:ADPCM
4207:µ-law
4202:A-law
4175:Lossy
4148:ACELP
4093:NETVC
3918:SMPTE
3880:T.802
3867:ITU-T
3843:(MP4)
3643:JBIG2
3606:ITU-T
3578:Image
3514:VSELP
3491:SVOPC
3481:Siren
3451:RCELP
3446:QCELP
3391:ATRAC
3376:ACELP
3193:Speex
3160:G.729
3155:G.728
3150:G.726
3140:G.723
3125:G.722
3120:G.719
3115:G.718
3108:µ-law
3103:A-law
3098:G.711
3090:ITU-T
2978:Audio
2852:Indeo
2832:Daala
2688:SMPTE
2663:H.263
2658:H.262
2653:H.261
2648:H.120
2636:ITU-T
2541:MJPEG
2508:Video
2317:Belar
2143:S-DMB
2133:DAB-S
2038:CAM-D
1951:COFDM
1930:Radio
1791:(PDF)
1784:(PDF)
1665:(PDF)
1658:(PDF)
1603:. ISO
1519:(PDF)
1492:(DOC)
1292:(PDF)
1285:(PDF)
1238:(PDF)
1155:S2CID
971:S2CID
887:Notes
505:CCETT
381:CCETT
261:lossy
171:audio
168:Lossy
4824:MPEG
4294:See
4239:MDCT
4217:DPCM
4163:WLPC
4153:CELP
4056:RIFF
4034:WebM
4024:M2TS
4014:HEIF
3982:Bink
3962:AIFF
3890:IETF
3779:WebP
3774:WBMP
3769:QTVR
3749:ICER
3744:FLIF
3734:DjVu
3724:AVIF
3714:APNG
3688:TIFF
3648:JPEG
3638:JBIG
3633:HEVC
3610:JPEG
3597:IETF
3564:LLAC
3559:LHDC
3554:LDAC
3534:aptX
3495:TTA
3476:SILK
3416:MELP
3411:Lyra
3406:iSAC
3396:CELT
3386:Asao
3381:ALAC
3359:ExAC
3354:L2HC
3284:AC-4
3279:AC-3
3271:ETSI
3236:EVRC
3213:3GPP
3203:FLAC
3188:iLBC
3183:Opus
3175:IETF
2998:MPEG
2964:YULS
2944:Thor
2892:4444
2842:FFV1
2822:Bink
2716:VC-6
2711:VC-5
2706:VC-3
2701:VC-2
2696:VC-1
2640:VCEG
2528:MPEG
2497:and
2265:DARC
2240:AMSS
2221:DRA+
2102:band
2011:high
1910:and
1639:2008
1436:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1048:2021
961:ISBN
816:.mp2
774:and
761:NTSC
747:All
728:The
719:for
702:.wav
698:.wav
694:PRSS
677:and
441:MPEG
359:and
282:and
270:and
104:.mp2
4819:MP3
4254:DWT
4234:FFT
4229:DCT
4197:PCM
4190:LZW
4158:LSP
4143:LPC
4061:WAV
4019:IFF
4004:EVO
3994:BMP
3977:BPG
3967:AVI
3957:ASF
3952:AMV
3931:MXF
3926:GXF
3903:Ogg
3898:RTP
3806:IEC
3802:ISO
3764:QOI
3759:PGF
3754:MNG
3739:EXR
3729:BPG
3719:AV1
3683:PNG
3623:GIF
3602:W3C
3593:ISO
3589:IEC
3529:MQA
3524:WMA
3486:SMV
3471:SHN
3466:SD2
3441:OSQ
3426:MT9
3348:DRA
3312:LC3
3307:SBC
3289:DTS
3246:EVS
3221:AMR
3028:AAC
2993:IEC
2989:ISO
2959:XEB
2954:WMV
2887:422
2837:DVI
2817:AVS
2765:AV1
2760:VP9
2755:VP8
2750:VP7
2745:VP6
2740:VP3
2523:IEC
2519:ISO
2250:PAD
2206:HDC
2196:AAC
2148:SDR
2128:ADR
2062:CDR
2021:UHF
2007:mid
2003:low
1999:VHF
1206:doi
1137:doi
953:doi
836:AAC
794:HDV
787:MHP
753:PAL
730:BBC
692:'s
690:NPR
679:DVB
672:DAB
509:IRT
490:MP3
481:or
474:or
458:or
450:IEC
446:ISO
421:DVB
417:DMB
413:DAB
407:'s
405:ISO
373:DSP
276:MP3
255:or
249:MP2
243:or
224:Yes
211:Yes
4810::
4377:21
4180:LZ
3972:AU
3804:,
3608:,
3604:,
3599:,
3595:,
3591:,
2991:,
2949:Ut
2638:,
2536:DV
2525:,
2521:,
2009:/
2005:/
1993:HF
1989:SW
1983:MF
1979:MW
1973:LF
1969:LW
1946:FM
1941:AM
1726:^
1631:45
1629:.
1625:.
1562:^
1541:.
1334:^
1306:^
1240:.
1212:.
1200:.
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1143:.
1056:^
1008:^
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969:.
959:.
947:.
826:,
803:.
419:,
415:,
280:PC
195:,
4425:5
4420:I
4415:H
4411:U
4408:M
4405:V
4401:G
4397:E
4393:D
4389:C
4386:B
4382:A
4372:7
4367:4
4362:3
4357:2
4333:e
4326:t
4319:v
2995:,
2484:e
2477:t
2470:v
2100:u
2098:K
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2019:(
2013:)
2001:(
1995:)
1991:(
1985:)
1981:(
1975:)
1971:(
1900:e
1893:t
1886:v
1800:.
1744:.
1720:.
1698:.
1641:.
1610:.
1588:.
1556:.
1501:.
1472:.
1425:.
1378:.
1357:.
1328:.
1222:.
1208::
1185:.
1161:.
1139::
1120:.
1098:.
1076:.
1050:.
1026:.
1002:.
977:.
955::
932:.
910:.
628:.
448:/
247:(
220:?
207:?
157:)
134:)
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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