623:
594:
414:
397:“In July that year NKVD departments across the USSR had already begun to set aside special ‘zones’, areas for the mass burial of those they shot. For locals these usually became known, euphemistically, as army firing ranges. This was how the zones that we know today came into being: the Levashovo Wasteland near Leningrad, Kuropaty near Minsk, the Golden Hill near Chelyabinsk, Bykovnya on the outskirts of Kiev, and many others.”
539:
591:
348:
471:
612:
Pivovarikha (Irkutsk Region, east
Siberia) near Irkutsk. A memorial area was established at Pivovarikha in 1989 but no accurate estimate has been made of the numbers buried there. The Memorial online database lists 10,609 who were shot throughout the Irkutsk Region during the Great Terror. The Open
378:
or to the intervening years when the secret police in all major Soviet cities regularly used unmarked graves in existing cemeteries to dispose of those they executed or killed during interrogation. Most came into existence during the Great Purge.
653:
At Katyn (Smolensk Region) at a site used earlier for executing hundreds of Soviet citizens. Polish POWs were shot there by the NKVD in April and May 1940. 4,413 bodies were later exhumed and identified. Polish prisoners were also shot at
781:
609:(Tomsk Region, west Siberia). Over 1,000 bodies discovered in 1979, were then disposed of on the instructions of the local Party chief. Up to 4,000 people were shot in Kolpashevo, Tomsk Memorial estimates today.
645:
issued orders to shoot 25,700 Polish "nationalists and counter-revolutionaries", Poles held captive in a number of internment camps in western Russia, on date. The executions are collectively known as the
386:
the NKVD executed at least 680,000 men and women. That is the documented total: the real figure is almost certainly higher. In preparation for mass murder on such a scale the NKVD People's
Commissar
390:
instructed his subordinates throughout the Soviet Union to identify areas not far from the major urban centres where thousands of bodies could be quickly concealed. This was described by the late
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The widespread description of these sites as "firing ranges" has led to confusion between killing fields where the victims were both shot and buried, e.g.
135:
1780:
669:
near Ivano-Frankovsk in modern
Ukraine. After the Soviet occupation of the territory in 1939 at least 524 men, women and children were shot by the NKVD.
558:. The names of 20,702 victims are etched on the granite walls of the symbolic execution trenches in the Garden of Remembrance (opened September 2017).
1775:
112:
97:
374:
in 1991, killing fields and burial sites were uncovered and memorialised across the countries of the former Soviet Union. Some dated back to the
17:
727:
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155:
662:, then known as Kalinin. Some of them were buried at Mednoe, today a commemorative site in the Tver Region, having first been shot in Tver.
254:
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145:
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121:
1124:
853:
Sergei
Krivenko and Sergei Prudovsky, "Statistics of the national operations of the NKVD, 1937–1938", April 2021, 49 pp. (in Russian).
782:"Documenting the Death Toll: Research into the Mass Murder of Foreigners in Moscow, 1937-38 | Perspectives on History | AHA"
182:
529:(Karelia), was discovered in July 1997. At least 6,067 victims lie there, half of all those shot in Karelia during the Great Terror.
192:
83:
650:
but they took place in three distinct locations: Katyn (Smolensk Region), Tver in central Russia and
Kharkiv in eastern Ukraine.
461:
As in Russia and elsewhere, these sites keep appearing, e.g. a mass grave found in 2002 under the floor of a
Ukrainian monastery.
247:
225:
490:– At least 50,000 are thought to have been shot at this site near Minsk, with considerably higher estimates in the Soviet press.
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1300:
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564:, the location of a secret crematorium and three secret mass graves, each consisting of tens of thousands of sets of ashes.
52:
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of 1937–1938. At all times they were directed and carried out by the Soviet secret police under its changing titles: the
695:
175:
170:
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371:
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were used to conceal the large numbers of Soviet citizens and foreigners executed by the
Bolshevik regime under
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911:
187:
72:
62:
882:
130:
286:
of 1918–1921. By 2013 a total of 156 bodies had been found in the same location. At about the same time a
708:
Russia's
Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag: A select directory of burial grounds and commemorative sites
510:
220:
763:
1293:
567:
505:
405:, and the many other sites where those being buried and concealed had already been executed elsewhere.
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Between 5 August 1937 and 17 November 1938 the scale of killing reached its apogee. In a series of 12
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1019:"CNN – Pictorial essay: Death trenches bear witness to Stalin's purges – July 17, 1997"
1000:
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836:"MOSCOW Vagankovskoe graveyard [C]* Burials of the executed & prison dead"
290:
from the Stalin period was discovered at the other end of the country in
Vladivostok.
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570:. At its October 2018 opening 6,609 names were displayed on the Wall of Remembrance.
666:
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818:"N. NOVGOROD Pochainsky Ravine [C]* Red Terror executions & burials"
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746:"St Petersburg by Petropavlovsk fortress [C] Executions & burials"
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282:, containing the corpses of 80 military officers executed during the
67:
613:
List database names 1,384 who were then shot in the city of
Irkutsk.
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was discovered in 2002. It, perhaps, contains up to 30,000 bodies.
1230:"Katyn Memorial Complex [C]* Execution & Burial site"
655:
516:
965:"ST PETERSBURG "Levashovo" [C]* Burials of the executed"
305:. Indiscriminate mass killings began in January 1918 during the
1313:
387:
799:
707:
1266:"TVER regional NKVD headquarters [C]* Execution site"
1051:"Sandarmokh complex [C]* Execution & burial site"
479:
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107:
901:
The Voices of the Dead: Stalin's Great Terror in the 1930s.
659:
470:
436:
421:
330:
326:
1070:"Former Killing Ground Becomes Shrine to Stalin's Victims"
952:
The Great Terror: A Reassessment: 40th Anniversary Edition
925:
The Great Terror: A Reassessment: 40th Anniversary Edition
1211:
513:
in St Petersburg: 19,520 are thought to lie buried there.
1193:
1106:"MOSCOW Kommunarka [C]* Burials of the Executed"
983:"Forest skulls may tell where 30,000 Stalin victims lie"
685:
Remembrance Day for the Victims of Political Repression
329:
during forced collectivisation of agriculture, and the
274:
In July 2010, a mass grave was discovered next to the
1248:"Mednoe Complex [C]* Burials of the Executed"
336:
1001:"Wary of its past, Russia ignores mass grave site"
1088:"Butovo [C]* Mass burial of the executed"
883:"Ukraine reburies 2,000 victims of Stalin's rule"
630:showing an exumed mass grave with victims of the
355:searching for relatives among the victims of the
27:Graves of executed Soviet citizens and foreigners
1752:
317:(1928–1932) the killings reached a peak in the
1158:"Kolpashevsky Yar (c) Mass burials of executed"
889:. October 27, 2007 – via www.reuters.com.
641:in Russia. With Stalin's approval, NKVD chief
1682:
1294:
800:"Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag"
370:In the final years of the USSR and after its
309:(1918–1922) as the Bolsheviks launched their
255:
1696:
1176:"IRKUTSK [C]* Pivovarikha graveyard"
954:, Oxford University Press, US, 2007, p. 288.
927:, Oxford University Press, US, 2007, p. 287.
764:"Stalin-era mass grave yields tons of bones"
710:. 411 sites from the Civil War to the 1950s.
940:. July 16, 2002 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
770:. June 9, 2010 – via www.reuters.com.
728:"More 'red terror' remains found in Russia"
1781:World War II massacres by the Soviet Union
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1301:
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262:
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938:"Mass grave found at Ukrainian monastery"
865:"МЕМОРИАЛ: растрельные списки Коммунарки"
454:9,432 corpses were exhumed following the
1776:Political repression in the Soviet Union
621:
537:
469:
412:
346:
692:(Karelia). Execution & burial site.
14:
1753:
432:near Kyiv contain an estimated 30,000.
1670:
1282:
1125:"The Secret of a Siberian River Bank"
494:
1068:Kishkovsky, Sophia (June 8, 2007).
24:
1123:Hochschild, Adam (28 March 1993).
337:During the Great Purge (1937–1938)
25:
1807:
701:
696:Stalinist repressions in Mongolia
589:
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435:There are other mass graves in
295:mass graves in the Soviet Union
18:Mass graves in the Soviet Union
1037:"Half those shot in 1937–1938"
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236:Ukrainian language suppression
13:
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1766:Massacres in the Soviet Union
714:
313:. After the upheavals of the
98:Purges of the Communist Party
7:
673:
511:Levashovo Memorial Cemetery
10:
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658:in eastern Ukraine and in
542:Mound covering one of the
506:Krasny Bor Forest, Karelia
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325:during the Civil War, the
63:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
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1005:Christian Science Monitor
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1697:Mass graves in the world
1076:– via NYTimes.com.
595:Photo of the river shore
333:during the Great Purge.
680:NKVD prisoner massacres
276:Peter and Paul Fortress
1791:Mass graves in Ukraine
1363:Bosnia and Herzegovina
634:
550:
483:
425:
399:
367:
122:Ideological repression
1796:Mass graves in Russia
1164:. September 12, 2014.
1112:. September 10, 2014.
971:. September 23, 2014.
904:Yale University Press
625:
541:
474:A mass grave site in
473:
416:
395:
350:
1254:. September 9, 2014.
1236:. September 9, 2014.
1182:. September 3, 2014.
989:. 26 September 2002.
315:First Five-Year Plan
231:Repressions of Poles
226:Population transfers
84:Political repression
1579:States with limited
1039:. November 1, 2021.
1007:. October 10, 2002.
987:www.telegraph.co.uk
556:Butovo firing range
548:Butovo firing range
384:national operations
221:National operations
113:Punitive psychiatry
40:Economic repression
35:in the Soviet Union
1130:The New York Times
1094:. August 19, 2014.
1074:The New York Times
1057:. August 27, 2014.
899:Hiroaki Kuromiya,
842:. August 19, 2014.
824:. August 20, 2014.
786:www.historians.org
752:. August 19, 2014.
635:
551:
495:Russian Federation
484:
456:Vinnytsia massacre
426:
368:
357:Vinnytsia massacre
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1272:. August 1, 2014.
1212:"Открытый список"
950:Robert Conquest,
923:Robert Conquest,
601:
600:
562:Donskoye Cemetery
534:In or near Moscow
307:Russian Civil War
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216:De-Cossackization
208:Ethnic repression
16:(Redirected from
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293:These and later
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392:Arseny Roginsky
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161:Christianity
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1761:Mass graves
1646:Isle of Man
1581:recognition
1555:Switzerland
1490:Netherlands
1310:Mass graves
1023:www.cnn.com
869:old.memo.ru
544:mass graves
372:dissolution
343:Great Purge
319:Great Purge
176:Legislation
103:Great Purge
1755:Categories
1525:San Marino
1485:Montenegro
1465:Luxembourg
1445:Kazakhstan
1348:Azerbaijan
912:0300123892
715:References
690:Sandarmokh
607:Kolpashevo
597:, May 1979
568:Kommunarka
527:Sandarmokh
420:site near
403:Sandarmokh
376:Red Terror
364:mass grave
351:People of
311:Red Terror
288:mass grave
284:Red Terror
188:Censorship
93:Red Terror
73:Kazakhstan
1726:Palestine
1636:Gibraltar
1460:Lithuania
906:, 2007.
482:, Belarus
424:, Ukraine
366:in 1943.
353:Vinnytsia
156:1975–1987
151:1958–1964
146:1928–1941
141:1921–1928
136:1917–1921
1731:Slovenia
1706:Cambodia
1656:Svalbard
1641:Guernsey
1588:Abkhazia
1540:Slovenia
1535:Slovakia
1510:Portugal
1368:Bulgaria
1136:29 April
674:See also
488:Kurapaty
476:Kurapaty
449:Zhytomyr
445:Cherkasy
131:Religion
1741:Ukraine
1565:Ukraine
1515:Romania
1475:Moldova
1433:Ireland
1428:Iceland
1423:Hungary
1413:Germany
1408:Georgia
1398:Finland
1393:Estonia
1388:Denmark
1373:Croatia
1358:Belgium
1353:Belarus
1343:Austria
1338:Armenia
1333:Andorra
1328:Albania
887:Reuters
768:Reuters
656:Kharkiv
575:Siberia
519:, near
517:Toksovo
466:Belarus
409:Ukraine
362:from a
360:exhumed
183:Science
171:Judaism
68:Ukraine
1711:Cyprus
1651:Jersey
1593:Kosovo
1560:Turkey
1550:Sweden
1530:Serbia
1520:Russia
1505:Poland
1500:Norway
1480:Monaco
1450:Latvia
1418:Greece
1403:France
1378:Cyprus
1314:Europe
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193:Images
1736:Spain
1626:Åland
1545:Spain
1470:Malta
1440:Italy
914:p. 23
480:Minsk
478:near
323:Cheka
166:Islam
108:Gulag
1771:NKVD
1721:Iraq
1716:Iran
1138:2016
908:ISBN
660:Tver
637:The
554:The
447:and
437:Uman
422:Kyiv
331:NKVD
327:OGPU
301:and
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