1511:, for example, had sunk 19 ships of approximately 100,000 tons and damaged 37– 180,000–tons worth of shipping. In January 1941, 17 ships were sunk amounting to 65,000 tons and five damaged. February was worse for the British, losing 21 ships to Fw 200s, totalling 84,301 tons. During the first quarter of 1941, the Condors sank 171,000 GRT, the vast majority being lone ships. In one case, a sustained attack upon convoy OB 290 on 26 February 1941 accounted for seven to nine vessels (49,865 GRT), all sunk by KG 40 Fw 200s. However, with never more than eight aircraft operational, this was an exception. Soon, British
139:
1689:. In the later operation, the III./KG 26 lost 52 crew missing, seven wounded and five killed. Against PQ17, aircraft sank 10 of the 24 ships; though U-boats claimed ships that had already been crippled by air attack. This amounted to 56,000 of the 142,000 grt sunk. KG 26 were supported by torpedo-equipped He 115s. Against PQ18 ten of the 13 ships were sunk by air attack. KG 26 and 30 had a hand in sinking a further three; all in 300 sorties. But the cost was high; 44 aircraft. The operations, despite the losses, were a vindication of Harlinghausen and the use of torpedo bombers.
107:
1739:, in the initial stages, who was given complete command of the Tunisian bridgehead. The limited forces available forced the Axis to establish their lines on defencible terrain with the shortest logistics line, one as far inland from the main supply ports as Axis forces could maintain. Harlinghausen led three companies of 1st Tunis Field Battalion, one company of paratroopers, one antiaircraft artillery company, 14th Company, 104th Panzer Grenadier Regiment, advance detachment of the 5th Parachute Regiment of the
1492:'s intransigence. Among his duties was to coordinate attacks on convoys with the Kriegsmarine's U-Boats. Harlinghausen's command was effective, and often transmitted accurate locations of convoys but because of a paucity in submarines, they failed to respond. Harlinghausen remonstrated with Dönitz who decided a more flexible approach was needed, rather than close cooperation. Harlinghausen frequently clashed with the Admiral over operational deployments, and opposed the shifting of air operations to interdict
95:
119:
4434:
1317:. ZG 76 suffered one-third losses; some 19 aircraft over the North Sea and English Channel. The German air fleets lost 77 aircraft that day. Operations against the mainland were out of the question thereafter. The air fleet did not venture over Britain again for the duration of the battle. The Norwegian and Danish-based German aircraft resumed the war against the Royal Navy and merchant traffic.
4446:
603:. From January 1937 the type began experimenting with air-dropped torpedoes against transport and warships. Harlinghausen expanded the target list to include coastal communications with bombs and small-arms fire. Harlinghausen preferred the He 59 for the aircraft's ability to sustain severe damage and remain airborne. On one such mission over
1778:. Harlinghausen escaped the 13 May capitulation in which 130,000 soldiers, starved of food, fuel and ammunition, surrendered. Harlinghausen survived a month longer until dismissed from command on 10 June 1943 following a series of disputes with Kesselring. Harlinghausen's desire to rest and rebuild his
702:
At the end of the war, which ended in a
Nationalist victory for Franco, Hitler and Mussolini, AS/88 had been credited with 52 ships sunk. Nevertheless, the anti-shipping arm failed to achieve any strategic results in Spain. Harlinghausen continued to develop this neglected sphere in opposition to the
1757:
from
February to May 1943. The air corps fought a defensive battle over Tunisia into 1943. Axis air forces in Tunisia were under constant threat of fuel and ammunition starvation. Supplies that reached Tunis were immediately used up. From March to April Allied naval and air forces sank 108 ship—41
610:
Under his direction AS/88 developed ship and coastal-attack tactics. A particularly well-used approach against land targets was to fly at high altitude with engines switched off, then dive and release the bombs at 1,000 ft (300 metres), then start the engines for a hasty departure. By August
31:
1387:
to help shut the straits. His idea was for naval forces to patrol in darkness for his air corps could not see the enemy. The
Italians could shadow the enemy until daybreak when his air power could be used against them. His efforts were in vain. The major success in this region was achieved on 11
1376:. Even with two antishipping experts occupying the position of commander, and chief of staff, the air corps failed to neutralise or paralyse the island's defences. The staff blamed limited supplies and the distractions on other fronts for the failure to achieve more; and above all, closing the
856:
sank 10 vessels, all fishing trawlers, for a meagre 2,949 tons. On 17 December 1939, five trawlers were sunk, with at least two dead and five wounded. The following day there were three deaths aboard two sunken trawlers. Another was damaged and lost three crew killed. On 19 December,
1619:, groups, simultaneously but often they operated in different theatres. Harlinghausen and the staff command remained based in the Mediterranean. Harlinghausen had long been a supporter of torpedo bomber development. Along with the operational command, he was appointed
1332:
and fishing boats which the
Germans saw as legitimate targets. The number of ships attacked and damaged in 1940 rose to 127 in 1940 and to a peak of 164 in 1941. On 3 November 1940 Harlinghausen was credited with sinking a 6,000 grt ship, probably the 3,871 grt
1769:
permanently disrupted the air bridge from Sicily to
Tunisia. At the end of April there was no fuel left to run radar sets, or move tanks from workshops. The vain effort to supply Tunisia was disastrous. In April and first week of May, 1943, 177
653:
In his first combat mission he destroyed the Campsa fuel depots in
Valencia which had been a priority target for some time. Harlinghausen became the first pilot to sink a ship using an air-dropped torpedo when he sank a cargo ship off
1634:. I and III./KG 26 were ready for operations and deployed to Norway while II./KG 26 transferred to the Eastern Front in April, only to return in early August. Harlinghausen remained wing commander through the intensive attacks on
4501:
4234:
Die
Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des
480:
in 1902. Son of industrialist
Wilhelm Harlinghausen (1866–1942) and Therese Zurmühlen. He married Inge Ruhenstroth in 1940. Harlinghausen received his elementary and secondary education in 1922. After completing his
4239:
The Knight's Cross
Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal
1844:
Harlinghausen served in the new West German Air Force from 1957 to 1961. He was sent into retirement, having been politically uncomfortable during his post-war career, after demanding a proper investigation in the
1577:
Harlinghausen's insistence on flying combat operations left his command leaderless after he was shot down and wounded without his usual pilot Robert
Kowaleski on 13 October while attacking a transport ship in the
1008:
X was given 500 aircraft; just 40 were dive-bombers. The air corps issued an order to all naval and land forces with the finalised plans, suggesting the air staff had a strong influence on the invasion plans.
4506:
4531:
1570:
were sunk. The command sank 161 vessels for 903,000 grt, probably sank seven for 31,000 grt, damaged 113 for 590,000 grt. Within six months, this trend underwent a radical change. The transfer of
1814:, in his role as commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, organized a meeting of high-ranking Luftwaffe officers, including Nordmann. The meeting, also referred to as the "Areopag" was held at the
835:
X, along with all new types. The He 115 was allocated to the navy instead. Harlinghausen was influential in ending production of the He 115 in favour of the He 111 for naval operations.
1305:
5 carried out its only large scale bombing attack of the battle on land-based targets. The OKL hoped to divide Fighter Command's fighter squadrons and destroy them by attacking the
1004:
provided its bombing power. Harlinghausen remained chief of staff. The long coastline allowed for the use of longer range aircraft. Only weak dive-bomber units were allocated.
464:
until 1947. He served in the Bundesluftwaffe from 1957 to 1961. Harlinghausen either resigned his commission or was forced into retirement after disputes with superiors.
4491:
1836:, a position he held until the cessation of hostilities. He was captured by American troops, and illegally held after the war ended. He was finally released in 1947.
880:
in 1940. In March 1940 German aircraft attacked 57 merchant ships and 38 Trawlers. Seven of the former and one of the latter were seriously damaged. Despite being the
607:, the aircraft was damaged by the blast from the bombs he had just dropped. The He 59 survive with a twisted fuselage and the lower wings broken in several places.
1786:
demanded air attacks on Allied ports at night in strength. Harlinghausen's complaints to Kesslering were counter productive and the main reason for his dismissal.
1425:. The head winds were double than expected, and all the He 111s ran out of fuel. Harlinghausen and Kowalewski crash landed in the desert 280 km south east of
1309:
from all directions. The operation was a failure and the air corps suffered heavy losses among bombers and long range fighter escorts. The air fleet (effectively
4536:
1417:. After four hours they reached the southernmost region, but found nothing. Harlinghausen ordered the other seven to seek alternative targets. After attacking a
400:. In January 1941 he was awarded the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross. In February 1941, Harlinghausen was appointed commanding officer of the newly established
1066:
ended in a series of German naval defeats. Harlinghausen earned a reputation as one of the more aggressive commanders and excelled in his command of the ad hoc
542:(Lt zS or LZS). In 1934 he began work as an instructor in training schools. After training as an observer in October 1934 he joined the training section of the
1445:(Flying Leader Atlantic). As a ship-attack expert, he was a logical choice to lead Atlantic air operations. His headquarters were stationed in the village of
1558:. It had sunk just four ships (10,298 tons) and damaged two for the loss of 16 Condors, including seven to convoy defences. From 15 March to 31 October 1941
4496:
1895:
1654:
on 3 and 4 August it carried out its first torpedo attack against a small convoy and claimed six ships totalling 20,000 grt. 6./KG 26, recalled from the
1401:
286:
1368:
in June 1941, by which time Harlinghausen had left the corps. During its operations in the first half of 1941, the air corps effectively suppressed the
552:. The two men became the foremost anti-shipping experts in Germany. He served at the Air War academy at Berlin–Gatow for much of 1935 through to 1937.
3603:
The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 – The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches
869:
off eastern England. Specifically, KG 26 and 30 sank four ships and damaged four more in a single operation on 29 January. The following day, 35
3599:
Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile
1213:
sea power. Interdicting shipping lanes, air superiority and transport operations were crucial to the eventual German victory. The invasion cost
4526:
754:
10 upon formation on 5 September. Harlinghausen was appointed as chief of staff, effective from 1 November 1939. The headquarters located to
615:
per week were flown, in small formations of three with each aircraft carrying a ton of bombs. 12 He 59s were lost in 1938 and 1939—three to
1743: (3 officers and 150 enlisted men). Harlinghausen's forces seized the key positions in Tunis with his troops after the bulk of the
4476:
716:
Harlinghausen left AS/88 to return the air war school at Gatow in December 1938. In April 1939 he became the operations officer for
317:. During World War II Harlinghausen was the leading exponent of anti-ship warfare with the destruction of 22 ships credited to him.
4481:
406:. Harlinghausen lobbied hard for the expansion of his forces but other military theatres received priority. In October 1941 he was
949:. KG 30 lost a further aircraft; all but one to fighter aircraft. A number of these interceptions were made during attacks on the
1485:"Condors" to shadow convoys and direct U-Boats to their quarry; then to begin a coordinated air-sea attack to defeat the convoy.
646:, permanently and was not transferred to meet operational needs. The aircraft had to be sent back to Germany. They were flown to
1243:(Air Fleet 5). KG 26 and 30, the anti-shipping specialists were the only bomber units under its command. KG 4 was reassigned to
4059:
1574:
to other theatres, according to OKL wartime report, in mid-December 1941 brought air-submarine cooperation to "a standstill".
692:
595:. The frequency of bombing operations against merchant ships increased under his command. The squadron had been engaged in the
4346:
4323:
4304:
4285:
4266:
4247:
4222:
4200:
4174:
4094:
4075:
4049:
4027:
4005:
3967:
3931:
3904:
3885:
3857:
3834:
3815:
3796:
3777:
3751:
3732:
3713:
3694:
3671:
3652:
3629:
3610:
3584:
3565:
3535:
3509:
3490:
3467:
3425:
3399:
1104:. The supply operations had limited effect; they improved morale but did not improve the battle-readiness of Dietl's forces.
973:. The planning for these invasions ended the prospect of intensive operations in the North Sea. In April 1940 the air corps'
1758:
percent of all Axis supply shipping. In contrast, Harlinghausen ordered his anti shipping units to abandon forward bases in
3444:
1747:
forces had withdrawn from the city on the night of 13–14 November. Harlinghausen had 140 aircraft, including 109 fighters.
978:
1328:
at low-level and released bombs to damage the ship's hull below the water line. The types of vessels targeted extended to
4486:
1466:
1164:
1071:
853:
543:
375:
1586:, where they were rescued by fishermen. He spent the next three months in hospital. In January 1942 he was replaced by
683:
In commanding in Spain, Harlinghausen became a pioneer of attacking ships accurately with bombs. German aircraft—mainly
3986:
3769:
862:
1122:(Coastal Flying Group) 506's He 115s. Over Namsfjord he discovered many targets. His reconnaissance mission guided 3./
1631:
634:
AS/88 operations in Spain were undermined by a lack of support services. The He 59 units had been transferred to the
1740:
1192:
by rendering Allied sea communications insecure. On 18 May 1940 Harlinghausen probably sank the 55-year old 988 brt
4511:
1846:
937:
moved into Scottish and Northumbrian airfields in greater strength. With this move, the number of interceptions by
4516:
3549:
1465:(MSGr—minesearch group) existed for that purpose. He had barely 100 aircraft operational. His commitment to the
1686:
650:, dismantled and shipped; a process that lasted three months and often left the unit severely under resourced.
1100:. The snow and weather conditions made landing and take off difficult. Aircraft were vulnerable in the narrow
3849:
1353:
255:
766:
regarded the war at sea and the destruction of British sea communications as secondary to the defeat of the
4521:
1798:
as a member of Kessler's staff but was placed in reserve on 26 June 1943. In October 1943 he was appointed
1369:
250:
1762:
for the mainland, due to Allied air raids. The daily sorties against Allied warships fell from 11 to two.
4138:
1693:
1361:
709:. The high command remained aloof from naval air power matters because it did not foresee a war with the
441:
and relieved five months later on 10 June. He returned to duty in October 1943 as chief of staff to the
4424:
3594:
3482:
1720:. The OKW reacted swiftly and dispatched air and land forces to Tunisia to maintain a bridge head. The
1526:
1247:
9, the minelaying unit, which was formed into a flying corps of the same number in October 1940. While
838:
For Harlinghausen, the war began in the autumn. On 17 October 1939, elements of the air corps attacked
763:
705:
486:
1365:
1267:
X continued in attacks on British coastal shipping. By the conclusion of the campaigns in June 1940,
1252:
736:
642:
yet the navy still stored the spares for the complex machine. The only engineering unit was based in
4373:
1826:—a court of justice—aimed at finding solutions to the deteriorating air was situation over Germany.
1507:", which was already rapidly approaching its end when Harlinghausen took charge. By Christmas 1940,
1441:
402:
198:
4146:
3946:
1800:
1185:
961:
Anti-shipping operations were interrupted. On 5 March 1940, Harlinghausen and Geisler travelled to
357:
184:
1015:
began on 9 April 1940. Denmark was in German hands within the day. Airborne forces assiste in the
4403:
4166:
3527:
1855:
1832:
1751:
1373:
899:
435:
207:
4153:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV. Scotland: HMSO.
3766:
British Intelligence in the Second World War: Volume 2: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations
1012:
451:
from 21 August 1944 through to April 1945. During the appointment Harlinghausen was promoted to
1673:
by KG 26 and 30 resulted in the sinking of two by air and two by submarine attack. It attacked
1134:
889:
393:
270:
265:
536:(Nazi German Armed Forces) in October 1933. At this time Harlinghausen held the lowly rank of
4192:
1024:
434:(Plenipotentiary for airborne torpedoes). In January 1943 Harlinghausen was given command of
310:
1562:
reported 57 convoys. Through cooperation with U-boats 74 ships, totalling 390,000 tons, one
1040:
699:
in 1939, for example, German aircraft sank 30 ships and damaged scores more in the harbour.
4471:
4466:
4130:
4067:
1924:
1775:
1389:
508:
442:
314:
8:
3686:
3417:
1665:
From May 1942, KG 26 engaged targets from Norway and sank a significant number of ships.
1604:
1395:
1074:
kept his distance from the Norwegian coast after a series of damaging air attacks on his
1016:
938:
866:
782:
419:
1044:
3683:
Knights of the Battle of Britain — Luftwaffe Aircrew Awarded the Knight's Cross in 1940
3409:
2437:
1659:
1609:
1497:
1202:
1189:
1001:
997:
847:
797:
790:
424:
379:
245:
4414:
3920:
3388:
3322:
1677:
and achieved success. In September 1942, I./KG 26 were involved in the destruction of
4342:
4319:
4300:
4281:
4262:
4243:
4218:
4196:
4170:
4090:
4071:
4045:
4037:
4023:
4015:
4001:
3982:
3963:
3927:
3900:
3881:
3853:
3830:
3811:
3792:
3773:
3747:
3728:
3709:
3690:
3667:
3648:
3644:
3625:
3606:
3580:
3561:
3531:
3505:
3486:
3463:
3440:
3421:
3395:
1736:
1725:
1547:, but the air effort failed to reach the combat area before the ship sank. No German
1515:(catapult aircraft merchantmen) appeared, and the time of light Condor losses ended.
1482:
1473:, delayed his command until 31 March 1941. He agreed with the operational methods of
1422:
1320:
Harlinghausen refined and developed ship-attack tactics that the Luftwaffe used over
1284:
1256:
1222:
1150:
1097:
1063:
990:
953:
islands from 8–10 April, made as a precursor to the invasions of Norway and Denmark.
596:
407:
397:
349:
345:
306:
240:
228:
173:
1811:
1489:
1413:
Harlinghausen was part of the disastrous raid on British convoys moving through the
824:
565:
4450:
4118:
1563:
1504:
1377:
1325:
1260:
1218:
1193:
1108:
1087:
934:
930:
667:
538:
502:
260:
152:
4210:
4184:
4104:
941:
increased. 10 KG 26 bombers were lost from 17 October 1939 to 15 August 1940 over
4438:
3959:
3744:
The Gathering Storm: The Naval War in Northern Europe September 1939 – April 1940
3706:
The Gathering Storm: The Naval War in Northern Europe September 1939 - April 1940
1902:
1850:
1806:
1705:
1048:
974:
946:
926:. The vessel settled on a sand bank in shallow water and her cargo was salvaged.
919:
843:
775:
767:
461:
453:
100:
4384:
4151:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The destruction of the Axis forces in Africa
4109:
1915:
1907:
1766:
1587:
1454:
1276:
1174:
1157:
1035:
in the north were to be reinforced by air once captured. From the second week,
881:
870:
820:
819:
period. In a memorandum, dated 15 January 1940, the navy wished to procure the
808:
710:
628:
527:
473:
414:
353:
348:. Harlinghausen developed effective combat tactics and was highly decorated by
58:
4122:
4107:(2003). "Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe Co-operation in the War against Britain".
4460:
4395:
4297:
Luftwaffe Over Scotland: A History of German Air Attacks on Scotland, 1939-45
3915:
3761:
3553:
1875:
1771:
1721:
1635:
1518:
Three months into his leadership, Harlinghausen was held responsible for the
1338:
1321:
1306:
1127:
1112:
1059:
986:
804:
688:
684:
663:
616:
600:
592:
477:
371:
341:
291:
62:
1774:
were lost; six months after the beginning of the failed air lift during the
1446:
770:(RAF) and the British aviation industry. In September 1939, Harlinghausen's
556:
500:. In 1931 Harlinghausen began pilot training. He received his commission as
4502:
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
4215:
Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two
4087:
Broken Eagles 2: Luftwaffe Losses Over Northumberland and Durham, 1939–1945
2503:
1744:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1655:
1651:
1548:
1384:
1295:
1288:
1237:
1093:
1020:
740:
717:
676:
549:
497:
493:
388:
367:
330:
navy. In 1931 he transitioned from sailor to pilot. After formation of the
322:
234:
144:
124:
112:
82:
3166:
1863:
1551:
sailed into the Atlantic again, leaving only the U-boat war in operation.
78:
4158:
3545:
3519:
3329:
2740:
2481:
2479:
1474:
1357:
1329:
942:
888:
X, Harlinghausen flew missions and sank two merchant ships of 6,827
831:, refused citing the intent to transfer all offensive operations over to
517:
331:
1881:
1692:
In November 1942 the Axis front in North Africa began to collapse. The
1523:
1414:
1075:
1055:
1054:
Southern and central Norway was secured within days. In the north, the
839:
816:
755:
671:
30:
2870:
2665:
2563:
2491:
2476:
2452:
1626:
KG 26 relocated to Italy in early 1942, and began torpedo training at
1823:
1819:
1643:
1579:
1567:
1493:
1488:
Harlinghausen was given meagre forces to achieve these ends owing to
1280:
1248:
1180:
1083:
1032:
1028:
910:
X with Harlinghausen aboard, sank the 1,388 grt Norwegian freighter,
893:
812:
696:
604:
583:
532:
522:
336:
148:
3577:
Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933-1945; A Reference Source Volume 1
3479:
Hitler's Northern War: The Luftwaffe's Ill-Fated Campaign, 1940–1945
2829:
1070:. The Royal Navy acknowledged the air corps' effectiveness. Admiral
3207:
3205:
2254:
2252:
1759:
1627:
1512:
1426:
923:
877:
655:
624:
620:
417:
replaced Harlinghausen. Harlinghausen was simultaneously appointed
386:
X transferred to German-occupied France. The command supported the
4507:
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
2580:
2578:
2347:
2345:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
340:. In 1936 he was selected to command an anti-shipping unit in the
4532:
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
4316:
Luftwaffe Aerial Torpedo Aircraft and Operations in World War Two
3949:
collection: Intercontinental Book and Publishing ISSN 0510-4009.
3091:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1079:
966:
918:(5,439 grt) on a southward armed reconnaissance mission into the
914:
south-east of Copinsay Island. On 20 March he sank the transport
759:
643:
3202:
2805:
2249:
2082:
4020:
Eagles of the Third Reich: Men of the Luftwaffe in World War II
3256:
3115:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2575:
2342:
2288:
1968:
1735:
Harlinghausen was responsible to the Commander in Chief South,
1647:
1583:
1531:, which sank on 27 May 1941. His command was reinforced by II./
1450:
1429:. They were rescued after five days; three crew were captured.
1345:
1314:
1078:. Forbes was especially concerned about his smaller ships; his
970:
962:
950:
892: (GRT), and severely damaged the 8,441 grt passenger ship
612:
482:
327:
4257:
Shores, Christopher; Foreman, John; Ehrengardt, Chris (1992).
4135:
In Passage Perilous: Malta and the Convoy Battles of June 1942
3190:
2411:
1919:
in the general staff and chief of staff of the X. Fliegerkorps
4242:] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag.
1701:
1697:
1540:
1536:
1508:
1418:
1349:
1272:
1268:
1236:
X remained in Norway. It formed the only combat formation of
1123:
1101:
1096:
in the days following the invasion, as his forces fought the
786:
647:
3414:
At Hitler's Side: The Memoirs of Hitler's Luftwaffe Adjutant
2752:
1859:, was removed from his post without a proper investigation.
3558:
Air Power History: Turning Points from Kitty Hawk to Kosovo
3229:
3067:
2817:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2626:
1532:
658:
harbour on 21 July 1938. The 4,798-ton freighter was named
513:
3524:
The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War, 1918–1940
3351:
3023:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2464:
2239:
2237:
2235:
3363:
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3304:
3246:
3244:
3156:
3154:
2677:
2145:
2106:
2055:
2053:
2051:
1992:
1990:
1582:. The crew managed to slip back to the French coast near
1478:
1449:. Harlinghausen was responsible for organising fleet and
1352:
in late 1940. It formed the first wave of attacks on the
599:
since its outbreak. The main weapon of this unit was the
559:
naval base in 1931. Harlinghausen was given command of 1
410:
while attacking a convoy leaving the command leaderless.
3139:
2950:
2948:
2911:
2909:
2764:
2399:
2332:
2330:
2305:
2303:
2264:
2169:
2157:
2135:
2133:
2038:
2036:
2034:
1597:
4256:
3575:
de Zeng, Henry; Stankey, Douglas; Creek, Eddie (2007).
3057:
3055:
3042:
3040:
3038:
2921:
2853:
2793:
2671:
2643:
2641:
2569:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2458:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1794:
After his dismissal, Harlinghausen briefly returned to
1341:
bringing his claim total to approximately 100,000 grt.
902:, killed 98 people. On 1 March 1940, a He 111 from the
4341:] (in German). OsnabrĂĽck, Germany: Biblio-Verlag.
3789:
Phoenix Triumphant: The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe
3605:] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas.
3336:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3241:
3217:
3151:
2728:
2689:
2362:
2360:
2048:
2002:
1987:
1156:
was also badly damaged necessitating her scuttling by
4422:
3548:(2002). "The Luftwaffe in the Spanish Civil War". In
3502:
The German Air Force 1933–1945: An Anatomy of Failure
3013:
3011:
2972:
2960:
2945:
2933:
2906:
2882:
2551:
2539:
2515:
2377:
2375:
2327:
2300:
2276:
2205:
2130:
2118:
2094:
2031:
1615:, an anti-shipping bomber wing. KG 26 operated three
1228:
1209:
tipped the balance, compensating for the weakness of
1107:
On 30 April 1940 Harlinghausen flew a patrol between
852:
sunk. Operations in the north sea over the course of
4064:
The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force: 1933-1945
3869:
Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West
3127:
3103:
3079:
3052:
3035:
2781:
2653:
2638:
2527:
2387:
2315:
2217:
2193:
2014:
1421:, Harlinghausen spotted the scattered convoy in the
861:
suffered three dead in an attempt to sink her. From
591:—sea flying squadron), an anti-shipping unit in the
3574:
3456:
Das waren die deutschen Kampfflieger-Asse 1939–1945
3333:, published: 9 May 1962, accessed: 30 November 2010
3178:
3097:
2996:
2984:
2841:
2706:
2704:
2357:
2181:
2072:
2070:
2068:
4492:Military personnel from the Province of Westphalia
3919:
3664:Sea Eagles: 1939-41, Luftwaffe anti-shipping units
3387:
3008:
2894:
2716:
2372:
1956:
1630:. Harlinghausen soon lost one Staffeln (6) to the
1383:Harlinghausen tried to secure assistance from the
573:3./506 (coastal squadron of the 506th air group).
460:Harlinghausen was captured in 1945 and remained a
4058:
3437:The Battle of Britain: An Epic Conflict Revisited
2835:
2811:
2746:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2351:
2294:
2258:
2088:
1981:
1298:carried out the main effort in southern Englanḍ.
674:. On 1 August 1938 Harlinghausen was promoted to
619:. Losses were replaced by aircraft flown in from
334:in 1933, Harlinghausen was compelled to join the
4458:
4209:
4163:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy
3121:
2701:
2424:
2065:
1896:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
1638:in February 1942. Among their successes was the
1554:The last half of 1941 had been a severe blow to
1503:Harlinghausen's appointment coincided with the "
1439:On 28 February 1941 Harlinghausen was appointed
1402:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
1271:provided the only single-engineḍ fighter group.
1092:. Harlinghausen's air corps flew in supplies to
965:. They were informed of the intention to invade
873:sank a further two and damaged a further eight.
670:informed the English that the ship had struck a
370:Harlinghausen flew combat missions even while a
287:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
4145:
3262:
3196:
3172:
1457:missions and even coastal protection, although
1407:Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub
865:, the air corps sank 12 freighters for 23, 994
581:In January 1938, Harlinghausen, then ranked as
305:(17 January 1902 – 22 March 1986) was a German
4537:Military personnel from North Rhine-Westphalia
4339:The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K
3979:The War Against Rommel's Supply Lines, 1942–43
3827:The Luftwaffe: A Study in Air Power, 1933–1945
569:. In October 1937 he was appointed to command
3460:These were the German Bomber Aces 1939 – 1945
1829:In December 1944 Harlinghausen was appointed
1275:was the long-range fighter group present for
1184:. Harlinghausen's command made a significant
496:(German Navy) on 1 April 1923 and trained on
4042:Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933–1945
1602:In January 1942 Harlinghausen was appointed
1405:
1168:
4497:Lieutenant generals of the German Air Force
3878:The Luftwaffe and the War at Sea, 1939-1945
1724:was narrowly won by the Axis beginning the
1658:, claimed two freighters from the infamous
789:on 3 October 1939 the command was given I./
691:—sank 144 ships out of the 554 lost by the
4335:Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K
4129:
3846:Aircraft of the Spanish Civil War, 1936-39
3808:Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe
3593:
3369:
3357:
3073:
2438:"Naval Events, December 1939, Part 2 of 2"
1313:X) lost 10 percent of its strength on one
1188:contribution to the German victory in the
516:seizure of power, and the founding of the
378:for commanding anti-shipping units in the
309:and general. Harlinghausen specialised in
3434:
3408:
3310:
2775:
2758:
1623:—Plenipotentiary for airborne torpedoes.
1621:Bevollmächtigten for das Lufttorpedowesen
1432:
1173:) on 5 May 1940 for his service piloting
548:. At the ministry became an associate of
432:Bevollmächtigter for das Lufttorpedowesen
4231:
3940:
3913:
3453:
3316:
2864:
2734:
2243:
2059:
2008:
1996:
1388:January with the sinking of the cruiser
1354:intensively bombed British base at Malta
842:, a major anchorage for the Royal Navy.
563:in 1937, an elevated to the position of
4217:. Annapolis: US Naval Institute Press.
4103:
4014:
3956:Condor: The Luftwaffe in Spain, 1936–39
3953:
3894:
3760:
3619:
3476:
3250:
3235:
3223:
3160:
3029:
2978:
2966:
2954:
2939:
2888:
2823:
2695:
2632:
2282:
2211:
2175:
2163:
2124:
2042:
977:showed considerable reinforcement. The
956:
781:After it was renamed and formed from a
739:—Hans Geisler was removed the staff of
735:On 3 September 1939—two days after the
485:he studied law for one semester at the
4459:
4332:
4313:
4294:
4183:
4084:
4036:
3976:
3843:
3824:
3805:
3786:
3725:The Battle for Norway: April-June 1940
3499:
3345:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3145:
3133:
3109:
3085:
3061:
2927:
2915:
2799:
2722:
2683:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2470:
2405:
2393:
2336:
2309:
2226:
2151:
2139:
2112:
2100:
2025:
1822:. This Luftwaffe version of the Greek
1324:in 1940. The bomber approached on the
1201:The campaign ended on 9 June with the
555:Harlinghausen served under Geisler at
320:Born in 1902 Harlinghausen joined the
4275:
4157:
4044:. Maxwell AFB: Air University Press.
3995:
3871:. Washington: Department of the Army.
3741:
3722:
3703:
3544:
3518:
3462:] (in German). Motorbuch Verlag.
3385:
3046:
2876:
2847:
2787:
2672:Shores, Foreman & Ehrengardt 1992
2659:
2647:
2570:Shores, Foreman & Ehrengardt 1992
2510:Shores, Foreman & Ehrengardt 1992
2498:Shores, Foreman & Ehrengardt 1992
2486:Shores, Foreman & Ehrengardt 1992
2459:Shores, Foreman & Ehrengardt 1992
2321:
2270:
2199:
2187:
1962:
1947:
1913:8th Oak Leaves on 30 January 1941 as
1646:her. III./KG 26 moved to France near
1598:North Africa, return to Mediterranean
1522:s failure to prevent the loss of the
1481:, who favoured using the four-engine
1177:and commanding an ad hoc group named
876:Shipping operations were extended to
846:wrongly claimed the aircraft carrier
627:. At this time the unit operated two
4527:Lieutenant generals of the Luftwaffe
3875:
3866:
3746:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
3680:
3661:
3638:
3211:
3184:
3017:
3002:
2990:
2900:
2710:
2381:
2366:
2076:
979:Luftwaffe order of battle April 1940
823:bomber, then under development, but
774:carried out sporadic operations off
576:
3943:Who's who in Germany—Volume I, 1974
1750:Harlinghausen was given command of
1467:Mediterranean Theatre of Operations
1461:(KuFlGr) (coastal aircraft group),
1198:—claimed as a 1,500 grt freighter.
723:(Air Fleet 2) known at the time as
374:. On 5 May 1940 he was awarded the
13:
3641:Fw 200 Condor Units of World War 2
1229:Battle of Britain to Mediterranean
14:
4548:
3098:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007
2879:, pp. 109, 120–132, 199–212.
1839:
1789:
587:(Captain) took command of AS/88 (
4444:
4432:
4408:23 February 1943 – 12 June 1943
3622:Fw 200 Condor vs Atlantic Convoy
3579:. Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing.
1900:Knight's Cross on 4 May 1940 as
1878:in Gold with Swords and Diamonds
1847:1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident
1700:and led to their pursuit across
1170:Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes
1165:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
1163:. Harlinghausen was awarded the
929:Operations incurred casualties.
811:. The air corps operated in the
376:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
294:in Gold with Swords and Diamonds
137:
117:
105:
93:
29:
4482:Luftwaffe World War II generals
4378:31 March 1941 – 5 January 1942
4000:. London: McWhirter Twins Ltd.
3770:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
3378:
2430:
1856:Jagdbombergeschwader (JaBoG) 32
1650:from Norway. Southwest of the
1642:, which sank after her escorts
730:
344:and subsequently served in the
4213:; HĂĽmmelchen, Gerhard (2005).
3880:. London: Chatham Publishing.
1941:
1741:Hermann Göring Panzer Division
1728:. Harlinghausen was appointed
1469:while managing the staff of X
898:. The attack, carried out off
352:. Harlinghausen was appointed
1:
4477:People from Rheda-WiedenbrĂĽck
4089:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
3850:Smithsonian Institution Press
3323:STRAUSS-BEFEHL: Bier-Order 61
1930:
1849:, after which Oberstleutnant
1782:was overruled by Göring. The
1287:until mid-August 1940, while
1203:Allied evacuation from Norway
750:X, which was initially named
467:
256:Siege of Malta (World War II)
3477:Claasen, Adam R. A. (2001).
3435:Bergström, Christer (2015).
3214:, pp. 257–259, note 17.
3122:Rohwer & HĂĽmmelchen 2005
2425:Rohwer & HĂĽmmelchen 2005
1935:
1696:destroyed their foothold in
1496:sea lanes as opposed to the
1370:Royal Navy Submarine Service
1283:. The air corps sat out the
827:, commander-in-chief of the
7:
4280:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword.
4261:. London, UK: Grub Street.
4139:University of Indiana Press
3263:Playfair & Moloney 1966
3197:Playfair & Moloney 1966
3175:, pp. 81–100, 137–167.
3173:Playfair & Moloney 1966
1890:1st Class (3 February 1940)
1887:2nd Class (30 January 1940)
1694:Second Battle of El Alamein
1362:Battle of the Mediterranean
985:101–108, equipped with the
10:
4553:
4487:German World War II pilots
3996:Mason, Francis K. (1969).
3899:. London: Weapons of War.
3483:University Press of Kansas
1833:Luftwaffenkommandos "West"
1344:The air corps was sent to
1039:X turned to defeating the
981:included transport groups
706:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe
545:Reichsluftfahrtministerium
472:Harlinghausen was born in
16:German general (1902–1986)
4410:
4400:
4391:
4380:
4370:
4364:
4359:
4123:10.1191/0968344503wh285oa
3954:Laureau, Patrick (2010).
3454:BrĂĽtting, Walter (1975).
3394:. Duke University Press.
3390:Hitler and the Middle Sea
1906:in the general staff and
1869:
1380:to British naval forces.
1364:. The air corps moved to
1253:Battle of the Netherlands
1058:prevented the capture of
727:2 (Air Fleet Command 2).
662:and British. It sank one
280:
216:
193:
180:
168:
158:
130:
88:
68:
45:
37:
28:
21:
4149:; Moloney, C. J (1966).
4147:Playfair, I.S.O. Maj-Gen
3947:University of California
3941:Kliemann, Horst (1974).
3895:Jackson, Robert (2002).
3829:. Classic Publications.
3742:Haarr, Geirr H. (2013).
3723:Haarr, Geirr H. (2010).
3704:Haarr, Geirr H. (2012).
3620:Forczyk, Robert (2010).
3595:Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer
3500:Cooper, Matthew (1981).
3439:. Oxford, UK: Casemate.
2749:, pp. 100–101, 104.
1801:General der Kampfflieger
1251:was put into effect—the
906:(Corps Command Section)/
571:kĂĽsten mehrzweck staffel
520:, he transferred to the
444:General der Kampfflieger
4512:Condor Legion personnel
4314:Thiele, Harold (2004).
4232:Scherzer, Veit (2007).
4167:Oxford University Press
3844:Howson, Gerald (1990).
3810:. Weidenfeld Military.
3787:Hooton, Edward (1994).
3727:. Seaforth Publishing.
3708:. Seaforth Publishing.
3528:Kansas University Press
1810:(Marshal of the Realm)
1716:and threatened to take
1374:10th Submarine Flotilla
1068:FliegerfĂĽhrer Trondheim
487:University of Göttingen
447:. His last command was
315:anti-warship operations
4517:Reichsmarine personnel
4374:FliegerfĂĽhrer Atlantik
4333:Thomas, Franz (1997).
3926:. London: Frank Cass.
3386:Ansel, Walter (1972).
2836:National Archives 2001
2812:National Archives 2001
2747:National Archives 2001
2621:National Archives 2001
2609:National Archives 2001
2597:National Archives 2001
2585:National Archives 2001
2352:National Archives 2001
2295:National Archives 2001
2259:National Archives 2001
2089:National Archives 2001
1982:National Archives 2001
1910:of the X. Fliegerkorps
1862:Harlinghausen died in
1796:FliegerfĂĽhrer Atlantik
1730:FliegerfĂĽhrer Tunesien
1592:FliegerfĂĽhrer Atlantik
1560:FliegerfĂĽhrer Atlantik
1556:FliegerfĂĽhrer Atlantik
1442:FliegerfĂĽhrer Atlantik
1434:FliegerfĂĽhrer Atlantik
1406:
1217:X 1,130 air crew; 341
1169:
1135:anti-submarine warfare
403:FliegerfĂĽhrer Atlantik
394:Battle of the Atlantic
271:North African Campaign
266:Battle of the Atlantic
204:FliegerfĂĽhrer Tunesien
199:FliegerfĂĽhrer Atlantik
4278:Luftwaffe Bomber Aces
4193:Naval Institute Press
4189:War at Sea, 1939–1945
4085:Norman, Bill (2002).
3977:Levine, Alan (1999).
3958:. Mechanicsburg, PA:
3922:The Battle of Britain
3825:Hooton, E.R. (2010).
3806:Hooton, E.R. (1999).
3791:. Arms & Armour.
1950:Luftwaffe Bomber Aces
1818:(air war academy) at
1400:. He was awarded the
1025:Oslo Airport, Fornebu
746:and given command of
695:. Before the fall of
356:of the anti-shipping
311:maritime interdiction
159:Years of service
4295:Taylor, Les (2010).
4276:Spick, Mike (2001).
4068:Public Record Office
3876:Isby, David (2005).
3867:Howe, G. F. (1957).
3681:Goss, Chris (2018).
3662:Goss, Chris (2005).
3639:Goss, Chris (2016).
3560:. Psychology Press.
3504:. New York: Jane's.
3238:, pp. 609, 612.
2826:, pp. 282, 436.
2735:James & Cox 2000
2635:, pp. 115, 140.
2512:, pp. 148, 187.
2473:, pp. 215, 223.
1948:Spick, Mike (2015).
1925:Great Cross of Merit
1776:Battle of Stalingrad
1126:to the area and the
1013:Operation WeserĂĽbung
957:Operation WeserĂĽbung
922:. The ship sank off
900:St Catherine's Point
803:, equipped with the
631:and evaluated them.
509:Oberleutnant zur See
457:on 1 December 1944.
303:Martin Harlinghausen
23:Martin Harlinghausen
4522:Bundeswehr generals
3998:Battle Over Britain
3687:Pen and Sword Books
3418:Pen and Sword Books
3410:von Below, Nicolaus
3032:, pp. 112–113.
2838:, pp. 129–130.
2761:, pp. 44, 130.
2686:, pp. 231–232.
2273:, pp. 212–123.
2154:, pp. 177–178.
2115:, pp. 138–139.
1632:Black Sea campaigns
1605:Geschwaderkommodore
1459:KĂĽstenfliegergruppe
1410:) 30 January 1941.
1356:and to support the
1301:On 15 August 1940,
1086:after the loss of
1062:and the subsequent
1017:Capture of Egersund
939:RAF Fighter Command
890:gross register tons
867:gross register tons
854:17-19 December 1939
778:with some success.
725:Luftflottenkommando
420:Geschwaderkommodore
4038:Murray, Williamson
3624:. London: Osprey.
3148:, pp. 39, 46.
2408:, pp. 5, 119.
1816:Luftkriegsakademie
1804:. On 11 November,
1498:Western Approaches
1190:Norwegian Campaign
1043:and supported the
1041:Ă…ndalsnes landings
1027:. All ports, from
737:invasion of Poland
512:in 1929. With the
413:On 5 January 1942
380:Norwegian Campaign
246:Norwegian Campaign
4421:
4420:
4411:Succeeded by
4381:Succeeded by
4360:Military offices
4348:978-3-7648-2299-6
4325:978-1-90210-942-8
4306:978-1-84995-000-8
4287:978-1-84832-862-4
4268:978-0-948817-42-7
4249:978-3-938845-17-2
4224:978-1-59114-119-8
4202:978-1-5575-0915-4
4176:978-0-19-860527-0
4096:978-0-85052-913-5
4077:978-1-903365-30-4
4060:National Archives
4051:978-1-58566-010-0
4029:978-0-8117-3405-9
4007:978-0-901928-00-9
3969:978-0-8117-0688-9
3933:978-0-7146-8149-8
3906:978-1-86227-173-9
3887:978-1-86176-256-6
3859:978-1-5609-8015-5
3836:978-1-906537-18-0
3817:978-1-85409-343-1
3798:978-1-85409-181-9
3779:978-0-11-630934-1
3753:978-1-59114-331-4
3734:978-1-84832-057-4
3715:978-1-84832-140-3
3696:978-1-52672-651-3
3685:. Yorkshire, UK:
3673:978-1-9032-2355-0
3654:978-1-4728-1269-8
3645:Osprey Publishing
3631:978-1-84603-917-1
3612:978-3-7909-0284-6
3586:978-1-85780-279-5
3567:978-0-7146-8257-0
3537:978-0-7006-0836-2
3511:978-0-531-03733-1
3492:978-0-7006-1050-1
3469:978-3-87943-345-2
3427:978-1-84832-585-2
3401:978-0-8223-0224-7
3076:, pp. 43–44.
2930:, pp. 47–50.
2802:, pp. 44–45.
2178:, pp. 91–92.
2166:, pp. 92–93.
1737:Albert Kesselring
1726:Tunisian Campaign
1483:Focke-Wulf Fw 200
1423:Great Bitter Lake
1285:Battle of Britain
1257:Battle of Belgium
1223:missing in action
1098:Battles of Narvik
1064:Battles of Narvik
904:KorpsfĂĽhrungkette
863:9–30 January 1940
693:Republican forces
597:Spanish Civil War
589:Seefliegerstaffel
577:Spanish Civil War
408:wounded in action
398:Battle of Britain
350:Nationalist Spain
346:Spanish Civil War
300:
299:
241:Battle of Denmark
229:Spanish Civil War
4544:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4428:
4404:II. Fliegerkorps
4392:Preceded by
4365:Preceded by
4357:
4356:
4352:
4329:
4310:
4291:
4272:
4259:Fledgling Eagles
4253:
4228:
4206:
4180:
4154:
4142:
4126:
4100:
4081:
4055:
4033:
4011:
3992:
3973:
3950:
3937:
3925:
3910:
3891:
3872:
3863:
3840:
3821:
3802:
3783:
3762:Hinsley, Francis
3757:
3738:
3719:
3700:
3677:
3658:
3635:
3616:
3590:
3571:
3541:
3515:
3496:
3481:. Lawrence, KS:
3473:
3450:
3446:978-1612-00347-4
3431:
3405:
3393:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3050:
3044:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2355:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2247:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2063:
2057:
2046:
2040:
2029:
2023:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1985:
1979:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1704:by the British;
1564:aircraft carrier
1505:First Happy Time
1409:
1394:and damaging of
1378:Strait of Sicily
1366:Axis-held Greece
1261:Battle of France
1219:killed in action
1172:
1045:Battle of DombĂĄs
1031:in the south to
935:No. 13 Group RAF
931:No. 12 Group RAF
859:Star of Scotland
668:Francisco Franco
539:Leutnant zur See
506:in 1927 and the
503:Leutnant zur See
307:military aviator
261:Battle of France
153:German Air Force
143:
141:
140:
132:
123:
121:
120:
111:
109:
108:
99:
97:
96:
75:
55:
53:
33:
19:
18:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4433:
4431:
4423:
4417:
4415:Alfred BĂĽlowius
4407:
4398:
4387:
4377:
4368:
4355:
4349:
4326:
4307:
4288:
4269:
4250:
4225:
4203:
4177:
4131:O'Hara, Vincent
4097:
4078:
4052:
4030:
4016:Mitcham, Samuel
4008:
3989:
3970:
3960:Stackpole Books
3934:
3914:James, T.C.G.;
3907:
3888:
3860:
3837:
3818:
3799:
3780:
3754:
3735:
3716:
3697:
3674:
3655:
3632:
3613:
3587:
3568:
3538:
3512:
3493:
3470:
3447:
3428:
3402:
3381:
3376:
3370:Fellgiebel 2000
3368:
3364:
3358:Fellgiebel 2000
3356:
3352:
3344:
3337:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2662:, pp. 195.
2658:
2654:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2440:. Naval History
2436:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2233:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2066:
2058:
2049:
2041:
2032:
2024:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1872:
1866:in March 1986.
1853:, commander of
1851:Siegfried Barth
1842:
1807:Reichsmarschall
1792:
1784:Reichsmarschall
1706:Operation Torch
1681:and attacks on
1662:in mid–August.
1660:Pedestal convoy
1640:Rowallan Castle
1611:Kampfgeschwader
1600:
1463:Minensuchgruppe
1437:
1231:
1175:Heinkel He 115s
1049:Namsos campaign
992:Kampfgeschwader
975:order of battle
959:
920:English Channel
871:Heinkel He 111s
844:Nazi propaganda
799:Kampfgeschwader
792:Kampfgeschwader
776:Eastern England
768:Royal Air Force
752:Fliegerdivision
733:
666:from Valencia.
629:Heinkel He 115s
579:
470:
462:prisoner of war
454:Generalleutnant
426:Kampfgeschwader
276:
275:
232:
225:
206:
202:
174:Generalleutnant
163:
151:
147:
138:
136:
118:
116:
115:
106:
104:
103:
101:Weimar Republic
94:
92:
77:
73:
57:
56:17 January 1902
51:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4550:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4454:
4453:
4441:
4419:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4399:
4394:Generaloberst
4393:
4389:
4388:
4385:Ulrich Kessler
4382:
4379:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4353:
4347:
4330:
4324:
4311:
4305:
4292:
4286:
4273:
4267:
4254:
4248:
4235:Bundesarchives
4229:
4223:
4211:Rohwer, JĂĽrgen
4207:
4201:
4185:Rohwer, JĂĽrgen
4181:
4175:
4155:
4143:
4127:
4110:War in History
4105:Neitzel, Sönke
4101:
4095:
4082:
4076:
4056:
4050:
4034:
4028:
4012:
4006:
3993:
3988:978-0275965211
3987:
3981:. Bloomsbury.
3974:
3968:
3951:
3938:
3932:
3916:Cox, Sebastian
3911:
3905:
3892:
3886:
3873:
3864:
3858:
3841:
3835:
3822:
3816:
3803:
3797:
3784:
3778:
3758:
3752:
3739:
3733:
3720:
3714:
3701:
3695:
3678:
3672:
3659:
3653:
3643:. London, UK:
3636:
3630:
3617:
3611:
3591:
3585:
3572:
3566:
3554:Cox, Sebastian
3542:
3536:
3516:
3510:
3497:
3491:
3474:
3468:
3451:
3445:
3432:
3426:
3406:
3400:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3360:, p. 213.
3350:
3348:, p. 246.
3335:
3315:
3313:, p. 220.
3311:von Below 2010
3303:
3301:, p. 224.
3291:
3289:, p. 163.
3279:
3277:, p. 177.
3267:
3265:, p. 249.
3255:
3253:, p. 211.
3240:
3228:
3226:, p. 209.
3216:
3201:
3199:, p. 171.
3189:
3187:, p. 286.
3177:
3165:
3163:, p. 220.
3150:
3138:
3126:
3124:, p. 167.
3114:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3051:
3049:, p. 161.
3034:
3022:
3007:
3005:, p. 139.
2995:
2993:, p. 138.
2983:
2971:
2959:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2918:, p. 112.
2905:
2893:
2881:
2869:
2867:, p. 366.
2852:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2814:, p. 104.
2804:
2792:
2790:, p. 207.
2780:
2778:, p. 130.
2776:Bergström 2015
2763:
2759:Bergström 2015
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2700:
2698:, p. 140.
2688:
2676:
2674:, p. 298.
2664:
2652:
2650:, p. 352.
2637:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2574:
2572:, p. 215.
2562:
2560:, p. 289.
2550:
2548:, p. 288.
2538:
2526:
2524:, p. 208.
2514:
2502:
2500:, p. 181.
2490:
2488:, p. 175.
2475:
2463:
2461:, p. 148.
2451:
2429:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2371:
2369:, p. 109.
2356:
2341:
2339:, p. 212.
2326:
2324:, p. 231.
2314:
2312:, p. 236.
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2261:, p. 105.
2248:
2246:, p. 114.
2231:
2216:
2204:
2202:, p. 511.
2192:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2142:, p. 139.
2129:
2117:
2105:
2103:, p. 177.
2093:
2091:, p. 129.
2081:
2064:
2062:, p. 113.
2047:
2045:, p. 112.
2030:
2028:, p. 138.
2013:
2011:, p. 112.
2001:
1999:, p. 600.
1986:
1984:, p. 117.
1967:
1955:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1916:Oberstleutnant
1911:
1908:chief of staff
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1879:
1871:
1868:
1841:
1840:Postwar career
1838:
1812:Hermann Göring
1791:
1790:Later commands
1788:
1772:Junkers Ju 52s
1767:Operation Flax
1765:In April 1943
1687:Arctic convoys
1599:
1596:
1588:Ulrich Kessler
1543:, to help the
1490:Hermann Göring
1455:meteorological
1436:
1431:
1277:fighter escort
1245:Fliegerivision
1230:
1227:
1179:FliegerfĂĽhrer
1115:in one of two
1072:Charles Forbes
958:
955:
882:chief of staff
825:Hermann Göring
821:Dornier Do 217
809:Heinkel He 111
732:
729:
711:British Empire
689:Heinkel He 60s
617:night fighters
578:
575:
566:Staffelkapitän
530:branch of the
528:aerial warfare
492:He joined the
469:
466:
415:Ulrich Kessler
382:. In mid–1940
354:chief of staff
298:
297:
296:
295:
289:
282:
278:
277:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
226:
221:
220:
218:
214:
213:
195:
191:
190:
182:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
134:
128:
127:
90:
86:
85:
76:(aged 84)
70:
66:
65:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4549:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4452:
4442:
4440:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4416:
4406:
4405:
4402:Commander of
4397:
4396:Bruno Loerzer
4390:
4386:
4383:Generalmajor
4376:
4375:
4372:Commander of
4363:
4358:
4350:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:. Stackpole.
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3383:
3372:, p. 54.
3371:
3366:
3359:
3354:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3225:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3136:, p. 46.
3135:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3112:, p. 82.
3111:
3106:
3100:, p. 86.
3099:
3094:
3088:, p. 42.
3087:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3064:, p. 67.
3063:
3058:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3020:, p. 71.
3019:
3014:
3012:
3004:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2981:, p. 59.
2980:
2975:
2969:, p. 50.
2968:
2963:
2957:, p. 49.
2956:
2951:
2949:
2942:, p. 48.
2941:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2903:, p. 24.
2902:
2897:
2891:, p. 29.
2890:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2865:Scherzer 2007
2861:
2859:
2857:
2850:, p. 94.
2849:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2737:, p. 23.
2736:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2629:
2623:, p. 63.
2622:
2617:
2611:, p. 62.
2610:
2605:
2599:, p. 60.
2598:
2593:
2587:, p. 59.
2586:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2536:, p. 32.
2535:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2472:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2439:
2433:
2427:, p. 18.
2426:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2396:, p. 21.
2395:
2390:
2384:, p. 42.
2383:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2354:, p. 58.
2353:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2297:, p. 17.
2296:
2291:
2285:, p. 95.
2284:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2245:
2244:BrĂĽtting 1975
2240:
2238:
2236:
2229:, p. 14.
2228:
2223:
2221:
2214:, p. 89.
2213:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2190:, p. 64.
2189:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2127:, p. 93.
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2060:BrĂĽtting 1975
2056:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2010:
2009:BrĂĽtting 1975
2005:
1998:
1997:Kliemann 1974
1993:
1991:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1965:, p. 77.
1964:
1959:
1951:
1944:
1940:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1876:Spanish Cross
1874:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:Run for Tunis
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1685:, during the
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:Malta convoys
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1339:Kinnaird Head
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:Great Britain
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:British Isles
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:Junkers Ju 87
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
993:
988:
987:Junkers Ju 52
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
851:
850:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:Junkers Ju 88
802:
800:
795:
793:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
743:
738:
728:
726:
722:
720:
714:
712:
708:
707:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:Heinkel He 59
681:
679:
678:
673:
669:
665:
664:nautical mile
661:
657:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
608:
606:
602:
601:Heinkel He 59
598:
594:
593:Condor Legion
590:
586:
585:
574:
572:
568:
567:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
546:
541:
540:
535:
534:
529:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
510:
505:
504:
499:
498:torpedo boats
495:
490:
488:
484:
479:
478:German Empire
475:
465:
463:
458:
456:
455:
450:
446:
445:
440:
438:
433:
429:
427:
422:
421:
416:
411:
409:
405:
404:
399:
395:
391:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:staff officer
369:
364:
362:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Condor Legion
339:
338:
333:
329:
325:
324:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
293:
292:Spanish Cross
290:
288:
285:
284:
283:
279:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
251:Western Front
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
237:
236:
231:
230:
224:
219:
215:
212:
210:
205:
201:
200:
196:
192:
189:
187:
183:
179:
176:
175:
171:
167:
161:
157:
154:
150:
146:
135:
129:
126:
114:
102:
91:
87:
84:
80:
72:22 March 1986
71:
67:
64:
63:German Empire
60:
48:
44:
41:"Iron Gustav"
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
4401:
4371:
4338:
4334:
4315:
4299:. Whittles.
4296:
4277:
4258:
4238:
4233:
4214:
4188:
4162:
4159:Ranft, Bryan
4150:
4134:
4114:
4108:
4086:
4063:
4041:
4019:
3997:
3978:
3955:
3942:
3921:
3897:The Bismarck
3896:
3877:
3868:
3845:
3826:
3807:
3788:
3765:
3743:
3724:
3705:
3682:
3663:
3640:
3621:
3602:
3598:
3576:
3557:
3546:Corum, James
3523:
3520:Corum, James
3501:
3478:
3459:
3455:
3436:
3413:
3389:
3379:Bibliography
3365:
3353:
3328:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3251:Mitcham 2007
3236:Hinsley 1981
3231:
3224:Mitcham 2007
3219:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3161:Claasen 2001
3141:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3030:Mitcham 2007
3025:
2998:
2986:
2979:Forczyk 2010
2974:
2967:Jackson 2002
2962:
2955:Forczyk 2010
2940:Forczyk 2010
2935:
2923:
2896:
2889:Forczyk 2010
2884:
2872:
2843:
2831:
2824:Hinsley 1981
2819:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2696:Claasen 2001
2691:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2633:Claasen 2001
2628:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2466:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2432:
2401:
2389:
2317:
2290:
2283:Laureau 2010
2278:
2266:
2212:Laureau 2010
2207:
2195:
2183:
2176:Laureau 2010
2171:
2164:Laureau 2010
2159:
2147:
2125:Laureau 2010
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2079:, p. 3.
2043:Mitcham 2007
2004:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1914:
1901:
1861:
1854:
1843:
1830:
1828:
1820:Berlin-Gatow
1815:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1783:
1780:Kampfgruppen
1779:
1764:
1753:Fliegerkorps
1752:
1749:
1745:Vichy French
1734:
1729:
1691:
1683:Convoy PQ 18
1679:Convoy PQ 17
1675:Convoy PQ 16
1671:Convoy PQ 14
1667:Convoy PQ 10
1664:
1656:Soviet Union
1652:Scilly Isles
1639:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1591:
1576:
1571:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1549:Capital ship
1544:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1487:
1471:Fliegerkorps
1470:
1462:
1458:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1412:
1396:
1390:
1385:Regia Marina
1382:
1343:
1334:
1319:
1311:Fliegerkorps
1310:
1302:
1300:
1289:
1265:Fliegerkorps
1264:
1244:
1238:
1234:Fliegerkorps
1233:
1232:
1215:Fliegerkorps
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1178:
1159:
1152:
1147:Warwickshire
1146:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1119:
1116:
1106:
1094:Eduard Dietl
1088:
1067:
1053:
1037:Fliegerkorps
1036:
1021:Kristiansand
1011:
1006:Fliegerkorps
1005:
991:
982:
960:
928:
915:
911:
908:Fliegerkorps
907:
903:
894:
886:Fliegerkorps
885:
875:
858:
848:
837:
833:Fliegerkorps
832:
828:
798:
791:
780:
772:Fliegerkorps
771:
751:
748:Fliegerkorps
747:
741:
734:
731:World War II
724:
718:
715:
704:
701:
682:
675:
659:
652:
640:Kriegsmarine
639:
635:
633:
609:
588:
582:
580:
570:
564:
560:
554:
550:Hans Geisler
544:
537:
531:
521:
507:
501:
494:Reichsmarine
491:
471:
459:
452:
448:
443:
437:Fliegerkorps
436:
431:
425:
418:
412:
401:
389:Kriegsmarine
387:
384:Fliegerkorps
383:
368:World War II
365:
359:Fliegerkorps
358:
335:
323:Reichsmarine
321:
319:
302:
301:
235:World War II
233:
227:
222:
217:Battles/wars
209:Fliegerkorps
208:
203:
197:
186:Fliegerkorps
185:
172:
145:Reichsmarine
125:West Germany
113:Nazi Germany
83:West Germany
74:(1986-03-22)
4472:1986 deaths
4467:1902 births
4137:. Indiana:
3666:. Classic.
3550:Gray, Peter
3346:Thomas 1997
3330:Der Spiegel
3326:(in German)
3299:Hooton 1999
3287:Murray 1983
3275:Levine 1999
3146:Thiele 2004
3134:Thiele 2004
3110:Rohwer 1996
3086:Thiele 2004
3074:O'Hara 2013
3062:Hooton 1999
2928:Hooton 1994
2916:Hooton 2010
2800:Hooton 1994
2723:Hooton 1994
2684:Hooton 1994
2558:Hooton 1994
2546:Hooton 1994
2534:Taylor 2010
2522:Norman 2002
2471:Hooton 1994
2444:28 December
2406:Taylor 2010
2394:Thiele 2004
2337:Hooton 1994
2310:Hooton 1994
2227:Thiele 2004
2152:Howson 1990
2140:Hooton 1994
2113:Hooton 1994
2101:Howson 1990
2026:Hooton 1994
1708:had seized
1475:Karl Donitz
1391:Southampton
1358:Axis powers
1186:operational
943:Northumbria
815:during the
518:Third Reich
449:Luftgau XIV
332:Third Reich
223:See battles
38:Nickname(s)
4461:Categories
4318:. Hikoki.
4165:. Oxford:
4066:. London:
3047:Spick 2001
2877:Spick 2001
2848:Ansel 1972
2788:Mason 1969
2660:Haarr 2010
2648:Ranft 1995
2322:Haarr 2012
2271:Corum 1997
2200:Haarr 2013
2188:Ansel 1972
1963:Corum 2002
1931:References
1882:Iron Cross
1566:, and one
1524:battleship
1520:Luftwaffe'
1447:Brandérion
1415:Suez Canal
1397:Gloucester
1372:, and its
1330:Lightships
1303:Luftflotte
1290:Luftlfotte
1239:Luftflotte
1084:destroyers
1076:Home Fleet
1056:Royal Navy
840:Scapa Flow
817:Phoney War
756:Blankenese
742:Luftflotte
719:Luftflotte
660:Thorpeness
561:seestaffel
557:WarnemĂĽnde
468:Early life
89:Allegiance
52:1902-01-17
4451:Biography
3597:(2000) .
3212:Howe 1957
3185:Howe 1957
3018:Goss 2005
3003:Isby 2005
2991:Isby 2005
2901:Goss 2016
2711:Goss 2018
2382:Isby 2005
2367:Isby 2005
2077:Goss 2005
1936:Citations
1864:GĂĽtersloh
1831:Chef des
1824:Areopagus
1580:Irish Sea
1568:destroyer
1494:Gibraltar
1453:support,
1281:North Sea
1279:over the
1249:Fall Gelb
1211:Wehrmacht
1207:Luftwaffe
1181:Stavanger
1158:HMS
1151:HMS
1137:trawlers
1133:sank the
1109:Trondheim
1033:Trondheim
1029:Stavanger
916:Barn Hill
849:Ark Royal
829:Luftwaffe
813:North Sea
697:Barcelona
636:Luftwaffe
605:Barcelona
584:Hauptmann
533:Wehrmacht
523:Luftwaffe
363:in 1939.
337:Luftwaffe
164:1957–1961
162:1923–1945
149:Luftwaffe
79:GĂĽtersloh
4439:Aviation
4413:General
4240:Archives
4187:(1996).
4161:(1995).
4133:(2013).
4062:(2001).
4040:(1983).
4018:(2007).
3918:(2000).
3764:(1981).
3556:(eds.).
3522:(1997).
3412:(2010).
1760:Sardinia
1644:scuttled
1628:Grosseto
1545:Bismarck
1528:Bismarck
1513:CAM ship
1427:Benghazi
1221:and 448
1139:Siretoko
1023:and the
924:Brighton
912:Vestfoss
878:Scotland
783:division
656:Valencia
625:Sardinia
621:Mallorca
611:1938 16
396:and the
194:Commands
131:Service/
4425:Portals
1884:(1939)
1718:Tunisia
1714:Morocco
1710:Algeria
1617:Gruppen
1572:Condors
1539:and I./
1360:in the
1335:Kildale
1153:Bittern
1143:Jardine
1117:staffel
1080:cruiser
983:KGr zbv
967:Denmark
796:and I./
760:Hamburg
644:Seville
638:by the
613:sorties
392:in the
366:During
4345:
4322:
4303:
4284:
4265:
4246:
4221:
4199:
4173:
4093:
4074:
4048:
4026:
4004:
3985:
3966:
3930:
3903:
3884:
3856:
3833:
3814:
3795:
3776:
3750:
3731:
3712:
3693:
3670:
3651:
3628:
3609:
3583:
3564:
3534:
3508:
3489:
3466:
3443:
3424:
3398:
1870:Awards
1648:Rennes
1584:Vannes
1535:, II./
1451:U-boat
1346:Sicily
1315:sortie
1205:. The
1195:Sirius
1131:Stukas
1120:KĂĽFlGr
1113:Namsos
1102:fjords
1089:Gurkha
1060:Narvik
971:Norway
963:Berlin
951:Orkney
947:Durham
895:Domala
762:. The
623:, via
526:, the
483:Abitur
476:, the
328:Weimar
326:, the
281:Awards
142:
133:branch
122:
110:
98:
4337:[
4237:[
4117:(4).
3601:[
3458:[
1903:Major
1702:Libya
1698:Egypt
1541:KG 77
1537:KG 54
1509:KG 40
1419:Ferry
1350:Italy
1273:ZG 76
1269:JG 77
1124:StG 1
787:corps
785:to a
677:Major
648:Cadiz
474:Rheda
59:Rheda
4367:none
4343:ISBN
4320:ISBN
4301:ISBN
4282:ISBN
4263:ISBN
4244:ISBN
4219:ISBN
4197:ISBN
4171:ISBN
4091:ISBN
4072:ISBN
4046:ISBN
4024:ISBN
4002:ISBN
3983:ISBN
3964:ISBN
3928:ISBN
3901:ISBN
3882:ISBN
3854:ISBN
3831:ISBN
3812:ISBN
3793:ISBN
3774:ISBN
3748:ISBN
3729:ISBN
3710:ISBN
3691:ISBN
3668:ISBN
3649:ISBN
3626:ISBN
3607:ISBN
3581:ISBN
3562:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3506:ISBN
3487:ISBN
3464:ISBN
3441:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3396:ISBN
2446:2019
1669:and
1533:KG 1
1337:off
1326:beam
1294:and
1259:and
1160:Juno
1145:and
1111:and
1082:and
1047:and
1000:and
969:and
945:and
933:and
807:and
687:and
672:mine
514:Nazi
430:and
313:and
181:Unit
169:Rank
69:Died
46:Born
4119:doi
1608:of
1590:as
1479:BdU
1477:at
884:in
764:OKL
680:.
423:of
4463::
4195:.
4191:.
4169:.
4115:10
4113:.
4070:.
3962:.
3945:.
3852:.
3848:.
3772:.
3768:.
3689:.
3647:.
3552:;
3530:.
3526:.
3485:.
3420:.
3416:.
3338:^
3243:^
3204:^
3153:^
3054:^
3037:^
3010:^
2947:^
2908:^
2855:^
2766:^
2703:^
2640:^
2577:^
2478:^
2413:^
2374:^
2359:^
2344:^
2329:^
2302:^
2251:^
2234:^
2219:^
2132:^
2067:^
2050:^
2033:^
2016:^
1989:^
1970:^
1755:II
1732:.
1712:,
1613:26
1594:.
1500:.
1348:,
1255:,
1225:.
1149:.
1141:,
1051:.
1019:,
1002:30
998:26
996:,
989:.
801:26
794:30
758:,
713:.
489:.
439:II
428:26
211:II
81:,
61:,
4427::
4351:.
4328:.
4309:.
4290:.
4271:.
4252:.
4227:.
4205:.
4179:.
4141:.
4125:.
4121::
4099:.
4080:.
4054:.
4032:.
4010:.
3991:.
3972:.
3936:.
3909:.
3890:.
3862:.
3839:.
3820:.
3801:.
3782:.
3756:.
3737:.
3718:.
3699:.
3676:.
3657:.
3634:.
3615:.
3589:.
3570:.
3540:.
3514:.
3495:.
3472:.
3449:.
3430:.
3404:.
2725:.
2713:.
2448:.
1952:.
1404:(
1296:3
1292:2
1263:—
1241:5
1167:(
994:4
744:2
721:2
361:X
188:X
54:)
50:(
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