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its review, NPS obtained independent, confidential comments from professional historians. The NPS staff concluded that the Drake's Cove site is the "most probable" and "most likely" Drake landing site. The
National Park System Advisory Board Landmarks Committee sought public comments on the Port of Nova Albion Historic and Archaeological District Nomination and received more than two dozen letters of support and none in opposition. At the Committee's meeting of November 9, 2011, in Washington, DC, representatives of the government of Spain, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Congresswoman Lynn Wolsey all spoke in favor of the nomination: there was no opposition. Staff and the Drake Navigators Guild's president,
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did find Hawaii during their voyages, they would not have published their findings and the discovery would have remained unknown. From
Gaetano's account, the Hawaiian islands were not known to have any valuable resources, so the Spanish would not have made an effort to settle them. This happened in the case of the Marianas and the Carolines, which were not effectively settled until the second half of the 17th century. Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands in the latitude of Hawaii but with the longitude ten degrees east of the Islands (
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1608:, gave the presentation. The Nomination was strongly endorsed by committee member Dr. James M. Allan, Archaeologist, and the Committee as a whole which approved the nomination unanimously. The National Park System Advisory Board sought further public comments on the Nomination, but no additional comments were received. At the Board's meeting on December 1, 2011, in Florida, the nomination was further reviewed: the Board approved the nomination unanimously. On October 16, 2012, Secretary of the Interior
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767:, processed silk cloth and other valuable commodities. Cargoes varied from one voyage to another but often included goods from all over Asia: jade, wax, gunpowder and silk from China; amber, cotton and rugs from India; spices from Indonesia and Malaysia; and a variety of goods from Japan, the Spanish part of the so-called
1076:
Sailors averaged age 28 or 29 while the oldest were between 40 and 50. Ships' pages were children who entered service mostly at age 8, many orphans or poor taken from the streets of
Seville, Mexico and Manila. Apprentices were older than the pages and if successful would be certified as sailor at age
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Monterey, California, was about two months and three weeks out from Manila in the 18th century, and the galleon tended to stop there 40 days before arriving in
Acapulco. Galleons stopped in Monterey prior to California's Spanish settlement in 1769; however, visits became regular between 1777 and 1794
288:
in exchange for New World silver. Silver prices in Asia were substantially higher than in
America, leading to an arbitrage opportunity for the Manila galleon. Most of the cargo value exchanged for silver consisted in luxurious goods from all Asia such as Indian ivory and precious stones, Chinese silk
1081:
of
Filipino and Southeast Asian origin made up the majority of the crew. Other crew were made up of deportees and criminals from Spain and the colonies. Many criminals were sentenced to serve as crew on royal ships. Less than a third of the crew was Spanish and they usually held key positions aboard
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Due to the route's high profitability but long voyage time, it was essential to build the largest possible galleons, which were the largest class of
European ships known to have been built until then. In the 16th century, they averaged from 1,700 to 2,000 tons, were built of Philippine hardwoods and
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The Manila–Acapulco galleon trade ended in 1815, a few years before Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. After this, the
Spanish Crown took direct control of the Philippines, and governed directly from Madrid. Sea transport became easier in the mid-19th century after the invention of steam
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in masses held by the
Archbishop of Manila. If the expedition was successful the voyagers would go to La Ermita (the church) to pay homage, and offer gold and other precious gems or jewelries from Hispanic countries to the image of the virgin. So it came to be that the virgin was named the "Queen of
906:
and thence to Spain itself. Many of the so-called "Kastilas" or
Spaniards in the Philippines were actually of Mexican descent, and the Hispanic culture of the Philippines is influenced by Spanish and Mexican culture in particular. Soldiers and settlers recruited from Mexico and Peru also gathered in
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In 2010, the Philippines foreign affairs secretary organized a diplomatic reception attended by at least 32 countries, for discussions about the historic galleon trade and the possible establishment of a galleon museum. Various Mexican and Filipino institutions and politicians also made discussions
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commanded a fleet of six ships that left Acapulco in 1542 with a Spanish sailor named Ivan Gaetan or Juan Gaetano aboard as pilot. Depending on the interpretation, Gaetano's reports seem to describe the discovery of either Hawaii or the Marshall Islands in 1555. If it was Hawaii, Gaetano would have
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based in Seville. This led to the passing of a decree in 1593 that set a limit of two ships sailing each year from either port, with one kept in reserve in Acapulco and one in Manila. An "armada", or armed escort of galleons, was also approved. Due to official attempts to control the galleon trade,
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By the 18th century, it was understood that a less northerly track was sufficient when nearing the North American coast, and galleon navigators steered well clear of the rocky and often fogbound northern and central California coast. According to historian William Lytle Schurz, "They generally made
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The Drakes Cove site began its review by the National Park Service (NPS) in 1994, thus starting an 18-year study of the suggested Drake sites. The first formal nomination to mark the Nova Albion site at Drake's Cove as a National Historic Landmark was provided to NPS on January 1, 1996. As part of
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The westward route from Mexico passed south of Hawaii, making a short stopover in Guam before heading for Manila. The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers, and to avoid Dutch and English pirates. Due to this policy of discretion, if the Spanish
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At port, goods were unloaded by dockworkers, and food was often supplied locally. In Acapulco, the arrival of the galleons provided seasonal work, as for dockworkers who were typically free black men highly paid for their back breaking labor, and for farmers and haciendas across Mexico who helped
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maintains that the Spanish did not have the ability to properly explore the Pacific Ocean and were not capable of finding the islands which lay at a latitude 20° north of the westbound galleon route and its currents. However, Spanish exploration in the Pacific was paramount until the late 18th
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and as a fundamental source of income for Spanish colonists in the Philippine Islands. Galleons used for the trade between East and West were crafted by Filipino artisans. Until 1593, two or more ships would set sail annually from each port. The Manila trade became so lucrative that
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20. Mortality rates were high with ships arriving in Manila with a majority of their crew often dead from starvation, disease and scurvy, especially in the early years, so Spanish officials in Manila found it difficult to find men to crew their ships to return to Acapulco. Many
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Some scholars, particularly American, have dismissed these claims as lacking credibility. Debate continues as to whether the Hawaiian Islands were actually visited by the Spanish in the 16th century with researchers like Richard W. Rogers looking for evidence of Spanish
876:, seeds, sweet potato, corn, tomato, tobacco, chickpeas, chocolate and cocoa, watermelon seeds, vines, and fig trees. The remaining 20% were goods transshipped from Europe and North Africa such as wine and olive oil, and metal goods such as weapons, knobs and spurs.
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In 2015, the Unesco National Commission of the Philippines (Unacom) and the Department of Foreign Affairs organized an expert's meeting to discuss the trade route's nomination. Some of the topics presented include the Spanish colonial shipyards in
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in the Pacific. These ships traveled solo, outside the convoy system of the galleons. While these solo voyages would not immediately replace the galleon system, they were more efficient and better able to avoid being captured by the
515:, off the east coast of Japan, before catching the westerlies that would take them back across the Pacific. He commanded a vessel which completed the eastward voyage in 129 days; this marked the opening of the Manila galleon trade.
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and porcelain, cloves from the Moluccas islands, cinnamon from Ceylon and ginger, lacquers, tibores, tapestries and perfumes from all Asia. In addition, Filipino slaves were also traded to Mexico from 1505 to the mid 1600s (
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The first motivation for land exploration of present-day California was to scout out possible way stations for the seaworn Manila galleons on the last leg of their journey. Early proposals came to little, but in 1769, the
887:. It also avoided stopping over at ports controlled by competing powers such as Portugal and the Netherlands. From the early days of exploration, the Spanish knew that the American continent was much narrower across the
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The trade of goods and exchanges of people were not limited to Mexico and the Philippines, since Guatemala, Panama, Ecuador, and Peru also served as supplementary streams to the main one between Mexico and Philippines.
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The cargoes arrived in Acapulco and were transported by land across Mexico. Mule trains would carry the goods along the China Road from Acapulco first to the administrative center of Mexico City, then on to the port of
790:
of various origins, including East Africa, Portuguese India, the Muslim sultanates of Southeast Asia, and the Spanish Philippines, were transported from Manila and sold in New Spain. African slaves were categorized as
1361:
in a painted boat with an awning or canopy over the stern. They were dressed in clothing of white and yellow, and one wore a sword at his side and a feather in his hat. On landing, they kneeled down in prayer. The
1349:, a writer and missionary who lived in early 19th century Hawaii, and recorded several folk stories about foreigners who had visited Hawaii prior to first contact with Cook. According to Hawaiian writer
1090:, and had goods transported by muleteers, which provided opportunities for indigenous people in Mexico. By providing for the galleons, Spanish colonial America was tied into the broader global economy.
1398:. Spain has also backed the nomination and suggested that the archives related to the route under the possession of the Philippines, Mexico, and Spain be nominated as part of another UNESCO list, the
538:, arriving on October 8, 1565. Most of his crew died on the long initial voyage, for which they had not sufficiently provisioned. Arellano, who had taken a more southerly route, had already arrived.
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Oropeza Keresey, Deborah (2007). "Los 'indios chinos' en la Nueva España: la inmigración de la Nao de China, 1565–1700." PhD dissertation, El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Históricos.
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bound for Spain. The transport of goods overland by porters, the housing of travelers and sailors at inns by innkeepers, and the stocking of long voyages with food and supplies provided by
1366:, most helpful to those who were most helpless, received them kindly. The strangers ultimately married into the families of chiefs, but their names could not be included in genealogies".
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of the Philippines. Even after the galleon era, and at the time when Mexico finally gained its independence, the two nations still continued to trade, except for a brief lull during the
43:
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Over 250 years, there were hundreds of Manila galleon crossings of the Pacific Ocean between present-day Mexico and the Philippines, with their route taking them just south of the
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It took at least four months to sail across the Pacific Ocean from Manila to Acapulco, and the galleons were the main link between the Philippines and the viceregal capital at
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and six galleys were constructed in Philippine shipyards. The average cost was 78,000 pesos per galleon and at least 2,000 trees. The galleons constructed included the
3144:
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Valdez-Bubnov, Ivan (2019). "Crown, trade, church and indigenous societies: The functioning of the Spanish shipbuilding industry in the Philippines, 1571–1816".
573: ... After all, these were preeminently merchant ships, and the business of exploration lay outside their field, though chance discoveries were welcomed".
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signed the nomination and on October 17, 2012, The Drakes Bay Historic and Archaeological District was formally announced as a new National Historic Landmark.
549:, Drake turned north, hoping to meet another Spanish treasure ship coming south on its return from Manila to Acapulco. He failed in that regard, but staked
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1410:, underwater archaeology in the Philippines, the route's influences on Filipino textile, the galleon's eastward trip from the Philippines to Mexico called
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3036:"Perhaps the leading authority on Hawaiian shipwrecks today", writes Peter von Buol, referring to Richard W. Rogers in the Fall 2006, Vol. 38, No. 3
803:. The lack of detailed records makes it difficult to estimate the total number of slaves transported or the proportions of slaves from each region.
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somewhere on the northern California coast. Although the ship's log and other records were lost, the officially accepted location is now called
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This navigational activity poses the question as to whether Spanish explorers did arrive in the Hawaiian Islands two centuries before Captain
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Between 1565 and 1815, 108 ships operated as Manila galleons, of which 26 were captured or sunk by the enemy during wartime, including the
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McCarthy, William J. (1993). "Between Policy and Prerogative: Malfeasance in the Inspection of the Manila Galleons at Acapulco, 1637."
2002:
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The term "Manila galleon" can also refer to the trade route itself between Acapulco and Manila that was operational from 1565 to 1815.
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with backing from Spain, which has also suggested the tri-national nomination of the archives on the Manila–Acapulco Galleons in the
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57:
5602:
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Bjork, Katharine (1998). "The Link that Kept the Philippines Spanish: Mexican Merchant Interests and the Manila Trade, 1571–1815."
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2943:"Hawaii Nature Notes the Publication of the Naturalist Division, Hawaii National Park and the Hawaii Natural History Association"
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The Atlantic World and the Manila Galleon: Circulation, Market, and Consumption of Asian Goods in the Spanish Empires, 1565-1650
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was 51.5 m (169 ft 0 in) long. Most of the ships were built in the Philippines; only eight were built in Mexico.
1062:, wrecked in 1638, was 43 to 49 m (141 ft 1 in to 160 ft 9 in) long and displaced some 2,000 tons. The
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The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: the Treasure Ships of the Pacific: With an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565-1815
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than across Mexico. They tried to establish a regular land crossing there, but the thick jungle and tropical diseases such as
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Mexipino: A History of Multiethnic Identity and the Formation of the Mexican and Filipino Communities of San Diego, 1900–1965
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In 2015, the Philippines and Mexico began preparations for the nomination of the Manila–Acapulco Galleon Trade Route in the
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2016:
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on the westward leg of their round trip and yet there are no records of contact with the Hawaiians. British historian
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312:, representing a trade route from Asia that crossed to the Americas, thereby connecting all the world's continents in
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293:). The route also fostered cultural exchanges that shaped the identities and the culture of the countries involved.
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La Follette, Cameron; Deur, Douglas; Griffin, Dennis; Williams, Scott S. (July 2018). "Oregon's Manila Galleon".
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Economic shocks due to the arrival of Spanish-American silver in China were among the factors that led to the
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to conquer the Philippines in 1564, Urdaneta was given the task of finding a return route. Reasoning that the
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To settle and trade with these islands from the Americas, an eastward maritime return path was necessary. The
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The Publication of the Naturalist Division, Hawaii National Park, and the Hawaii Natural History Association
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In 2018, Mexico reopened its Manila galleon gallery at the Archaeological Museum of Puerto Vallarta, Cuale.
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1106:(300 tons), was the first Manila galleon to be wrecked en route to Mexico. Between the years 1576 when the
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helped pave the way by sailing north from Mexico to explore the Pacific coast, reaching just north of the
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1414:, and the historical dimension of the galleon trade focusing on important and rare archival documents.
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Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean: maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500–2000
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The theory that the first European visitors to Hawaii were Spanish is reinforced by the findings of
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shipyard was the construction and outfitting of the galleons for the Manila to Acapulco trade run."
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This Pacific route was the alternative to the trip west across the Indian Ocean, and around the
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270:) from Acapulco in March–April of the next calendar year, and returning to Manila in June–July.
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is named "La Desgraciada" (the unhappy, or unfortunate), and what appears to be the Island of
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Around 80% of the goods shipped back from Acapulco to Manila were from the Americas – silver,
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2450:"Inns, mules, and hardtack for the voyage: the local economy of the Manila Galleon in Mexico"
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discovered the eastward return route in 1565. Sailing as part of the expedition commanded by
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The galleons sailed the Pacific, bringing to the Americas cargoes of Chinese and other Asian
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2083:"National Historic Landmarks Property Name: Drakes Bay Historic and Archeological District"
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1977:
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https://glocat.geneseo.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/alma995443659904833/01SUNY_GEN:01SUNY_GEN
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In 2013, the Philippines released a documentary regarding the Manila galleon trade route.
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stock the ships with food before voyages. On land, travelers were often housed at inns or
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3145:"Historic Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade set for nomination to Unesco World Heritage List"
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Coulter, John Wesley (June 1964). "Great Britain in Hawaii: The Captain Cook Monument".
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were not developed until the mid-eighteenth century). In this manuscript, the Island of
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was lost, twenty Manila galleons wrecked within the Philippine archipelago. In 1596 the
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in Metro Manila, one of the necessary steps in nominating the trade route to UNESCO.
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asking that no more fleets attempt the New Spain–East Asia route, lest they be lost.
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Early Navigation in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Maritime Archaeological Perspective
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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
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In 2020, Mexico released a documentary regarding the Manila galleon trade route.
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decreed the suppression of the route and the following year, with the end of the
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and claimed them for Spain. Although Magellan was killed by natives commanded by
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246:. The ships made one or two round-trip voyages per year between the ports of
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made the first successful round trips that year, by taking advantage of the
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In 2014, the idea to nominate the Manila–Acapulco Galleon Trade Route as a
1313:
The Manila–Acapulco Galleon Memorial at Plaza Mexico in Intramuros, Manila.
1127:, is believed to have wrecked on the coast of Oregon in 1693. Known as the
1098:
The wrecks of the Manila galleons are legends second only to the wrecks of
892:
772:
768:
684:
476:. The frustration of these failures is shown in a letter sent in 1552 from
387:
320:
277:
223:
4986:
3182:"'El Galeón de Manila: The Spice Route' reopens museum in Puerto Vallarta"
1634:
La Nao de China, 1565-1815. Navegación, comercio e intercambios culturales
986:, which reduced the travel time from Spain to the Philippines to 40 days.
763:), who traveled to Manila to sell the Spaniards spices, porcelain, ivory,
5941:
5795:
4576:
4402:
3971:
3849:
2869:
1609:
1234:
903:
672:
White represents the route of the Manila galleons in the Pacific and the
558:
504:
411:
403:
319:
The Spanish inaugurated the Manila galleon trade route in 1565 after the
266:, at the end of June or first week of July, starting the return journey (
259:
235:
168:
70:
5831:
4566:
3275:
The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy
2116:"Landmarks Committee of the National Park System Advisory Board Meeting"
2050:"A Brief History of Scholarship Relating to Drake's Port of Nova Albion"
1766:
1750:
854:
before departing Acapulco helped to stimulate the economy of New Spain.
491:
The Manila–Acapulco galleon trade finally began when Spanish navigators
5961:
5906:
5806:
5440:
4174:
3454:
1298:
1263:
1160:
983:
948:
744:
735:
The galleon trade was supplied by merchants largely from port areas of
713:
631: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
554:
550:
511:
as the Atlantic winds did, they sailed north, going all the way to the
457:
308:
shipped from Manila. The Manila Galleon route was an early instance of
263:
2760:"Views Across the Pacific: The Galleon Trade and Its Traces in Oregon"
2142:"Federal Register, Volume 76 Issue 189 (Thursday, September 29, 2011)"
978:, which arrived empty, as its cargo had been requisitioned in Mexico.
258:
changed to reflect from which city the ship sailed, setting sail from
5971:
5931:
5911:
5861:
4407:
4164:
4064:
3839:
3741:
3675:
3112:"Spain backs inclusion of galleon trade route to World Heritage List"
2915:
Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine
2700:
2017:"University of California Archaeological Site Survey Record, Mrn-230"
1372:
1363:
1331:
1290:
918:
In Manila, the safety of ocean crossings was commended to the virgin
908:
873:
851:
815:
756:
285:
138:
2992:
2496:
1831:
831:
606:
5916:
4581:
3459:
1407:
1384:
about the importance of the galleon trade in their shared history.
1357:
concerned seven foreigners who landed eight generations earlier at
1243:
1102:
in the Caribbean. In 1568, Miguel López de Legazpi's own ship, the
866:
740:
729:
717:
535:
433:
415:
247:
128:
1675:"El Galeón de Manila. La ruta española que unió tres continentes".
1585: – Convoy system used by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790
1309:
1285:
999:
942:, the Spanish crown began allowing the use of registered ships or
456:
also tried sailing east from the Philippines, but could not find "
372:
Manila-Acapulco galleon trade route, showing onward route to Spain
5739:
5710:
4220:
4205:
3362:
2200:
1534: – Arrival of Filipinos to the current United States in 1587
1339:
1275:
1136:
1011:
1004:
896:
806:
Galleons transported goods to be sold in the Americas, namely in
748:
705:
contraband and understating of ships' cargoes became widespread.
693:
339:. The trade using "Urdaneta's route" lasted until 1815, when the
255:
3359:, Spanish-Philippine research group based in Madrid (in Spanish)
3356:
970:
ratified the dissolution. The last ship to reach Manila was the
826:
as a medium of exchange. As such, goods were mostly bought with
5764:
4676:
4230:
4225:
4002:
3005:
Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before
2724:"Chapter 8: The Beeswax Wreck, A Manila Galleon in Oregon, USA"
2589:
The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific
1395:
1251:
1051:
760:
736:
721:
354:
347:
251:
148:
124:
2809:
2318:
The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China
1238:
century. Spanish navigators discovered many islands including
716:, a merchant map showing trade routes with its epicenter from
5717:
3991:
3655:
1335:
1270:
in the South Pacific. Spanish navigators also discovered the
823:
776:
708:
331:
or return route from the Philippines to Mexico. Urdaneta and
281:
219:
1813:(in Spanish) (102). Spain: Ministry of Defence (Spain): 16.
545:
also reached the California coast, in 1579. After capturing
4060:
3975:
3047:
1579: – Historical region known as the Spanish West Indies
1552: – Mesoamerican peoples in the Southeast Asian country
1323:
1239:
660:
because the Crown ordered the galleon to stop in Monterey.
508:
3953:
3299:
Shipwreck of Hawai'i: a maritime history of the Big Island
3025:
Shipwrecks of Hawaii: A Maritime History of the Big Island
1834:
Andrés de Urdaneta, agustino. En carreta sobre el Pacífico
444:
Northerly trade route as used by eastbound Manila galleons
254:
from the late 16th to early 19th century. The name of the
2321:, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 205,
1838:
Andrés de Urdaneta, Augustinian. By cart over the Pacific
1636:. Universidad de Sevilla. ISBN 8447215377, 9788447215379.
1394:
was initiated by the Mexican and Filipino ambassadors to
1781:
China and the Birth of Globalization in the 16th Century
593:), providing safe harbors for returning Manila galleons.
238:, with its Asian territories, collectively known as the
3282:
A History of the Manila-Acapulco Slave Trade, 1565–1815
2398:
Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians
1832:
Rodríguez Rodríguez, I.; Álvarez Fernández, J. (1991).
1536:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1522:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1508: – Overview of immigration along the Galleon Route
687:
via Manila served as a major source of revenue for the
452:, which tried this a few years later, failed. In 1529,
2250:"Forgotten history? The polistas of the Galleon Trade"
1378:
1131:, the event is described in the oral histories of the
938:
In 1740, as part of the administrative changes of the
565:
their landfall well down the coast, somewhere between
3708:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
3259:
Carrera Stampa, Manuel (1959). "La Nao de la China."
1306:
been one of the first Europeans to find the islands.
1250:
and the Philippines in the North Pacific, as well as
2555:(10th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
1724:"La Nao de China: The Spanish Treasure Fleet System"
1560:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1545:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1434:
596:
1512:
Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries
1330:is named "La Mesa" (the table). Islands resembling
530:, California, then followed the shoreline south to
2873:
1520: – Spanish colonial period of the Philippines
883:, which was reserved to Portugal according to the
402:sailed west across the Pacific using the westward
3226:Pacific Eldorado: A History of Greater California
2913:(1996). "The Manila Galleons". In Bob Dye (ed.).
2876:Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763
2758:La Follette, Cameron; Deur, Douglas (July 2018).
2550:
1792:
1514: – International trade route carrying silver
1484: – Ethnic group of Asian-descending Mexicans
5999:
3164:"Manila-Acapulco Galleon Museum rises in SM MOA"
2615:for Chinese vessels that might have been larger.
1502: – Indigenous people of the Mariana Islands
1139:, which suggest that some of the crew survived.
907:Acapulco before they were sent to settle at the
426:, made it back to Spain by continuing westward.
4252:
2757:
2551:Burkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman L. (2019).
2341:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
2334:
2289:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
2282:
2167:"Interior Designates 27 New National Landmarks"
1677:Fundación Museo Naval. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
1224:
436:in 1628, Mexican terminus of the Manila galleon
296:The Manila galleons were known in New Spain as
2494:
2394:
2278:
2276:
1686:
1050:. "From 1729 to 1739, the main purpose of the
865:Sample of goods brought via Manila galleon in
5780:
3897:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
3378:
3053:
2669:
2624:
2539:Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World
2501:Orientierungen: Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens
1490: – Naval battle of the Eighty Years' War
799:while all slaves of Asian origin were called
300:("The China Ship") on their voyages from the
3572:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
3352:Manila Galleons along the Californian coasts
2670:Leon-Guerrero, Jillette (November 4, 2015).
1805:in the fifth centenary of his birthday]
6093:19th-century disestablishments in New Spain
3203:[In search of the Manila Galleon].
3143:Sembrano, Edgar Allan M. (April 26, 2015).
3093:"The Second Coming of Filipinos to America"
2803:
2751:
2521:. University of California, Santa Barbara.
2418:"Episode 76: The Trans-Pacific Slave Trade"
2273:
2248:Medillo, Robert Joseph P. (June 19, 2015).
1896:
1213:captured in 1753–54 by George Compton; and
589:(which became the administrative center of
5787:
5773:
3385:
3371:
2344:, Random House Digital, pp. 149–150,
2292:, Random House Digital, pp. 123–163,
2215:
2193:"The Drake Navigators Guild Press Release"
1850:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1779:Flynn, Dennis O.; Arturo Giráldez (2010).
1527:History of the west coast of North America
920:Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga
422:in the Philippines, one of his ships, the
56:
5691:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
3301:. Haleiwa, Hawaii: Pilialoha Publishing.
3289:Colonial Latin American Historical Review
3284:. Tubigon, Bohol: Mater Dei Publications.
3161:
2646:
2627:International Journal of Maritime History
2497:"Connecting China with the Pacific World"
2443:
2441:
1799:en el quinto centenario de su nacimiento"
1417:In 2017, the Philippines established the
1320:reliable methods of determining longitude
647:Learn how and when to remove this message
376:
5696:Colonial universities in the Philippines
3326:. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc.
3142:
2721:
2364:
2362:
1840:] (in Spanish). Zamora. p. 181.
1573: – Spanish colony from 1565 to 1901
1308:
1284:
998:
860:
707:
667:
439:
428:
380:
367:
6113:19th century in the Spanish East Indies
6108:18th century in the Spanish East Indies
6103:17th century in the Spanish East Indies
6098:16th century in the Spanish East Indies
4687:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
3277:. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield.
3222:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2582:
2580:
2247:
1917:
1880:
1864:
1793:Pereira Fernández, José Manuel (2008).
1632:Bernabéu Albert, Salvador, ed. (2013).
1215:Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad
1186:Nuestra Senora de la Santisima Trinidad
14:
6018:History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
6000:
5640:
3109:
3059:
2715:
2447:
2438:
2416:Rose, Christopher (January 13, 2016).
2230:
2001:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1955:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1903:. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 18.
1786:
1748:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1518:History of the Philippines (1521–1898)
1155:off the coast of Baja California; the
933:
27:Royal Spanish trading ships, 1565–1815
6038:Military history of the Pacific Ocean
5768:
5639:
5535:
5534:
4658:
4536:
4251:
4110:
4078:
4015:
3952:
3867:
3790:
3730:
3644:
3633:
3405:
3404:
3366:
3090:
2967:. University of Hawaii Press, p. 45.
2868:
2541:, p. 235. Cambridge University Press.
2371:"The Economics of the Manila Galleon"
2359:
2311:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1550:Mexican settlement in the Philippines
1278:archipelagos during their search for
982:powered ships and the opening of the
398:In 1521, a Spanish expedition led by
6128:Philippines–Spain military relations
6023:Spanish colonization of the Americas
3968:Captaincy General of the Philippines
3460:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
3357:Asociación Cultural Galeón de Manila
3060:Angara, Edgardo (October 18, 2014).
2909:
2898:
2586:
2577:
2415:
1890:
1567: – Spanish soldier and explorer
1342:are named "Los Monjes" (the monks).
1058:could carry 300–500 passengers. The
629:adding citations to reliable sources
600:
5812:Austronesian maritime trade network
5671:Indochristian painting in New Spain
3791:
3347:Metropolitan Museum: Manila Galleon
3313:"The Manila Galleon and California"
3198:
3162:Fernandez, Butch (August 8, 2017).
2507:: 144–145 – via Academia.edu.
1496: – Spanish navigator (d. 1545)
1379:Preparations for UNESCO nominations
1123:At least one galleon, probably the
24:
4638:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
4111:
3392:
3319:, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 107–126
3280:Luengo, Josemaria Salutan (1996).
3245:
3201:"En búsqueda del Galeón de Manila"
1639:
846:, where they were loaded onto the
818:trading primarily functioned on a
814:, as well as in European markets.
676:in the Atlantic. (Blue represents
159:Nao de China or Galeón de Acapulco
25:
6144:
3868:
3731:
3612:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
3331:
3317:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
3091:Rodis, Rodel (October 26, 2013).
2591:. AuthorHouse. pp. 128–130.
2384:. New York University, Abu Dhabi.
2368:
597:The Manila galleon and California
547:a Spanish ship heading for Manila
6088:1810s disestablishments in Spain
6083:1565 establishments in New Spain
5794:
5723:Criollos in the colonial society
5651:Spanish missions in the Americas
4773:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2855:ISBN 145677543X, 9781456775438.
1465:
1451:
1437:
1169:Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación
605:
406:. The expedition discovered the
5750:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
3634:
3340:Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion
3266:Gasch-Tomás, José Luis (2018).
3192:
3174:
3155:
3136:
3103:
3084:
3030:
3017:
2997:
2977:
2957:
2935:
2862:
2842:
2697:"Shipwrecks of the Philippines"
2689:
2663:
2618:
2605:
2544:
2531:
2511:
2495:Schottenhammer, Angela (2019).
2488:
2424:. University of Texas at Austin
2388:
2305:
2260:
2241:
2224:
2185:
2159:
2134:
2108:
2075:
2042:
2009:
1963:
1749:Stampa, Manuel Carrera (1959).
1691:. New York: Viking. p. 4.
1597:
994:
700:to protect the monopoly of the
616:needs additional citations for
507:of the Pacific might move in a
464:also failed. In 1542, however,
460:" across the Pacific. In 1543,
4079:
3802:Captaincy General of Guatemala
3510:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
3322:Schurz, William Lytle (1939).
3311:Schurz, William Lytle. (1917)
3110:Galvez, Manny (July 5, 2015).
2963:By Oliver, Douglas L. (1989).
2828:10.5403/oregonhistq.119.2.0150
2782:10.5403/oregonhistq.119.2.0160
2730:. Springer. pp. 146–168.
2454:Colonial Latin American Review
2401:. Cambridge University Press.
2266:Schurz, William Lytle (1939).
2231:Schurz, William Lytle (1939).
1783:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
1773:
1742:
1716:
1705:
1680:
1626:
1532:Landing of the first Filipinos
1506:Filipino immigration to Mexico
1419:Manila–Acapulco Galleon Museum
1177:Nuestra Senora de la Covadonga
13:
1:
6118:Early modern economic history
5701:General Archive of the Indies
4962:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
4633:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
4618:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
3567:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
3520:War of the Spanish Succession
3485:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
3199:Roa, Óscar (April 23, 2020).
2672:"Manila Galleon Crew Members"
2466:10.1080/10609164.2016.1180787
1619:
1488:Battles of La Naval de Manila
1093:
115:From 1565 to 1815 (250 years)
63:
18:Manila-Acapulco galleon trade
6123:Mexico–Philippines relations
6078:1565 establishments in Spain
4659:
3773:Captaincy General of Yucatan
3703:Union with Holy Roman Empire
3682:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
3597:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
3062:"A Galleon Museum in Manila"
1830:The letter is referenced as
1400:Memory of the World Register
1225:Possible contact with Hawaii
1159:, which was sunk in 1600 in
1010:Between 1609 and 1616, nine
358:Memory of the World Register
304:because they carried mostly
167:Trading maritime route from
7:
6068:Merchant sailing ship types
4537:
4253:Administrative subdivisions
3450:War of the League of Cognac
3338:Findings from the wreck of
3223:Osborne, Thomas J. (2013).
3023:Rogers, Richard W. (1999).
2949:. June 1959. Archived from
2812:Oregon Historical Quarterly
2765:Oregon Historical Quarterly
2722:Williams, Scott S. (2016).
1689:The Prize of All the Oceans
1430:
1142:
1110:was lost and 1798 when the
1024:Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe
989:
828:silver mined from New Spain
822:due to Ming China's use of
520:west coast of North America
341:Mexican War of Independence
10:
6149:
6043:Military history of Manila
6028:Age of Sail ships of Spain
4967:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
4952:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4854:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
4016:
3752:), Western United States (
3645:
3515:Portuguese Restoration War
3215:
2919:University of Hawaii Press
2859:. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
2517:Guevarra, Rudy P. (2007).
1558: – Spanish missionary
696:merchants petitioned king
480:by the Spanish missionary
363:
5802:
5735:Slavery in Spanish Empire
5646:
5635:
5541:
5530:
5428:
5322:
5315:
5200:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5022:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
4932:
4801:
4763:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
4725:
4669:
4665:
4654:
4623:Barcelona Trading Company
4590:
4547:
4543:
4532:
4436:
4388:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
4358:
4300:
4262:
4258:
4247:
4198:
4157:
4121:
4117:
4106:
4085:
4022:
3963:
3895:Venezuela, part of Guyana
3874:
3797:
3748:, Central United States (
3737:
3651:
3640:
3629:
3480:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
3465:Expulsion of the Moriscos
3411:
3400:
3273:Giraldez, Arturo (2015).
3229:. John Wiley & Sons.
2917:. Vol. I. Honolulu:
2820:Oregon Historical Society
2774:Oregon Historical Society
2726:. In Wu, Chunming (ed.).
2237:. New York: E. P. Dutton.
1811:Revista de Historia Naval
1801:[Andrés de Urdaneta:
1199:Action of 30 October 1762
561:south of Cape Mendocino.
291:trans-Pacific slave trade
178:
163:
155:
134:
119:
111:
103:
79:
55:
5982:Varangians to the Greeks
5676:Quito painting tradition
5666:Cusco painting tradition
5027:García López de Cárdenas
5017:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
4924:Felipe González de Ahedo
4844:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
3421:Conquest of the Americas
3254:Journal of World History
2985:The Geographical Journal
2639:10.1177/0843871419860698
2537:Mehl, Eva Maria (2016).
2448:Seijas, Tatiana (2016).
1590:
1353:, one of these stories:
1301:'s first visit in 1778.
1189:captured in 1762 by HMS
1071:
663:
454:Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón
232:Viceroyalty of New Spain
6058:Pacific Coast of Mexico
5822:Dvaravati–Kamboja route
5461:Comuneros (New Granada)
5238:Balearic Islands (1558)
4957:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
4884:Ruy López de Villalobos
4839:Miguel López de Legazpi
4753:García de Toledo Osorio
3617:Western Sahara conflict
3607:Independence of Morocco
3547:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
3490:Piracy in the Caribbean
3475:French Wars of Religion
2395:Tatiana Seijas (2014).
1687:Williams, Glyn (1999).
1303:Ruy López de Villalobos
1120:was wrecked in Japan.
928:end of the Ming dynasty
522:, Urdaneta's ship, the
501:Miguel López de Legazpi
466:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
210:), originally known as
207:
96:
31:
5706:Colonial Spanish Horse
5380:Colonia del Sacramento
4603:Spanish treasure fleet
4180:Royal Decree of Graces
3003:Horwitz, Tony (2003).
2853:, p. 510. AuthorHouse.
2848:Fish, Shirley (2011).
2587:Fish, Shirley (2011).
2553:Colonial Latin America
2221:Schurz 1917, p.107-108
1583:Spanish treasure fleet
1368:
1314:
1294:
1125:Santo Cristo de Burgos
1007:
968:Ferdinand VII of Spain
869:
848:Spanish treasure fleet
732:
680:
541:The English privateer
445:
437:
395:
377:Discovery of the route
373:
199:
88:
44:considered for merging
5987:Way of the Patriarchs
5897:Polynesian navigation
5817:Canadian canoe routes
4864:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
4824:Juan Sebastián Elcano
4139:Council of the Indies
3500:Spanish–Moro conflict
3470:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
3430:Treaty of Tordesillas
3342:in the Marianas, 1638
3291:2, no. 2, pp. 163–83.
3263:9 no. 33, pp. 97-118.
3256:vol. 9, no. 1, 25–50.
2613:Chinese treasure ship
1795:"Andrés de Urdaneta:
1606:Edward Von der Porten
1543: – Spanish noble
1355:
1312:
1288:
1282:in the 17th century.
1203:San Bernardino Strait
1002:
899:made it impractical.
885:Treaty of Tordesillas
864:
743:, as depicted in the
711:
671:
581:established ports at
528:Santa Catalina Island
526:, hit the coast near
443:
432:
384:
371:
6048:History of New Spain
6033:Naval ships of Spain
5922:Sepik Coast exchange
5661:Mesoamerican Codices
5385:Comuneros (Paraguay)
5223:Siege of Castelnuovo
4809:Christopher Columbus
4628:Consulate of the Sea
4608:Casa de Contratación
4199:Titles and positions
3592:Spanish–American War
3582:Liberal constitution
3425:Asia and the Pacific
3124:on December 14, 2017
2953:on February 1, 2014.
1983:on February 22, 2014
1937:on February 22, 2014
1897:Derek Hayes (2001).
1751:"La Nao de la China"
1494:Bernardo de la Torre
1179:captured in 1743 by
1151:captured in 1587 by
913:Spanish–American War
702:Casa de Contratación
625:improve this article
462:Bernardo de la Torre
323:friar and navigator
6013:Spanish East Indies
5957:Trans-Saharan trade
5847:Incense trade route
5390:Cartagena de Indias
5012:Diego de Mazariegos
4982:Pere Fages i Beleta
4849:Sebastián de Ocampo
4330:Provincias Internas
4302:Captaincies General
4216:Municipal president
4185:School of Salamanca
3956:Spanish East Indies
3935:Misiones Orientales
3807:Spanish West Indies
3771:, Central America (
3718:Pyrénées-Orientales
3671:Union with Portugal
3562:Napoleonic invasion
3542:War of Jenkins' Ear
3297:Rogers, R. (1999).
3186:Vallarta Daily News
3046:, published by the
2987:, Vol. 130, No. 2.
2965:The Pacific Islands
2911:Kane, Herb Kawainui
2703:on January 10, 2016
2203:on October 17, 2016
2122:. September 8, 2011
1571:Spanish East Indies
1392:World Heritage Site
1289:Pacific Ocean with
1028:Angel de la Guardia
934:End of the galleons
726:Spanish Philippines
678:Portuguese routes.)
513:38th parallel north
351:World Heritage List
314:global silver trade
302:Spanish East Indies
240:Spanish East Indies
52:
5877:Maritime Silk Road
5872:Maritime republics
5852:Indian Ocean trade
5686:Academia Antártica
5641:Other civil topics
5007:Pánfilo de Narváez
4909:Sebastián Vizcaíno
4874:Andrés de Urdaneta
4834:Juan Ponce de León
4819:Ferdinand Magellan
4793:Bernardo de Gálvez
4692:Indian auxiliaries
4190:Trial of residence
4170:Laws of the Indies
3954:Asia and Oceania (
3815:Dominican Republic
3324:The Manila Galleon
3149:Inquirer Lifestyle
2921:. pp. 25–32.
2268:The Manila Galleon
2234:The Manila Galleon
2173:. October 17, 2012
1730:. November 4, 2015
1459:Philippines portal
1351:Herb Kawainui Kane
1315:
1295:
1065:Santísima Trinidad
1008:
944:navíos de registro
889:Panamanian isthmus
870:
733:
728:, then across the
698:Philip II of Spain
681:
579:Portola expedition
497:Andrés de Urdaneta
493:Alonso de Arellano
446:
438:
400:Ferdinand Magellan
396:
391:claims during the
374:
333:Alonso de Arellano
325:Andrés de Urdaneta
216:Galeón de Acapulco
50:
5995:
5994:
5977:Volga trade route
5902:Rome-India routes
5762:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5631:
5630:
5536:Spanish conquests
5526:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5311:
5310:
4992:Pedro de Alvarado
4977:Gaspar de Portolà
4972:Pedro de Valdivia
4947:Francisco Pizarro
4899:Nicolás de Ovando
4894:Alonso de Ercilla
4869:Alonso de Salazar
4702:Ships of the line
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4074:
4073:
4031:Northern Africa (
4027:Equatorial Guinea
4011:
4010:
3948:
3947:
3863:
3862:
3786:
3785:
3777:Spanish Caribbean
3750:Spanish Louisiana
3726:
3725:
3661:Crown of Castille
3625:
3624:
3602:Spanish Civil War
3577:Adams–Onís Treaty
3557:Nootka Convention
3505:Thirty Years' War
3495:Eighty Years' War
3416:Catholic Monarchs
3406:Timeline–immersed
3261:Historia Mexicana
3236:978-1-4051-9454-9
3072:on April 16, 2016
3027:. Pilialoha Press
2737:978-981-10-0904-4
2648:20.500.12525/1301
2562:978-0-19-064240-2
2422:15 Minute History
2408:978-1-139-95285-9
2351:978-0-307-59672-7
1755:Historia Mexicana
1112:San Cristobal (2)
1016:San Juan Bautista
881:Cape of Good Hope
751:(the old port of
657:
656:
649:
208:Galyon ng Maynila
188:
187:
97:Galyon ng Maynila
16:(Redirected from
6140:
5967:Triangular trade
5842:Hiri trade cycle
5837:Hanseatic League
5827:Grand Trunk Road
5789:
5782:
5775:
5766:
5765:
5637:
5636:
5603:Chibchan Nations
5532:
5531:
5501:Santiago de Cuba
5360:Guadalupe Island
5320:
5319:
5047:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5002:Diego de Almagro
4879:Antonio de Ulloa
4783:Ambrosio Spinola
4778:Pedro de Zubiaur
4748:Alfonso d'Avalos
4738:Antonio de Leyva
4682:Army of Flanders
4667:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4545:
4544:
4534:
4533:
4260:
4259:
4249:
4248:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4107:
4076:
4075:
4049:Peñón of Algiers
4013:
4012:
3950:
3949:
3865:
3864:
3788:
3787:
3770:
3728:
3727:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3630:
3552:Seven Years' War
3525:Queen Anne's War
3402:
3401:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3270:. Leiden: Brill.
3240:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3120:. Archived from
3107:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3068:. Archived from
3057:
3051:
3034:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3001:
2995:
2981:
2975:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2907:
2896:
2895:
2879:
2866:
2860:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2699:. Archived from
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2548:
2542:
2535:
2529:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2445:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2412:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2354:
2331:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2280:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2199:. Archived from
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2120:Federal Register
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2089:. Archived from
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2056:. Archived from
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2023:. Archived from
2013:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1976:. Archived from
1975:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1930:. Archived from
1929:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1894:
1888:
1878:
1872:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1841:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1808:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1637:
1630:
1613:
1601:
1565:Pedro de Unamuno
1561:
1546:
1537:
1523:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1231:Hawaiian Islands
1165:Oliver Van Noort
1153:Thomas Cavendish
779:, porcelain and
652:
645:
641:
638:
632:
609:
601:
567:Point Conception
551:an English claim
420:battle of Mactan
393:Age of Discovery
337:Kuroshio Current
226:that linked the
218:, refers to the
200:Galeón de Manila
99:
89:Galeón de Manila
80:Native name
68:
65:
62:Manila galleon (
60:
53:
51:Galeón de Manila
49:
47:
21:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6053:Colonial Mexico
5998:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5887:Penarikan Route
5798:
5793:
5763:
5754:
5730:Old inquisition
5642:
5627:
5537:
5510:
5466:Trinidad (1797)
5436:La Noche Triste
5424:
5420:San Juan (1797)
5370:San Juan (1595)
5307:
5196:
5036:Notable battles
5031:
4997:Martín de Ursúa
4928:
4859:Alonso de Ojeda
4829:Juan de la Cosa
4814:Pinzón brothers
4797:
4768:John of Austria
4743:Martín de Goiti
4721:
4661:
4642:
4586:
4539:
4520:
4432:
4428:Terra Australis
4423:Río de la Plata
4368:Castilla de Oro
4354:
4296:
4292:Río de la Plata
4254:
4235:
4194:
4153:
4149:Santa Hermandad
4113:
4094:
4090:Terra Australis
4081:
4070:
4037:Spanish Morocco
4018:
4007:
3998:Northern Taiwan
3959:
3944:
3915:Río de la Plata
3870:
3859:
3793:
3792:Central America
3782:
3764:
3733:
3722:
3666:Crown of Aragon
3647:
3636:
3621:
3537:Bourbon Reforms
3407:
3396:
3391:
3334:
3329:
3248:
3246:Further reading
3243:
3237:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3197:
3193:
3188:. June 3, 2018.
3180:
3179:
3175:
3160:
3156:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3117:Philstar Global
3108:
3104:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3066:Manila Bulletin
3058:
3054:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3018:
3002:
2998:
2993:10.2307/1794586
2982:
2978:
2962:
2958:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2908:
2899:
2892:
2867:
2863:
2847:
2843:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2668:
2664:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2585:
2578:
2563:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2516:
2512:
2493:
2489:
2446:
2439:
2427:
2425:
2409:
2393:
2389:
2373:
2369:Mejia, Javier.
2367:
2360:
2352:
2336:Charles C. Mann
2329:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2284:Charles C. Mann
2281:
2274:
2265:
2261:
2246:
2242:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2096:on May 25, 2017
2093:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2063:on May 25, 2017
2060:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2030:on May 25, 2017
2027:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1971:"Archived copy"
1969:
1968:
1964:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1925:"Archived copy"
1923:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1895:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1863:
1859:
1843:
1842:
1823:
1821:
1806:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1774:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1685:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1559:
1544:
1541:María de Lajara
1535:
1521:
1500:Chamorro people
1471:
1466:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1381:
1280:Terra Australis
1260:Solomon Islands
1227:
1161:Bahía de Manila
1145:
1096:
1074:
997:
992:
960:Cortes of Cádiz
940:Bourbon Reforms
936:
923:the Galleons".
820:silver standard
666:
653:
642:
636:
633:
622:
610:
599:
591:Alta California
486:Simão Rodrigues
408:Mariana Islands
379:
366:
298:La Nao de China
212:La Nao de China
146:
83:
75:
66:
48:
32:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6146:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5952:Tea Horse Road
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5927:Siberian Route
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5892:Manila galleon
5889:
5884:
5882:Old Salt Route
5879:
5874:
5869:
5867:Lapita culture
5864:
5859:
5857:King's Highway
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5769:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5546:Canary Islands
5542:
5539:
5538:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5400:Túpac Amaru II
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5345:Bogotá savanna
5342:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5324:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5253:Spanish Armada
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5147:White Mountain
5144:
5142:Cape Celidonia
5139:
5137:English Armada
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4914:Juan Fernández
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4889:Diego Columbus
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4717:Army of Africa
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4697:Spanish Armada
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4598:Manila galleon
4594:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4256:
4255:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4112:Administration
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4033:Western Sahara
4029:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3931:Banda Oriental
3912:
3898:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3746:Coastal Alaska
3738:
3735:
3734:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3397:
3394:Spanish Empire
3390:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3333:
3332:External links
3330:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3309:
3295:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3191:
3173:
3168:BusinessMirror
3154:
3135:
3102:
3083:
3052:
3029:
3016:
2996:
2976:
2956:
2934:
2927:
2897:
2890:
2861:
2841:
2802:
2750:
2736:
2714:
2688:
2662:
2633:(3): 559–573.
2617:
2604:
2597:
2576:
2561:
2543:
2530:
2510:
2487:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2407:
2387:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2327:
2313:Brook, Timothy
2304:
2298:
2272:
2259:
2240:
2223:
2214:
2184:
2158:
2133:
2107:
2074:
2041:
2008:
1962:
1916:
1909:
1889:
1873:
1857:
1785:
1772:
1741:
1715:
1704:
1697:
1679:
1638:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1524:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1482:Asian Mexicans
1478:
1477:
1476:
1462:
1448:
1432:
1429:
1380:
1377:
1359:Kealakekua Bay
1226:
1223:
1219:Samuel Cornish
1217:, in 1762, by
1144:
1141:
1108:Espiritu Santo
1100:treasure ships
1095:
1092:
1073:
1070:
1044:Espiritu Santo
996:
993:
991:
988:
964:Peninsular War
935:
932:
844:Gulf of Mexico
689:Spanish Empire
665:
662:
655:
654:
613:
611:
604:
598:
595:
571:Cape San Lucas
482:Francis Xavier
478:Portuguese Goa
378:
375:
365:
362:
327:pioneered the
192:Manila galleon
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
165:
161:
160:
157:
153:
152:
143:Spanish Empire
136:
132:
131:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
107:Manila galleon
105:
101:
100:
81:
77:
76:
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6145:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5947:Brouwer Route
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5797:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5778:
5776:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5681:Tapada limeña
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5533:
5529:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5273:Montes Claros
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:Vienna (1529)
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:Hernán Cortés
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4934:Conquistadors
4931:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4904:Juan de Ayala
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:Duke of Savoy
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4653:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:Dollar (Peso)
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4531:
4517:
4516:Santo Domingo
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:New Andalusia
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Santo Domingo
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4264:Viceroyalties
4261:
4257:
4250:
4246:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4105:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4077:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4014:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3869:South America
3866:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3789:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3754:Spanish Texas
3751:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3732:North America
3729:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:Franche-Comté
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3207:(in Spanish).
3206:
3205:ContraRéplica
3202:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3013:0-312-42260-1
3010:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2930:
2928:0-8248-1829-6
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2882:HarperCollins
2878:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2600:
2598:9781456775421
2594:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2378:Working Paper
2372:
2365:
2363:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:0-520-21091-3
2324:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2301:
2299:9780307596727
2295:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2218:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1987:September 28,
1979:
1972:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1941:September 28,
1933:
1926:
1920:
1912:
1910:9781550548655
1906:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1761:(1): 97–118.
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1734:September 14,
1729:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1698:0-670-89197-5
1694:
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1498:
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1479:
1474:
1473:Mexico portal
1463:
1460:
1449:
1446:
1445:Piracy portal
1435:
1428:
1425:
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1420:
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1360:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:William Ellis
1343:
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1337:
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1325:
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1311:
1307:
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1300:
1292:
1287:
1283:
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1277:
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1269:
1268:Easter Island
1265:
1261:
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1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
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1207:San Sebastián
1204:
1200:
1196:
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1188:
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1178:
1174:
1173:Woodes Rogers
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:Beeswax wreck
1126:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1082:the galleon.
1080:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1001:
987:
985:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
958:In 1813, the
956:
954:
953:Great Britain
950:
945:
941:
931:
929:
924:
921:
916:
914:
910:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
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877:
875:
868:
863:
859:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
835:
833:
829:
825:
824:silver ingots
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
789:
786:In addition,
784:
782:
778:
774:
773:Japanese fans
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
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723:
719:
715:
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699:
695:
690:
686:
679:
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661:
651:
648:
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630:
626:
620:
619:
614:This section
612:
608:
603:
602:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
574:
572:
568:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:Francis Drake
539:
537:
534:and later to
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:Reaching the
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:Russian River
471:
470:38th parallel
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
442:
435:
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
394:
390:
389:
383:
370:
361:
359:
356:
352:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
310:globalization
307:
306:Chinese goods
303:
299:
294:
292:
287:
283:
279:
274:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:Pacific Ocean
242:, across the
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:Spanish Crown
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
184:
183:Spanish Crown
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:Also known as
154:
150:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
72:
59:
54:
45:
41:
40:
39:Infobox event
36:
30:
19:
5937:Spanish Road
5891:
5796:Trade routes
5656:Architecture
5551:The Americas
5415:Newfoundland
5405:Túpac Katari
5395:Cuerno Verde
5330:Tenochtitlan
5162:Valenciennes
4919:Luis Fajardo
4788:Blas de Lezo
4733:Duke of Alba
4613:Spanish Road
4597:
4451:Buenos Aires
4360:Governorates
4129:Ayuntamiento
4122:Organization
3587:Carlist Wars
3435:Italian Wars
3339:
3323:
3316:
3298:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3225:
3204:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3167:
3157:
3148:
3138:
3128:December 14,
3126:. Retrieved
3122:the original
3115:
3105:
3097:Inquirer.net
3096:
3086:
3074:. Retrieved
3070:the original
3065:
3055:
3042:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3004:
2999:
2984:
2979:
2964:
2959:
2951:the original
2946:
2937:
2914:
2875:
2870:Kamen, Henry
2864:
2857:Google Books
2856:
2850:
2844:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2769:
2763:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2727:
2717:
2705:. Retrieved
2701:the original
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2675:
2665:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2607:
2588:
2552:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2518:
2513:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2460:(1): 56–76.
2457:
2453:
2426:. Retrieved
2421:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2340:
2317:
2307:
2288:
2267:
2262:
2253:
2243:
2233:
2226:
2217:
2207:February 21,
2205:. Retrieved
2201:the original
2196:
2187:
2177:February 23,
2175:. Retrieved
2170:
2161:
2151:February 23,
2149:. Retrieved
2145:
2136:
2126:February 23,
2124:. Retrieved
2119:
2110:
2100:February 24,
2098:. Retrieved
2091:the original
2086:
2077:
2067:February 24,
2065:. Retrieved
2058:the original
2053:
2044:
2034:February 23,
2032:. Retrieved
2025:the original
2020:
2011:
1985:. Retrieved
1978:the original
1965:
1939:. Retrieved
1932:the original
1919:
1899:
1892:
1881:Osborne 2013
1876:
1865:Osborne 2013
1860:
1837:
1833:
1824:November 19,
1822:. Retrieved
1810:
1802:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1707:
1688:
1682:
1671:(in Spanish)
1633:
1628:
1599:
1577:Spanish Main
1556:Pedro Cubero
1426:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1344:
1316:
1296:
1228:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:George Anson
1176:
1171:captured by
1168:
1156:
1148:
1146:
1124:
1122:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1009:
995:Construction
980:
975:
972:San Fernando
971:
957:
943:
937:
925:
917:
901:
893:yellow fever
878:
871:
856:
836:
805:
800:
796:
792:
785:
771:, including
769:Nanban trade
734:
682:
658:
643:
637:January 2020
634:
623:Please help
618:verification
615:
575:
563:
540:
523:
517:
490:
447:
423:
397:
388:mare clausum
386:
345:
343:broke out.
328:
318:
297:
295:
278:luxury goods
275:
272:
267:
215:
211:
191:
189:
179:Organised by
104:English name
69:
37:
29:
5942:Spice Route
5623:Philippines
5588:El Salvador
5208:Capo d'Orso
5092:St. Quentin
5067:Rome (1527)
4726:Strategists
4476:Guadalajara
4403:New Navarre
4398:New Castile
4383:La Luisiana
4335:Puerto Rico
4325:Philippines
4282:New Granada
3972:Philippines
3933:(Uruguay),
3929:(Bolivia),
3879:New Granada
3819:Puerto Rico
3765: [
3635:Territories
3455:Encomiendas
3076:January 21,
2822:: 150–159.
2795:October 23,
2776:: 160–191.
2743:October 23,
2681:October 18,
2428:January 13,
2146:Govinfo.gov
1867:, pp.
1803:In memoriam
1797:In memoriam
1610:Ken Salazar
1293:highlighted
1235:Henry Kamen
904:Mexico City
781:lacquerware
765:lacquerware
683:Trade with
559:Point Reyes
505:trade winds
418:during the
412:Philippines
404:trade winds
321:Augustinian
236:Mexico City
234:, based in
169:East Indies
71:Boxer Codex
67: 1590
33:‹ The
6133:Tall ships
6002:Categories
5962:Trepanging
5907:Royal Road
5807:Amber Road
5293:Somosierra
5283:Manila Bay
5157:Nördlingen
5097:Gravelines
4577:Columnario
4549:Currencies
4466:Concepción
4438:Audiencias
4413:New Toledo
4378:La Florida
4211:Corregidor
4175:Papal bull
4080:Antarctica
3988:Micronesia
3445:Golden Age
3307:0967346703
3007:, p. 452.
2973:0824812336
2891:0060932643
2571:1015274908
2527:0549122869
2197:Winepi.com
2087:Winepi.com
2054:Winepi.com
2021:Winepi.com
1883:, p.
1620:References
1412:tornaviaje
1373:shipwrecks
1299:James Cook
1264:New Guinea
1117:San Felipe
1094:Shipwrecks
1060:Concepción
1048:San Miguel
1032:San Felipe
1020:San Marcos
984:Suez Canal
976:Magallanes
949:Royal Navy
775:, chests,
745:Selden Map
739:, such as
714:Selden Map
685:Ming China
555:Drakes Bay
458:westerlies
329:tornaviaje
268:tornaviaje
264:Manila Bay
6073:New Spain
6063:Sea lanes
5972:Via Maris
5932:Silk Road
5912:Salt road
5862:Kula ring
5598:Nicaragua
5576:Guatemala
5486:Pichincha
5471:Chacabuco
5410:Pensacola
5355:Mataquito
5335:Cajamarca
5316:New World
5288:Trafalgar
5192:Alhucemas
5072:Landriano
5057:Comuneros
5043:Old World
4987:Joan Orpí
4707:Royalists
4481:Guatemala
4408:New Spain
4345:Venezuela
4320:Guatemala
4277:New Spain
4272:Columbian
4165:Exequatur
4065:Cape Juby
3919:Argentina
3742:New Spain
3676:Gibraltar
3440:Habsburgs
2836:165403120
2790:165790449
2707:March 24,
2676:Guampedia
2657:204432430
2482:163214741
2474:1060-9164
2270:, p. 193.
1846:cite book
1819:0212-467X
1728:Guampedia
1364:Hawaiians
1332:Kahoolawe
1291:Mauna Kea
1256:Marquesas
1248:Carolines
1211:Santa Ana
1175:in 1709;
1157:San Diego
1149:Santa Ana
1133:Tillamook
1104:San Pablo
909:presidios
874:cochineal
852:haciendas
816:East Asia
808:New Spain
757:Zhangzhou
583:San Diego
524:San Pedro
286:porcelain
147:(current
139:New Spain
42:is being
6008:Galleons
5917:Sea lane
5832:Hærvejen
5608:Colombia
5593:Honduras
5506:Asomante
5491:Ayacucho
5481:Carabobo
5456:Curalaba
5233:Ceresole
5127:Gembloux
5087:Mühlberg
4802:Mariners
4660:Military
4582:Doubloon
4567:Maravedí
4511:Santiago
4418:Paraguay
4144:Germania
3984:Caroline
3939:Malvinas
3923:Paraguay
3883:Colombia
3825:Trinidad
3692:Sardinia
3532:Bourbons
3043:Prologue
2872:(2004).
2338:(2011),
2315:(1998),
2286:(2011),
1997:cite web
1951:cite web
1767:25134990
1431:See also
1408:Sorsogon
1272:Pitcairn
1244:Marianas
1193:and HMS
1143:Captures
1040:Salbador
1036:Santiago
1012:galleons
1003:Spanish
990:Galleons
867:Acapulco
840:Veracruz
753:Haicheng
741:Quanzhou
730:Far East
724:and the
718:Quanzhou
587:Monterey
536:Acapulco
532:San Blas
450:Trinidad
434:Acapulco
424:Victoria
416:Lapulapu
410:and the
385:Iberian
280:such as
248:Acapulco
222:trading
204:Filipino
173:Americas
135:Location
129:Acapulco
123:Between
112:Duration
93:Filipino
46:. ›
35:template
5740:Asiento
5711:Mustang
5571:Yucatán
5566:Chiapas
5446:Tucapel
5278:Passaro
5228:Algiers
5218:Preveza
5187:Tetouan
5182:Vitoria
5172:Bitonto
5112:Antwerp
5107:Lepanto
5062:Bicocca
4538:Economy
4461:Charcas
4456:Caracas
4350:Yucatán
4221:Regidor
4206:Alcalde
4134:Cabildo
4041:Tripoli
3980:Mariana
3927:Charcas
3903:(Peru,
3887:Ecuador
3850:Bonaire
3845:Curazao
3830:Jamaica
3758:Florida
3216:Sources
2254:Rappler
2171:Doi.gov
1340:Molokai
1276:Vanuatu
1201:in the
1197:at the
1191:Panther
1137:Clatsop
1088:mesones
1005:galleon
897:malaria
842:on the
777:screens
749:Yuegang
694:Seville
472:at the
364:History
256:galleon
220:Spanish
196:Spanish
171:to the
85:Spanish
5718:Castas
5476:Boyacá
5451:Guiana
5441:Iguape
5365:Recife
5303:Mactan
5298:Annual
5263:Rocroi
5258:Leiden
5243:Djerba
5177:Bailén
5132:Ostend
5117:Azores
4712:Legión
4677:Tercio
4670:Armies
4572:Escudo
4501:Panamá
4496:Mexico
4491:Manila
4446:Bogotá
4231:Vecino
4226:Syndic
4057:Béjaïa
4017:Africa
4003:Tidore
3891:Panama
3855:Belize
3762:Mexico
3688:Sicily
3684:Naples
3646:Europe
3305:
3233:
3011:
2971:
2925:
2888:
2834:
2788:
2734:
2655:
2595:
2569:
2559:
2525:
2480:
2472:
2405:
2348:
2325:
2296:
1907:
1817:
1765:
1695:
1396:UNESCO
1338:, and
1328:Hawaii
1266:, and
1258:, the
1254:, the
1252:Tuvalu
1246:, the
1242:, the
1079:indios
1052:Cavite
1046:, and
832:Potosí
801:chinos
797:cafres
793:negros
788:slaves
761:Fujian
747:, and
737:Fujian
722:Manila
355:UNESCO
348:UNESCO
282:spices
260:Cavite
252:Manila
214:, and
164:Motive
149:Mexico
125:Manila
5613:Chile
5581:Petén
5556:Aztec
5375:Bahia
5350:Penco
5340:Cusco
5268:Downs
5248:Tunis
5167:Ceuta
5152:Breda
5102:Malta
5082:Tunis
5077:Pavia
4591:Trade
4506:Quito
4471:Cusco
4310:Chile
4045:Tunis
3992:Palau
3909:Chile
3840:Aruba
3835:Haiti
3769:]
3698:Milan
3656:Spain
3038:issue
2832:S2CID
2818:(2).
2786:S2CID
2772:(2).
2653:S2CID
2478:S2CID
2374:(PDF)
2094:(DOC)
2061:(DOC)
2028:(DOC)
1981:(PDF)
1974:(PDF)
1935:(PDF)
1928:(PDF)
1869:30–31
1836:[
1807:(PDF)
1763:JSTOR
1591:Notes
1336:Lanai
1072:Crews
674:flota
664:Trade
557:, on
262:, in
224:ships
120:Venue
5618:Inca
5561:Maya
5496:Guam
5429:Lost
5201:Lost
5122:Mons
4562:Real
4486:Lima
4373:Cuba
4315:Cuba
4287:Perú
4063:and
4061:Ifni
4053:Oran
3976:Guam
3905:Acre
3901:Peru
3811:Cuba
3690:and
3303:ISBN
3231:ISBN
3130:2017
3078:2016
3048:NARA
3009:ISBN
2969:ISBN
2923:ISBN
2886:ISBN
2797:2019
2745:2019
2732:ISBN
2709:2020
2683:2019
2611:See
2593:ISBN
2567:OCLC
2557:ISBN
2523:ISBN
2470:ISSN
2430:2016
2403:ISBN
2382:0023
2346:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2294:ISBN
2209:2013
2179:2019
2153:2019
2128:2019
2102:2019
2069:2019
2036:2019
2003:link
1989:2015
1957:link
1943:2015
1905:ISBN
1852:link
1826:2020
1815:ISSN
1736:2020
1693:ISBN
1324:Maui
1274:and
1240:Guam
1209:and
1195:Argo
1135:and
895:and
830:and
812:Peru
810:and
712:The
585:and
569:and
509:gyre
495:and
284:and
250:and
190:The
127:and
5323:Won
5050:Won
4158:Law
4055:,
3775:),
3756:),
3040:of
2989:doi
2824:doi
2816:119
2778:doi
2770:119
2643:hdl
2635:doi
2462:doi
1163:by
974:or
951:of
834:.
795:or
755:in
720:to
627:by
484:to
316:.
230:'s
6004::
4059:,
4051:,
4047:,
4043:,
4039:,
4035:,
3990:,
3986:,
3982:,
3978:,
3974:,
3937:,
3925:,
3921:,
3907:,
3893:,
3889:,
3885:,
3817:,
3813:,
3767:es
3760:,
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3423:,
3315:,
3184:.
3166:.
3147:.
3114:.
3095:.
3064:.
2945:.
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2884:.
2880:.
2830:.
2814:.
2784:.
2768:.
2762:.
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2651:.
2641:.
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2629:.
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2565:.
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2456:.
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2085:.
2052:.
2019:.
1999:}}
1995:{{
1953:}}
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