1771:, etc., and are also allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian and Sumatran. Many vowels were pronounced and formerly spelt differently that way also in East Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia.
241:
Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in
Indonesian and other neighbouring Malay varieties, a number of minor spelling differences remain.
3067:
143:
615:, making its implementation more faithful to the actual phonemic values of each letter. The letters otherwise represent the same sounds in all
3094:
214:
In 1972, as part of the effort of harmonizing spelling differences between the two countries, Indonesia and
Malaysia each adopted a
1739:* Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra (where Malay is native):
249:
3057:
650:'province'). The letter Q is very rare: it is used for Arabic ﻕ in some loanwords, particularly related to religion:
3087:
3062:
654:(spelling these words with the apostrophe is recommended by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion, the variants
3158:
3128:
2565:
2281:
200:
3687:
2946:
2942:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2822:
2803:
2787:
2768:
2749:
2730:
2711:
2688:
2672:
2656:
2640:
2621:
2602:
2586:
1991:
1966:
1947:
1928:
1908:
1904:
1892:
1870:
1851:
1831:
1811:
1721:
1689:
1657:
1652:
1636:
1610:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1537:
1532:
1515:
1482:
1450:
1423:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1349:
1317:
1300:
1274:
1248:
1222:
1195:
1163:
1137:
1132:
1115:
1083:
1051:
1019:
993:
976:
959:
927:
895:
863:
829:
825:
808:
3531:
3080:
208:
622:
The letters F, Q, V, X and Z are not used in spelling native Malay/Indonesian words. F and Z occur in
3299:
3269:
2902:
219:
3677:
3536:
3319:
3184:
2959:
2877:
2571:
2285:
84:
3245:
3682:
3304:
2963:
2014:
3496:
3072:
3656:
3491:
3153:
1775:
730:'frequency'. The letter X is also very rare: it is used at the beginning of loanwords, e. g.
592:
20:
19:
This article is about what is sometimes called "Rumi script". For other uses of "Rumi", see
3577:
3419:
2882:
588:
8:
3635:
3548:
3541:
3281:
3264:
3235:
595:: /ə/ and /e/ are both written as E/e. The names of the letters, however, differ between
253:
104:
78:
69:
199:
respectively, influenced by the orthographies of their respective colonial tongues. The
3403:
3314:
3205:
3107:
2557:
2027:
2020:
679:
112:
3612:
3564:
3393:
3363:
3342:
3240:
3189:
3179:
2985:
261:
229:
192:
162:
2859:
The "ch" digraph was used for a different purpose in
Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore
3472:
3424:
3398:
3373:
3347:
3337:
3291:
3230:
3220:
3210:
3163:
3143:
3138:
3008:
3000:
604:
750:'text' (some consonant clusters are regularly simplified at the end of loanwords:
3630:
3572:
3467:
3455:
3447:
3286:
3215:
3148:
215:
172:
3462:
3640:
3592:
3368:
3276:
3225:
3133:
3047:
612:
265:
204:
196:
184:
139:
131:
88:
3671:
3597:
2872:
2015:
Pre-1972 British Malaya and Borneo/Brunei, Malaysia and
Singapore orthography
188:
96:
92:
3052:
3026:
3582:
2408:
675:
616:
600:
180:
176:
151:
135:
120:
2986:"Senarai komprehensif perbezaan ejaan Malaysia dan ejaan Indonesia]"
3012:
2445:
2292:
2182:
2035:
501:
364:
158:
603:; while Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore follow the letter names of the
608:
596:
147:
116:
100:
87:. It is the more common of the two alphabets used today to write the
43:
3607:
3501:
3103:
3004:
2274:
642:'zoology'). V is used in loanwords from European languages (e. g.
623:
203:
used in the Dutch East Indies and later
Indonesia was based on the
108:
39:
591:; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with a notable
3523:
3102:
2958:
707:
169:
124:
35:
2850:
The "ch" digraph was used for a different purpose in
Indonesia
155:
2937:. The spelling reform removed the diacritics, leaving plain
175:
brought the Latin alphabet to the Malay
Archipelago. As the
99:). The Latin Malay alphabet is the official Malay script in
2328:
2322:
2070:
2045:
1778:
that are not considered separate letters of the alphabet:
83:'Latin script') consists of the 26 letters of the
2984:
Nomoto, Hiroki; Yamashita, Nahoko; Osaka, Ayano (2014).
634:'era, period, time') and from European languages (e. g.
179:
were divided between two colonial administrations (the
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2040:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
2983:
233:
47:
682:). But many loanwords from Arabic words with ﻕ use
678:or by Aceh autonomous provincial government' (also
694:'absolute, complete'. Some words are spelled with
244:
3669:
2275:Pre-1972 Dutch East Indies/Indonesia orthography
223:
16:Writing systems used in Malaysia and Indonesia
3088:
2993:Journal of the Institute of Language Research
2009:
3063:Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia (PUEBI)
3058:Coba-coba(Cuba-cuba) Indonesian & Malay
738:at the middle and at the end of loanwords:
53:
3095:
3081:
611:largely follows the letter names of the
3670:
130:Historically, various scripts such as
3076:
2026:Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore: 1927
1629:
1293:
710:'. European loanwords use the letter
3027:"Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو)"
676:law established by Muslim sovereigns
2537:
250:Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System
13:
14:
3699:
3041:
2965:Ejaan Rumi Baharu Bahasa Malaysia
207:. It was replaced by the simpler
3068:Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Melayu
276:Indonesian/Malay Latin alphabet
187:), two major different spelling
2960:Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu
2905:, Indonesia would disambiguate
774:Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore
752:-st>-s, -nt>-n, -kt>-k
245:Letter names and pronunciations
119:, while it is co-official with
3019:
2977:
2952:
2895:
2853:
2844:
2561:(Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore)
1800:Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore
1743:is pronounced (and was spelt)
662:are deprecated; Malaysia uses
150:, until they were replaced by
1:
2888:
2282:Van Ophuijsen Spelling System
734:'xylophone', but replaced by
201:Van Ophuijsen Spelling System
2820:
2801:
2785:
2766:
2747:
2728:
2709:
2686:
2670:
2654:
2638:
2619:
2600:
2584:
2578:Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore
1987:
1962:
1943:
1924:
1916:similar to Dutch and German
1900:
1885:
1866:
1847:
1827:
1807:
1704:
1672:
1650:
1625:
1593:
1552:
1530:
1498:
1465:
1439:
1406:
1365:
1332:
1315:
1289:
1263:
1237:
1211:
1178:
1152:
1130:
1098:
1066:
1034:
1008:
991:
974:
942:
910:
878:
846:
823:
791:
785:Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore
670:'male/female Quran reader',
63:Roman script / Roman writing
7:
2866:
10:
3704:
2018:
209:Republican Spelling System
18:
3649:
3623:
3557:
3516:
3481:
3440:
3433:
3412:
3386:
3356:
3330:
3254:
3198:
3172:
3121:
3114:
2903:a spelling reform in 1972
2797:
2682:
2666:
2650:
2596:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2010:Previous spelling systems
1990:
1965:
1946:
1927:
1869:
1850:
1830:
1810:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1720:
1688:
1635:
1626:
1609:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1481:
1449:
1443:
1422:
1348:
1316:
1299:
1290:
1273:
1267:
1247:
1241:
1221:
1215:
1194:
1162:
1156:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1082:
1050:
1018:
1012:
992:
975:
958:
952:
946:
943:
926:
894:
862:
807:
801:
795:
792:
779:
776:
773:
770:
765:
762:
759:
587:The Malay alphabet has a
220:Perfected Spelling System
2878:Congress Spelling System
2286:Soewandi Spelling System
726:(Indonesian) 'quality',
617:Malay-speaking countries
601:Malay-speaking countries
258:Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan
225:Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan
177:Malay-speaking countries
85:ISO basic Latin alphabet
1774:In addition, there are
260:, abbreviated as EYD),
234:
228:) in Indonesia and the
48:
2551:Post-1972 replacement
1983:on with a nasal sound
269:
257:
224:
191:were developed in the
73:
698:in Malaysia but with
630:'conquest, opening',
21:Rumi (disambiguation)
2883:Javanese orthography
788:Standard Indonesian
771:Standard Indonesian
589:phonemic orthography
3688:Indonesian language
3517:selected East Asian
2288:
2031:
780:English equivalent
626:from Arabic (e. g.
277:
146:were used to write
32:Indonesian alphabet
2941:to represent both
2516:oe (1901)/u (1947)
2279:
2025:
680:qanun (instrument)
275:
91:, the other being
3665:
3664:
3512:
3511:
3382:
3381:
3108:world's languages
2840:
2839:
2694:
2535:
2534:
2272:
2271:
2007:
2006:
1737:
1736:
652:Qur'an, Al-Qur'an
585:
584:
270:Ejaan Rumi Baharu
262:New Rumi Spelling
235:Ejaan Rumi Baharu
230:New Rumi Spelling
218:plan, called the
193:Dutch East Indies
163:Malay Archipelago
82:
3695:
3438:
3437:
3119:
3118:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3035:
3034:
3031:www.omniglot.com
3023:
3017:
3016:
2990:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2899:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2824:
2805:
2789:
2770:
2751:
2732:
2713:
2692:
2690:
2674:
2658:
2642:
2623:
2604:
2588:
2542:
2541:
2538:Comparison table
2289:
2280:Indonesia: 1901
2278:
2032:
2024:
1993:
1968:
1949:
1930:
1910:
1906:
1894:
1872:
1853:
1833:
1813:
1781:
1780:
1723:
1691:
1659:
1654:
1638:
1612:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1539:
1534:
1527:le, but shorter
1517:
1484:
1452:
1425:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:(/kiu/ or /kju/)
1351:
1319:
1302:
1276:
1250:
1224:
1197:
1165:
1139:
1134:
1127:ne, but shorter
1117:
1085:
1080:(/het͡ʃ/, /heʃ/)
1053:
1021:
995:
978:
961:
929:
897:
865:
831:
827:
810:
757:
756:
605:English alphabet
599:and rest of the
278:
274:
237:
227:
161:missions in the
77:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
51:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3678:Latin alphabets
3668:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3645:
3619:
3553:
3508:
3477:
3429:
3408:
3378:
3352:
3326:
3296:Serbo-Croatian
3250:
3194:
3185:Scottish Gaelic
3168:
3110:
3101:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3025:
3024:
3020:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2968:
2957:
2953:
2921:, and Malaysia
2900:
2896:
2891:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2691:
2648:e, ē (pre-1947)
2574:
2569:
2560:
2540:
2277:
2028:Za'aba Spelling
2023:
2021:Za'aba Spelling
2017:
2012:
1329:t, but shorter
704:qasidah/kasidah
664:Quran, Al-Quran
247:
238:) in Malaysia.
216:spelling reform
173:colonial powers
168:The arrival of
65:
62:
59:
56:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3683:Malay language
3680:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3048:Malay alphabet
3043:
3042:External links
3040:
3037:
3036:
3018:
3005:10.15026/81116
2976:
2951:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2852:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2784:
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2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
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2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
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2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2019:Main article:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1426:
1421:
1420:(/ar/ or /a:/)
1415:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1006:
996:
990:
989:
979:
973:
972:
962:
957:
951:
945:
941:
940:
930:
925:
919:
913:
909:
908:
898:
893:
887:
881:
877:
876:
866:
861:
855:
849:
845:
844:
835:
832:
822:
821:
811:
806:
800:
794:
790:
789:
786:
782:
781:
778:
775:
772:
768:
767:
764:
763:Name (in IPA)
761:
702:in Indonesia:
613:Dutch alphabet
583:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
361:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
246:
243:
205:Dutch alphabet
197:British Malaya
89:Malay language
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3700:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:other natural
3622:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:Indo-European
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Jawi alphabet
2871:
2870:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:(monophthong)
2687:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2566:Van Ophuijsen
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2543:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:; similar to
1974:
1970:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1923:
1920:, but voiced
1919:
1915:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1632:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1511:
1505:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1296:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1015:
1009:
1004:
1000:
997:
987:
983:
980:
970:
966:
963:
955:
949:
938:
934:
931:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
906:
902:
899:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
874:
870:
867:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
843:
839:
836:
833:
824:
819:
815:
812:
804:
798:
787:
784:
783:
769:
758:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:defectiveness
590:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
279:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
242:
239:
236:
231:
226:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:orthographies
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
166:
164:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:(also called
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:Arabic script
94:
90:
86:
80:
75:
71:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
3558:Austronesian
3463:Geʽez script
3331:Indo-Iranian
3030:
3021:
2996:
2995:(in Malay).
2992:
2979:
2969:, retrieved
2964:
2954:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2897:
2855:
2846:
2575:(Indonesia)
2465:ē (pre-1947)
2000:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1956:
1952:
1937:
1933:
1917:
1879:
1875:
1860:
1856:
1840:
1836:
1820:
1816:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1715:
1709:
1698:
1694:
1683:
1677:
1666:
1662:
1645:
1641:
1630:
1619:
1615:
1607:(/dabəlˈju/)
1604:
1598:
1587:
1583:
1563:
1557:
1546:
1542:
1524:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1492:
1488:
1487:unaspirated
1476:
1470:
1459:
1455:
1444:
1433:
1429:
1417:
1411:
1400:
1396:
1376:
1370:
1359:
1355:
1354:unaspirated
1343:
1337:
1326:
1322:
1309:
1305:
1294:
1283:
1279:
1268:
1257:
1253:
1242:
1231:
1227:
1216:
1205:
1201:
1200:unaspirated
1189:
1183:
1172:
1168:
1157:
1146:
1142:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1103:
1092:
1088:
1077:
1071:
1060:
1056:
1045:
1039:
1028:
1024:
1013:
1002:
998:
985:
981:
968:
964:
953:
947:
936:
932:
921:
915:
904:
900:
889:
883:
872:
868:
857:
851:
841:
837:
817:
813:
802:
796:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:(Malaysian)/
719:
715:
711:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:'currency',
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
621:
586:
248:
240:
213:
167:
129:
95:(a modified
74:Aksara Latin
49:Tulisan Rumi
31:
27:
25:
3650:constructed
3434:Afroasiatic
3420:Azerbaijani
3261:Belarusian
3013:10108/81116
714:instead of
668:qari/qariah
26:The modern
3672:Categories
3636:Mapudungun
3549:Vietnamese
3528:Mongolian
3311:Ukrainian
3282:Macedonian
3236:Portuguese
2971:2014-10-04
2889:References
2581:Indonesia
2548:Letter(s)
2446:Lower case
2325:(pre-1947)
2293:Upper case
2183:Lower case
2036:Upper case
1859:as in surv
1803:Indonesia
1123:as in mach
638:'factor',
502:Lower case
365:Upper case
254:Indonesian
159:missionary
105:Indonesian
70:Indonesian
3657:Esperanto
3569:Javanese
3542:Mongolian
3404:Hungarian
3206:Aromanian
3159:Norwegian
3154:Icelandic
3104:Alphabets
2999:: 21–31.
2284:and 1947
1432:as in pue
967:as in tol
840:as in sof
746:'latex',
728:frekuensi
686:instead:
624:loanwords
609:Indonesia
597:Indonesia
211:in 1947.
148:Old Malay
144:Surat Ulu
117:Singapore
113:Malaysian
101:Indonesia
44:Singapore
3608:Baybayin
3604:Tagalog
3565:Hawaiian
3532:Cyrillic
3502:Tifinagh
3452:Aramaic
3394:Estonian
3364:Albanian
3315:Cyrillic
3300:Cyrillic
3265:Cyrillic
3241:Romanian
3122:Germanic
3053:Omniglot
2962:(2014),
2867:See also
2572:Soewandi
1979:as in ca
1971:Spanish
1955:as in si
1936:as in lo
1843:ch (ou)
1784:Digraph
1776:digraphs
1686:(/wai̯/)
1644:as in bo
1605:dabel yu
1428:Spanish
1160:(/d͡ʒe/)
1048:(/d͡ʒi/)
886:(/t͡ʃe/)
742:'taxi',
724:kualitas
690:'tomb',
648:provinsi
183:and the
170:European
109:Malaysia
40:Malaysia
3573:Carakan
3488:Berber
3473:Maltese
3441:Semitic
3425:Turkish
3399:Finnish
3374:Latvian
3348:Persian
3343:Kurdish
3338:Bengali
3320:Latynka
3292:Russian
3270:Łacinka
3246:Spanish
3231:Occitan
3221:Italian
3211:Catalan
3164:Swedish
3144:Faroese
3139:English
3106:of the
2901:Before
2411:(1901)/
2030:system
1878:as in b
1819:as in b
1718:(/zed/)
1712:(/zet/)
1633:(/eks/)
1545:as in f
1523:as in r
1491:as in s
1358:as in s
1325:as in b
1204:as in s
1027:as in e
1001:as in g
984:as in h
816:as in f
760:Letter
732:xilofon
720:kualiti
660:Alquran
640:zoologi
185:British
156:Islamic
154:during
140:Rencong
132:Pallava
81:
57:
3631:Basque
3589:Malay
3524:Korean
3497:Arabic
3492:Alatin
3482:Berber
3468:Hebrew
3456:Syriac
3448:Arabic
3413:Turkic
3387:Uralic
3287:Polish
3255:Slavic
3216:French
3199:Italic
3173:Celtic
3149:German
3129:Danish
2558:Za'aba
2545:Sound
2415:(1947)
1999:as in
1839:as in
1795:Notes
1787:Sound
1753:rambot
1749:rambut
1729:as in
1697:as in
1680:(/je/)
1665:as in
1618:as in
1601:(/we/)
1586:as in
1566:(/vi/)
1560:(/fe/)
1512:(/ju/)
1479:(/ti/)
1473:(/te/)
1458:as in
1447:(/es/)
1414:(/er/)
1399:as in
1373:(/ki/)
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