4034:
926:
27:
4684:
280:
in 2002, MPS II existed only in some governmental publications (such as travel brochures and dictionaries). However, MPS II was not used for the official romanized names of
Taiwanese places, though many road signs replaced during this period use it. It never gained the same status as did
2912:
3457:
3419:
1563:
4159:
2941:
1542:
2210:
3966:
3956:
257:
administration. After two years of feedback from the general public, the official version was established on
January 28, 1986. To distinguish bopomofo (
3961:
3720:
3268:
2228:, is eliminated. Syllables are spelled like its tone one for non-nasal initials, and like tone two for nasal initials. Tone is then marked with four
3875:
44:
1737:
91:
4042:
3280:
1692:
63:
2669:
2177:
70:
3244:
3232:
2203:
2596:
The complete listing of all Pinyin syllables used in standard
Mandarin, along with native speaker pronunciation for each syllable.
3256:
2748:
2182:
1697:
4340:
1556:
77:
3579:
2154:
1807:
4390:
2042:
1796:
4232:
2196:
693:
626:
59:
774:
2627:
1727:
110:
4706:
1928:
4312:
2119:
722:
3019:
2662:
1682:
250:
135:
48:
4628:
4082:
2243:
1878:
1858:
1801:
1712:
1526:
675:
608:
149:
4687:
4122:
2096:
821:
756:
657:
590:
2239:
1366:
1227:
1088:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
84:
4603:
4475:
4400:
4057:
1573:
1499:
738:
4645:
4618:
4495:
4407:
4154:
4134:
2149:
1630:
1614:
1603:
1578:
1466:
532:
512:
465:
445:
4197:
2895:
2655:
1786:
1717:
839:
790:
323:
4571:
4556:
4546:
4260:
2124:
1771:
1650:
1482:
4583:
2822:
1707:
556:
489:
37:
4576:
4425:
4517:
4360:
2958:
1791:
1687:
4512:
4435:
4149:
4127:
2882:
2715:
2062:
308:
4280:
4248:
4077:
3202:
2697:
1833:
8:
4524:
4490:
4325:
4292:
4139:
4067:
3984:
3825:
3820:
3574:
3384:
2890:
2544:
713:
646:
579:
574:
507:
440:
318:
2134:
4640:
4507:
4470:
4355:
4253:
4187:
4182:
4072:
4062:
3688:
3666:
3559:
3367:
3362:
3285:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3237:
2761:
1946:
1591:
1568:
313:
303:
2599:
2037:
1766:
4551:
4541:
4420:
4385:
4240:
4192:
4144:
3911:
3764:
3698:
3554:
3539:
3210:
3187:
3141:
3066:
2992:
2872:
2840:
2794:
2733:
2723:
2688:
1898:
1853:
1781:
1598:
1506:
365:
355:
340:
2593:
4657:
4177:
4052:
3916:
3906:
3891:
3837:
3759:
3710:
3671:
3620:
3534:
3486:
3470:
3350:
3310:
3305:
3192:
3146:
3092:
3087:
3077:
3071:
2900:
2845:
2830:
2706:
2678:
1978:
1953:
1932:
1918:
1732:
1722:
1473:
808:
254:
172:
4608:
4588:
4485:
4445:
4430:
4169:
4019:
4009:
3989:
3946:
3941:
3807:
3771:
3754:
3744:
3683:
3501:
3437:
3379:
3327:
3322:
3224:
3120:
3115:
3024:
2971:
2966:
2946:
2931:
2926:
2867:
2862:
2852:
2835:
2807:
2779:
2756:
2639:
2620:
2609:
2604:
2421:
2225:
2089:
2005:
1821:
1776:
1702:
1536:
1516:
1494:
382:
328:
277:
246:
218:
4662:
4652:
4623:
4613:
4330:
4302:
4014:
3999:
3901:
3852:
3847:
3832:
3776:
3715:
3597:
3569:
3549:
3496:
3465:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3389:
3372:
3317:
3182:
3164:
3082:
3056:
2997:
2917:
2905:
2857:
2812:
2802:
2728:
2172:
2144:
2129:
2030:
1957:
1922:
1531:
1521:
409:
389:
282:
222:
4033:
267:) from MPS II, the former is officially called "Mandarin Phonetic Symbols I" (
4700:
4463:
4275:
4270:
3842:
3786:
3781:
3749:
3736:
3612:
3564:
3491:
3447:
3337:
3174:
3097:
2936:
2784:
2771:
2053:
1996:
375:
370:
360:
350:
345:
335:
2576:
276:
Despite its official status for almost two decades until it was replaced by
4335:
4285:
3661:
3544:
3517:
3061:
3051:
2017:
1871:
925:
210:
179:
4480:
4454:
4350:
4320:
4297:
4265:
4004:
3994:
3798:
3693:
3678:
3641:
3589:
3410:
3401:
3297:
3136:
3011:
2738:
1969:
1891:
1846:
1750:
1661:
1643:
3896:
3870:
3636:
3602:
3107:
3034:
2556:
2455:
2417:
2387:
1828:
1623:
249:, the tentative version of MPS II was released on May 10, 1984, by the
4345:
4096:
4087:
3815:
3705:
3357:
3345:
3156:
2987:
2491:(respectively), similarly to Gwoyeu Romatzyh and identical to Pinyin.
2235:
The romanization of the consonants is identical to Gwoyeu
Romatzyh's.
2229:
2080:
1911:
1670:
26:
4635:
4221:
3862:
3043:
2647:
2139:
1677:
226:
4667:
2495:
An example phrase, "The second type of
Chinese phonetic symbols":
4534:
4214:
4101:
3930:
3526:
1759:
435:
4593:
4395:
2548:
2470:
2413:
2383:
1489:
214:
4106:
2069:
2012:
1985:
2552:
221:
system, which used tonal spellingâand to co-exist with the
2605:
ROC government booklet on MPS II (in
English and Chinese)
184:
2555:, which use hyphens in between the syllables of the
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2336:has a tonal diacritic on it and is always final.)
2292:has a tonal diacritic on it and is always final.)
4698:
2663:
2504:
2304:
2256:
2224:Indication of tone by respelling, as used in
2204:
1443:
1429:
1415:
1391:
1377:
1354:
1340:
1326:
1312:
1294:
1280:
1266:
1252:
1238:
1215:
1201:
1187:
1173:
1159:
1145:
1127:
1113:
1099:
1078:
1064:
1050:
1036:
1022:
1008:
994:
980:
966:
952:
938:
919:
847:
829:
798:
782:
764:
746:
730:
701:
683:
665:
634:
616:
598:
564:
540:
520:
497:
473:
453:
417:
397:
268:
154:
140:
4462:
2610:Taiwan's official romanization system: MPS2
4683:
4453:
2670:
2656:
2211:
2197:
217:. It was created to replace the complex
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
4378:
4699:
245:Based on the earlier and more complex
2651:
869:
300:
2677:
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
285:. It is virtually unused overseas.
13:
14:
4718:
2630:by the Republic of China (Taiwan)
2600:Conversion chart (syllable level)
2587:
2537:gwoyeu juh'in fwuhaw dih'ell shyh
229:. It is sometimes referred to as
4682:
4160:Literary and colloquial readings
4032:
2382:are all written out, unlike the
1929:Hainanese Transliteration Scheme
924:
25:
16:Romanization system for Mandarin
2547:are generally used in place of
2527:guĂł-yÇ jĂč-yÄ«n fĂș-hĂ u dĂŹ-Ăšr shrÌ
2120:Character-based General Chinese
36:needs additional citations for
2594:Standard Mandarin Pinyin Table
2579:. Pinyin Info. March 10, 2004.
2569:
2305:
2257:
2242:is treated in the same way as
1444:
1430:
1416:
1392:
1378:
1355:
1341:
1327:
1313:
1295:
1281:
1267:
1253:
1239:
1216:
1202:
1188:
1174:
1160:
1146:
1128:
1114:
1100:
1079:
1065:
1051:
1037:
1023:
1009:
995:
981:
967:
953:
939:
920:
848:
830:
799:
783:
765:
747:
731:
702:
684:
666:
635:
617:
599:
565:
541:
521:
498:
474:
454:
418:
398:
263:
258:
185:
155:
141:
60:"Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II"
1:
2628:Official romanization adopted
2562:
2316:what is written in pinyin as
2268:what is written in pinyin as
1879:Kienning Colloquial Romanized
1859:Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme
1782:Habhunwe Latinxua Sin Bhundzi
1713:S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)
4688:List of varieties of Chinese
2517:guĂłyÇ zhĂčyÄ«n fĂșhĂ o dĂŹ'Ăšr shĂŹ
2408:persists, as opposed to the
1512:Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II
203:Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II
186:GuĂłyÇ ZhĂčyÄ«n FĂșhĂ o DĂŹ'Ăšr ShĂŹ
126:Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II
7:
1458:
293:
10:
4723:
4646:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
2155:Transcription into Chinese
2150:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
1631:Romanization of Wu Chinese
1604:Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz
1467:Transliteration of Chinese
871:
240:
4680:
4564:
4533:
4444:
4369:
4311:
4231:
4206:
4168:
4115:
4041:
4030:
3977:
3929:
3884:
3861:
3806:
3797:
3735:
3654:
3629:
3611:
3588:
3525:
3516:
3479:
3456:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3336:
3296:
3223:
3201:
3173:
3155:
3129:
3106:
3042:
3033:
3010:
2980:
2957:
2881:
2821:
2793:
2770:
2747:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2685:
2636:
2625:
2617:
2505:
2178:Romanization in Singapore
2173:Romanization in Hong Kong
2097:Romanized General Chinese
1718:S. L. Wong (romanization)
906:
894:
889:
884:
879:
876:
862:
807:
712:
573:
434:
381:
317:
312:
302:
269:
196:
178:
171:
166:
162:
148:
134:
130:
125:
2483:are added to or replace
1979:Nanchang-Duchang dialect
1772:Modern Literal Taiwanese
1651:Wenzhounese romanization
1483:Modern Standard Mandarin
288:
225:romanization as well as
213:system formerly used in
136:Traditional Chinese
4707:Romanization of Chinese
150:Simplified Chinese
2355:corresponds to Pinyin
2232:identical to Zhuyin's.
2183:Romanization in Taiwan
2114:Other transliterations
1792:Daighi tongiong pingim
1688:Guangdong Romanization
1557:Late imperial Mandarin
2551:, except in personal
2343:is not written after
1728:Standard Romanization
1564:Morrison romanization
251:Ministry of Education
1693:Hong Kong Government
1500:Spelling conventions
45:improve this article
1574:Postal romanization
4641:Cantonese Bopomofo
4508:Chinese characters
4436:Written Sichuanese
3020:ZhangjiakouâHohhot
1569:Legge romanization
4694:
4693:
4676:
4675:
4503:
4502:
4421:Written Cantonese
4416:
4415:
4198:Classical grammar
4193:Cantonese grammar
4028:
4027:
3925:
3924:
3731:
3730:
3650:
3649:
3512:
3511:
3219:
3218:
3006:
3005:
2896:ChengduâChongqing
2689:Sinitic languages
2646:
2645:
2637:Succeeded by
2542:
2541:
2244:Yale romanization
2221:
2220:
2063:ChangâYi dialects
1899:Hinghwa Romanized
1854:Foochow Romanized
1683:Yale romanization
1599:Sichuanese Pinyin
1527:Yale romanization
1507:Latinxua Sin Wenz
1456:
1455:
860:
859:
231:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 2
200:
199:
192:
191:
173:Standard Mandarin
121:
120:
113:
95:
4714:
4686:
4685:
4658:Taiwanese Hangul
4547:Mainland Chinese
4460:
4459:
4451:
4450:
4376:
4375:
4053:Standard Chinese
4036:
3804:
3803:
3523:
3522:
3416:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3040:
3039:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2679:Chinese language
2672:
2665:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2618:Preceded by
2615:
2614:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2508:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2435:) is written as
2420:, and the later
2308:
2307:
2260:
2259:
2241:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2135:ÊŒPhags-pa script
1954:Romanized Shaowu
1933:Wenchang dialect
1919:Hainan Romanized
1808:Comparison chart
1739:Comparison chart
1723:Cantonese Pinyin
1698:Macau Government
1543:Comparison chart
1463:
1462:
1447:
1446:
1433:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1395:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1344:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1316:
1315:
1298:
1297:
1284:
1283:
1270:
1269:
1256:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1229:
1219:
1218:
1205:
1204:
1191:
1190:
1177:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1131:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1040:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1012:
1011:
998:
997:
984:
983:
970:
969:
956:
955:
942:
941:
928:
923:
922:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
867:
866:
851:
850:
833:
832:
802:
801:
786:
785:
768:
767:
750:
749:
734:
733:
705:
704:
687:
686:
669:
668:
638:
637:
620:
619:
602:
601:
568:
567:
544:
543:
524:
523:
501:
500:
477:
476:
457:
456:
421:
420:
401:
400:
298:
297:
272:
271:
265:
260:
255:Chiang Ching-kuo
188:
187:
164:
163:
158:
157:
144:
143:
123:
122:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4672:
4609:Tongyong Pinyin
4589:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
4577:Dungan Cyrillic
4560:
4529:
4499:
4440:
4431:Written Hokkien
4412:
4371:
4365:
4341:Middle Mandarin
4307:
4227:
4202:
4164:
4111:
4044:
4037:
4024:
3973:
3921:
3880:
3857:
3793:
3727:
3646:
3625:
3607:
3584:
3508:
3475:
3452:
3396:
3332:
3292:
3283:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3215:
3197:
3169:
3151:
3125:
3102:
3029:
3002:
2976:
2953:
2877:
2817:
2789:
2766:
2743:
2692:
2681:
2676:
2642:
2640:Tongyong Pinyin
2633:
2629:
2623:
2621:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
2590:
2585:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2465:is spelled now
2450:is spelled now
2422:Tongyong Pinyin
2288:. (The use of
2238:The empty rime
2226:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
2217:
2188:
2187:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2115:
2102:
2101:
2092:
2090:General Chinese
2075:
2074:
2065:
2048:
2047:
2033:
2023:
2022:
2008:
2006:Meixian dialect
1991:
1990:
1981:
1964:
1963:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1884:
1883:
1874:
1864:
1863:
1849:
1839:
1838:
1824:
1814:
1813:
1787:Bbånlåm pÏngyīm
1777:Phofsit Daibuun
1762:
1745:
1744:
1673:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1636:
1635:
1626:
1609:
1608:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1537:Simplified Wade
1517:Tongyong Pinyin
1495:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
1485:
1461:
1442:
1440:
1428:
1426:
1414:
1412:
1390:
1388:
1376:
1374:
1353:
1351:
1339:
1337:
1325:
1323:
1311:
1309:
1293:
1291:
1279:
1277:
1265:
1263:
1251:
1249:
1237:
1235:
1214:
1212:
1200:
1198:
1186:
1184:
1172:
1170:
1158:
1156:
1144:
1142:
1126:
1124:
1112:
1110:
1098:
1096:
1077:
1075:
1063:
1061:
1049:
1047:
1035:
1033:
1021:
1019:
1007:
1005:
993:
991:
979:
977:
965:
963:
951:
949:
937:
935:
918:
916:
865:
846:
843:
828:
825:
797:
794:
781:
778:
763:
760:
745:
742:
729:
726:
700:
697:
682:
679:
664:
661:
633:
630:
615:
612:
597:
594:
563:
560:
539:
536:
519:
516:
496:
493:
472:
469:
452:
449:
416:
413:
396:
393:
324:Alveolo-palatal
296:
291:
278:Tongyong Pinyin
247:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
243:
219:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4720:
4710:
4709:
4692:
4691:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4653:Taiwanese kana
4650:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4624:Lessing-Othmer
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4457:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4426:Written Dungan
4423:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4382:
4380:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4331:Middle Chinese
4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4298:Wubi (Wang Ma)
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4049:
4047:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4015:Xiangnan Tuhua
4012:
4007:
4002:
4000:Shaozhou Tuhua
3997:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3812:
3810:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3229:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2913:RenshouâFushun
2910:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2823:Central Plains
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2589:
2588:External links
2586:
2583:
2582:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2474:
2459:
2444:
2425:
2402:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2337:
2332:. (The use of
2314:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2266:
2236:
2233:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:Taiwanese kana
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2031:Sixian dialect
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:Shaowu dialect
1950:
1947:ShaoâJiang Min
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1923:Haikou dialect
1915:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1532:Lessing-Othmer
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1438:
1435:
1424:
1421:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1386:
1383:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1349:
1346:
1335:
1332:
1321:
1318:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1289:
1286:
1275:
1272:
1261:
1258:
1247:
1244:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1210:
1207:
1196:
1193:
1182:
1179:
1168:
1165:
1154:
1151:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1122:
1119:
1108:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1073:
1070:
1059:
1056:
1045:
1042:
1031:
1028:
1017:
1014:
1003:
1000:
989:
986:
975:
972:
961:
958:
947:
944:
933:
930:
914:
911:
908:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
874:
873:
870:
864:
861:
858:
857:
855:
853:
841:
837:
835:
823:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
805:
804:
792:
788:
776:
772:
770:
758:
754:
752:
740:
736:
724:
720:
718:
716:
710:
709:
707:
695:
691:
689:
677:
673:
671:
659:
655:
653:
651:
649:
643:
642:
640:
628:
624:
622:
610:
606:
604:
592:
588:
586:
584:
582:
577:
571:
570:
558:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
534:
530:
528:
526:
514:
510:
504:
503:
491:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
467:
463:
461:
459:
447:
443:
438:
432:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
411:
407:
405:
403:
391:
387:
385:
379:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
332:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
295:
292:
290:
287:
242:
239:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
182:
176:
175:
169:
168:
167:Transcriptions
160:
159:
152:
146:
145:
138:
132:
131:
128:
127:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4719:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4689:
4679:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4572:Cyrillization
4570:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4464:Script styles
4461:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4040:
4035:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2945:
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83:
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72:
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65:
62: â
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
4598:
4594:Hanyu Pinyin
4584:Romanization
4491:Semi-cursive
4336:Old Mandarin
4293:Stroke count
4220:
4213:
4135:Old National
3978:Unclassified
2883:Southwestern
2716:Northeastern
2698:Major groups
2687:
2626:
2571:
2543:
2536:
2526:
2516:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2462:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:), however.
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2250:
2018:Hagfa Pinyim
1872:Northern Min
1806:
1738:
1733:BarnettâChao
1541:
1511:
1490:Hanyu Pinyin
1437:
1423:
1409:
1385:
1371:
1348:
1334:
1320:
1306:
1288:
1274:
1260:
1246:
1232:
1209:
1195:
1181:
1167:
1153:
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1121:
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1072:
1058:
1044:
1030:
1016:
1002:
988:
974:
960:
946:
932:
913:
840:
822:
791:
775:
757:
739:
723:
694:
676:
658:
627:
609:
591:
557:
533:
513:
490:
466:
446:
410:
390:
275:
264:zhĂčyÄ«n fĂșhĂ o
262:
244:
234:
230:
211:romanization
206:
202:
201:
180:Hanyu Pinyin
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
4663:Xiao'erjing
4525:Punctuation
4518:Traditional
4471:Oracle bone
4455:Logographic
4351:Proto-Hakka
4326:Eastern Han
4321:Old Chinese
4183:Classifiers
4150:Northern Wu
4078:Singaporean
3284: [
3272: [
3260: [
3248: [
3236: [
2557:given names
2130:Xiao'erjing
2038:PhaÌk-fa-sáčł
1892:Pu-Xian Min
1703:MeyerâWempe
1644:Wenzhounese
580:Unaspirated
441:Unaspirated
309:Labiodental
4614:WadeâGiles
4513:Simplified
4408:Vernacular
4401:in Vietnam
4254:Simplified
4241:Biaoxingma
4188:Honorifics
4123:Historical
4068:Philippine
4058:Sichuanese
3985:Badong Yao
3689:ShaoâJiang
3560:Philippine
3368:Xiangxiang
3363:Shuangfeng
3108:Taizhou Wu
2891:Sichuanese
2634:1986-2002
2563:References
2456:Wade-Giles
2418:Wade-Giles
2359:(and Yale
2301:for both:
2253:for both:
2230:diacritics
2081:Polylectal
1847:Fuzhounese
1834:PeÌh-Ć«e-jÄ«
1767:PeÌh-Će-jÄ«
1708:Sidney Lau
1624:General Wu
1592:Sichuanese
1522:WadeâGiles
283:WadeâGiles
253:under the
223:WadeâGiles
101:March 2024
71:newspapers
4552:Taiwanese
4542:Cantonese
4386:Classical
4346:Proto-Min
4281:Microsoft
4140:Cantonese
4116:Phonology
4097:Cantonese
4088:Singdarin
4073:Malaysian
4063:Taiwanese
3967:Rongjiang
3957:Yongjiang
3953:Southern
3938:Northern
3912:LuoâGuang
3821:Hong Kong
3816:Guangzhou
3772:Taiwanese
3765:Changting
3699:Zhanjiang
3613:Zhongshan
3580:Malaysian
3575:Singapore
3540:Zhangzhou
3492:Zhongshan
3385:YongâQuan
3281:Jing-Zhan
3211:Xuancheng
3188:Jiangshan
3067:Changzhou
2988:Junjiahua
2841:Guanzhong
2724:Changchun
2506:ćèȘæłšéłçŹŠè珏äșćŒ
2370:Like GR,
1912:Hainanese
1671:Cantonese
714:Fricative
647:Aspirated
575:Affricate
508:Aspirated
376:Voiceless
371:Voiceless
361:Voiceless
351:Voiceless
346:Voiceless
336:Voiceless
319:Retroflex
270:ćèȘæłšéłçŹŠè珏äžćŒ
156:ćœèŻæłšéłçŹŠć·çŹŹäșćŒ
142:ćèȘæłšéłçŹŠè珏äșćŒ
4701:Category
4636:Bopomofo
4565:Phonetic
4557:Two-cell
4486:Clerical
4396:in Japan
4391:Adoption
4379:Official
4370:Literary
4245:Boshiamy
4222:Xiehouyu
4178:Numerals
4155:Mandarin
4083:Standard
4043:Standard
3917:QinâLian
3907:YongâXun
3892:GaoâYang
3838:Jiujiang
3826:Malaysia
3760:Tingzhou
3711:Wenchang
3672:Jianyang
3662:Northern
3621:Sanxiang
3535:Quanzhou
3518:Southern
3487:Manjiang
3351:Changsha
3311:Nanchang
3306:ChangâDu
3203:Xuanzhou
3193:Qingtian
3147:Wencheng
3093:Jiangyin
3088:Jinxiang
3078:Shaoxing
3072:Hangzhou
3052:Shanghai
2993:Qinjiang
2901:Minjiang
2873:Xinjiang
2831:Dongping
2795:Jiaoliao
2734:Shenyang
2707:Mandarin
2443:(alone).
2431:(Pinyin
2309:(pinyin
2297:It uses
2261:(pinyin
2249:It uses
2167:By place
2140:Bopomofo
2107:See also
1678:Jyutping
1474:Mandarin
1459:Features
314:Alveolar
304:Bilabial
294:Initials
227:bopomofo
4535:Braille
4496:Cursive
4446:Scripts
4313:History
4303:ZhengMa
4249:Cangjie
4215:Chengyu
4170:Grammar
4145:Hokkien
4102:Hokkien
4010:Waxiang
3990:Danzhou
3962:Guandao
3947:Younian
3942:Tongdao
3931:Pinghua
3871:Taishan
3787:Raoping
3755:Huizhou
3745:Meixian
3721:Banqiao
3694:Leizhou
3684:PuâXian
3679:Central
3667:Jian'ou
3642:Longyan
3590:Teochew
3527:Hokkien
3502:Nanlang
3458:FuâNing
3438:Changle
3420:Houguan
3411:Eastern
3358:Loushao
3346:Changyi
3328:DaâTong
3323:YingâYi
3269:Yanzhou
3137:Wenzhou
3130:Oujiang
3121:Tiantai
3116:Taizhou
3025:ZhiâYan
2972:Nantong
2967:Nanjing
2942:GuiâLiu
2932:Nanping
2927:Kunming
2853:Luoyang
2808:Qingdao
2780:Tianjin
2757:Beijing
2749:Beijing
2549:hyphens
2523:MPS II
2513:Pinyin
1829:Peng'im
1822:Teochew
1760:Hokkien
907:Medial
436:Plosive
241:History
209:) is a
85:scholar
4604:Postal
4599:MPS II
4476:Bronze
4356:BaâShu
4276:Google
4271:Pinyin
4207:Idioms
4020:Yeheni
3902:WuâHua
3897:Goulou
3876:Xinhui
3853:Dapeng
3848:Weitou
3833:Xiguan
3808:Yuehai
3777:Sixian
3716:Haikou
3706:Hainan
3637:Zhenan
3603:Haklau
3598:Swatow
3570:Penang
3555:Taiwan
3550:Chawan
3497:Longdu
3466:Ningde
3443:Gutian
3433:Fuqing
3428:Fuzhou
3390:Qiyang
3373:Wugang
3318:YiâLiu
3245:Xiu-Yi
3233:Ji-She
3183:Quzhou
3175:ChuâQu
3165:Jinhua
3157:Wuzhou
3142:Rui'an
3083:Ningbo
3057:Suzhou
2947:Wuming
2918:Zigong
2906:Leshan
2868:Lanyin
2863:Dungan
2858:Xuzhou
2836:Gangou
2813:Weihai
2803:Dalian
2762:Taiwan
2729:Harbin
2577:"MPS2"
2545:Spaces
2501:Hanzi
2471:Pinyin
2469:(like
2454:(like
2414:Pinyin
2397:, and
2384:Pinyin
2378:, and
2320:after
2313:), and
2272:after
2265:), and
1802:TĂąi-lĂŽ
863:Finals
809:Liquid
366:Voiced
356:Voiced
341:Voiced
215:Taiwan
207:MPS II
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
4668:NĂŒshu
4372:forms
4286:Sogou
4233:Input
4107:Hakka
4045:forms
3885:Other
3843:Shiqi
3782:Hailu
3750:Wuhua
3737:Hakka
3655:Other
3630:Other
3565:Pedan
3480:Other
3471:Fu'an
3448:Matsu
3380:JiâXu
3338:Xiang
3288:]
3276:]
3264:]
3257:Qi-De
3252:]
3240:]
3098:Shadi
3044:Taihu
2998:Gyami
2981:Other
2937:Wuhan
2846:Xi'an
2785:Jinan
2553:names
2461:GR's
2446:GR's
2427:GR's
2404:GR's
2070:Pinfa
2054:Xiang
2013:Pinfa
1997:Hakka
1986:Pinfa
1448:iong
1359:uang
1220:iang
872:Coda
383:Nasal
329:Velar
289:Table
92:JSTOR
78:books
4629:Yale
4619:EFEO
4481:Seal
4266:Dayi
3863:Siyi
3545:Amoy
3062:Wuxi
2959:Huai
2772:Jilu
2487:and
2479:and
2452:-ung
2448:-ong
2439:and
2388:Wade
2380:-uei
2376:-uen
2372:-iou
2347:(no
2339:The
2043:TLPA
1797:TLPA
1579:EFEO
1439:iung
1434:ĂŒan
1425:iuan
1350:uang
1345:ong
1331:uan
1299:uai
1211:iang
1192:ian
1164:iao
1069:ang
259:æłšéłçŹŠè
64:news
4361:Gan
4261:CKC
4128:Old
4005:She
3995:Mai
3799:Yue
3402:Min
3298:Gan
3225:Hui
3074:(?)
3012:Jin
2739:Taz
2533:GR
2437:-iu
2412:of
2399:-ui
2395:-un
2391:-iu
2349:tzz
2240:/Éš/
1970:Gan
1751:Min
1662:Yue
1411:iun
1387:iue
1367:/y/
1336:ung
1322:uan
1308:uen
1290:uai
1276:uei
1271:ua
1228:/w/
1206:ing
1197:ing
1183:ian
1155:iau
1141:iou
1132:ia
1089:/j/
1083:er
1060:ang
1055:eng
1046:eng
1041:an
1013:ao
985:ai
915:r/z
901:/É»/
896:/Ć/
891:/n/
886:/u/
881:/i/
273:).
235:GR2
233:or
47:by
4703::
3286:zh
3274:zh
3262:zh
3250:zh
3238:zh
3035:Wu
2559:.
2481:w-
2477:Y-
2473:).
2467:er
2463:el
2458:).
2441:yu
2429:iu
2416:,
2410:ao
2406:au
2393:,
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