428:
787:
635:
320:
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591:. Anirudh had to take birth as Lakhinder, Chand and Sanaka's seventh son. Usha took birth as Behula and married him. Manasa killed him but Behula floated on water for nine months with the dead body of her husband and finally brought back the lives of the seven sons and the lost prosperity of Chand. At last, he yielded by offering a flower to the goddess with his left hand without even looking at her. This gesture made Manasa so happy that she resurrected all of Chand's sons and restored his fame and fortunes. The
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tree respectively. The goddess is widely worshipped in the rainy season, when the snakes are most active. Manasa is also a very important fertility deity, especially among the lower caste Hindus, and her blessings are invoked during marriage or for childlessness. She is usually worshipped and mentioned along with Neto, who is called Neta, Netidhopani, Netalasundori in various parts of Bengal.
307:
As a consequence, stories attributing Manasa's birth to Shiva emerged and ultimately
Shaivism adopted this indigenous goddess into the Brahmanical tradition of mainstream Hinduism. Alternatively, Vasudev suggests that the Bengali tale of Manasa reflects rivalry between Shaivism and the goddess-centric
700:
Manasa is the prime deity of Anga Region, specially in Anga's capital, Champa (now
Bhagalpur). It is believed that the story of Chand Saudagar and Behula started from this very place. In the old quarters of Champanagar in the city, stands an enormous temple of Manasa. Several artefacts and sculptures
678:
The following of Manasa is most widespread in South Bengal, where she is ritually worshipped in the local temples as well as in the houses. Almost every Hindu household has a dedicated shrine for goddess Manasa along with Lord Vishnu (Hari), the duo represented by the branch of cactus tree and tulsi
554:
Later, the sage
Jaratkaru married Manasa, but Chandi ruined Manasa's wedding night. Chandi advised Manasa to wear snake ornaments and then threw a frog in the bridal chamber which caused the snakes to run around the chamber. As a consequence, the terrified Jaratkaru ran away from the house. After few
306:
pantheon, related to the god Shiva. Myths glorified her by describing that she saved Shiva after he drank the poison, and venerated her as the "remover of poison". Her popularity grew and spread to southern India, and the cult of her followers began to rival the earliest
Shaivism (the cult of Shiva).
550:
or co-wife, and insulted Manasa and burnt one of her eyes, leaving Manasa half-blind. Later, when Shiva was dying of poison, Manasa cured him. On one occasion, when Chandi kicked her, Manasa rendered her senseless with a glance of her poison eye. Finally, tired of quarrels between Manasa and Chandi,
666:
Generally, Manasa is worshipped with and without an image. A branch of a cactus tree, an earthen pot or an earthen snake image is worshipped as the goddess, though images of Manasa are worshipped too. She is worshipped for protection from and cure of snake bites and infectious diseases like
566:
Accompanied by her adviser, Neto, Manasa descended to earth to see human devotees. She was initially mocked by the people but then Manasa forced them to worship her by raining calamity on those who denied her power. She managed to convert people from different walks of life, including the
583:. To get there, she had to achieve the worship of Chand Sadagar who was extremely adamant and took oath not to worship Manasa. Thus to gain his fear and insecurity, Manasa one by one killed his six sons. At last Manasa conspired against two dancers of Indras Court who loved each other,
242:
in this context). Manasa is depicted as kind to her devotees, but harsh toward people who refuse to worship her. Denied full godhood due to her mixed parentage, Manasa's aim was to fully establish her authority as a goddess, and to acquire steadfast human devotees.
601:
attributes Manasa's difficulty in attracting devotees to an unjust curse she gave to Chand in his previous life. Chand then retaliated with a counter-curse that worshipping her would not be popular on earth unless he worshipped her also.
480:, who agreed to marry her on the condition that he would leave her if she disobeyed him. Once, when Jaratkaru was awakened by Manasa, he became upset with her because she awakened him too late for worship, and so he left her temporarily.
701:
found in and around the place made locals believed that it was where Chand
Saudagar had his Rajbari. A recent excavation has also found "Loha- Bashor ghor" or "Bashor ghor", the building made specifically for the wedding night of
1355:
1425:
1317:
342:
Manasa is depicted as a beautiful woman with a golden complexion (hence the nickname Gauri, Golden) and smiling face. She wears red garments and gold jewellery. She has four arms, with her upper right hands holding a
1377:
271:
goddess, Janguli. Janguli shares her swan vehicle and her "poison-destroyer" epithet with Manasa. A theory suggests that
Janguli may have been influenced by the Kirata-giri ("the conqueror of all poisons") of the
390:
tells the story of Manasa's marriage. Sage
Jaratkaru practised severe austerities and had decided to abstain from marriage. Once, he came across a group of men hanging from a tree upside down. These men were his
395:, who were doomed to misery as their children had not performed their last rites. So, they advised Jaratkaru to marry and have a son who could free them of those miseries by performing the ceremonies.
1347:
686:(shrine) may be found in the courtyard of almost every agrarian household. Among the lower-caste Hindus of East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) too, she is worshipped with great pomp.
1417:
267:(the earliest Hindu scriptures), Manasa - a human goddess of snakes - has "little basis" in early Hinduism. Bhattacharya suggests another influence on Manasa being the poison-curing
1325:
616:
stratum in
Asiatic society, reflects the conflict between the religion of Shiva and that of female local deities in Bengal. Afterwards Manasā or Padmā was recognized as a form of
786:
1381:
542:
milked the Earth as a cow. When Shiva saw Manasa, he was attracted to her, but she proved to him that he was her father. Shiva took Manasa to his home where his wife,
427:
278:. According to McDaniel, she was included in the higher-caste Hindu pantheon, where she is now regarded as a Hindu goddess rather than a tribal one.
1464:
739:
Manasa is also worshipped extensively in Assam and
Tripura, and a kind of Oja-Pali (musical folk theatre) is dedicated entirely to her myth.
524:
trace the origin and myths of the goddess. However these stray further from
Puranaic references probably due to creative licenses exercised.
702:
682:
In North Bengal, among the Rajbanshis, Manasa (called Bishohora, Bishohori or Padmavati) is one of the most important goddesses, and her
447:
s are the first scriptures to speak about her birth. They declare that sage Kashyapa is her father, not Shiva as described in the later
1403:
626:. She is a phase of the mother-divinity who for so many worshippers is nearer and dearer than the far-off and impersonal Shiva...".
838:
347:
and her left hand holding her favorite flower, lotus. Her lower left hand holds a snake and the right lower right hand displays
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952:
251:
Bhattacharya and Sen suggest that Manasa originated in South India as a non-Vedic and non-Aryan goddess and is related to the
506:
s were devotional paeans to local deities such as Manasa, composed in Bengal between the 13th and the 18th centuries. The
634:
856:
850:
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s. Once, when serpents and reptiles had created chaos on the Earth, Kashyapa created the goddess Manasa from his mind (
302:
By the 14th century, Manasa was identified as the goddess of fertility and marriage rites and was assimilated into the
527:
At least fifteen Mangalkavyas dedicated to Manasa are known. Scholar D. C. Sen traced fifty-one versions of her tale.
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Shiva deserted Manasa under a tree, but created a companion for her from his tears of remorse, called Neto or Netā.
772:
319:
898:
538:'s seed. Vasuki accepted Manasa as his sister, and granted her the charge of poison that was produced when King
1112:
892:
809:
230:
In regional tradition, her stories emphasise her bad temper and unhappiness, due to rejection by her father,
1614:
689:
Manasa is an especially important deity in Bengal for the mercantile castes. This is because Chando of the
461:
made her the presiding deity of snakes and reptiles. Manasa gained control over the earth, by the power of
1639:
778:
534:, Manasa was born when a statue of a girl that had been sculpted by Vasuki's mother which was touched by
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1418:"Bihula Wishhari worship: अंग प्रदेश के खास लोकपर्व का 16 जुलाई से आगाज, पढ़ें- बिहुला विषहरी की कहानी"
868:
1530:
Making Virtuous Daughters and Wives: An Introduction to Women's Brata Rituals in Bengali Folk Religion
725:
springs up like a scented flower to worship the local guardian Manasa and commemorate the wedding of
650:
1634:
1619:
299:. According to Bhattacharya, the Jaratkaru of the Mahabharata is not the Manasa popular in Bengal.
157:
1456:
886:
880:
874:
435:
407:, who freed his ancestors. Astika also helped in saving the naga race from destruction when King
862:
792:
605:
20:
195:, chiefly for the prevention and cure of snakebite, and also for fertility and prosperity. In
508:
639:
359:. Sometimes, she is depicted with a child on her lap. The child is assumed to be her son,
281:
According to Tate, Manasa as Jaratkaru was initially recognized as a daughter of the sage
8:
1285:
1244:
367:, she is rarely seen with her husband, Jaratkaru. In some of her idols she is shown with
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Chitrakatha is full flegedly based on the chronicles of Manasa and the hardships of
1556:
944:
832:
613:
521:
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she chanted. Manasa then propitiated the god Shiva, who told her to please the god
55:
1547:
Dimock, Edward C. (1962). "The Goddess of Snakes in Medieval Bengali Literature".
1289:
1248:
609:
188:
59:
825:
Shri Manasa Devi Temple (Swayambu), Kasimpet(Manasavaram), Karimnagar, Telangana
259:(tribal) goddess. She was accepted in the pantheon worshipped by Hindu backward
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758:
355:
or standing upon a snake. She is sheltered by the canopy of the hoods of seven
352:
1608:
572:
488:
743:
714:
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groups. Later, Dimock suggests that although snake worship is found in the
731:
1492:
Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Benegal
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416:
386:
348:
332:
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192:
184:
1586:
Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History
1568:
903:
Ma Manasa Mandir, Gopinagar, Khamarchandi, Haripal,Hooghly, West Bengal
800:
493:
473:
powers and ritually worshipped her, making her an established goddess.
408:
1284:
1243:
693:
was the first to initiate her worship, and Behula, the heroine of the
588:
434:
of goddess Manasā standing on a snake with a few wrapped in her hand,
1513:(First published: 1882 ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 428.
796:
655:
584:
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547:
477:
400:
324:
208:
180:
126:
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1348:"मां विषहरी पूजा: बिहुला विषहरी की गाथा का साक्षी है अंग का इतिहास"
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115:
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44:
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was a daughter of the Saha clan (a powerful trading community).
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say that after this, the worship of Manasa was popular forever.
558:
328:
290:
76:
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235:
234:, and her husband ( Jagatkaru), and the hate of her stepmother
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83:
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412:
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286:
264:
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231:
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111:
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72:
713:
lokgatha, "Behula Bishari Lokgatha" and the regional art,
612:
say, " legend of Manasā Devī, who must be as old as the
974:
972:
970:
1081:
411:
decided to exterminate them by sacrificing them in his
255:
folk snake-goddess Manchamma. Manasa was originally an
1060:
1048:
1036:
996:
162:
1207:
1133:
1121:
967:
984:
828:
Ma Manasha Mandir, Fulidanga, Tarapith - West Bengal
746:- a festival of snake worship in the Hindu month of
555:days, he returned and Astika, their son, was born.
1151:
942:
638:Manasa puja on the day of Dashahara at a bedi of
469:. Upon being pleased, Krishna granted her divine
1606:
1193:. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. pp. 38–40.
1014:
1188:
1072:
754:) on this day and offer milk at snake holes.
750:(July–August). Bengali women observe a fast (
207:, king of Nāgas (serpents), and wife of sage
19:For the town in Neemuch district, India, see
1494:. Oxford University Press, US. p. 368.
1457:"Sri Manasa Devi Temple in Mukkamala Peetam"
1022:. Viking Penguin Books Ltd. pp. 130–8.
1102:
351:. She is covered with snakes, sitting on a
1105:Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations
735:Mansa Puja at Deepnagar chowk in Bhagalpur
43:
1255:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 324–30.
1184:
1182:
575:. Manasa wanted to become a goddess like
1527:
1489:
1002:
945:"Manasa Devi, Manasā Devī: 1 definition"
839:Mukkamala, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh
730:
649:
633:
557:
487:
426:
318:
88:Ōṁ hrīṁ śrīṁ klīṁ aiṁ manasādēvyai svāhā
1508:
1154:Mythlogical Bonds Between East and West
1098:
1096:
978:
171:of snakes. She is worshipped mainly in
1607:
1583:
1546:
1461:Sri Sri Sri Vasavi Kanyaka parameswari
1402:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1213:
1179:
1139:
1127:
1087:
1066:
1054:
1042:
990:
885:Mansa Devi Temple, Thurpu Rompidodla,
1467:from the original on 18 November 2017
1428:from the original on 6 September 2021
1358:from the original on 6 September 2021
1296:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 330.
955:from the original on 20 November 2022
742:Manasa is ceremonially worshipped on
1093:
721:. Every year, from 16 to 19 August,
546:, suspected Manasa of being Shiva's
399:offered his sister Manasa's hand to
571:ruler Hasan, but failed to convert
13:
1511:Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic
943:www.wisdomlib.org (29 June 2012).
861:Mansa Devi Temple, Kanumalapalle,
857:Dornipadu, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh
851:Tilaru, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh
845:Naidupeta, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh
764:
14:
1656:
1294:Myths of the Hindus and Buddhists
1253:Myths of the Hindus and Buddhists
808:
785:
771:
476:Kashyapa married Manasa to sage
211:. She is the mother of the sage
1449:
1440:
1410:
1370:
1340:
1310:
1278:
1269:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1170:
1145:
1107:. CCC Publishing. p. 194.
899:Lake Town, Kolkata, West Bengal
867:Mansa Devi Temple, Chinadugam,
622:, and her worship accepted by
483:
238:(Shiva's wife, identified with
1008:
936:
403:. Manasa gave birth to a son,
379:
314:
1:
1630:Characters in the Mahabharata
1483:
893:West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh
757:Manasa Devi is worshipped in
64:মনসা / কাণি দেউও (Kānī Dīyāʊ)
49:An 20th century art of Manasa
891:Mansa Devi Temple, Vadluru,
16:Hindu folk goddess of snakes
7:
1532:. SUNY Press. p. 144.
907:
779:Mansa Devi Temple, Haridwar
562:A scene from Manasa Mangal.
219:(the destroyer of poison),
163:
10:
1661:
1225:McDaniel (2004) pp. 149-50
1156:. READ BOOKS. p. 28.
1152:Chaplin, Dorothea (2007).
1020:Myths and Legends of India
869:Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh
629:
492:Mud idol of Manasa in the
422:
327:and son Astika flanked by
199:, Manasa is the sister of
18:
374:
246:
152:
132:
122:
107:
102:
92:
82:
68:
54:
42:
35:
30:
1588:. Kessinger Publishing.
929:
323:Manasa with her husband
1528:McDaniel, June (2002).
1509:Wilkins, W. J. (2004).
1490:McDaniel, June (2004).
1446:McDaniel (2002) p.55-57
1286:Coomaraswamy, Ananda K.
1245:Coomaraswamy, Ananda K.
1189:Sharma, Mahesh (2005).
887:Nellore, Andhra Pradesh
881:Nellore, Andhra Pradesh
875:Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh
436:Cleveland Museum of Art
215:. She is also known as
1234:McDaniel (2004) p. 150
1191:Tales from the Puranas
863:Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh
831:Mansa Bishari Temple,
793:Mata Mansa Devi Mandir
736:
663:
654:Women with the Manasa
647:
606:Ananda K. Coomaraswamy
563:
497:
438:
339:
21:Manasa, Madhya Pradesh
1584:Dowson, John (2003).
1318:"Government of Bihar"
734:
653:
637:
561:
496:, West Bengal, India.
491:
430:
322:
1549:History of Religions
1103:Tate, Karen (2005).
640:Euphorbia neriifolia
289:, the mother of all
1615:Fertility goddesses
1384:on 6 September 2021
1328:on 6 September 2021
897:Ma Manasha Mandir,
879:Mansa Devi Temple,
873:Mansa Devi Temple,
855:Mansa Devi Temple,
849:Mansa Devi Temple,
843:Mansa Devi Temple,
837:Mansa Devi Temple,
815:Mansa Devi Temple,
457:). The creator god
187:and other parts of
37:Goddess of Serpents
1640:Hindu folk deities
737:
664:
648:
599:Manasa Mangalkavya
564:
509:Manasa Mangalkavya
498:
439:
340:
189:northeastern India
1645:Children of Shiva
1352:Livehindustan.com
1090:, pp. 313–4.
1057:, pp. 312–3.
1045:, pp. 315–6.
949:www.wisdomlib.org
432:Kalighat painting
371:and Lakshminder.
269:Mahayana Buddhist
161:
142:
141:
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1543:
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1505:
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1463:. 24 June 2016.
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1380:. Archived from
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1324:. Archived from
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1069:, p. 316-7.
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833:Bhagalpur, Bihar
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522:Bipradas Pipilai
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47:
28:
27:
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1620:Hindu goddesses
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1378:"Archived copy"
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765:Notable temples
658:during puja at
632:
610:Sister Nivedita
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425:
382:
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331:, 11th century
317:
249:
50:
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24:
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1561:10.1086/462451
1555:(2): 307–321.
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1322:Lrc.bih.nic.in
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1302:
1277:
1275:McDaniel p.152
1268:
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1236:
1227:
1218:
1216:, p. 309.
1206:
1199:
1178:
1169:
1162:
1144:
1142:, p. 311.
1132:
1130:, p. 315.
1120:
1113:
1092:
1080:
1078:McDaniel p.148
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
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1007:
1005:, p. 148.
995:
993:, p. 196.
983:
981:, p. 395.
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759:Andhra Pradesh
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353:lotus platform
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530:According to
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1382:the original
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1326:the original
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957:. Retrieved
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691:Manasamangal
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293:in the epic
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144:
143:
25:
1471:17 November
1432:1 September
1362:1 September
1332:1 September
1214:Dimock 1962
1140:Dimock 1962
1128:Dimock 1962
1088:Dimock 1962
1067:Dimock 1962
1055:Dimock 1962
1043:Dimock 1962
991:Dowson 2003
959:20 November
819:, Jharkhand
673:chicken pox
644:West Bengal
514:Vijay Gupta
503:Mangalkavya
450:Mangalkavya
417:sarpa satra
387:Mahabharata
380:Mahabharata
349:Varadamudra
333:Pala period
315:Iconography
296:Mahabharata
275:Atharvaveda
193:Uttarakhand
185:South Assam
69:Affiliation
1609:Categories
1484:References
1422:Jagran.com
1114:1888729112
801:Chandigarh
520:(1495) by
494:Sundarbans
409:Janamejaya
1577:162313578
797:Panchkula
723:Bhagalpur
703:Lakhendar
581:Saraswati
548:concubine
478:Jaratkaru
401:Jaratkaru
393:ancestors
325:Jaratkaru
225:Padmavati
217:Vishahari
209:Jaratkaru
181:Jharkhand
158:romanized
127:Jaratkaru
103:Genealogy
1465:Archived
1426:Archived
1398:cite web
1356:Archived
1292:(2003).
1251:(2003).
1018:(2001).
953:Archived
908:See also
715:Manjusha
669:smallpox
614:Mykenean
585:Anirudha
309:Shaktism
283:Kashyapa
197:Hinduism
149:Sanskrit
133:Children
118:(father)
116:Kashyapa
1569:1062059
1388:13 July
799:, near
748:Shravan
662:in 2021
660:Birbhum
630:Worship
624:Shaivas
577:Lakshmi
467:Krishna
463:mantras
423:Puranas
257:Adivasi
253:Kannada
240:Parvati
191:and in
167:) is a
160::
108:Parents
98:Serpent
56:Bengali
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919:Vasuki
914:Shesha
817:Kandra
727:Behula
719:Behula
711:Angika
709:. The
707:Behula
619:Shakti
569:Muslim
544:Chandi
540:Prithu
471:Siddhi
459:Brahma
444:Purana
405:Astika
397:Vasuki
375:Legend
369:Behula
365:Bengal
361:Astika
357:cobras
345:shankh
337:Bengal
304:Shaiva
247:Origin
236:Chandi
213:Astika
205:Vasuki
201:Shesha
177:Bengal
164:Manasā
145:Manasa
137:Astika
123:Spouse
84:Mantra
60:Hajong
31:Manasa
1625:Nāgas
1573:S2CID
1565:JSTOR
930:Notes
924:Kadru
752:vrata
684:thaan
642:, in
536:Shiva
413:yajna
363:. In
329:Nagas
291:nagas
287:Kadru
265:Vedas
261:caste
232:Shiva
221:Nityā
173:Bihar
112:Shiva
94:Mount
1590:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1473:2017
1434:2021
1404:link
1390:2022
1364:2021
1334:2021
1298:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1109:ISBN
1024:ISBN
961:2022
705:and
671:and
608:and
589:Usha
587:and
516:and
500:The
455:mana
441:The
384:The
285:and
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153:मनसा
77:Nāga
73:Devi
1557:doi
579:or
512:by
114:or
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