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For their research, the scientists examined existing evidence of previous sea levels and ice sheet constructions (Dutton et al., 2015). Despite many geological advances in the understanding of global mean sea level during previous warm periods, potential research hindrances still exist for future paleoclimate researchers. For instance, the peak heat temperatures during previous warm periods may have varied on the span of the respective interglacial period, which suggests that warm periods that lasted thousands of years may not represent “equilibrium conditions for the climate-cryosphere system” (Dutton et al., 2015). Additionally, it is currently not possible for researchers and scientists to make exact estimates of peak global mean sea level during the
Pliocene period.
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a “gravitationally self-consistent theory”. Additionally, the researchers performed a Monte Carlo parameter where they observed mantle viscosity, lithospheric thickness, and the duration of the break during MIS 11 (Raymo & Mitrovica, 2012). Raymo and
Mitrovica have said that employing this method “yields a preferred bound on the peak
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sea level defense infrastructure (Kemp et al., 2015). The demand to present location-specific details regarding future sea level projections in the midst of climate change is a critical aspect of climatology research because of the growing concentration of socioeconomic and residential activity along global coastlines.
278:(Sr) in deep ocean sediments could substantiate the Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis but soon recognized that ambiguities in the sources of strontium to the ocean existed. Over 35 years later, the hypothesis continues to be debated and studied with many new lines of evidence proposed. Their proposed mechanism of CO
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In a research paper by Raymo and her colleagues, they explained that the majority of existing sea level projections focus on shorter timelines of less than 2000 years, however, longer timeline projections are critical for predicting potential future sea-level heights to effectively develop long-term
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and climate conditions (PLIOMAX, n.d.). The accuracy of accessible paleoclimate data hindered these factors as mentioned earlier (PLIOMAX, n.d.). In another analysis, Raymo and her colleagues examined how polar ice sheets evolved during previous warm periods, specifically during the
Pliocene period.
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computed global sea-level variations over the past 500 kyr. In their analysis, they assumed that the melting of the East
Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) and the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) happened towards the end of this interglacial period. One of the methods they used in their examination involved using
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and the G. Unger
Vetlesen Professor of Earth & Environmental Sciences at Columbia University. From 2011 to 2022, she was also Director of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory's (LDEO) Core Repository and, until 2024, was the Founding Director of the LDEO Hudson River Field Station. From 2020 to
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in a list of the 50 most important women in science and in her nomination for the
Wollaston Medal, Professor James Scourse described her as "one of the foremost and influential figures in the last 30 years...She's been an important role model to women scientists—you can get to the top."
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During the PLIOMAX project, Raymo formulated a method for correcting shorelines during the
Pliocene period, for post-depositional isostatic changes (PLIOMAX, n.d.). One of the main hurdles the PLIOMAX project faced was the ability to adjust and verify the model performance under
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Petit, J. R.; Jouzel, J.; Raynaud, D.; Barkov, N. I.; Barnola, J. M.; Basile, I.; Bender, M.; Chappellaz, J.; Davis, J.; Delaygue, G.; Delmotte, M.; Kotlyakov, V. M.; Legrand, M.; Lipenkov, V.; Lorius, C.; PĂ©pin, L.; Ritz, C.; Saltzman, E.; Stievenard, M. (1999).
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explains the 41,000 year pacing of Earth's climate cycles from 3 to 1 million years ago as due to the out-of-phase response of the northern and southern polar ice sheets to orbital precession at this time.
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from deep ocean sediments. This included publishing the first continuous oxygen isotope stratigraphy and time scale of the northern hemisphere Ice Ages from DSDP Site 607. In 2005, with her post-doc
1234:
Raymo, Maureen; Ruddiman, William; Backman, Jan; Clement, Stephen; Martinson, Douglas (1989). "Late
Pliocene variation in Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and North Atlantic deep circulation".
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of microfossils in deep sea sediment cores (serving as a proxy for the total global mass of glacial ice sheets)(Lisiecki and Raymo 2005) and to the temperature scale derived from
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using carbon isotopes of marine organic matter. This was a time three million years ago when global temperatures were about 2-3 °C above preindustrial levels and their CO
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from the atmosphere. The resulting cooling led to the growth of large ice sheets at both poles. Raymo and her colleagues initially suggested that measuring the proportions of
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over the last 40 million years contributed to surface cooling and thus the Ice Ages. Mountain uplift enhances the chemical weathering of minerals, a process that removes
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for geology, which had been awarded for 183 years at the time. She was described in her nomination as "one of the foremost and influential figures in the last 30 years."
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381:(ESL) during MIS 11”. Understanding the durability of existing ice sheets amidst climate change remains a significant concern for societal safety.
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removal, the chemical weathering of mechanically crushed rock, is also the scientific basis behind projects which aim to remove anthropogenic CO
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Raymo, Maureen; Lisiecki, Lorraine; Nisancioglu, Kerim (2006). "Plio-Pleistocene ice volume, Antarctic climate, and the global δ18O record".
430:’s annual meeting for her use of geochemistry, geology and geophysics to solve paleoclimatology’s big problems. In 2019 she was awarded the
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Raymo, Maureen; Ruddiman, William; Froelich, Phillip (1988). "Influence of late
Cenozoic mountain building on ocean geochemical cycles".
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of the Earth, and past sea level change, publishing over 100 peer-reviewed scientific articles. Her work underlies fundamental ideas in
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Raymo is known for her research using sedimentological and geochemical data from deep sea cores to better understand how the ocean's
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Lisiecki, L. E.; Raymo, M. E. (2005). "Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of globally distributed benthic stable oxygen isotope records".
414:. Raymo has won various prizes for her scientific work, including becoming in 2014 the first woman to be awarded the prestigious
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233:, where she earned her M.A. in geological sciences in 1985, her M.Phil. in geology in 1988, and her Ph.D. in geology in 1989.
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Raymo, Maureen; Grant, Barry; Horowitz, Michael (1996). "Mid
Pliocene warmth: stronger greenhouse and stronger conveyor".
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who led the project, Raymo published the widely adopted 5-million-year LR04 benthic isotope stack which defines
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estimate, between 350 and 400 ppm, later became the inspiration for the name of the activist organization
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In an analysis of collapsed polar ice sheets during the stage 11 Marine Isotope Interglacial (MIS), Raymo and
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and continues to be the chronological benchmark against which most studies of the last 5.5 Ma are measured.
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583:"2003-04 Guggenheim fellowship winner, Maureen Raymo: studying 40 million years or climate change"
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2023, she was first Interim Director then Director of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, the first
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887:"Climate and Atmospheric History of the Past 420,000 years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica"
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229:, receiving her Sc.B. Geology in 1982. After a brief stint working in a lab, she then attended
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Ruddiman, William; Raymo, Maureen; Martinson, Douglas; Clement, Stephen; Backman, Jan (1989).
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which advocates for a return to 350 ppm as a safe level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
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1085:"Correction to "A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δO records""
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Raymo, Maureen; Ruddiman, William (1992). "Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate".
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553:"Ice & Sea-Level Scientist Maureen Raymo Elected to National Academy of Sciences"
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were also important early influencesad. Raymo attended Oliver Ames High School in
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1263:"Pleistocene evolution of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and North Atlantic Ocean"
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1305:"A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic D 18 O records"
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and resolved to dedicate her life to studying the ocean. The books and films of
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by the American Geophysical Union. In 2022 she was elected as a Member of the
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682:"Climate Scientist Is First Woman to Win Geology's Storied Wollaston Medal"
518:"She's an Authority on Earth's Past. Now, Her Focus Is the Planet's Future"
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including the uplift weathering hypothesis, the "41,000-year problem," the
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Reconstruction of the past 5 million years of climate history, based on
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from the atmosphere via artificially enhanced chemical weathering.
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Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
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Kemp, Andrew C.; Dutton, Andrea; Raymo, Maureen E. (2015-09-01).
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1416:"Collapse of polar ice sheets during the stage 11 interglacial"
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and dating of the past by means of oxygen isotope analysis of
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934:"Neogene continental denudation and the Beryllium conundrum"
1397:"350.org: A global campaign to confront the climate crisis"
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10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0649:IOLCMB>2.3.CO;2
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European Geosciences Union - Milutin Milankovic Medal 2014
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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Lisiecki, Lorraine E.; Raymo, Maureen E. (January 2005).
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Encyclopedia of paleoclimatology and ancient environments
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Encyclopedia of paleoclimatology and ancient environments
1637:"Several researchers elected new members of the Academy"
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Lisiecki, Lorraine E.; Raymo, Maureen E. (March 2005).
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Li, Shilei; Raymo, Maureen; Goldstein, Stephen (2021).
648:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 567–568.
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In 2002, she was included by the illustrated magazine
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Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University
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Raymo, Maureen E.; Mitrovica, Jerry X. (March 2012).
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Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University
1639:. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 23 January 2022
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Raymo has done pioneering work on the origin of the
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and first female scientist to head the institution.
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
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612:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. p. 855.
197:In 2014, Raymo became the first woman to win the
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313:have influenced the pacing of ice ages over the
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938:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
16:American climate scientist and marine geologist
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606:"Active mountain building and climate change"
162:. She is the Co-Founding Dean Emerita of the
1531:"Paleo Constraints on Future Sea-Level Rise"
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309:changed in the past, as well as how Earth's
830:"Theory on a Plateau And the Climate Gains"
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478:"Leadership of the Columbia Climate School"
348:In 1996, Raymo published the first paleo-CO
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1083:Lisiecki, L. E.; Raymo, M. E. (May 2005).
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559:. Center for Climate and Life. May 4, 2016
410:. In 2016 she was elected a member of the
246:Raymo is known for developing (along with
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1757:Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
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1144:"Unlocking the mysteries of the Ice Ages"
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329:Raymo has also made contributions to the
301:ice cores following Petit et al. (1999).
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1660:"The 50 Most Important Women in Science"
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1752:Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory people
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581:Fitzgerald, Brian (26 September 2003).
1782:21st-century American women scientists
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1658:Svitil, Kathy A. (November 1, 2002).
734:Fletcher, Tiera; Rue, Ginger (2021).
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642:"Issues in middle Pliocene warming"
262:of areas such as the Himalayas and
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1142:Raymo, M. E.; Huybers, P. (2008).
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686:Lamont -Doherty Earth Observatory
436:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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1583:The Geological Society of London
124:Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
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1535:Current Climate Change Reports
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258:According to this hypothesis,
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516:Schwartz, John (2020-07-10).
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256:Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis.
1617:. American Geophysical Union
1383:10.1016/0377-8398(95)00048-8
458:Timeline of women in science
422:. In 2014, she received the
420:Geological Society of London
412:National Academy of Sciences
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1747:Columbia University faculty
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418:- the highest award of the
354:Middle Pliocene Warm Period
180:geologic temperature record
151:(born 1959) is an American
44:1959 (age 64–65)
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1792:Columbia University alumni
428:European Geosciences Union
404:American Geophysical Union
295:oxygen isotope composition
188:Pliocene sea-level paradox
1742:American women geologists
1556:10.1007/s40641-015-0014-6
438:, Class for Geosciences.
402:Raymo is a fellow of the
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190:, and the Lisiecki-Raymo
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1797:American women academics
1363:Marine Micropaleontology
710:M.E. Raymo (July 2018).
640:Gornitz, Vivien (2009).
604:Gornitz, Vivien (2009).
424:Milutin Milankovic Medal
307:thermohaline circulation
205:Early life and education
86:Milutin Milankovic Medal
1787:Brown University alumni
1772:Wollaston Medal winners
1290:10.1029/PA004i004p00353
1248:10.1029/PA004i004p00413
1213:10.1126/science.1123296
959:10.1073/pnas.2026456118
736:Wonder Women of Science
593:(5). Boston University.
164:Columbia Climate School
134:Columbia Climate School
1130:10.1594/PANGAEA.704257
1074:10.1594/PANGAEA.704257
996:www.heirloomcarbon.com
856:"Cracking the Ice Age"
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242:Early climate research
70:(M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D.)
343:Marine isotope stages
323:Anti-phase Hypothesis
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223:Easton, Massachusetts
1332:10.1029/2004PA001071
1110:10.1029/2005PA001164
1038:10.1029/2004PA001071
862:. September 30, 1997
738:. Candlewick Press.
1727:Paleoclimatologists
1547:2015CCCR....1..205K
1440:10.1038/nature10891
1432:2012Natur.483..453R
1375:1996MarMP..27..313R
1324:2005PalOc..20.1003L
1282:1989PalOc...4..353R
1169:10.1038/nature06589
1160:2008Natur.451..284R
1101:2005PalOc..20.2007L
1030:2005PalOc..20.1003L
950:2021PNAS..11826456L
903:1999Natur.399..429P
808:1992Natur.359..117R
773:1988Geo....16..649R
557:Columbia University
432:Maurice Ewing Medal
311:Milankovitch cycles
231:Columbia University
129:Columbia University
90:Maurice Ewing Medal
68:Columbia University
836:. November 3, 1992
834:The New York Times
712:"Curriculum vitae"
522:The New York Times
379:eustatic sea level
374:Jerry X. Mitrovica
368:Sea level research
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215:S.S. United States
209:Raymo was born in
153:paleoclimatologist
1722:Marine geologists
1702:for Maureen Raymo
1615:"Past Recipients"
1579:"Wollaston Medal"
1426:(7390): 453–456.
1207:(5786): 492–495.
1154:(7176): 284–285.
897:(6735): 429–436.
802:(6391): 117-122.
745:978-1-5362-0734-7
398:Awards and honors
352:estimate for the
339:Lorraine Lisiecki
169:climate scientist
149:Maureen E. Raymo
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107:Climate Scientist
97:Scientific career
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1708:of Maureen Raymo
1706:Current projects
1700:Personal Website
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184:paleoceanography
111:Marine Geologist
62:Brown University
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