1269:
433:
876:: "We were charged by the Chians, Byzantines and Rhodians with plotting against them, and that was why they concerted the last war against us; but ... Mausolus the prime mover and instigator in the business". In this speech, our main source for Carian involvement in the Social War, Demosthenes makes clear that Mausolus and Artemisia supported the rebels in naval warfare against Athens. Although the precise causes of the Social War are obscure, it may be the case that Mausolus himself incited it in order to expand his sphere of influence into the neighbouring Greek islands of the
29:
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962:; later, he pretended to return the Latmian hostages which Idrieus had captured, and after winning the trust of the townspeople, ambushing the city at night after all the inhabitants had left its walls to watch his military procession. Separately, the same author writes how Mausolus' sister and wife Artemisia captured the same town by a similar deception, distracting the Latmians with a religious procession of women,
403:
1491:, who were themselves married. There is no evidence that Artemisia was ever formally a satrap of the Achaemenid Empire, rather than just a local dynast. Only the men of the Hekatomnid family were ever referred to as satraps, as far as we know. So, although Artemisia succeeded Mausolus in real terms, his successor to the office of satrap was probably his brother Idrieus.
1029:. Mausolus therefore demanded that the Lycians shave their heads and send him their hair. If the Lycians did not want to shave their heads, they could pay their Carian governors in money instead of hair, and Mausolus could buy hair from the Greeks instead. The entire thing was a sham. No hair was sent anywhere, but Condalos and Mausolus made a lot of money.
1048:. A similar plot had been thwarted in Mylasa over a decade earlier (367/6 BCE). Alongside these attempts on Mausolus' life, he also punished a group of brothers who conspired to desecrate a statue of his father Hekatomnos in Mylasa (361/0 BCE). These same brothers were celebrated in Iasos, where the city granted them
672:, a dynast based in eastern Lycia, came to dominate all of Lycia in the 370s and 360s BCE, breaking the historical dominance of the western dynasts based in and around Xanthos. He cast himself as a native Lycian fighting for liberation against Persians in western Lycia; one inscription explicitly describes his rival
519:, mostly during the 360s BCE. The Revolt of the Satraps, also called the Great Revolt, was not a coordinated affair, but consisted of multiple separate rebellions throughout Anatolia. Mausolus primarily participated on the side of Artaxerxes, although Greek sources say that he also briefly rebelled against him.
600:
Diodorus also tells us that
Mausolus and Autophradates, who secretly did not pursue Ariobarzanes, assisted Orontes of Mysia in his later rebellion in 362 BCE. Unlike Tachos or Agesilaus, however, Mausolus and Artemisia are mostly absent from narratives of Orontes' revolt, and there is no evidence
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Hecatomnus had several children, all of whom would rule at some point following his death. After his eldest son
Mausolus, his other children were Artemisia, Idrieus, Ada, and Pixodarus. The children of Hecatomnus practiced monogamous sibling marriage, with Mausolus marrying Artemisia and Idrieus
688:). Arttum̃para may have been one of two Achaemenid officials in Lycia whom Pericles contested, the other being Mithrapata. By rejecting Persian rule in the 370s and 360s BCE, Pericles was participating in the Revolt of the Satraps. Pericles' domination of an independent Lycia was ended by the
729:
Mausolus ruled Lycia as satrap in the later part of his reign. From this time onwards, independent Lycian coins were no longer struck, and instead coins of
Mausolus and his successors circulated in Lycia. Although he did not conquer Lycia, he may have been militarily active there, as
597:, Mausolus was allegedly persuaded to abandon the siege by Agesilaus, whom Mausolus and Tachos of Egypt provided an escort to escape safely. This may be a sign that Mausolus only defied his overlord covertly, as there is no evidence that he actually made war against Artaxerxes.
489:). Because the two had no children, and incest of this type was not otherwise known in Caria, it is thought that their unusual marriage was entirely symbolic. Although only Mausolus was ever referred to as satrap, it is clear that Artemisia had some political authority as joint
363:
BCE. Mausolus succeeded his father upon
Hecatomnus' death in 377 BCE. The two may have shared the rule of Caria in the early 370s BCE, though, shortly before the death of Hecatomnus. Their close relationship is illustrated in the family scenes from the sarcophagus of
1004:
was about to attack the unwalled city; after the local elites gave much money to
Mausolus so that he could build walls for Mylasa, he told them that omens prevented him from providing anything. The city was not attacked and Mausolus kept his citizens' funds.
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tells a similar story about how he lied to his subjects that
Artaxerxes threatened to take dominion; he showed them his treasures, which he would sell to keep it, and so his subjects willingly gave him an immense amount of goods, ignorant of his deception.
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in the 1850s. Modern excavations of the site of the
Mausoleum, as with other archaeological features of ancient Halicarnassus at Bodrum, have been led by the Danish Archaeological Project in conjunction with the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology.
1223:. All three were located in the Carian mountains, away from major urban centres. Religious activity included annual processions up the mountain to the new monumental temples at these sanctuaries. Investment at Labraunda by both Mausolus and his brother
1111:. New city walls expanded into harbour fortifications, turning Halicarnassus into the primary port of the Hecatomnid navy. The Hecatomnids built themselves a palace on the promontory of Zephyrion, next to the older Temple of
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set the terms of the peace. Either during or shortly after the Social War, the Carian satraps controlled the Greek islands of Rhodes, Cos, and Chios, in part because they had undermined
Athenian authority in the region.
580:
The most evidence for
Mausolus' participation in the Great Satraps' Revolt, however, is on the side of his nominal sovereign. Mausolus, together with Autophradates the satrap of Lydia, led the siege of
1483:
Mausolus and
Artemisia had no children. After he died, his sister-wife Artemisia ruled alone for a short period before she herself died (353–351 BCE). She was then succeeded by her brother and sister
1480:. This coming together of famous and influential Greeks at Halicarnassus on the occasion of Mausolus' death, overseen by Artemisia, may be why she became so renowned for her grief in later tradition.
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relates a story about how, when Mausolus died shortly after the end of the Social War, the Rhodian democrats briefly overthrew their Hecatomnid-aligned oligarchy and unsuccessfully rebelled against
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All the original construction at Halicarnassus was distinctive of the so-called Ionian Renaissance, which the Hecatomnids sponsored throughout their territories, and which continued in the early
1510:. Although Mausolus ruled widely as satrap, was rich in his lifetime, and left behind a magnificent tomb in Halicarnassus, Diogenes taunts him, as they both have nothing after their deaths.
715:, "Persian satrap"). Lycia had returned to the Achaemenid control. Autophradates ruled for only a short period, though, and rule of Lycia was transferred to Mausolus sometime in the period
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around this time, perhaps in defiance of Mausolus. Nonetheless, Iasos still punished a series of unknown conspirators against Mausolus in the 360s BCE, putting their property to auction.
2916:
Pedersen, Poul (2010). "Maussollos and the 'Uzun Yuva' in Mylasa: an unfinished Proto-Maussolleion at the heart of a new urban centre?". In Van Bremen, Riet; Carbon, Jan-Mathieu (eds.).
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after his death. The tomb was only finished after her death. It is likely that construction began while Mausolus was still alive, and that he oversaw it alongside Artemisia.
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controlled Cos while he was satrap — although the evidence is inconclusive. Other cities and towns which may have been relocated or rebuilt by Mausolus or his family include
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and that Mausolus received cult worship after his death. Archaeological evidence suggests that worship of Mausolus continued until approximately the mid-2nd century BCE.
820:
in 387 BCE, Artaxerxes II had given control of the Greek cities of Anatolia to his satraps, while guaranteeing the independence of the Greek off the coast of Anatolia.
2819:
Hekatomnid Caria and the Ionian Renaissance. Acts of the International Symposium at the Department of Greek and Roman Studies, Odense University, 28-29 November, 1991
3066:
Lund, John (2021). "The function of the Maussolleion terrace after 350 BC: the testimony of the finds". In Pedersen, Poul; Poulsen, Birte; Lund, John (eds.).
620:, adding this territory to the southeast of Caria to their satrapy. Lycia had first been conquered by the Achaemenids at the same time as Ionia and Caria, by
1295:
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was emblematic of the Ionian Renaissance, combining Greek architectural styles with those of Anatolian structures such as the
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Pedersen, Poul (2021). "From Classical to Hellenistic: the Maussolleion and the Ionian Renaissance". In Pedersen, Poul; Poulsen, Birte; Lund, John (eds.).
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Artemisia threw a lavish funeral for Mausolus, including games and ceremonies, in which many distinguished Greeks participated. Many of were students of
1254:. Many cities and religious centres in and around Caria bear features of the Ionian Renaissance following direct sponsorship by Mausolus and his family.
950:, lived at the court of Mausolus and may have helped steer the politics of Cnidus as the satrap wished. Mausolus' rule was enforced by violence, though.
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1769:
Işık, Cengiz; Marek, Christian (2005). "Die Basen der Hekatomniden in Kaunos-Kbid". In Pedersen, Brandt; Gassner, Verene; Landstätter, Sabina (eds.).
1668:
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1176:, underwent synoecism shortly after Halicarnassus. This similar synoecism of Cos may have been politically induced by Mausolus — especially because
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record how Mausolus punished nobles who conspired against him. The most dramatic is from 355/4 BCE, late in Mausolus' reign, when he survived an
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or Ariobarzanes. He remained in office after the revolt was squashed in 362/1 BCE and was even rewarded by being given Lycia to govern over.
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tells us that he died in 353/2 BCE. Modern consensus agrees with this date, in part because Mausolus was known to have participated in the
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CNG: SATRAPS of CARIA. Maussolos. Circa 377/6–353/2 BC. AR Tetradrachm (23mm, 15.13 g, 12h). Halikarnassos mint. Struck circa 370–360 BC
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has been considered an unfinished 'proto-Mausoleum', having a similar terrace structure but lacking similar above-ground elements.
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to an extent. It is debated whether Caria underwent "Hellenisation", "Carianisation", or a complex combination of the two (e.g.
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tells many stories about the injustice of his rule, in part because he needed to raise funds to pay tribute to the Achaemenid
703:. Autophradates ruled Lycia himself for as 'king' and/or 'satrap' (TL 61: 𐊚𐊏𐊚 𐊜𐊑𐊗𐊀𐊇𐊀𐊗𐊀 𐊇𐊀𐊗𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊅𐊅𐊀𐊗𐊁𐊛𐊁,
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was especially intensive; the annual procession to Labraunda from Mylasa became a centrepiece of the Hecatomnid royal cult.
1076:. The city was refounded by Mausolus, being rebuilt on a new grid pattern. Its population was enlarged through a process of
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Mausolus was not punished for his alleged participation in the Revolt of the Satraps, unlike more flagrant rebels such as
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1445:, which he and Artemisia had been building while they were still alive. It is likely that the Mausoleum functioned as a
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251:
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Karia and the Dodekanese: Cultural Interrelations in the Southeast Aegean. Vol. I: Late Classical to Early Hellenistic
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Karia and the Dodekanese: Cultural Interrelations in the Southeast Aegean. Vol. I: Late Classical to Early Hellenistic
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Karia and the Dodekanese: Cultural Interrelations in the Southeast Aegean. Vol. I: Late Classical to Early Hellenistic
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1103:
The city of Halicarnassus, newly rebuilt by Mausolus and Artemisia, had a number of Greek features, including a large
565:, and Egypt in revolt, Diodorus said that half of Artaxerxes' revenues were cut off from him. Another participant was
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372:. Whether Mausolus held any real or ceremonial office before the period of his reign proper, however, is speculative.
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809:(357–355 BCE), by which they helped to extend their authority among the Greek islands and cities neighbouring Caria.
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852:. All three rebelled against Athens in 357 BCE, after the Athenians had begun to collect financial contributions (
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1307:. The leading craftsmen who designed and built the Mausoleum included famous Greeks and Carians: the architects
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Rhodes, which had previously been governed by a democracy aligned with Athens, came to be ruled instead by an
930:, Mausolus and Artemisia had considerable control over the other Greek cities on the coast of Caria, such as
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was deputised to enforce this peace among the Greeks. The Athenians subsequently formed what is called the
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Pedersen, Poul (2010). "The City Wall of Halikarnassos". In Van Bremen, Riet; Carbon, Jan-Mathieu (eds.).
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1999:
Dynastic Lycia. A Political History of the Lycians and their Relations with Foreign Powers c.545-362 B.C
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to the north of Lycia. How Mausolus and Artemisia governed Lycia is not clear. The Pseudo-Aristotelian
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2815:"The Ionian Renaissance and some aspects of its origin within the field of architecture and planning"
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Sebillotte Cuchet, Violine (2015). "The Warrior Queens of Caria (Fifth to Fourth Centuries BCE)". In
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628:. After the time of Harpagus, however, Achaemenid presence in Lycia was minimal and contested by the
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Not all of Mausolus' subjects accepted his authoritarian rule easily. A series of inscriptions from
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includes Mausolus in his list of satraps who rebelled against Artaxerxes II. Also in this list were
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2802:. Vol. 28. Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil. pp. 33–64.
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1468:, rather than the more famous Isocrates of Athens, who would have been very old at the time.
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has come to be used generically for any grand above-ground tomb. This was true in antiquity;
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2579:"Maussollos and the Date of the Transfer of the Seat of the Karian Satrapy to Halikarnassos"
748:(ὕπαρχος, 'deputy') active in Lycia, although this account is far from trustworthy. A later
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Euploia. La Lycie et la Carie antiques. Actes du colloque de Bordeaux 5, 6, 7 novembre 2009
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Jenkins, Ian (1997). "Sir Charles Newton, KCB (1816-1894)". In Waywell, Geoffrey B. (ed.).
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Euploia. La Lycie et la Carie antiques. Actes du colloque de Bordeaux 5, 6, 7 novembre 2009
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1288:. Tradition maintain that it was erected and named for him by order of his wife and sister
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and controlled other at undetermined points in his reign. As well as their new capital at
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8:
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1025:. He told his Lycian subjects that Artaxerxes demanded hair to make wigs (προκομία) for
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292:) or similar. This is a compound name perhaps meaning "much blessed". The first part,
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incorrectly claimed that Mausolus died in 351 BCE, which is when his sister and wife
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The Social War ended quickly in 355 BCE. The Athenians were already weakened after
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258:, the construction of which has traditionally been ascribed to his wife and sister
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The synoecism of Halicarnassus may have been inspired by the earlier synoecism of
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Mausolus was not beloved by all his subjects. Mausolus appears as a stereotypical
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Luwian Identities. Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean
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who themselves were from Greek cities within the Hecatomnid sphere of influence.
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1080:: residents of Carian villages nearby were relocated to the new capital city.
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by disaffected subjects during the royal procession at the yearly festival at
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3051:. In Brun, Patrice; Cavalier, Laurence; Konuk, Koray; Prost, Francis (eds.).
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2562:. In Brun, Patrice; Cavalier, Laurence; Konuk, Koray; Prost, Francis (eds.).
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942:. Part of this control had diplomatic elements. For example, the astronomer
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As well as cities, Mausolus rebuilt major Carian religious sanctuaries at
840:. Among the Greek communities which founded this alliance in 378 BCE were
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1017:. While collecting money for Mausolus, Condalos noted that the people of
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3219:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 917.
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368:. They were also depicted alongside one another in a statue group from
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2261:"Race, Gender, and Queenship in Book 2 of Vitruvius's de Architectura"
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1391:). The majority of surviving sculptural elements are now kept in the
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The site of the Mausoleum and a few remains can still be seen in the
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Mausolus' hyparch Condalos was also authoritarian, according to the
891:; they suffered several naval defeats to the rebels, such as at the
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4th Century Karia. Defining a Karian identity under the Hekatomnids
2773:
2750:
2653:"Herodotus' First Language: The State of Language in Halicarnassus"
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2161:
1955:
The Lycians. Vol. I: The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources
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1865:
1561:"Naming Practices in Second- and First-Millennium Western Anatolia"
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won the prose competition, defeating Isocrates. This may have been
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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wrote a dialogue between the deceased satrap and the philosopher
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had taken refuge there after Autophradates had driven him out of
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when his father Hecatomnus died in 377/6 BCE. He ruled alongside
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islands. He is best known for his monumental tomb and one of the
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Mausolus died shortly after the failed assassination attempt at
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The tomb was famous even in antiquity. Although the Mausoleum (
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1153:. Rhodes and Halicarnassus had close ties. Both claimed mythic
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After the Satraps' Revolt, Mausolus and Artemisia came to rule
570:
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490:
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332:(𐊷𐊵𐊲𐊸𐊫𐊦/𐊷𐊲𐊵𐊿𐊸𐊫𐊦 = Πονυσσωλλος, "blessed by all").
214:
206:
116:
94:
43:
2776:. In Mouton, Alice; Rutherford, Ian; Yakubovich, Ilya (eds.).
2216:
Die Rede des Demosthenes für die Freiheit der Rhodier (or. 15)
288:
origin, though, and would have been written as *𐊪𐊠𐊲𐊸𐊫𐊦 (
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2796:"The 4th century BC 'Ionian Renaissance' and Karian identity"
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Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes in Hellenistic Asia Minor
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early in their reign. Halicarnassus had historically been a
856:) from their allies and established an aggressive colony (a
402:
4202:
3030:"THE DANISH HALIKARNASSOS PROJECT. Andet forskningsprojekt"
485:(known as Artemisia II to avoid confusion with the earlier
801:
Mausolus and Artemisia cooperated with the rebels against
601:
that they took any concrete action against Artaxerxes II.
4264:
In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by
2146:"Notes on the Failure of the Second Athenian Confederacy"
1742:"Hekatomneion in Mylasa: preliminary studies on the cult"
1173:
234:), who was the first satrap of Caria from the hereditary
217:
by virtue of the powerful position created by his father
3170:
1744:. In Pedersen, Poul; Poulsen, Birte; Lund, John (eds.).
895:; and the city was nearly bankrupt. The intervention of
324:(𐤭𐊠𐊥𐊲𐊸𐊫𐊦 = Σαρυσ(σ)ωλλος, "highly blessed"), and
1088:, lists the villages assimilated into Halicarnassus as
872:
described the outbreak of the Social War is his speech
764:), which may have been true in Mausolus' time as well.
1849:
Greek Relations with the Persian Satraps: 371-343 B.C.
1476:
won the verse competition with a tragic play entitled
515:
in the west of the Achaemenid Empire rebelled against
2318:
2316:
2314:
1793:
1441:
When Mausolus died, his remains were interred in the
1172:
Another former island member of the Doric Hexapolis,
1157:
ancestry (although the people of Halicarnassus spoke
2700:
Karia and the Hekatomnids. The creation of a dynasty
2514:
Die Inschriften von Mylasa, I. Inschriften der Stadt
2465:
Die Inschriften von Mylasa, I. Inschriften der Stadt
2416:
Die Inschriften von Mylasa, I. Inschriften der Stadt
229:
3253:
3004:
Sculptors and Sculpture of Caria and the Dodecanese
1808:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 228–246.
1284:Mausolus is best known by his monumental tomb: the
2976:
2821:. Odense: Odense University Press. pp. 11–35.
2751:"Who(')s(e) Karian? Language, Names, and Identity"
2311:
1860:
1858:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1115:, which has since been built over by the medieval
2717:
2539:
2537:
2490:
2488:
2441:
2439:
2139:
2137:
2135:
1799:
1771:Synergia: Festschrift für Friedrich Krinzinger II
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1072:with a sizeable native population of Carians and
4281:
3049:"Tracing Elite Networks. A View from the Grave."
3007:. London: British Museum Press. pp. 10–23.
2789:
2787:
2692:
2690:
2291:
1060:Mausolus and Artemisia moved their capital from
954:reports that Mausolus had deputised his brother
557:, and miscellaneous populations of Anatolia and
270:Mausolus' name is only known directly in Greek (
3124:
3084:
2392:
2390:
2337:
2209:
2207:
1903:
1901:
1878:
1855:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1659:
1657:
1554:
1552:
296:, may mean "much", similar to the same word in
3130:
3104:
2962:
2956:
2909:
2609:
2534:
2485:
2436:
2132:
2060:
2054:Tituli Asiae Minoris. Volumen 1: Tituli Lyciae
2039:Tituli Asiae Minoris. Volumen 1: Tituli Lyciae
2024:Tituli Asiae Minoris. Volumen 1: Tituli Lyciae
1842:
1840:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1762:
1570:
1084:, who incorrectly attributed the synoecism to
304:, meaning "blessed", is very common in Carian
3239:
3040:
2825:
2806:
2784:
2742:
2687:
2629:
2507:
2505:
2458:
2456:
2409:
2407:
2297:
2085:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1257:
771:, a city at the eastern border of Lycia with
767:Mausolus and Artemisia made an alliance with
3021:
2936:
2922:. Études. Paris: Ausonius. pp. 69–102.
2551:
2387:
2360:
2358:
2322:
2232:
2204:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1898:
1823:
1677:
1663:
1654:
1549:
1438:passed away. It is unknown what he died of.
982:in the accounts of contemporary Greeks. The
2615:
1837:
1812:
3246:
3232:
2765:
2723:
2570:
2526:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2502:
2477:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2453:
2428:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2404:
2379:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2066:
1946:
1926:
1635:
1519:
1231:'Hellenisation' and the Ionian Renaissance
1204:(which may instead have been relocated by
511:, a long and complex affair in which many
27:
3059:
2994:
2667:
2355:
2184:
1971:
1768:
1733:
1161:) and both cities were allied within the
585:in 366 BCE at the request of Artaxerxes.
3205:
3046:
2915:
2831:
2812:
2793:
2696:
2644:
2635:
2252:
2143:
2091:
1558:
1267:
969:
496:
431:
422:, traditionally identified as Mausolus (
33:Mausolus, 377–353 BCE. Casting from the
3055:. Bordeaux: Ausonius. pp. 101–110.
3000:
2673:
2566:. Bordeaux: Ausonius. pp. 312–330.
2557:
2218:. Stuttgart und Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
2213:
2190:
2051:
2036:
2021:
1957:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
1907:
1494:Centuries after the death of Mausolus,
1278:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
996:. He supposedly deceived the people of
238:. Alongside Caria, Mausolus also ruled
16:Satrap of Caria from 377 BCE to 353 BCE
4282:
2774:"Greek (and our) Views on the Karians"
2748:
2511:
2462:
2413:
2364:
2045:
1846:
1692:
1529:Adiego Lajara, Ignacio-Javier (2007).
966:, and musicians, instead of soldiers.
775:, showing the extent of their domain.
3227:
2856:
2771:
2576:
2560:"Iasos between Maussollos and Athens"
2343:
2238:
2030:
2015:
1952:
1932:
1739:
787:to honour the satrap at his funeral.
3090:
3065:
3027:
2640:. Paris: Ausonius. pp. 269–316.
2056:. Vindobonae: Alfredi Hoelderi. 40d.
1996:
1884:
1864:
1055:
2942:
2650:
2258:
2041:. Vindobonae: Alfredi Hoelderi. 61.
2026:. Vindobonae: Alfredi Hoelderi. 29.
1693:Carney, Elizabeth Donnelly (2005).
1372:listed the Mausoleum as one of the
1354:) was named for Mausolus, the term
436:Coinage of Maussolos as Achaemenid
213:. He enjoyed the status of king or
13:
3394:
3110:
2780:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 421–506.
1773:. Wien: Phoibos. pp. 239–247.
1748:. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 87–106.
1374:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1364:used the term in reference to the
946:, who developed a cosmic model of
756:had garrison-commanders in Lycia (
707:, "while Autophradates was king";
252:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
14:
4331:
3164:
1699:The American Journal of Philology
1021:wore their hair long, unlike the
958:to capture the fortified town of
836:) as a counterbalance to Spartan
696:, at the end of the great revolt
684:: 𐊀𐊕𐊗𐊗𐊒𐊐𐊓𐊀𐊕𐊀:𐊎𐊁𐊅𐊁,
561:. With the majority of Anatolia,
479:his wife, who was also his sister
344:, a native Carian who became the
4290:Ancient Greek cities in Anatolia
3193:
2859:"Alexander and Ada Reconsidered"
2071:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. M10.
1200:to Tekir around this time), and
493:while the two were still alive.
401:
389:
4300:4th-century BC monarchs in Asia
3147:
2850:
1851:(Thesis). Princeton University.
922:Mausolus also invaded parts of
734:tells us that he campaigned in
340:Mausolus was the eldest son of
3160:, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1982
2724:Williamson, Christina (2021).
1777:
1695:"Women and Dunasteia in Caria"
1427:On the Liberty of the Rhodians
874:On the Liberty of the Rhodians
366:the tomb of Hecatomnus and Aba
308:. Other examples include just
1:
3047:Carstens, Anne Marie (2013).
2697:Carstens, Anne Marie (2009).
2304:Lives of Eminent Philosophers
1847:Moysey, Robert Allen (1975).
1513:
1208:after the time of Mausolus).
1147:
790:
716:
711:: 𐊜𐊖𐊖𐊀𐊅𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀 𐊓𐊀𐊀,
697:
507:Mausolus participated in the
459:
396:Early 20th century photograph
353:
335:
2755:The Ancient History Bulletin
2259:Kim, Patricia Eunji (2022).
1092:, Sibde, Medmasa, Euralium,
832:(in contrast to the earlier
744:records that Mausolus had a
230:
7:
4310:Achaemenid satraps of Caria
2984:"Sir Charles Thomas Newton"
2798:. In Henry, Olivier (ed.).
2150:Journal of Hellenic Studies
1640:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1559:Melchert, H. Craig (2013).
1420:, but had died by the time
1395:, where they were taken by
10:
4336:
4320:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
3392:
2857:Sears, Matthew A. (2014).
2817:. In Isager, Jacob (ed.).
2067:Hornblower, Simon (1982).
1806:Women and War in Antiquity
1636:Hornblower, Simon (1982).
1443:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1351:
1286:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1274:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1264:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1261:
1258:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1142:) came together the found
794:
761:
705:ẽnẽ xñtawata Wataprddatehe
500:
454:
420:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
317:
280:
275:
256:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
226:
191:
182:
177:
129:Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
4262:
4163:
4129:
4100:
4066:
4017:
3980:
3915:Queen Amoashtart (regent)
3895:
3861:
3837:
3759:
3693:
3618:
3581:
3504:
3405:
3272:
3262:
2772:Herda, Alexander (2013).
2558:Fabiani, Roberta (2013).
2512:Blümel, Wolfgang (1987).
2463:Blümel, Wolfgang (1987).
2414:Blümel, Wolfgang (1987).
2367:Die Inschriften von Iasos
2365:Blümel, Wolfgang (1985).
2245:Ten Books on Architecture
2144:Cawkwell, George (1981).
2110:10.1017/S000983880002108X
2092:Cawkwell, George (1981).
1953:Bryce, Trevor R. (1986).
752:shows that their brother
157:
145:
135:
123:
101:
85:
81:
71:
61:
53:
42:
26:
21:
2703:. Oxford: Archaeopress.
1997:Keen, Antony G. (1998).
1804:; Keith, Alison (eds.).
1802:Fabre-Serris, Jacqueline
1418:Social War (357–355 BCE)
1403:
611:
375:
3216:Encyclopædia Britannica
2813:Pedersen, Poul (1994).
2794:Pedersen, Poul (2013).
2749:LaBuff, Jeremy (2013).
2052:Kalinka, Ernst (1901).
2037:Kalinka, Ernst (1901).
2022:Kalinka, Ernst (1901).
1912:. Abingdon: Routledge.
1908:Brosius, Maria (2006).
1126:, when the three major
797:Social War (357-355 BC)
348:of Caria shortly after
265:
3853:Alexander I of Macedon
3399:
2595:10.36991/PHILIA.202106
1466:Isocrates of Apollonia
1281:
830:Second Athenian League
783:, wrote a play called
750:trilingual inscription
732:Stephanus of Byzantium
470:
3510:Hellespontine Phrygia
3398:
3381:Darius III Codomannus
3137:Dialogues of the Dead
2577:Konuk, Koray (2021).
2277:10.1353/are.2022.0001
2214:Radicke, Jan (1995).
1830:Bibliotheca historica
1740:Diler, Adnan (2021).
1711:10.1353/ajp.2005.0016
1670:Bibliotheca historica
1397:Charles Thomas Newton
1366:Mausoleum of Augustus
1271:
1042:assassination attempt
1000:by telling them that
970:Tyrannical reputation
539:Hellespontine Phrygia
509:Revolt of the Satraps
503:Revolt of the Satraps
497:Revolt of the Satraps
435:
4116:Hydarnes the Younger
3848:Amyntas I of Macedon
3371:Artaxerxes III Ochus
3366:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
3267:- Achaemenid Kingdom
3097:Vitae decem oratorum
2990:. 12 September 2023.
2651:Abe, Takuji (2015).
1506:, conversing in the
1315:, and the sculptors
1243:), under his watch.
1146:as their capital in
1002:Artaxerxes II Memnon
885:Philip II of Macedon
517:Artaxerxes II Memnon
487:Artemisia I Lygdamis
284:). It is clearly of
4266:Hellenistic satraps
4164:Other known satraps
3619:Greek Governors of
3386:Artaxerxes V Bessus
3376:Artaxerxes IV Arses
2863:Classical Philology
2098:Classical Quarterly
1532:The Carian Language
1206:Alexander the Great
1086:Alexander the Great
814:Peace of Antalcidas
300:. The second part,
298:Hieroglyphic Luwian
4315:Hecatomnid dynasty
4272:from around 330 BC
4270:Hellenistic rulers
3400:
3186:2015-01-01 at the
3132:Lucian of Samosata
2964:Antipater of Sidon
2094:"The King's Peace"
1496:Lucian of Samosata
1370:Antipater of Sidon
1337:tomb of Hecatomnus
1282:
1248:Hellenistic Period
1235:Mausolus embraced
1196:(which moved from
1190:Heraclea at Latmus
1144:the city of Rhodes
1117:Castle of St Peter
948:concentric spheres
893:Battle of Ecbatana
664:: 𐊓𐊁𐊕𐊆𐊋𐊍𐊁,
652:, and Arppakhu of
624:, a general under
471:
236:Hecatomnid dynasty
4277:
4276:
3466:Cyrus the Younger
3277:Achaemenid Empire
3256:Achaemenid Empire
3177:by Jona Lendering
3077:978-1-78925-511-9
3070:. Oxford: Oxbow.
2919:Hellenistic Karia
2843:978-1-78925-511-9
2836:. Oxford: Oxbow.
2728:. Leiden: Brill.
2638:Hellenistic Karia
2299:Diogenes Laertius
2008:978-90-04-10956-8
2001:. Leiden: Brill.
1755:978-1-78925-511-9
1542:978-90-04-15281-6
1424:wrote his speech
1339:in the centre of
1250:at sites such as
1056:Building Projects
944:Eudoxus of Cnidus
866:in the 360s BCE.
822:King Agesilaus II
567:King Agesilaus II
458:("of Mausolus").
452:standing, legend
408:Modern photograph
211:Achaemenid Empire
197:) was a ruler of
167:
166:
112:Achaemenid Empire
4327:
3336:Darius the Great
3248:
3241:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3154:Simon Hornblower
3142:
3141:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3028:Pedersen, Poul.
3025:
3019:
3018:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2545:"PHI Mylasa 114"
2541:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2496:"PHI Mylasa 113"
2492:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2447:"PHI Mylasa 112"
2443:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2320:
2309:
2308:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2141:
2130:
2129:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1994:
1969:
1968:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1825:Diodorus Siculus
1821:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1690:
1675:
1674:
1665:Diodorus Siculus
1661:
1652:
1651:
1633:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1526:
1414:Diodorus Siculus
1353:
1237:Hellenic culture
1152:
1149:
763:
725:
721:
718:
702:
699:
692:, the satrap of
686:Arttum̃para mede
523:Diodorus Siculus
473:Mausolus became
468:
464:
461:
457:
456:
405:
393:
362:
358:
355:
319:
283:
282:
277:
233:
228:
193:
185:
184:
179:
119:, Muğla, Turkey)
31:
19:
18:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4258:
4213:Greater Phrygia
4159:
4125:
4096:
4062:
4013:
3976:
3891:
3857:
3833:
3755:
3689:
3614:
3577:
3568:Pharnabazus III
3500:
3401:
3390:
3321:Cyrus the Great
3274:
3268:
3258:
3252:
3209:, ed. (1911). "
3194:
3192:
3188:Wayback Machine
3167:
3150:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3064:
3060:
3045:
3041:
3034:Carlsbergfondet
3026:
3022:
3015:
2999:
2995:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2969:Greek Anthology
2961:
2957:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2914:
2910:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2830:
2826:
2811:
2807:
2792:
2785:
2770:
2766:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2695:
2688:
2672:
2668:
2649:
2645:
2634:
2630:
2622:Natural History
2617:Pliny the Elder
2614:
2610:
2575:
2571:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2503:
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2437:
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2412:
2405:
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2363:
2356:
2342:
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2312:
2296:
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2257:
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2237:
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2226:
2212:
2205:
2189:
2185:
2142:
2133:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2065:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2035:
2031:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1995:
1972:
1965:
1951:
1947:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1906:
1899:
1883:
1879:
1863:
1856:
1845:
1838:
1822:
1813:
1798:
1794:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1738:
1734:
1691:
1678:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1634:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1527:
1520:
1516:
1432:Pliny the Elder
1406:
1297:Nereid Monument
1266:
1260:
1233:
1163:Doric Hexapolis
1150:
1130:of the island (
1082:Pliny the Elder
1058:
972:
799:
793:
779:of Phaselis, a
723:
719:
700:
626:Cyrus the Great
614:
593:. According to
505:
499:
466:
462:
430:
429:
428:
427:
418:ruler from the
411:
410:
409:
406:
398:
397:
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385:
384:
378:
360:
356:
338:
268:
131:
114:
106:
92:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4333:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4275:
4274:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4236:
4226:
4216:
4206:
4196:
4186:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
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4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4048:Pherendates II
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:Abdashtart III
3971:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3951:Baalshillem II
3948:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3897:Kings of Sidon
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
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3730:
3725:
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3717:
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3709:
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3698:
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3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
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3637:
3632:
3626:
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3616:
3615:
3613:
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3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3553:Pharnabazus II
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3451:Artaphernes II
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3403:
3402:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3279:
3273:Kings of Kings
3270:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3254:Rulers in the
3251:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3207:Chisholm, Hugh
3190:
3178:
3166:
3165:External links
3163:
3162:
3161:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3123:
3103:
3083:
3076:
3058:
3039:
3020:
3013:
2993:
2975:
2955:
2935:
2928:
2908:
2891:10.1086/676285
2875:10.1086/676285
2849:
2842:
2824:
2805:
2783:
2764:
2761:(3–4): 86–107.
2741:
2734:
2716:
2709:
2686:
2666:
2643:
2628:
2608:
2569:
2550:
2533:
2501:
2484:
2452:
2435:
2403:
2398:"PHI Iasos 78"
2386:
2354:
2336:
2310:
2290:
2251:
2231:
2224:
2203:
2183:
2162:10.2307/629842
2131:
2084:
2077:
2059:
2044:
2029:
2014:
2007:
1970:
1963:
1945:
1925:
1918:
1897:
1877:
1854:
1836:
1811:
1792:
1776:
1761:
1754:
1732:
1676:
1653:
1646:
1569:
1548:
1541:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1405:
1402:
1393:British Museum
1368:(died AD 14).
1262:Main article:
1259:
1256:
1232:
1229:
1188:(which became
1167:Archaic period
1151: 408 BCE
1057:
1054:
988:attributed to
971:
968:
897:Artaxerxes III
818:Corinthian War
816:concluded the
795:Main article:
792:
789:
701: 362 BCE
613:
610:
501:Main article:
498:
495:
450:Zeus Labrandos
424:British Museum
413:
412:
407:
400:
399:
395:
388:
387:
386:
382:
381:
380:
379:
377:
374:
337:
334:
320:, "blessed"),
267:
264:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
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142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
125:
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58:
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40:
39:
35:Pushkin museum
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4332:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:Carian people
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:353 BC deaths
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4219:Phrataphernes
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4176:
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4169:
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4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
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4143:
4141:
4140:Syennesis III
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
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4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
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4000:
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3995:
3992:
3991:
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3983:
3979:
3972:
3970:Abdashtart II
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Baalshillem I
3941:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:Eshmunazar II
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3863:Kings of Tyre
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
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3721:
3718:
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3713:
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3653:
3651:
3648:
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3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Mithrobuzanes
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Pharnabazus I
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Autophradates
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
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3449:
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3446:Artaphernes I
3444:
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3427:
3424:
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3409:
3404:
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3367:
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3309:
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3208:
3203:
3202:public domain
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3031:
3024:
3016:
3014:9780714122120
3010:
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2971:
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2951:
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2931:
2929:9782356132833
2925:
2921:
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2904:marrying Ada.
2900:
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2735:9789004461260
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2710:9781407304236
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2255:
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2241:
2235:
2227:
2225:9783598776144
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2123:
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2107:
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2099:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2078:9780198148449
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1964:9788772890234
1960:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1881:
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1647:9780198148449
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1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
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1433:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:Halicarnassus
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1348:Ancient Greek
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1272:Model of the
1270:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
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1164:
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1129:
1125:
1120:
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1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:Halicarnassus
1063:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1003:
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987:
986:
981:
977:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:Halicarnassus
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
865:
861:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:Delian League
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
798:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
759:
758:Ancient Greek
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:
737:
733:
727:
714:
713:xssadrapa Paa
710:
706:
695:
691:
690:Autophradates
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:Delian League
627:
623:
619:
609:
607:
602:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
578:
577:of Mausolus.
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:Autophradates
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
518:
514:
510:
504:
494:
492:
488:
484:
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451:
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417:
404:
392:
373:
371:
367:
351:
347:
343:
333:
331:
327:
323:
315:
314:Ancient Greek
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
273:
272:Ancient Greek
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
242:and parts of
241:
237:
232:
224:
220:
216:
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208:
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175:
174:Ancient Greek
171:
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160:
156:
153:
150:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
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108:Halicarnassus
104:
100:
96:
91:
88:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
25:
20:
4229:Ariobarzanes
4199:Satibarzanes
3956:Abdashtart I
3938:Tetramnestos
3905:Eshmunazar I
3809:Artemisia II
3803:
3719:Teththiweibi
3665:Themistocles
3610:Ariarathes I
3563:Artabazus II
3558:Ariobarzanes
3548:Pharnaces II
3496:Spithridates
3471:Tissaphernes
3461:Tissaphernes
3346:Artaxerxes I
3298:
3291:
3284:
3214:
3157:
3148:Bibliography
3136:
3126:
3116:
3106:
3096:
3086:
3067:
3061:
3052:
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3023:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2938:
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2911:
2902:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2833:
2827:
2818:
2808:
2799:
2777:
2767:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2725:
2719:
2699:
2679:
2669:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2637:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2563:
2553:
2513:
2464:
2415:
2366:
2349:Strategemata
2348:
2339:
2329:
2303:
2293:
2271:(1): 19–45.
2268:
2264:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2215:
2196:
2186:
2153:
2149:
2104:(1): 69–83.
2101:
2097:
2087:
2068:
2062:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2023:
2017:
1998:
1954:
1948:
1938:
1928:
1910:The Persians
1909:
1890:
1880:
1870:
1848:
1829:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1745:
1735:
1705:(1): 65–91.
1702:
1698:
1669:
1637:
1531:
1493:
1482:
1477:
1451:
1440:
1425:
1407:
1378:
1355:
1345:
1294:
1283:
1245:
1241:creolisation
1234:
1210:
1171:
1159:Ionian Greek
1128:Greek cities
1121:
1102:
1070:Greek colony
1059:
1031:
1014:
1012:
984:
973:
921:
907:backed by a
902:
882:
868:
857:
853:
811:
800:
784:
766:
740:
728:
712:
704:
685:
665:
615:
603:
599:
587:Ariobarzanes
579:
575:guest-friend
573:, who was a
535:Ariobarzanes
521:
506:
472:
467: 353/2
463: 377/6
414:Statue of a
350:Tissaphernes
339:
329:
325:
321:
312:(𐊲𐊸𐊫𐊦 =
309:
301:
293:
289:
269:
194:
169:
168:
140:Artemisia II
115:(modern-day
93:(modern-day
76:Artemisia II
4130:Satraps of
4101:Satraps of
4067:Satraps of
4033:Pherendates
4018:Satraps of
3966:Evagoras II
3829:Orontobates
3788:Lygdamis II
3694:Dynasts of
3670:Archeptolis
3660:Aristagoras
3645:Eurysthenes
3538:Artabazus I
3476:Tithraustes
3406:Satraps of
3326:Cambyses II
3265:Family tree
2675:Demosthenes
2192:Demosthenes
1430:(351 BCE).
1422:Demosthenes
1178:Demosthenes
870:Demosthenes
781:tragic poet
674:Arttum̃para
583:Adramyttium
152:Hecatomnids
62:Predecessor
57:377–353 BCE
4284:Categories
4038:Achaemenes
4009:Orontes II
4004:Darius III
3925:Bodashtart
3873:Boulomenus
3799:Hecatomnus
3783:Pisindelis
3773:Lygdamis I
3746:Mithrapata
3737:Artembares
3680:Amyntas II
3621:Asia Minor
3600:Ariamnes I
3587:Cappadocia
3533:Oebares II
3518:Mitrobates
3456:Pissuthnes
3316:Cambyses I
3293:Ariaramnes
3286:Achaemenes
3120:. 14.2.17.
2988:Britannica
2869:(3): 213.
2663:: 145–164.
2516:. Bonn. 3.
2467:. Bonn. 2.
2418:. Bonn. 1.
2369:. Bonn. 1.
1919:0415320895
1673:. 16.36.2.
1514:References
1470:Theodectes
1458:Theopompus
1352:Μαυσωλεῖον
1180:said that
1027:his horses
994:Great King
911:garrison.
889:Amphipolis
878:Dodecanese
812:After the
807:Social War
791:Social War
777:Theodectes
762:ἐπιμελητής
724: 353
722: – c.
720: 362
563:the Levant
465: – c.
444:. Head of
416:Hecatomnid
361: 392
359: – c.
357: 395
342:Hecatomnus
336:Early life
306:onomastics
281:Μαύσσωλλος
248:Dodecanese
227:𐊴𐊭𐊪𐊳𐊫
219:Hecatomnus
183:Μαύσσωλλος
162:Hecatomnus
66:Hecatomnus
4175:Abrocomas
4171:Megabyzus
4145:Camisares
4121:Atropates
4077:Hystaspes
3999:Orontes I
3994:Artasyrus
3930:Yatonmilk
3887:Azemilcus
3870:Mattan IV
3840:Macedonia
3838:Kings of
3824:Pixodarus
3778:Artemisia
3741:Artumpara
3685:Philiscus
3655:Histiaeus
3635:Demaratus
3630:Miltiades
3528:Megabates
3523:Megabazus
3481:Tiribazus
3361:Darius II
3356:Sogdianus
3351:Xerxes II
3117:Geography
2899:170273543
2883:0009-837X
2603:248043865
2589:: 93–97.
2522:cite book
2473:cite book
2424:cite book
2375:cite book
2351:. 7.23.1.
2345:Polyaenus
2330:Economics
2325:Aristotle
2285:251574514
2248:. 2.8.14.
2240:Vitruvius
2178:159818710
2156:: 40–55.
2126:170486439
1934:Herodotus
1891:Agesilaos
1871:Agesilaos
1727:162235783
1535:. BRILL.
1508:afterlife
1454:Isocrates
1436:Artemisia
1410:Labraunda
1387:(ancient
1357:mausoleum
1333:Timotheus
1325:Leochares
1290:Artemisia
1276:, at the
1217:Labraunda
1098:Telmissus
1090:Theangela
1078:synoecism
1046:Labraunda
1015:Economics
1007:Polyaenus
990:Aristotle
985:Economics
952:Polyaenus
917:Artemisia
913:Vitruvius
905:oligarchy
887:captured
854:syntaxeis
850:Byzantium
773:Pamphilia
754:Pixodarus
741:Economics
650:Telmessos
559:Phoenicia
483:Artemisia
455:MAYΣΣΩΛΛO
260:Artemisia
201:(377–353
110:, Caria,
72:Successor
54:In office
4239:Abulites
4193:Hyrcania
4111:Hydarnes
4087:Masistes
4028:Aryandes
3882:Evagoras
3804:Mausolus
3795:(satrap)
3716:Harpagus
3707:Kybernis
3675:Aridolis
3640:Gongylos
3486:Struthas
3426:Harpagus
3341:Xerxes I
3211:Mausolus
3184:Archived
3175:Mausolus
3158:Mausolus
3092:Plutarch
2949:Epigrams
2680:Orations
2333:. 1348a.
2265:Arethusa
2197:Orations
2069:Mausolus
1942:. 1.176.
1939:Historia
1886:Xenophon
1866:Xenophon
1833:. 15.90.
1638:Mausolus
1500:Diogenes
1478:Mausolus
1474:Phaselis
1383:town of
859:cleruchy
838:hegemony
785:Mausolus
769:Phaselis
658:Pericles
622:Harpagus
595:Xenophon
448:facing,
383:Mausolus
318:Υσσωλλος
276:Μαύσωλος
246:and the
205:) and a
192:𐊲𐊸𐊫𐊦
178:Μαύσωλος
170:Mausolus
22:Mausolus
4253:Babylon
4249:Mazaeus
4243:Susiana
4223:Parthia
4209:Atizyes
4179:Belesys
4155:Arsames
4150:Mazaeus
4132:Cilicia
4082:Dadarsi
4069:Bactria
4058:Mazaces
4053:Sabaces
4043:Arsames
3986:Armenia
3982:Satraps
3877:Abdemon
3814:Idrieus
3793:Adusius
3761:Dynasts
3751:Perikle
3733:Arbinas
3723:Kheriga
3712:Kuprlli
3703:Kheziga
3650:Prokles
3595:Datames
3583:Satraps
3573:Arsites
3506:Satraps
3436:Bagaeus
3431:Oroetus
3421:Mazares
3416:Tabalus
3331:Bardiya
3311:Cyrus I
3306:Teispes
3300:Arsames
3275:of the
3204::
3100:. 838b.
2972:. 9.58.
2952:. 5.64.
2944:Martial
2683:. 5.25.
2657:Talanta
2625:. 5.29.
2323:Pseudo-
2200:. 15.3.
1894:. 2.26.
1874:. 2.27.
1719:1562184
1485:Idrieus
1381:Turkish
1362:Martial
1329:Bryaxis
1309:Satyrus
1301:Xanthos
1225:Idrieus
1182:Idrieus
1165:in the
1136:Camirus
1132:Ialysus
1105:theatre
1094:Pedasus
1074:Leleges
1050:proxeny
1023:Carians
964:eunuchs
956:Idrieus
936:Miletus
805:in the
746:hyparch
666:Perikle
654:Phellos
646:Erbbina
642:Xanthos
638:Kheriga
634:Kuprlli
606:Datames
543:Orontes
513:satraps
330:Punwśoλ
322:Šaruśoλ
290:*Mauśoλ
209:of the
136:Consort
105:353 BCE
4233:Persis
4092:Bessus
3961:Tennes
3934:Anysos
3910:Tabnit
3728:Kherei
3623:cities
3441:Otanes
3198:
3171:Livius
3112:Strabo
3074:
3011:
2926:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2840:
2732:
2707:
2601:
2583:Philia
2307:. 8.8.
2283:
2222:
2176:
2170:629842
2168:
2124:
2116:
2075:
2005:
1961:
1916:
1752:
1725:
1717:
1644:
1539:
1447:heroön
1385:Bodrum
1341:Mylasa
1335:. The
1317:Scopas
1313:Pythis
1252:Priene
1221:Sinuri
1219:, and
1213:Amyzon
1202:Priene
1194:Cnidus
1186:Latmus
1155:Dorian
1140:Lindus
1138:, and
1124:Rhodes
1113:Apollo
1096:, and
1062:Mylasa
1038:Mylasa
998:Mylasa
980:tyrant
976:despot
960:Latmus
940:Cnidus
938:, and
909:Carian
848:, and
842:Rhodes
826:Sparta
803:Athens
736:Milyas
709:TL 40d
682:Lycian
670:Limyra
662:Lycian
571:Sparta
527:Tachos
491:dynast
475:satrap
446:Apollo
438:satrap
370:Caunos
352:died,
346:satrap
326:Pnuśoλ
302:*-uśoλ
286:Carian
254:, the
231:K̂tmño
223:Carian
215:dynast
207:satrap
195:Mauśoλ
188:Carian
158:Father
124:Burial
117:Bodrum
95:Turkey
44:Satrap
4189:Ochus
4183:Syria
4103:Media
4020:Egypt
3947:Baana
3765:Caria
3696:Lycia
3408:Lydia
3181:Caria
3140:. 29.
2895:S2CID
2887:JSTOR
2599:S2CID
2281:S2CID
2174:S2CID
2166:JSTOR
2122:S2CID
2118:63846
2114:JSTOR
1723:S2CID
1715:JSTOR
1564:(PDF)
1504:Cynic
1462:Chios
1404:Death
1321:Paros
1305:Lycia
1198:Datça
1109:agora
1034:Iasos
1019:Lycia
932:Iasos
924:Ionia
864:Samos
862:) on
846:Chios
726:BCE.
694:Lydia
676:as a
668:) of
618:Lycia
612:Lycia
591:Assos
555:Lydia
547:Mysia
531:Egypt
442:Caria
376:Reign
244:Ionia
240:Lycia
199:Caria
147:House
90:Caria
48:Caria
4268:and
4203:Aria
3072:ISBN
3009:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2879:ISSN
2838:ISBN
2730:ISBN
2705:ISBN
2528:link
2479:link
2430:link
2381:link
2220:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1502:the
1487:and
1331:and
1311:and
1107:and
1036:and
678:Mede
636:and
310:Uśoλ
294:*Ma-
266:Name
102:Died
86:Born
3984:of
3819:Ada
3763:of
3585:of
3508:of
3213:".
2871:doi
2867:109
2591:doi
2273:doi
2158:doi
2154:101
2106:doi
1707:doi
1703:126
1489:Ada
1472:of
1460:of
1319:of
1303:in
1299:at
1192:),
1174:Cos
1064:to
978:or
824:of
648:of
640:of
569:of
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545:of
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278:or
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