564:. Private or partially private ownership of competitive forms of news media helps to create a great amount of freedom of expression, according to Peter Desbarats. However, it may be argued that even these privately owned media outlets have their own agenda, and have therefore only contributed to a limited amount of freedom of expression. Robert A. Hackett discusses this, as well as the differences between publicly owned and privately owned media outlets. It may also be argued that publicly owned media contribute more to freedom of expression than privately owned media; Simeon Djankov, Caralee McLeish, Tatiana Nenova, and Andrei Schleifer, in a joint Harvard-World Bank study, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of publicly owned media outlets in relation to privately owned media outlets. They write that one of the first principles of media is that it is in the public interest, and it is therefore necessary to have outlets owned by the public. In this way, the public keeps a check on the agenda of publications. If there is too much of a bias, the owners (which in this case consists of the public) react and demand a change through various forms of feedback. In contrast, privately owned outlets only have a limited number of voices to give feedback, and these voices may have their own biased agendas. Two characteristics of electronic journalism in Canada set it apart from print journalism: firstly, broadcasting is a regulated industry (which is important to consider in relation to news sources such as radio and television). This means that in order to start a broadcast station, one must have a licence from the
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Of all mass media discussed, it seems to be the least threatened. There are various reasons for this: firstly, the
Internet provides for its audiences a compilation of almost everything that other electronic media provide, in one convenient medium (a computer). For example, one can watch television shows, films, and listen to the radio online. There is little need for separate devices when everything is available in one. Secondly, the Internet allows for portability and accessibility of information. One no longer has to go to the library for information or go to a theatre in order to watch a film. Thirdly, most content on the Internet is available for free, which makes it more convenient for users. The foremost priority for the Internet has always been to better communication, and it does provide easy and fast communication through email, chat rooms, and online communities; it is also interactive in these ways. There are, however, disadvantages of this medium which do not exist in other electronic media: potential theft of personal information, spamming, and unwanted explicit content. However, as all of these disadvantages can be blocked through the use of protection software, they are not enough to override its advantages. For this reason, the Internet seems to be a healthy and thriving medium to this day in Canada as well as around the world.
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For example, television requires the viewer and advertisers to provide mutual network benefits. Printed books require the publisher and author to provide readers with quality work; in return, readers provide feedback and increase the popularity of the book through purchases. A newspaper's advertisers and readers mutually benefit from one another; readers provide business for advertisers while advertisers provide readers with information (since a significant portion of newspapers' funding comes from advertisers). The more successful a newspaper is, the better it gets at providing its readers with a well-rounded accumulation of news. All advertising-based media are two-sided markets. Bob
Garfield explains that there are two issues with this model: widespread access to certain content has significantly lowered the amount that consumers are willing to spend on it; the audience becomes fragmented. The second issue is that the rise in available content has lowered the prices that advertisers are willing to pay in order to access a portion of the market.
758:, print media occupy mostly a visual space, rather than other senses such as that of hearing (which is involved in media like television). He writes that this makes print media a hot medium, as it provides the reader with complete involvement without considerable stimulus. Because print media are hot media, they involve relatively little interaction from users. McLuhan discussed three main media revolutions, one of them coming about with the invention of the printing press. He explained that with texts being mass-produced there was a new level of immediacy, accessibility, and a subsequent rise in literacy; in manuscript culture, access to texts was limited to a privileged few, whereas in print culture, literature increasingly became a commodity. For this reason, print media was revolutionary at the time. However, with the more recent electronic revolution, the importance of print began to decline, as discussed below.
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cultural dualism means that only some of the population responds to the mass media in
English, while the other portion remain uninfluenced by English-based media. In terms of the proximity to the United States, he explains that "most of the difficulties that threaten the mass media in Canada are the direct outcome of American economic and cultural imperialism." Because of the United States' overwhelming influence on Canadian mass media, Canada has not been able to form its own identity in the media. These two factors have slowed down the process of the creation of a Canadian community. Mass media help in forming a community through communication. When a large group of people is in communication with one another through media, an identifiable culture is formed. Individuals in dialectic experience a sense of membership and collective identity.
825:, the printed book is not a dying medium. The death of the book was predicted with the advent of radio, then film, then with television, and more recently with the Internet. Because of its history of perseverance, some people have hope that it will survive despite the e-book's various advantages. More people around the world have access to books in printed form than to computers. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that reading off of a screen for long periods of time is less comfortable in the long run than reading print off of a page. For these reasons, whether or not the printed book is a dying medium in Canada can be debated either way; however, for now it seems that they are surviving and adapting (for example, through the use of more attractive graphics) despite such competition.
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visual communication as well as entertainment. Nowadays, however, with the introduction of smartphones and the
Internet, television is headed towards obsolescence according to Rabab Khan. He writes that because smartphones and computers allow one do what a television and radio combined allow, the need for the latter two media is declining. However, he writes that television allows for a shared experience which computers and smartphones do not allow. Henry Blodget also addresses this issue and claims that because revenue and profits of the television industry are still steadily coming in, people are in denial about its inevitable failure. He states that like the newspaper industry, television is beginning to migrate to the web and investing in digital platforms.
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possible in the future. The baby boomer generation, who are over 50 years old, continue to prefer print to online journalism, while younger adults are more likely to read online newspapers due to easier access and limits on time. Furthermore, paid daily newspapers dominate the market but free dailies are gaining popularity in recent times. Advertisers continue to rely on print newspapers to reach
Canadians in their home or work environments. For these reasons, print newspapers as a mass medium do not seem to be dying in Canada. They might not be as healthy as they were without any competition from online sources, but they are holding their own ground, according to Statistics Canada.
673:) have replaced bulkier radios for many. Whereas Internet advertising revenues have steadily increased over recent years, advertising revenue for radio only increased by about 1.5 percent from 2006 to 2007, and this rate is likely to be even smaller now. However, it is not fair to assume that radio is going to become obsolete in the near future; new forms, including online and satellite radio, have been introduced which provide new benefits for listeners. The fact that the radio industry has been able to hold its ground for so many years after the introduction of television is a testament to its longevity.
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426:. Electronic mass media require their audiences to interact with electronics in order to receive the message. They attempt to recreate or represent a message through moving pictures and/or sound. Four common examples of electronic media used in Canadian society are television, radio, films, and the Internet. Print mass media, on the other hand, refers to any media that is distributed to audiences in a printed form, on paper. Examples of this include newspapers,
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for magazines past the 2016–2017 time frame." He claims that although print is not dead, the magazine industry might become obsolete. Although he is referring to periodicals in the United States, similar patterns exist in Canada, since over ninety percent of the most popular periodicals sold in Canada are
American. Some say that magazines are evolving rather than dying; they are adapting to new technology by creating online versions. For example,
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839:. It was edited by William Cochran and printed by John Howe. Publication began in 1789 and lasted three years. This magazine dealt mostly with affairs concerning the British public, despite its being published at a time of colonization in Canada. After this first publication, most magazines over the next fifty years in Canada only lasted a few years, often only a few months. The first ever bilingual magazine, published in 1792, was entitled
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Alexandre Gamela, a freelance journalist, says that "The print product is pretty much the same as it was 20, 30, 40 years ago, it is not well adapted to these new circumstances, therefore it needs to be re-thought and re-designed." For these reasons, online journalism continues to gain popularity. However, as will be discussed under the section on newspapers, readerships for print newspapers in Canada seems to be steady.
568:. This regulated industry also affects news content because it is constantly being monitored by the agency. Secondly, many radio stations and television stations in Canada are publicly owned. Print journalism has almost always been conducted by private enterprise in Canada, and radio also started as a private enterprise which was subject to regulation by the state. It became a hybrid of private and public broadcasters.
25:
648:. The program was bilingual. As mentioned by Irving, and supported by Arthur Siegel, modern media such as television and radio have become agents of denationalization because of the spillover of U.S. influence and fragmentation of media within Canada. Siegel implies that because of this, the state of television in Canada (i.e. whether it is healthy or dying) depends on the state of television in the United States.
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language, such as the United States and
England, because of the latter's influence on the former. Over ninety percent of the periodicals displayed on newsstands which sell more than 10,000 copies a month are American. Because of this overwhelming influence of the powerful United States, Canada has been significantly slowed down in forming its own unique identity.
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had no moral bias. Technology in the electronic age shapes an individual's (as well as a society's) self-realization. In other words, McLuhan writes about three major revolutions in his various works and gives great importance to the electronic one. Electronic mass media clearly have a large impact on
Canadian society and affect audiences in a variety of ways.
556:, and free newspapers such as Metro and 24) have survived and continued to bring in an audience. Before the 1970s, The Globe and Mail was one of the few surviving morning papers, while most popular newspapers were distributed in the evening in Toronto. Nowadays, most newspapers have joined The Globe and Mail and are published in the morning.
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territories. Because of the large distances between these regions, media could not spread throughout the whole country as effectively in the past. In the time of canoe transportation, this distance was a barrier to communication; with the age of the telegraph-railway, Canada finally began to edge towards becoming a proper, connected nation.
818:) allow one to carry many books at once, are as portable as printed books, and provide instantaneous access to books (as opposed to having to search for printed books in a store). They can also be interactive, containing audio and image components and allowing readers to change font styles to suit their own preference.
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Newspapers, printed books, and magazines are three popular forms of print mass media. Throughout history, each has seen certain levels of popularity in relation to one another and in relation to electronic media. Some have also seen drops in popularity and might be considered dying media, as explored
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According to an article in the
Toronto Star, the Canadian film industry has always had problems with creating a popular culture because of the shadow of the United States' film industry. For this reason, Canadian films have failed due to a lack of an export market. Canadian actors frequently relocate
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The first
Canadian films were produced in the fall of 1897, a year after the first public exhibition of motion pictures on 27 June 1896 in Montréal. They were made by James Freer, a Manitoba farmer, and depicted life on the Prairies. In 1898–99, the Canadian Pacific Railway showed them throughout the
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Clemons suggests alternative methods for earning money through the Internet, namely selling content and selling access to virtual communities. However, one might argue that this would not be effective in current society; since content and access has been available for free for as long as the Internet
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According to David Renard, "Over the next 10 years, the magazine industry will experience deep-rooted change from primarily a print-oriented business to one where digital products will represent the largest share of a smaller periodical industry. We expect digital to be the primary source of revenue
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regions. During the third period, the discovery of gold brought settlers to the Pacific Coast region, and there was a growing interest in domestic affairs. Finally, the twentieth century saw a substantial change in Canadian newspapers. After the two world wars, as well as the industrial developments
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Because the Internet allowed users ease of access to information about practically any topic, the medium has seen immense popularity ever since its inception. There has never been a point in its relatively short history (it has only been around for about 40 years) when it has declined in popularity.
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He gives great importance to the introduction of electronic media into the realm of people's everyday lives. According to McLuhan, the introduction of electronic media was one of the main media revolutions. He claims that technology evoked an emotional response from audiences although it technically
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won the election, it increased taxpayer funding of the CBC by $ 150 million. In 2017, the federal government announced a five-year $ 50 million program to help struggling local newspapers. In 2018, it announced $ 595 million in tax credits to help struggling newspapers and television
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model. In such cases, each side of the market is expected to provide a form of benefit to the other in return for the same. It is a mutual system of benefit in which there are two end-users or beneficiaries. A lot of times, mass media works in this way (in Canadian society as well as in any other).
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As mentioned above, the first incident of printing in Canada came in 1752 with the Halifax Gazette. The history of the printed book is slightly different. In 1761, Anton Heinrich took over John Bushell's printing shop in Halifax. James Rivingston, a member of a family involved with bookselling and
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read a daily newspaper each week, and print readership continues to grow at about 2 percent each year. However, website readership is growing faster, at a rate of 4 percent. Although print readership is currently larger, website readership is growing at a faster rate, suggesting that a takeover is
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if a new technology extends one or more of our senses outside us into the social world, then new ratios among all of our senses will occur in that particular culture. It is comparable to what happens when a new note is added to a melody. And when the sense ratios alter in any culture then what had
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Nowadays, online journalism is on the rise. It provides a new platform for readers to interact instantly with news sources through blog comments and feedback. There are also various multimedia options which are not available with print journalism. For example, videos can be embedded into websites.
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Special attention must be paid to the importance of advertising, particularly in newspapers. Newspapers typically generate about 70 – 80 percent of their revenue from advertising, while the remainder comes from subscriptions and sales. However, with the recent move to online publishing, there have
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As mentioned previously, the existence of two major cultural traditions has impeded the creation of a genuine Canadian community and identity. According to Irving, none of the mass media in Canada have succeeded in establishing any genuine communication between the two cultures. A creative culture
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The first period of Canadian journalism spanned from 1752–1807; the second period spanned from 1807–1858; the third period spanned from 1858–1900; the fourth period spans from the beginning of the twentieth century to current day. The first period consisted of newspapers brought and inserted into
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Television was welcomed when it was first introduced into society. It brought about a change from communication which was previously limited to only audio. If one wanted to view something on a screen, one would have to visit the cinema; the television provided a way of sitting at home and having
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as well as the rest of the world. According to John A. Irving, mass media functions differently in Canadian society because of a lack of collective identity; this is in reference to Canada's languages (and related cultures) as well as its proximity to the United States. Irving states that such
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Irving claims that the most important problem facing Canada in terms of forming a genuine identity comes from its close proximity to the United States. It is difficult for a bilingual or multilingual country, such as Canada, Switzerland, or Belgium, to be so close to a country with one common
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Irving also mentions a third, less important reason for Canada's inability to form a genuine identity in history: distance and geographical regionalism. There are six distinct regions within the domain of Canada: the Atlantic, Quebec, Ontario, the Prairies, British Columbia, and the northern
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been problems. Online advertising is not nearly as effective as print advertising, according to Eric Clemons. Although he discusses advertising in relation to newspapers in the United States, similar problems exist in Canada. He claims that Internet advertising will fail for three reasons:
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The consensus about radio in Canada as well as in most parts of the world is that it is a dying medium. With innovations such as television and the Internet, which have allowed for audio communication paired with visual, there has been less need for radio. Furthermore, the introduction of
583:, but they mostly recognize the biased tendencies of people who actively post news on such networks. People with strong political opinions are at risk of becoming misinformed by depending only on news sources that they agree with (primarily social media, but also traditional media).
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to Hollywood to further their careers. Also, unlike radio and television, there is no protection for Canadian content in movie theatres. It is clear that Hollywood movies are a lot more popular in Canada than Canadian-made movies. As a whole, the film industry (
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was closely identified with a new emerging sense of Canadian nationalism, like other magazines of the time. Through the use of many pictures, Desbarats felt that the magazine would instill a sense of pride in readers for their Canadian name and society.
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from 1838 to 1851. These were the most well-known exceptions to the rule that magazines lasted only a few years. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the pace of magazine publishing in Canada picked up significantly. George Desbarats launched
467:(that is, those who are not exposed to French culture) are hardly aware of it. The published works of French Canadian authors remain relatively unknown in nine of the ten provinces and have little influence outside of Quebec. In addition to this, the
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has been around, sudden charges might cause an uproar among users of the Internet. Furthermore, a portion of Internet users may not be able to afford paying for content and access, which will limit the amount of revenue businesses will bring in.
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The first radio broadcast station in Canadian history was WXA in Montreal, later called CINW. The first broadcast was on May 20, 1920. Canada's first national radio network was established by a railway; the national radio was a product of the
503:– Messages coming from commercial sources have proven to be considered less credible by audiences and therefore have a less powerful impact. Company sponsored blogs are among the least trusted sources of information on products and services.
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Nowadays, certain forms of mass media in Canada are thriving, while others are on the decline. This can be observed through an analysis of the effectiveness of various forms of electronic and print media in Canadian society.
665:, a state agency. Through this national radio, its creators saw a way of fostering and promoting immigration, enhancing the image of radio, and supporting the nation through communication with large groups of listeners.
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The newspaper industry in Canada (similar to the newspaper industry in other developed countries including the United States) is controlled by a small number of individual or corporate owners. This is referred to as
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stationery in London, advertised a large stock of books and stationery for sale in Halifax. The first printing shop was established in 1764 by William Brown and Thomas Gilmore in Quebec. The earliest recorded
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that followed these wars, the circulation of French and English newspapers in Canada increased to more than 5.7 million in 1989. By the mid-1980s, there were 110 daily newspapers. Nowadays, there are 105.
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There are four main types of electronic media prevalent in Canadian society, which are explored below. Throughout history, each has seen popularity, and certain ones have seen drops in popularity as well.
515:– If users need a product or service, they have their own sources on the Internet and prefer to use these as opposed to advertisements on websites which are not solely dedicated to the product or service.
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UK to promote immigration. They were so successful that the federal government sponsored a second tour by Freer in 1902 and the CPR began directly financing production of immigration films.
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The government is pledging nearly $ 600 million over the next five years to help news organizations struggling to adapt to a digital age that has disrupted traditional business models.
1251:"Reviews: Democratizing Global Media: One World, Many Struggles. Edited by Robert A. Hackett & Yuezhi Zhoa. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. 328 pp. ISBN 0-247-53643-2"
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versions of magazines have been created recently. However, this still implies that the printed medium of periodicals is dying while online versions are gaining popularity.
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There are many who think that with the introduction of the Internet and e-reading, the printed book is on the decline for reasons of practicality; e-readers (such as the
527:, the union representing CBC journalists, became a registered third party in order to campaign for increased taxpayer funding of the CBC in the 2015 election. After the
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operates two separate networks for radio and television; listeners and watchers of the English stations rarely listen to the French stations, and vice versa.
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771:, issued on March 23, 1752. The second period began as settlers arrived from Britain and the United States; newspapers began to gain popularity in the
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reports that Canadians both consume and somewhat trust print, broadcast and online media sources. They also consume news from social networks such as
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The face of print journalism in Canada is undergoing change. Evening newspapers are no longer popular (one of the only surviving ones is
697:) continues to make substantial profits in Canada as well as around the world; it can, therefore, be said that the medium is not dying.
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https://www.thestar.com/atkinsonseries/atkinson2010/article/865562--part-5-canadian-film-scene-still-waiting-for-happy-ending?bn=1
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The first Canadian periodicals were established in Nova Scotia by people from New England. The first Canadian magazine was called
2017:
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418:. Mass media are specifically intended to reach larger audiences. The term is often divided into two broad categories: that of
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refers to any means or technology used to communicate a message to large groups of people. Popular forms of mass media include
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2007:
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1078:"Online Revenue Business Model Has Changed Little Since 1996 | Newspaper Research Journal | Find Articles at BNET"
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Desbarats, Peter. (2009). "The Special Role of Magazines in the History of Canadian Mass Media and National Development."
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1311:"Decline in print and rise in online journalism: an interview | Alex Gamela – Digital Media & Journalism"
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is considered the inventor of the World Wide Web; he implemented the first successful communication between a
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appeared lucid before may suddenly become opaque, and what had been vague or opaque will become translucent.
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http://www.citizen.on.ca/news/2010-09-16/Editorial/The_face_of_print_journalism_changing_again.html
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1776:"5 Reasons Why the Novel Is Not A Dying Medium | Lit Drift: Storytelling in the 21st Century"
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Djankov, Simeon, Caralee McLeish, Tatiana Nenova, and Andrei Schleifer. "Who Owns the Media?"
1185:"$ 600M in federal funding for media 'a turning point in the plight of newspapers in Canada'"
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Taylor, Kate. "Canadian Film Scene Still Waiting for Happy Ending." Toronto Star.
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was first created by Ray Tomlinson in 1971, and this innovation was followed by
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Nova Scotia Magazine and Comprehensive Review of Literature, Politics, and News
1861:"Print is not Dead, but Most of the Magazine Industry will be Digital in 2020"
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aired its first broadcast on September 6, 1952 from Montreal's station,
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Crassweller, Anne. "Readership is "business as usual" in Canada" IMMA.
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In the 1950s and 1960s, with the creation of computers, is where the
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1215:"The Face of Print Journalism: Changing Again" Orangeville Citizen.
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1466:"Sorry, There's No Way To Save The TV Business – Business Insider"
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show that print readership is "business as usual." Nearly 8 in 10
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http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/shleifer/files/media.pdf
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How Canadians communicate II: media, globalization, and identity
1413:"American Influence Pervasive in Canadian Newspapers, Radio, TV"
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Converging media, diverging politics – United States and Canada
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Canadian society by colonies in New England. The first was the
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http://www.wsdm-conference.org/2010/proceedings/docs/p311.pdf
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Although online readership has been on the rise, studies by
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Skinner, David; James Robert Compton; Mike Gasher (2005),
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Taras, David; Maria Bakardjieva; Frits Pannekoek (2007),
1616:. Buzzle.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2007
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http://www.oldradio.com/archives/international/canada.htm
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1135:"CMG registers as a third party in the federal election"
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Canadian newspaper ownership in the era of convergence
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1686:"The Evolution of Newspapers | Newspapers Canada"
1377:"Some Important Dates from Canadian Broadcast History"
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Certain people think that despite the introduction of
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Consumers are not interested in viewing advertisements
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personalized and portable listening devices (namely
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Morals and the media: ethics in Canadian journalism
1600:"Tim Berners-Lee – Time 100 People of the Century"
1520:"Radio InSights: Is Radio Dying, Growing, or What?"
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847:from 1825 to 1830, and John Lovell published the
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1720:"Revenue Fluctuations for Newspapers Publishers"
1540:Pierre VĂ©ronneau; Peter Morris; Piers Handling.
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566:Canadian Radio and Telecommunications Commission
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2089:The Real Problem with the Media Business Model
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1614:"Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet"
1468:. Articles.businessinsider.com. Archived from
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441:is different from the mass media model of the
2022:(3rd ed.), James Lorimer & Company,
1976:Soderlund, Walter C; Kai Hildebrandt (2005),
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1820:. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from
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1544:. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from
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1439:. Webscopia.com. 2011-02-10. Archived from
1396:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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544:), while morning newspapers (including the
32:It has been suggested that this article be
2094:The Canadian Encyclopedia (Communications)
1649:Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
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974:Lorimer, Rowland and Mark Gasher. (2004).
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2056:Allen, Gene; Daniel J. Robinson (2009),
1522:. Harkerresearch.typepad.com. 2010-08-11
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681:According to the Canadian Encyclopedia:
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1754:"The Advantages and Benefits of Ebooks"
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596:The Electronic Age and Marshall McLuhan
2129:Mass media in North America by country
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2015:
1935:
1239:. Harcourt Brace & Company. p. 61.
754:According to McLuhan's dichotomies of
709:begins. In 1969 came the invention of
1887:Meanderings Through Mass Media (blog)
1743:. University of Toronto Press. p. 25.
1183:Thomson, Stuart (November 21, 2018).
978:. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–25.
1365:. University of Toronto Press. p.41.
1330:
18:
1893:from the original on April 26, 2012
13:
1908:
1881:Meghan Mangrum (20 October 2010).
1437:"Is Television Dying? — Webscopia"
856:in 1869 and it lasted until 1883.
501:Consumers do not trust advertising
77:
14:
2140:
2077:
1803:. Oxford University Press. p.169.
1506:. Oxford University Press. p. 55.
1256:Canadian Journal of Communication
987:Lorimer and Gasher 2004, pp.12—13
642:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
513:Consumers do not need advertising
469:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
454:Identity and Mass Media in Canada
1375:Paul Cassel VE3SY (2004-02-10).
928:Concentration of media ownership
907:
893:
879:
791:
750:Print Media and Marshall McLuhan
351:
23:
16:Overview of mass media in Canada
2062:, University of Toronto Press,
2002:, University of Calgary Press,
1982:, University of Alberta Press,
1942:, University of Alberta Press,
1922:, University of Toronto Press,
1874:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1806:
1801:Communication History in Canada
1793:
1767:
1746:
1733:
1712:
1699:
1654:
1641:
1606:
1594:
1572:
1559:
1533:
1504:Communication History in Canada
1496:
1483:
1404:
1368:
1355:
1324:
1303:
1294:
1281:
1242:
1229:
1176:
1153:
1127:
1070:
587:Electronic Mass Media in Canada
536:The Mass Media Journalism Model
1709:, Retrieved November 17, 2011.
1603:, Retrieved November 17, 2011.
1569:, Retrieved November 17, 2011.
1291:, Retrieved November 17, 2011.
1033:
1024:
1015:
990:
981:
968:
959:
933:History of Canadian newspapers
1:
1936:Carney, William Wray (2003),
1919:Broadcasting Policy in Canada
1741:History of the Book in Canada
1493:, Retrieved October 20, 2011.
1489:"Canadian Broadcast History"
1226:, Retrieved October 19, 2011.
1059:. Timkastelle.org. 2010-08-15
1043:. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
953:
761:
623:
483:The Mass Media Business Model
1464:Henry Blodget (2009-06-12).
1331:Owen, Taylor (August 2019),
1237:Guide to Canadian News Media
1000:. The Ryerson Press. p. 225.
976:Mass Communication in Canada
828:
7:
2104:Newspaper Audience Databank
1778:. Lit Drift. Archived from
1739:Fleming, Patricia. (2004).
1722:. Statcan.gc.ca. 2009-01-02
1647:McLuhan, Marshall. (1964).
1361:McLuhan, Marshall. (1962).
1270:10.22230/cjc.2007v32n2a1885
1112:Eric Clemons (2009-03-22).
872:
731:HyperText Transfer Protocol
700:
10:
2145:
1916:Armstrong, Robert (2010),
1774:JK Evanczuk (2009-10-27).
1756:. Successconsciousness.com
1651:. McGraw Hill. pp. 22--25.
1502:Robinson, Daniel. (2009).
1379:. Hammondmuseumofradio.org
1235:Desbarats, Peter. (1996).
1164:. Toronto, Ontario, Canada
845:La Bibliothèque Canadienne
741:Print Mass Media in Canada
487:Media often consists of a
395:
49:Proposed since April 2024.
1633:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1334:Digital Democracy Project
1313:. Alex Gamela. 2011-04-20
943:Media ownership in Canada
858:Canadian Illustrated News
854:Canadian Illustrated News
577:Digital Democracy Project
2019:The Mass Media In Canada
996:Irving, John A. (1969).
801:published in Canada was
676:
655:
437:The mass media model in
1662:"The 'Impact' of Print"
1344:& McGill University
707:history of the Internet
529:Liberal Party of Canada
1956:Russell, Nick (2005),
1841:Desbarats 2009, p.169.
1300:Desbarats 1996, p. 31.
1249:Downing, John (2007).
803:
690:
617:
562:concentrated ownership
82:
2124:Mass media by country
2016:Vipond, Mary (2000),
1850:Desbarats 2009, p.170
1688:. Newspaperscanada.ca
733:client and a server.
683:
610:
459:exists in Quebec for
420:electronic mass media
81:
2119:Mass media in Canada
1363:The Gutenberg Galaxy
1139:Canadian Media Guild
998:Mass Media in Canada
948:Television in Canada
841:Le Magasin de Québec
804:L'almanac de cabinet
630:television in Canada
602:The Gutenberg Galaxy
525:Canadian Media Guild
523:In August 2015, the
2042:, Lexington Books,
1342:Public Policy Forum
1012:Irving 1969, p. 223
2084:The Canadian Media
1583:. Sixrevisions.com
1222:2010-09-21 at the
1030:Irving 1969, p.224
1021:Irving 1969, p.225
756:hot and cool media
550:The Globe and Mail
83:
2099:Newspapers Canada
2069:978-0-8020-9316-5
2009:978-1-55238-224-0
1929:978-1-4426-4096-2
1816:; Sandra Martin.
1579:Cameron Chapman.
1277:on 19 April 2012.
915:Journalism portal
719:Project Gutenberg
542:tonight Newspaper
465:English Canadians
394:
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358:Canada portal
71:Culture of Canada
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489:two-sided market
461:French Canadians
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140:Multiculturalism
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1116:. TechCrunch
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319:Bibliography
281:Peacekeeping
187:Architecture
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1818:"Magazines"
1195:December 8,
1191:. Postmedia
1168:December 8,
671:mp3 players
269:Video games
125:Immigration
2113:Categories
1867:2011-12-16
1828:2011-12-16
1786:2011-12-16
1760:2011-12-16
1726:2011-12-16
1692:2011-12-16
1668:2011-12-16
1620:2011-12-16
1587:2011-12-16
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1317:2011-12-16
1145:23 October
1120:2011-12-16
1092:17 January
1063:2011-12-16
954:References
762:Newspapers
632:begins in
624:Television
532:networks.
416:newspapers
408:television
404:mass media
328:Historians
259:Newspapers
249:Television
234:Literature
1348:23 August
829:Magazines
785:Canadians
695:Hollywood
432:magazines
402:The term
219:Festivals
135:Languages
103:Ethnicity
98:Canadians
1897:April 6,
1891:Archived
1629:cite web
1392:cite web
1220:Archived
873:See also
773:Maritime
701:Internet
634:Montreal
412:Internet
313:Research
291:Religion
286:Politics
264:Internet
130:Holidays
120:Identity
110:Folklore
63:a series
61:Part of
823:e-books
799:almanac
781:NADbank
746:below.
711:ARPANET
638:Toronto
581:Twitter
338:Surveys
333:Studies
301:Theatre
214:Cuisine
145:Symbols
91:History
44:Discuss
2066:
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812:Kindle
723:eBooks
552:, the
463:, but
439:Canada
430:, and
414:, and
410:, the
296:Sports
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224:Humour
202:Quebec
197:Comics
180:Topics
167:Values
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1338:(PDF)
715:email
677:Films
656:Radio
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209:Crime
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36:with
2064:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2024:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1899:2018
1635:link
1398:link
1350:2019
1197:2018
1170:2015
1147:2015
1094:2022
867:iPad
816:Kobo
814:and
721:and
646:CBFT
636:and
575:The
1265:doi
663:CNR
600:In
229:Law
192:Art
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