31:
179:
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1727:(the unicameral legislature of the Republic) shall have the right of censure and each of the members the right of interpellation. Interpellation is a right granted to representatives to directly question members of the executive branch. In other words, there are Question Periods allotted to each member of the executive branch. While Title VII, Article 56 stated that executive power resides in the
1751:
The
Permanent Commission is created to make decisions when the National Assembly is in recess. The National Assembly is empowered to elect seven of its members to constitute the Permanent Commission, with the obligation that the Commission choose a President and a Secretary on its first session. The
1711:
According to Title II, Article 4 the
Government of the Republic is to be popular, representative, alternative and responsible, and shall exercise three distinct powers: namely, the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. Any two or more of these three powers shall never be united in one person
1787:
The
Malolos Congress had discussed the draft constitution article by article as a project of Calderon from October 25 to November 29, 1898. By the end of these discussions, the Congress was in general agreement except with regard to religion. An amendment adding an article guaranteeing religious
1791:
Mabini remained opposed to the draft constitution. He argued that this plan of government would not work well in time of war. As
Aguinaldo's chief advisor, his opposition was significant. On January 21, Aguinaldo sent a message to the congress recommending changes to the draft. Following this,
1201:
The constitution placed limitations on unsupervised freedom of action by the chief executive which would have hampered rapid decision making. As it was created during the fight for
Philippine independence from Spain, however, its Article 99 allowed unhampered executive freedom of action during
1742:
The parliamentary terminologies used in this constitution are different to the more usual Anglo-Saxon titles. Terms like
Parliament, Cabinet, Prime Minister, Minister, and Member of Parliament (or MP) are replaced with Assembly, Council of Government, President of the Council of Government,
1756:
1. Declare whether or not there is sufficient cause to take legal action against the
President of the Republic, the Representatives of Congress, the Secretaries of Government, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Justice, and the Solicitor General in the cases provided for in this
1792:
provisions were added essentially giving
Aguinaldo the power to rule by decree, "during the time the country may struggle for its independence." As amended, the draft constitution was approved by the congress on January 20, 1899 and was promulgated on January 21.
1769:
5. Substitute the
National Assembly in the exercise of its powers in accordance to the Constitution, except in the power of creating and passing any legislative acts. It shall meet whenever it is convened by whoever presides over it in accordance to this
1735:. The Constitution also stated in Title IX, Article 75 that the secretaries of government shall be held jointly responsible by the National Assembly for the general policies of Government, and individually for their personal actions like in most
178:
1544:, which many Latin American charters from the same period similarly follow. CalderĂłn himself writes in his journal that the charters of Belgium, Mexico, Brazil, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Guatemala, in addition to using the
1640:. This concept of constitutionally defining what is essentially administrative action is not unique to the Malolos constitution. In fact, the right defined in the Filipino charter is actually a shorter enumeration of the
1835:. On March 23, 1901, Aguinaldo was captured. On April 19, he issued a Proclamation of Formal Surrender to the United States, telling his followers to lay down their weapons and give up the fight. General
1531:
of the
Philippines at the time. It is composed of one hundred one articles divided into fourteen titles, with transitory provisions in eight further articles, and with one un-numbered additional article.
1636:. The inclusion of the rights of the accused in the national charter was done in direct response to numerous instances of abuse by police, a number of them specifically mentioned in the June 12, 1898
1878:
and other American sources. The Malolos Constitution, rooted in Spanish constitutionalism, has had limited influence on subsequent Philippine constitutions, rooted in American constitutionalism.
2277:
Foreman, J, 1906, The Philippine Islands, A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons pp. 507–509
30:
923:
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1839:
took over the leadership of the Filipino government, or what remained of it. Malvar surrendered, along with his sick wife and children and some of his officers, on April 13, 1902.
1703:
According to Title III, Article 5 of the Malolos constitution: "The State recognizes the freedom and equality of all beliefs, as well as the separation of Church and State."
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1403:
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2005:
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to a land with modern elements in the cities. The Spanish-speaking middle classes of the 19th century were increasingly exposed to modern European ideas, including
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765:
882:
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1720:
where the executive branch is directly responsible to the legislative branch. This is further emphasized in Title V, Article 50 and Title VII, Article 56.
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1125:
1874:. These were written in the American constitutional tradition and based upon American constitutional principles, often lifting wording directly from the
205:
4215:
987:
1022:
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2209:(Note: 1. The book cover incorrectly names the author as "Maximo M Lalaw", 2. Originally published in 1921 by The McCullough Printing Co., Manila)
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1585:
systems throughout the world, whereby the people delegate governmental functions to their civil servants while retaining the actual sovereignty.
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3436:
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2118:
1548:, were also studied as these countries shared similar social, political, ethnological, and governance conditions with the Philippine Islands.
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3251:
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1675:. CalderĂłn mentions in his journal that the draft constitution was meant to enshrine: "all those freedoms that Englishmen enjoyed in the
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997:
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267:
124:
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This concept of the precedence of popular sovereignty over the national sovereignty is derived from the French political document, the
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864:
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818:
712:
506:
272:
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577:
310:
2220:
Constitutionalism in the Philippines: With Complete Texts of the 1987 Constitution and Other Previous Organic Acts and Constitutions
517:
4139:
3219:
1648:
which brought liberalism into the public consciousness and inspired a generation of national heroes starting with governor-general
1118:
2344:
4164:
3668:
3509:
3098:
2426:
1783:
Historical marker installed in 1969 at Barasoain Church to commemorate the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution by Aguinaldo
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1325:(who had replaced Bonfiacio as leader) and other revolutionary leaders accepted a payment from Spain and went into exile in
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35:
General Aguinaldo (seated, center) and ten of the delegates to the first assembly that passed the constitution, in
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3149:
3017:
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1914:
1867:
760:
2384:
The encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American wars: a political, social, and military history
1804:, which became the first official language of the Philippines and a number of translations have been published.
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or cooperation, nor the legislative power vested in one single individual. The Government of the Republic is a
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1007:
428:
297:
282:
188:
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3477:
3472:
3196:
3054:
2946:
2742:
2711:
1411:
1310:
587:
197:
1281:, or KKK, a secret society dedicated to achieving Philippine independence from Spain, was formed and led by
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3234:
3154:
3005:
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After over 300 years of Spanish rule, the country developed from a small overseas colony governed from the
1236:
1052:
1042:
592:
438:
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2660:
1828:
1545:
1203:
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672:
406:
346:
1760:
2. Convene the Assembly in extraordinary session in cases when the Court of Justice must be constituted;
1649:
1336:
Felipe Buencamino, a lawyer and revolutionary leader, was one of the writers of the Malolos Constitution
4144:
4119:
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3934:
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1731:, who shall exercise it through his Secretaries convened in a Council of government that is led by the
1641:
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785:
386:
331:
167:
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4109:
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3984:
3725:
3648:
3543:
3397:
3367:
3352:
3246:
2619:
1893:
1813:
1378:
Aguinaldo took control of the newly re-formed Philippine revolutionary forces and quickly surrounded
1175:
667:
582:
336:
55:
2431:
1827:
acquired the Philippines from Spain, along with several other territories. On February 4, 1899, the
1431:
1179:
110:
4174:
4124:
4079:
4059:
4049:
3949:
3906:
3884:
3703:
3693:
3663:
3615:
3580:
3482:
2589:
2572:
2115:
1859:
1820:
1341:
1294:
1267:
755:
637:
632:
468:
396:
1990:
1952:
4309:
4149:
4064:
4044:
3929:
3919:
3768:
3643:
3300:
2833:
2737:
2685:
2675:
2254:
1832:
1763:
3. Act on matters that have remained unresolved in order for them to be taken into consideration;
1410:
for the republic. The committee was composed of Hipólito Magsalin, Basilio Teodoro, José Albert,
892:
831:
750:
657:
537:
381:
235:
1889:; SAMPAKA), described the Malolos Constitution as "the best Constitution the country ever had".
1766:
4. Convene the Assembly in extraordinary sessions when the exigency of the case so requires; and
1664:
1305:
drafted and ratified. It was drafted by Isabelo Artacho and FĂ©lix Ferrer and based on the first
4194:
4129:
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on land while the American blockaded the city from the bay. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the
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4069:
4004:
3979:
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3683:
2771:
2639:
2552:
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1596:) and forms the philosophical basis for article 4 of the Malolos Constitution and echoes the
1574:
1290:
1261:
1198:. After a lengthy debate in the latter part of 1898, it was promulgated on January 21, 1899.
846:
730:
622:
527:
1937:
4074:
4039:
3994:
3858:
3698:
3285:
3273:
2797:
2783:
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1717:
1668:
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851:
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245:
240:
8:
4204:
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3808:
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2732:
2665:
2516:
2100:
1854:
in the American constitutional tradition which acted like constitutions for the colonial
1676:
1617:
1578:
1415:
1309:. However, it was never fully implemented. After several battles between the Spanish and
1293:
in 1896. The revolutionary forces took steps to form a functioning government called the
943:
689:
597:
552:
542:
488:
401:
84:
1892:
The original copy of the Malolos Constitution is kept in the historical archives of the
3848:
3570:
2629:
2567:
2542:
2521:
2081:
1855:
1633:
1629:
1298:
1101:
725:
627:
617:
602:
250:
225:
4259:
3788:
2764:
2727:
2624:
2388:
2243:
2235:
2224:
2199:
2044:
2037:
1909:
1871:
1660:
1528:
1419:
1353:
1286:
1191:
1183:
433:
411:
114:
1965:
3758:
3653:
2722:
2614:
2073:
1801:
1625:
1524:
1423:
1364:
1322:
1282:
1159:
1146:
775:
720:
662:
607:
562:
532:
493:
100:
89:
36:
2043:(4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
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and the Malolos Constitution was never fully implemented across the Philippines.
1621:
1375:. Later that month, the U.S. Navy transported Aguinaldo back to the Philippines.
953:
443:
376:
210:
2427:
The 1899 Malolos Constitution in Spanish with a side-by-side English translation
2804:
2670:
2547:
2421:
2287:
1653:
1566:
938:
740:
567:
463:
1656:
1386:
and followed that with several decrees forming the First Philippine Republic.
4278:
4253:
2562:
1836:
1345:
1195:
1067:
877:
287:
1672:
1285:. When the KKK was discovered by Spanish authorities, Bonifacio issued the
2314:
1582:
1427:
1407:
1349:
1171:
478:
458:
277:
62:
1332:
4263:
2889:
2021:. Manila: Imp. de El Renacimiento. pp. 234, 235, appendix, pp. 5–10.
1851:
1695:
1691:
1613:
699:
684:
3869:
2441:
1511:
The Law of the First Philippine Republic (The Laws of Malolos) 1898-1899
1406:
was convened on September 15, 1898, a committee was selected to draft a
1224:
2858:
2846:
2102:
Mis memorias sobre la revolución filipina: Segunda etapa, (1898 á 1901)
2085:
2019:
Mis memorias sobre la revolución filipina: Segunda etapa, (1898 á 1901)
1973:
1360:
1271:
958:
795:
473:
145:
72:
2717:
1565:, which challenged the legitimacy of the colonial authorities of the
1368:
1326:
1278:
612:
547:
215:
2077:
1202:
wartime. Unsupervised executive governance continued throughout the
2526:
1138:
933:
448:
423:
391:
371:
326:
262:
1371:. On May 1, 1898, the American force defeated the Spanish in the
2747:
2436:
2289:
Aguinaldo's Proclamation of Formal Surrender to the United States
1886:
522:
483:
341:
1438:
and Felipe Buencamino. They were all wealthy and well educated.
1379:
366:
361:
351:
3803:
3620:
2105:. Manila: Imp. de El Renacimiento. p. Appendix I, p. 17.
1314:
453:
2345:"Historians: Malolos Congress produced best RP Constitution"
1620:
of Filipinos. The list is extensive, encompassing not just
1556:
2116:
Nuevas perspectivas en la Historia de la RevoluciĂłn de Mayo
1607:
356:
2064:
Malcolm, George (March 1921). "The Malolos Constitution".
2292:, y Filipino.biz.ph – Philippine Culture, April 19, 1901
1594:
DĂ©claration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1793
1577:. This principle was a preprocessor to the concept of
1388:
Elections were held from June 23 to September 10, 1898
1900:. The document is not available for public viewing.
1590:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793
1426:, Alberto Barretto, José Ma. de la Viña, José Luna,
2036:
1274:, some studying in Spain and elsewhere in Europe.
16:1899 constitution of the First Philippine Republic
2318:, January 2, 2008 (archived on December 11, 2008)
2154:
2142:
2130:
1788:freedom was approved by one vote on November 28.
1774:
1612:The twenty-seven articles of Title IV detail the
1540:The style of the document is patterned after the
1523:The Political Constitution of 1899 is written in
1418:, Pablo Ocampo, Aguedo Velarde, Higinio Benitez,
4276:
1644:of the Spanish citizen enshrined in the liberal
1186:as an alternative to a pair of proposals to the
1870:and subsequent charters, including the present
1150:The church where the constitution was ratified
3885:
2874:
2457:
1743:Secretary, and Representative, respectively.
1563:retroversion of the sovereignty to the people
1119:
2336:
1898:House of Representatives of the Philippines
1812:The First Philippine Republic never gained
3892:
3878:
2881:
2867:
2464:
2450:
2259:, Chanrobles Law Library, January 20, 1899
1126:
1112:
29:
3899:
3195:
2471:
2311:"Lawmaker: History wrong on Gen. Malvar."
2212:
2195:The Present Government of the Philippines
2030:
2028:
1569:, was the legal principle underlying the
1557:Retroversion of sovereignty to the people
578:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization
2888:
2422:A collection of Philippine Constitutions
2098:
2016:
1778:
1688:a professional and independent judiciary
1608:Civil liberties in the Spanish tradition
1331:
1145:
1137:
2063:
1881:Isagani Giron, a past president of the
1746:
1551:
1397:
1206:which erupted soon after proclamation.
317:Historically documented states/polities
4277:
2827:"Evolution of the Philippine Flag" set
2410:. National Historical Institute. 2010.
2380:
2373:The Development of Philippine Politics
2342:
2327:
2025:
1986:
1967:Constitution of the Philippines (1899)
1948:
1733:President of the council of government
1638:Philippine Declaration of Independence
1508:
1384:Philippine Declaration of Independence
1216:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
142:Constitution of the Philippines (1899)
3873:
2862:
2445:
2369:
2191:
2172:
2034:
2001:
1933:
1706:
1669:Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán
1571:Spanish American wars of independence
4300:Political history of the Philippines
2437:Official Website of Barasoain Church
1725:National Assembly of Representatives
1723:Title V, Article 50 stated that the
1598:American Declaration of Independence
1390:for a new national legislature, the
1219:
2401:
2160:
2148:
2136:
13:
2822:Flags of the Philippine Revolution
2343:Balabo, Dino (December 10, 2006).
2213:Rodriguez, Rufus Bautista (1997),
1883:Samahang Pangkasaysayan ng Bulacan
1862:of 1934 was passed leading to the
177:
14:
4321:
2415:
2215:"The 1899 'Malolos' Constitution"
1876:Constitution of the United States
1344:broke out on April 25, 1898, the
518:Voyage of Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
231:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
4305:Constitutions of the Philippines
4295:Legal history of the Philippines
4258:
4249:
4248:
3854:
3853:
3842:
2706:American Anti-Imperialist League
2192:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (2007) ,
1819:Following Spain's defeat in the
1223:
1095:
136:
2681:Commonwealth of the Philippines
2676:Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916
2370:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927).
2321:
2303:
2280:
2271:
2188:Published translations include:
2182:
2109:
1915:Constitution of the Philippines
1868:Commonwealth of the Philippines
1795:
1752:powers of the commission were:
1628:, but also protections against
1518:
1441:
1430:, Mariano Abella, Juan Manday,
4216:British Indian Ocean Territory
2712:Iglesia Filipina Independiente
2092:
2057:
2010:
1995:
1980:
1957:
1942:
1927:
1775:Final changes and promulgation
1581:, currently expressed in most
1156:Political Constitution of 1899
924:2000 campaign against the MILF
429:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
283:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery
1:
2743:Philippine Revolutionary Army
2558:Kapampangan Counterrevolution
1920:
1850:passed a number of so-called
1716:, a very important aspect of
1535:
1311:Philippine Revolutionary Army
1255:
1164:ConstituciĂłn PolĂtica de 1899
588:Battles of La Naval de Manila
3348:Business process outsourcing
2635:Federal State of the Visayas
2039:Philippines, a country study
1800:The original was written in
1661:Galicano Apacible y Castillo
1646:Spanish Constitution of 1869
1542:Spanish Constitution of 1812
1303:Constitution of Biak-na-Bato
439:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik
7:
2610:Declaration of Independence
2066:Political Science Quarterly
1903:
1823:, the United States in the
1546:French Constitution of 1793
1166:), informally known as the
929:2nd People Power Revolution
919:1997 Asian financial crisis
653:Declaration of Independence
10:
4326:
1896:, the current seat of the
1642:civil and political rights
1602:United States Constitution
1491:
1481:
1470:
1459:
1259:
1213:
1209:
658:American capture of Manila
4290:First Philippine Republic
4244:
4203:
4163:
3905:
3825:
3744:
3629:
3463:
3454:
3333:
3324:
3140:
3131:
3013:
3004:
2937:
2906:
2897:
2814:
2756:
2698:
2648:
2620:First Philippine Republic
2535:
2512:Pre-revolutionary revolts
2504:
2497:
2479:
2432:Biak-na-Bato Constitution
2099:CalderĂłn, Felipe (1907).
2035:Dolan, Ronald E. (1983).
2017:CalderĂłn, Felipe (1907).
1894:Batasang Pambansa Complex
1814:international recognition
1807:
1729:President of the Republic
1359:sailed from Hong Kong to
1176:First Philippine Republic
538:Spanish capture of Manila
135:
130:
120:
106:
96:
83:
71:
61:
56:First Philippine Republic
51:
46:
28:
23:
3965:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3252:House of Representatives
3145:Administrative divisions
2840:Marcha nacional filipina
2605:Revolutionary Government
2573:Republic of Biak-na-Bato
2381:Tucker, Spencer (2009).
2256:The Malolos Constitution
1964:
1833:Battle of Manila of 1899
1650:Carlos MarĂa de la Torre
1295:Republic of Biak-na-Bato
1268:Viceroyalty of New Spain
1142:Malolos Congress in 1898
998:Administrative divisions
713:American colonial period
633:Republic of Biak-na-Bato
469:Butuan Silver Paleograph
454:Batanes Ijang fortresses
397:Sultanate of Maguindanao
268:Cordillera Rice Terraces
41:(Taken December 8, 1929)
4226:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2834:Flag of the Philippines
2738:Philippine Constabulary
2661:Philippine–American War
2553:Katagalugan (Bonifacio)
2223:, Rex Bookstore, Inc.,
2198:, Oriental commercial,
1885:(Historical Society of
1829:Philippine–American War
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1204:Philippine–American War
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3849:Philippines portal
3393:Science and technology
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2376:. Oriental commercial.
1848:United States Congress
1844:Philippine Organic Act
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1659:, and later including
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2640:Republic of Zamboanga
2473:Philippine Revolution
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2798:Pact of Biak-na-Bato
2778:Malolos Constitution
2590:Spanish–American War
2404:The Malolos Congress
1860:Tydings–McDuffie Act
1821:Spanish–American War
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1552:Constitutional ideas
1398:Drafting a basic law
1373:Battle of Manila Bay
1342:Spanish–American War
1321:was signed in 1897.
1319:Pact of Biak-na-Bato
1307:Constitution of Cuba
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852:North Borneo dispute
842:Hukbalahap Rebellion
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801:Battle of Leyte Gulf
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4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
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4066:
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4038:
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4028:
4026:
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4021:
4018:
4016:
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4008:
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4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
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3895:
3890:
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3883:
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3860:
3852:
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3840:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3799:Sign language
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
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3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
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3640:
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3636:
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3628:
3622:
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3617:
3614:
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3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
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3577:
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3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3527:Ethnic groups
3525:
3521:
3520:Deforestation
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
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3462:
3459:
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3440:
3438:
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3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:National debt
3376:
3374:
3373:Fiscal policy
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Supreme Court
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:Island groups
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:Colonial era
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:Organizations
2697:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Imus Assembly
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2274:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:971-23-2193-2
2237:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2163:, p. 20.
2162:
2157:
2151:, p. 19.
2150:
2145:
2139:, p. 18.
2138:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:(1): 91–103.
2071:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1837:Miguel Malvar
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1770:Constitution.
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1757:Constitution;
1755:
1754:
1753:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1346:United States
1343:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1247:
1244:November 2012
1238:
1234:
1231:This section
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1196:Pedro Paterno
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1140:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
973:
972:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
907:
902:
901:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
878:Moro conflict
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
861:
860:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
820:
815:
814:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
709:
708:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
681:
680:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
508:
503:
502:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
420:
419:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
323:
322:
318:
312:
307:
306:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
288:Manunggul Jar
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
199:
194:
193:
190:
187:
186:
180:
176:
175:
172:
166:
165:
160:
155:
154:
147:
143:
134:
129:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
66:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
45:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4205:Dependencies
4135:Turkmenistan
4100:Saudi Arabia
3835:Bibliography
3764:Coat of arms
3736:Value system
3639:Architecture
3591:Prostitution
3488:Demographics
3358:Central bank
3301:Marine Corps
3281:Armed Forces
3165:Human rights
3150:Constitution
3099:Ramsar sites
2845:
2803:
2789:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2710:
2403:
2387:. ABC-CLIO.
2383:
2372:
2354:. Retrieved
2348:
2338:
2323:
2315:Manila Times
2313:
2305:
2294:, retrieved
2288:
2282:
2273:
2263:December 21,
2261:, retrieved
2255:
2219:
2194:
2184:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2126:(in Spanish)
2111:
2101:
2094:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2038:
2018:
2012:
1997:
1982:
1972:– via
1966:
1959:
1944:
1929:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1852:organic acts
1846:of 1902 the
1841:
1818:
1811:
1799:
1796:Translations
1790:
1786:
1750:
1741:
1722:
1710:
1702:
1696:
1687:
1680:
1611:
1593:
1587:
1560:
1539:
1522:
1519:The document
1510:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1442:Ratification
1436:Arsenio Cruz
1428:Antonio Luna
1408:constitution
1401:
1377:
1363:leading the
1355:
1350:George Dewey
1339:
1276:
1265:
1241:
1237:adding to it
1232:
1200:
1172:constitution
1167:
1155:
1153:
766:World War II
761:Commonwealth
678:
677:
512:
479:Barter rings
417:
416:
320:
319:
316:
278:Kalanay Cave
256:
255:
236:Jade culture
52:Jurisdiction
18:
4264:Asia portal
4165:States with
4085:Philippines
4025:South Korea
4020:North Korea
3915:Afghanistan
3561:Immigration
3363:Child labor
3338:Agriculture
3308:Coast Guard
3242:Legislative
3177:Legal codes
3050:Earthquakes
2914:Archaeology
2890:Philippines
2330:, pp.
2328:Tucker 2009
2296:December 5,
2175:, pp.
1987:Tucker 2009
1951:, pp.
1949:Tucker 2009
1692:Magna Carta
1657:José Burgos
1352:aboard the
1317:called the
1008:Archaeology
1003:Agriculture
883:Martial law
867:(1965–1986)
821:(1946–1965)
715:(1898–1946)
700:Velarde map
685:Boxer Codex
509:(1565–1898)
298:Shell tools
273:Grave goods
168:History of
121:Signatories
4279:Categories
4145:Uzbekistan
4120:Tajikistan
4035:Kyrgyzstan
4015:Kazakhstan
3935:Bangladesh
3925:Azerbaijan
3784:Great Seal
3721:Psychology
3684:Literature
3679:Inventions
3478:Corruption
3473:Censorship
3343:Automotive
3204:Executive
3197:Government
3055:Ecoregions
2947:Prehistory
2939:Chronology
2847:Spoliarium
2536:Concurrent
2356:August 12,
2173:Kalaw 1927
2050:0844407488
2004:, p.
2002:Kalaw 1927
1989:, p.
1974:Wikisource
1936:, p.
1934:Kalaw 1927
1921:References
1673:José Rizal
1536:Influences
1402:After the
1361:Manila Bay
1348:Commodore
1272:Liberalism
1256:Background
1170:, was the
959:Bangsamoro
865:Marcos era
796:Hukbalahap
474:Piloncitos
313:(900–1565)
146:Wikisource
4231:Hong Kong
4185:Palestine
4110:Sri Lanka
4105:Singapore
3985:Indonesia
3714:Festivals
3699:Mythology
3611:Squatting
3606:Sexuality
3576:Languages
3498:Education
3442:ZIP codes
3286:Air Force
3235:President
3155:Elections
3109:Volcanoes
3082:Mountains
3006:Geography
2929:Political
2907:Overviews
2757:Documents
2748:Pulajanes
2718:Katipunan
2578:Elections
1690:) and in
1592:(French:
1369:U.S. Navy
1354:USS
1340:When the
1327:Hong Kong
1279:Katipunan
1053:Languages
1043:Geography
1033:Education
1018:Conflicts
751:Jones Law
679:Artifacts
613:Katipunan
548:New Spain
216:Tabon Man
200:(pre-900)
131:Full text
107:Author(s)
39:, Malolos
4254:Category
4175:Abkhazia
4125:Thailand
4080:Pakistan
4060:Mongolia
4055:Maldives
4050:Malaysia
3950:Cambodia
3859:Category
3789:Language
3601:Religion
3596:Refugees
3539:Genetics
3468:Abortion
3403:Taxation
3259:Judicial
3133:Politics
3114:Wildlife
3043:Typhoons
2924:Military
2649:Epilogue
2527:Gomburza
2161:NHI 2010
2149:NHI 2010
2137:NHI 2010
2119:Archived
1904:See also
1600:and the
1073:Politics
1063:Military
1058:Medicine
976:By topic
934:EDSA III
449:Baybayin
424:Maragtas
392:Sanmalan
372:Madja-as
327:Caboloan
263:Balangay
189:Timeline
159:a series
157:Part of
97:Location
85:Chambers
63:Ratified
47:Overview
4150:Vietnam
4065:Myanmar
4045:Lebanon
3975:Georgia
3930:Bahrain
3920:Armenia
3830:Outline
3746:Symbols
3654:Cuisine
3631:Culture
3586:Poverty
3571:Kinship
3493:Divorce
3456:Society
3420:Tourism
3326:Economy
3208:Cabinet
3070:islands
3033:Climate
3028:Borders
2919:Economy
2899:History
2815:Symbols
2505:Prelude
2484:Battles
2332:477–478
2177:131-132
2086:2142663
1953:364-365
1887:Bulacan
1866:of the
1802:Spanish
1681:end to
1525:Spanish
1509:Source:
1471:Against
1449:Choice
1367:of the
1356:Olympia
1210:History
1174:of the
1160:Spanish
1038:Economy
523:Sandugo
484:Luzones
377:Dapitan
347:Maynila
342:Namayan
4195:Taiwan
4130:Turkey
4095:Russia
4030:Kuwait
4010:Jordan
4000:Israel
3960:Cyprus
3945:Brunei
3940:Bhutan
3774:Flower
3754:Anthem
3726:Sports
3649:Cinema
3544:Health
3368:Energy
3353:Census
3247:Senate
3104:Rivers
2498:Events
2489:People
2391:
2246:
2238:
2227:
2202:
2084:
2047:
1969:
1808:Legacy
1452:Votes
1380:Manila
988:Rulers
513:Events
387:Butuan
367:Sandao
362:Pulilu
352:Ibalon
332:Cainta
161:on the
73:System
4236:Macau
4155:Yemen
4115:Syria
4090:Qatar
4070:Nepal
4005:Japan
3980:India
3970:Egypt
3955:China
3794:Motto
3694:Music
3689:Media
3664:Dance
3621:Pinoy
3616:Women
3483:Crime
3383:Labor
3213:lists
3077:Lakes
2408:(PDF)
2082:JSTOR
1493:Total
1315:truce
1068:Names
337:Tondo
4075:Oman
4040:Laos
3995:Iraq
3990:Iran
3809:Tree
3769:Flag
3759:Bird
3704:Name
3644:Arts
3388:Peso
3296:Navy
3291:Army
3170:LGBT
3018:Bays
2583:Pact
2389:ISBN
2358:2013
2298:2009
2265:2007
2244:ISBN
2236:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2045:ISBN
1700:)".
1671:and
1652:and
1624:and
1616:and
1573:and
1466:100
1313:, a
1194:and
1182:and
1154:The
382:Cebu
357:Ma-i
113:and
4207:and
3779:Gem
2074:doi
2006:126
1991:365
1938:132
1503:100
1460:For
1239:.
1190:by
144:at
4281::
2347:.
2252:^
2242:,
2234:,
2217:,
2211:^
2190:^
2080:.
2070:36
2068:.
2027:^
1739:.
1686:,
1667:,
1663:,
1604:.
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1487:–
1477:0
1463:98
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2397:.
2360:.
2268:.
2250:.
2179:.
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