503:, are well-established academics, overwhelmingly at the associate or full professor level, and this was also traditionally the situation in Norway. In Norway, however, the earlier Magister's degree and the formal doctorates, which are now roughly similar to the Magister's degree in extent, are now equivalent, as Norway unlike Denmark does not draw a distinction between the PhD (with its predecessors, the Licentiate's and Magister's degrees) and the doctorates.
419:. As such it was a research-only degree. The dissertation was evaluated by a committee; the purpose of the trial lecture, a requirement the degree shared only with the doctoral and licentiate's degrees, was to demonstrate the candidate's suitability for permanent (tenured) academic positions at university-level. Like doctoral and licentiate's dissertations, magister's dissertations did not receive grades, but all approved dissertations were
36:
379:
436:, it has now been completely abolished and replaced by PhD degrees. In Norway, the formal requirements for equivalence with the modern PhD are "a standardized scope of at least 3 years of study" and "an independent scientific work" with a thesis workload corresponding to "at least two years of standardized full time study," which is one year less than the requirements for the Magister's degree.
694:
high school. Two years were related to the coursework only. After two years of coursework and research, the thesis was completed in a year or two after the coursework, although it roughly depended on a workload of an average graduate student who is considered to be a faculty member with teaching responsibilities (which can be up to 16 hours per week of a teaching load).
487:, "Magister Counselor". The program was designed to be preparation for finding employment as a researcher. Sometimes the degree was obtained after the candidate's degree had been obtained. The Magister's degrees, directly based on the Danish ones, were introduced in Norway in 1921. In 1955, the Licentiate's degrees were also introduced at the
471:. The mag. scient. degree was discontinued in the 1970s and the mag. art. degree programs in Denmark ceased immatriculating students in 2007, but the degree was rarely used since the 1990s. In Norway it was abolished some years earlier, having become an increasingly rare, but highly regarded, degree, especially after the 1970s.
584:
in 2005, the
Magister has been broken into Bachelor (formerly Basic/Intermediate) and Master (formerly Advanced) components. However, the vast majority of students continue right through to complete the Master's degree and, in effect, the duration and extent of the old Magister degree remains much as
1153:
In recent years, the Anglo-Saxon style degree of PhD has been introduced, and is now replacing the degree of mag. art. At present, both mag. art. and PhD degrees are around. They are not identical, but their position in the educational system as the degree you take at the end of postgraduate studies
693:
This kind of degree entitles one to be considered as PhD candidate. He or she can immediately start working on a dissertation. The person with this kind of degree completed overall 4 + 3 years of education (humanities, science etc.) or 5 + 3 (engineering) years of education after
401:
in
English-speaking countries. It was usually translated as a PhD in an English language context and was replaced by PhD degrees in the 1990s and 2000s. The Magister's degree in Denmark and Norway was based on the classical Magister's degree also found in other European countries, that was equal to
366:
for in technical disciplines) is awarded after five years of university-level education and it is an equivalent to Master of Arts, Master of
Science, Master of Laws, Master of Music in an academic discipline. Before around 1999 and the implementation of the Bologna Process the first academic degree
579:
before the
Bologna Process. The degree usually lasted about 5–6 years and is structured into Basic, Intermediate, and Advanced progressional components. A new Magister degree awarded at the completion of undergraduate studies, requiring at least four years of studies, was introduced in 1993.
685:
In Serbia, by decision of the
Serbian Parliament (Odredba stava 2.), the status of those graduated before the Bologna process is now equivalent with Master's degree graduates in the EU. Magister's degree has been considered as equivalent of the first two years of three years doctoral studies. In
494:
A Norwegian
Magister's degree required a three-year scientific dissertation of high quality, and is considered "approximately equivalent to an American Ph.D." Also in Denmark the Magister's degree is considered a degree at the same level as a PhD. By comparison, in both Norway and Denmark, a PhD
697:
After the
Bologna process, previous undergraduate education has been reformed. Current students that are in a 3- or 4-year Bachelor program and 1–2 Master program have to complete PhD requirements before writing their dissertation. They have to complete the coursework and pass preliminary
498:
Both
American PhDs and German doctorates have been found to be equivalent to Danish and Norwegian Magister's degrees on several occasions. In Denmark, the PhD degree has been introduced as a so-called "lower doctorate" (although it is not a doctorate in the legal sense), formally replacing the
571:
Magister has since referred to several degrees in Sweden which are unrelated to the original magister degree and unrelated to the
Magister degrees in the other Scandinavian countries. Some universities conferred a degree called Magister between 1908 and 1969, which was roughly comparable to a
171:, broadly known as "philosophy" in continental Europe, which encompassed all other academic subjects. In some countries, the title has retained this original meaning until the modern age, while in other countries, magister has become the title of a lower degree, in some cases parallel with a
288:
After the classical
Magister's degree had been replaced by the doctorate in the faculties of arts or philosophy, the word magister has in modern times mostly been used for an advanced degree below the doctorate, that is equal to a master's degree under the
482:
degree as the highest degree at the Faculty of Philosophy in both countries in 1824. In 1848, the Magister's degree was reintroduced in Denmark, as a degree above the candidate's degree. The new Magister's degree was originally formally known as
410:
In Norway, the Magister's degree in the 20th century required 7–8 years of studies, with strong emphasis on the scientific dissertation, which eventually had a formal standardized scope of 3 years; the degree required a first degree such as a
285:; in German-speaking institutions the "doctorate" gradually replaced the earlier title of Magister, and it became the only recognized degree for the completion of a course of study in the faculty of arts or philosophy."
367:
awarded in Poland was magister. After implementation of the Bologna Process the person who obtained a Licentiate degree can continue education to the magister level (it requires additional two years of studies).
1095:
Dommasnes, Liv Helga; Else Johansen Kleppe; Gro Mandt; Jenny-Rita Næss (1998). "Women archeologists in retrospect – the Norwegian case". In Margarita Díaz-Andreu García and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen (ed.).
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For example in Denmark, Finland and Norway only individuals who have successfully carried out individual research work for many years are awarded the title 'Doctor' - and this is equivalent to the higher
406:
held by academics in the new sciences, that is the humanities, natural sciences and social sciences; it was not used in the traditional "higher faculties" of theology, law and medicine in the modern era.
689:
Entering 'Magistar" studies was a highly selective process. Only students with high GPA were eligible for studies of this kind. Mostly, those were preselected students who were employed at universities.
564:) historically was the highest degree at the faculties of philosophy and was equivalent to the doctorate used in theology, law and medicine. The degree was abolished in 1863, and replaced with the
347:
In Austria, universities have partitioned almost all their previous Magister programs into a three- or four-year Bachelor's and two-year Master's program, following the cycle structure of the
737:
The most prestigious French universities still offer "magistères" in Law, Economics, or Sciences, which are open to the highest-ranked students at the end of the first two years of studies.
1205:
495:
degree today only requires a 2.5-year dissertation. The Danish and Norwegian PhD degrees are identical, but in Denmark, the PhD is not considered a doctorate, as is established by law.
415:(4–5 years of studies) or equivalent, an independent scientific work with a dissertation workload corresponding to three years of full-time research and dissertation work, and a public
698:
exams. Students with Magistar degree have no such requirements. They have to do the research only related to the dissertation. Some universities which retained the Magistar (e.g.
265:
In Algeria, Magister degree is a postgraduate degree that is awarded after at least three years duration. Unlike in Egypt, the Magister degree in Algeria is not equivalent to an
429:). The degree of magister qualified for positions as assistant or associate professor, and many went on to become full professors without obtaining further degrees.
722:
478:
in 1479, as the highest degree at the Faculty of Philosophy, and was equivalent to the doctoral degrees in theology, law and medicine. It was replaced by the
385:, the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies, holds a mag.art. degree as his highest degree, translated into English as a PhD.
1488:
1450:
1413:
1376:
479:
344:
degree. Magisters tend to be awarded in the humanities and the social sciences, while Diplomas dominate in the natural sciences and in engineering.
1223:
416:
1664:
766:
is awarded. This is a five or six year second cycle (Master's) degree, which does not require a previous first cycle degree for the admission.
1202:
207:) is a postgraduate degree of two to four years of duration by depending on each university's statutes. The admission to a Master program (
1349:
541:) is a one-year graduate degree which requires at least three years of undergraduate studies. It is officially translated into either
281:
In German-speaking Europe and other European countries culturally influenced by it the Magister's degree was originally equal to the
618:
1071:
Som forsker-rekrutteringsgrundlag blev den erstattet af ph.d.-uddannelsen, og magisterkonferensen blev endeligt afskaffet i 2007
370:
With the implementation of the Bologna Process, curriculums leading to Magister degrees have been phased out in many countries.
219:'s degree as Professorate degree of four to five years duration from any recognized university. Under the accomplishment of the
167:; while the doctorate was originally conferred in theology, law and medicine, the magister degree was usually conferred in the
996:
530:
has had many different meanings in the Swedish educational system, from a degree equal to the doctorate to a graduate degree.
245:
In Egypt, Magister degree is a postgraduate degree which is awarded after three to six years duration. It is equivalent to an
100:
1129:
Jørgensen, Lise Bender (1998). "The state of Denmark". In Margarita Díaz-Andreu García and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen (ed.).
72:
1697:
1034:
499:
Licentiate's degree and thus also the Magister's degree. Those obtaining the traditional doctorates in Denmark, now called
720:
is a highly selective three-year course. To enter the course, the student is required to obtain top-level grades at his
1239:
1082:
79:
432:
The Magister's degree became increasingly rare from the 1970s, and as a result of Denmark and Norway implementing the
1146:
1113:
1000:
980:
798:, in some official ceremonies still conducted in Latin, such as the awarding of degrees. They include the following:
488:
119:
397:, the Magister's degree was formerly an advanced research degree used in certain fields, that was equivalent to the
53:
1403:
86:
1342:
57:
1692:
1168:
European anthropologies: a guide to the profession. Ethnography, ethnology and social, cultural anthropology
68:
1630:
17:
1399:
1170:. Vol. 1. American Anthropological Association/Society for the Anthropology of Europe. p. 231.
716:
972:
1220:
1335:
912:
269:
but it is a superior degree. It is a prerequisite to have a Magister before applying to Es Sciences
1468:
1060:
1056:
1038:
822:
546:
1395:
795:
46:
336:, obtaining the Magister requires at least five years of study including coursework and a final
1441:
872:
686:
Croatia, the statuses are regulated by a new law from 2007 and a new classification from 2008.
598:
1138:
1105:
1502:
163:
The magister degree arose in medieval universities in Europe and was originally equal to the
93:
1130:
1097:
1616:
1572:
1478:
1464:
1422:
1367:
892:
791:
699:
576:
565:
1296:
1280:
778:(especially those that predate the 20th century) whose English-language names (containing
215:) in an Argentine University requires the full completion of a Bachelor's degree, as well
8:
1607:
1592:
842:
216:
1534:
1459:
942:
902:
882:
832:
775:
756:
633:) was a research-oriented degree awarded for two or three years of study following the
475:
426:
276:
172:
568:. The magister degrees used in Denmark and Norway most closely resemble this degree.
1626:
1390:
1142:
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922:
862:
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225:
thesis dissertation, that in years of formal education, is generally equivalent to a
1131:
1098:
402:
the doctorate. The Magister's degree was, and to some extent still is, commonly the
1656:
1612:
1529:
1385:
534:
208:
1165:
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234:
157:
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969:
A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages
755:, i.e. a Magister degree. It is a postgraduate two-year degree, equivalent to a
1621:
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313:
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In some fields (particularly, Law, Medicine, Pharmacy and Architecture) the
1539:
1172:
the establishment of a Ph.D. degree, which replaces the degree of mag. art.
506:
The Danish and Norwegian Magister's degree should not be confused with the
168:
1183:
1602:
679:
671:
967:
Verger, Jacques (2003). "Teachers". In Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.).
610:
452:
421:
1497:
1184:
Farago, Peter Joseph; Malcolm John Frazer; Stanley D. Walker (1976).
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Susan Carol Rogers; Thomas M. Wilson; Gary W. McDonogh, eds. (1996).
783:
507:
412:
329:
282:
270:
254:
230:
188:
164:
1297:"Popis akademskih naziva i akademskih stupnjeva te njihovih kratica"
277:
German-speaking Europe and other parts of Central and Eastern Europe
35:
594:
333:
301:
606:
464:
390:
321:
317:
309:
297:
249:
degree. It is a prerequisite to have an MSc before applying to a
176:
153:
378:
1587:
1554:
1473:
750:
711:
675:
652:
635:
602:
557:
394:
341:
337:
325:
305:
1281:"Zakon o akademskim i stručnim nazivima i akademskom stupnju"
668:
425:
regarded as "laudable" (the highest grade, equal to A in the
250:
226:
1133:
Excavating women: a history of women in European archaeology
1100:
Excavating women: a history of women in European archaeology
651:), a magistar was supposed to write and defend a doctoral
398:
266:
246:
790:). These are used, among others, by the universities of
726:(two-year first university degree). However, due to the
639:
degree (which lasted 4 to 6 years) and the defense of a
702:) use it as a pre-postgraduate studies qualification.
451:, "teacher of the arts"), if the degree was earned in
233:
in universities of North America or Europe given the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
575:This Master's degree was traditionally taken as a
439:Two main forms of the Magister's degree existed:
1684:
643:(Magister's thesis). In order to be promoted to
533:Since 2007 in Sweden, the Magister Examination (
1271:"Службени гласник Републике Србије", број 76/05
1665:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
467:, there was also a third degree in sociology,
1357:
1343:
160:used in various systems of higher education.
1221:Eurydice – Serbia and Montenegro (2004/2005)
1203:Swedish National Agency for Higher Education
491:, and were occasionally awarded until 2003.
361:
355:
769:
445:
237:comparison system among academic programs.
220:
1350:
1336:
1128:
723:Diplôme d'études universitaires générales
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1122:
749:the second cycle degree in Italy is the
377:
14:
1685:
966:
1331:
1159:
734:are substituted by Master's degrees.
373:
191:, the Master of Science or Magister (
588:
514:), which corresponds to an American
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
621:, before the implementation of the
617:and other territories once part of
27:Academic degree in higher education
24:
1314:"EFZG - Ekonomski Fakultet Zagreb"
1244:World Education News & Reviews
25:
1709:
1250:(6). Nov–Dec 2003. Archived from
1049:
1001:Ministry of Education (Argentina)
489:University of Oslo Faculty of Law
627:magistar nauka/magister znanosti
354:In Poland magister (abbreviated
34:
1404:Certificate of Higher Education
1306:
1290:
1274:
1265:
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1214:
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1177:
764:Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico
45:needs additional citations for
1088:
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1027:
1014:
989:
960:
907:Magister in Arte Investegante
774:There are various traditional
580:Since the introduction of the
13:
1:
1137:. London: Routledge. p.
1104:. London: Routledge. p.
1022:The Encyclopedia of Education
953:
474:The degree was introduced in
1186:Chemical education in Europe
827:Magister in Studio Ampliore
182:
7:
1698:Higher education in Germany
1400:Diploma of Higher Education
1240:"Croatia – Legal Framework"
1226:September 27, 2007, at the
997:"CONEAU: Tipos de Posgrado"
917:Sacrae Theologiae Magister
877:Magister Liberalium Artium
800:
443:(abbreviation of the Latin
10:
1714:
973:Cambridge University Press
553:depending on the subject.
260:
1644:
1563:
1522:
1515:
1487:
1449:
1440:
1412:
1375:
1366:
913:Master of Sacred Theology
806:
803:
786:counterparts (containing
705:
521:
1061:University of Copenhagen
1039:University of Copenhagen
1020:Lee C. Deighton (1971),
823:Master of Advanced Study
770:English-speaking regions
740:
547:Master of Social Science
455:or social sciences, and
240:
1396:Higher National Diploma
1208:June 13, 2011, at the
897:Magister Philosophiae
873:Master of Liberal Arts
599:Bosnia and Herzegovina
538:
446:
386:
362:
356:
221:
212:
149:
1503:Candidate of Sciences
847:Magister Educationis
837:Magister Divinitatis
657:Magistar um(j)etnosti
645:doktor nauka/znanosti
512:candidatus magisterii
381:
1573:Academic certificate
1465:Postgraduate diploma
1188:. Chemical Society.
947:Theologiae Magister
937:Magister Chirurgiae
893:Master of Philosophy
887:Magister Pharmaciae
867:Magister Litterarum
700:University of Zagreb
566:Doctor of Philosophy
54:improve this article
1608:Professional degree
1057:"Magisterkonferens"
927:Magister Scientiae
843:Master of Education
631:Magister of Science
480:Doctor Philosophiae
1535:Doctor of Sciences
943:Master of Theology
903:Master of Research
883:Master of Pharmacy
833:Master of Divinity
562:filosofie magister
427:ECTS grading scale
387:
374:Denmark and Norway
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1627:Specialist degree
1511:
1510:
1479:Engineer's degree
1436:
1435:
1423:Bachelor's degree
1391:Foundation degree
951:
950:
933:Master of Surgery
923:Master of Science
863:Master of Letters
752:Laurea Magistrale
649:Doctor of Science
589:Former Yugoslavia
572:Master's degree.
551:Master of Science
501:higher doctorates
485:Magisterkonferens
222:Magister Scientiæ
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"Magister degree"
16:(Redirected from
1705:
1693:Master's degrees
1613:Graduate diploma
1530:Higher doctorate
1520:
1519:
1447:
1446:
1386:Associate degree
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1372:
1352:
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1092:
1086:
1083:NOKUT's criteria
1080:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1041:. Archived from
1031:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
993:
987:
986:
964:
817:Magister Artium
801:
776:master's degrees
661:Magister of Arts
469:mag. scient. soc
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365:
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224:
125:
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1652:Honorary degree
1640:
1636:Terminal degree
1598:Magister degree
1583:External degree
1565:
1559:
1507:
1483:
1460:Master's degree
1432:
1408:
1362:
1360:academic degree
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1024:, vol. 3, p. 31
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1004:
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994:
990:
983:
975:. p. 146.
965:
961:
956:
857:Legum Magister
772:
757:Master's degree
747:Bologna Process
743:
728:Bologna Process
708:
665:terminal degree
641:magistarski rad
623:Bologna Process
615:North Macedonia
591:
582:Bologna Process
524:
461:Natural Science
447:Magister Artium
434:Bologna Process
404:terminal degree
376:
349:Bologna Process
340:, similar to a
291:Bologna process
279:
263:
243:
185:
175:(whose name is
173:master's degree
158:academic degree
140:, female form:
134:magister degree
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115:
109:
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51:
39:
28:
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1622:Higher diploma
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1578:Artist diploma
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1045:on 2019-09-07.
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849:
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813:Master of Arts
809:
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768:
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739:
730:, most of the
707:
704:
590:
587:
543:Master of Arts
539:magisterexamen
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516:Master of Arts
476:Denmark–Norway
375:
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314:Czech Republic
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184:
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128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
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1252:the original
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1617:certificate
1603:Microdegree
1564:No dominant
1469:certificate
680:visual arts
672:performance
110:August 2023
1687:Categories
1593:Licentiate
1358:Levels of
1258:2007-02-25
1085:, nokut.no
1066:2019-09-10
1007:2009-06-08
954:References
807:Neo-Latin
745:After the
732:magistères
619:Yugoslavia
611:Montenegro
526:The title
453:humanities
422:ipso facto
217:Licentiate
80:newspapers
1658:Ad eundem
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209:Spanish
177:cognate
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