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successfully sends radio signals across the
Atlantic Ocean. Oliver Heaviside suggests that the radio waves found their way around the curving Earth because they were reflected from electrically conducting layer at the top of the
352:) above the central Pacific Ocean creates a radiation belt of high-energy electrons, parts of which remain until 1967. The new belt creates aurora at Samoa and unexpectedly knocks out 3 artificial satellites.
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is created by electron beams from the Sun. Birkeland also observes magnetic disturbances associated with the aurora, suggesting to him that localized "polar magnetic storms" exist in the auroral zone.
359:(Interplanetary Monitoring Platform 1) reports a large bow shock formed in the solar wind ahead of the magnetosphere, and a long magnetic tail on the night side of the Earth.
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experiments with beams of electrons aimed at a magnetized sphere ("terrella") in a vacuum chamber. The electrons hit near the magnetic poles, leading him to propose that the
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1971 - Ionospheric O+ ions found among energetic particles trapped in the Earth's magnetic field, evidence that O+ ions are pulled out of the ionosphere and accelerated
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1974 - A large-scale pattern of "Birkeland currents" between space and the auroral zone traced by Alfred Zmuda and Jim
Armstrong, using the Navy's "Triad" satellite.
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1961 - James Dungey in
Britain proposes a reconnection mechanism for transmitting solar wind energy to the magnetosphere by direct magnetic linkage between the two.
317:, 3 small nuclear bombs above the south Atlantic Ocean, creates artificial radiation belts, lasting about 2 weeks. The project also creates artificial aurora.
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403:(International Sun-Earth Explorer 3) explores the distant magnetotail, observes that the distant tail plasma flows (past about 70 RE) away from Earth.
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satellite of the U.S. Air Force observes the upward acceleration of O+ ions, related to the downward acceleration of electrons in the polar aurora.
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1961 - Ian Axford and Colin Hines (Canada) raise an alternative possibility, of energization by fluid friction at the boundary between the two.
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1949 - A sudden increase in cosmic rays is traced to an eruption on the Sun. A much larger "flare event" occurs on
February 23, 1956.
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39:
255:" radio waves are produced by lightning and are often guided through distant space along field lines of the Earth's magnetic field.
432:
Meredith, L. H.; Van Allen, J. A.; Gottlieb, M. B. (1955-07-01). "Cosmic-Ray
Intensity above the Atmosphere at High Latitudes".
366:(Japan-U.S.) and Sydney Chapman revive and expand Birkeland's notion of a "polar magnetic storm", now named "magnetic substorm."
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1974 - David Evans presents evidence that auroral electrons are accelerated within 8000 km or so of Earth.
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200:, a sensitive way of detecting flares. He confirms the connection between flares and magnetic storms.
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1985 - An "artificial comet" is produced by a cloud of barium ions, released by the German IRM (
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1972 - Observations of the diffuse aurora are reported, made by the
Canadian spacecraft
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and his Iowa group and launched by the US January 31, observes the radiation belt.
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measure the distance to the conducting layer—which R. Watson-Watt proposes naming "
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note that the polar aurora is accompanied by a disturbance of the magnetic needle.
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and
Vincent Ferraro in England propose that magnetic storms are caused when
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deduces that magnetism is basically the force between electric currents.
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worked out the mathematical theory for separating the inner and outer
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use a rocket in the auroral zone to detect radiation from the aurora.
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1930-1 - After
Birkeland's "electron beam" theory is disproved,
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launched by the Soviet Union, the first artificial satellite.
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The following is a chronology of discoveries concerning the
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1981 - High resolution auroral images are obtained by the
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410:) satellite. Meanwhile, another AMPTE spacecraft, CCE (
341:. The measurements confirm predictions made in 1931 by
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in
England observes a solar flare; 17 hours later a
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discovers electric currents create magnetic effects.
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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299:(Chicago) proposes the theory of the solar wind.
440:(1). American Physical Society (APS): 198–209.
245:clouds ejected from the Sun envelope the Earth.
196:, observing the Sun in hydrogen light from the
130:in London suggests the Earth is a giant magnet.
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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348:1962 - In July, a U.S. H-bomb test (
44:adding citations to reliable sources
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501:
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167:sources of Earth's magnetic field.
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795:Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility
324:proposes the name "Magnetosphere"
251:1953 - Owen Storey proves that "
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31:needs additional citations for
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1:
651:Interplanetary magnetic field
593:Magnetosphere particle motion
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412:Charge Composition Explorer
10:
951:
656:Heliospheric current sheet
55:"Magnetosphere chronology"
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608:Van Allen radiation belt
588:Magnetosphere chronology
517:Atmospheric circulation
527:Earth's magnetic field
454:10.1103/physrev.99.198
631:Coronal mass ejection
551:Earth's magnetosphere
146:Hans Christian Ørsted
804:Other magnetospheres
666:Solar particle event
308:outer radiation belt
183:large magnetic storm
157:Carl Friedrich Gauss
40:improve this article
446:1955PhRv...99..198M
408:Ion Release Module
205:Kristian Birkeland
190:George Ellery Hale
179:Richard Carrington
150:André-Marie Ampère
930:Planetary science
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761:Research projects
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641:Geomagnetic storm
558:Birkeland current
394:Dynamics Explorer
364:Syun-Ichi Akasofu
194:spectroheliograph
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57: –
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51:Find sources:
45:
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35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
877:Ring systems
872:Lunar swirls
749:
732:
603:Ring current
598:Plasmasphere
587:
573:Magnetopause
437:
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345:and Ferraro.
335:magnetopause
209:polar aurora
198:chromosphere
117:
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93:
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38:Please help
33:verification
30:
783:Unwin Radar
709:Double Star
646:Heliosphere
636:Solar flare
385:1977 - The
339:Explorer 12
333:1961 - The
322:Thomas Gold
284:, built by
219:atmosphere.
914:Categories
831:Ganymedian
704:Cluster II
685:Satellites
661:Heliopause
618:Solar wind
568:Ionosphere
542:Polar wind
537:Jet stream
419:References
396:satellite.
290:Explorer 3
282:Explorer 1
232:ionosphere
228:Merle Tuve
66:newspapers
920:Magnetism
867:Gas torus
862:Flux tube
846:Neptunian
836:Saturnian
790:SuperDARN
691:Full list
563:Bow shock
532:Geosphere
462:0031-899X
304:Pioneer 3
286:Van Allen
275:Sputnik 1
268:Van Allen
203:1900-3 -
264:Gottlieb
260:Meredith
253:whistler
897:Neptune
882:Jupiter
841:Uranian
821:Martian
811:Hermian
714:Geotail
442:Bibcode
399:1983 -
362:1964 -
355:1964 -
343:Chapman
320:1959 -
313:1958 -
302:1958 -
295:1958 -
280:1958 -
273:1957 -
258:1954 -
222:1926 -
216:Marconi
214:1902 -
188:1892 -
185:begins.
177:1859 -
170:1843 -
155:1833 -
144:1820 -
135:Hiorter
133:1741 -
126:1600 -
80:scholar
892:Uranus
887:Saturn
826:Jovian
768:EISCAT
740:THEMIS
728:(2015)
726:
699:(2016)
697:
522:Aurora
460:
401:ISEE-3
374:Isis 2
243:plasma
82:
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68:
61:
53:
816:Lunar
778:SHARE
773:HAARP
734:Polar
719:IMAGE
695:Arase
357:IMP-1
87:JSTOR
73:books
751:Wind
458:ISSN
387:S3-3
266:and
226:and
159:and
137:and
59:news
724:MMS
450:doi
42:by
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448:.
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103:(
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94:(
84:·
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