235:
Physiology in Munich from 1857 onwards. After numerous successful audiences with two of the kings of
Bavaria he had helped found the first three hygiene departments. In 1879 he finally achieved his goal of the creation of a standalone Institute of Hygiene in Munich. This institution was larger than his previous accommodations in the department of Physiology and allowed him to continue to his research and to gather a large cohort of research students under his teachings. The founding of his Institute of Hygiene drew significant international attention and was considered a model for many later institutions including the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in Baltimore.
207:
research-oriented field. He is further responsible for the acceptance of hygiene as a science to be examined in medical schools and to be taught in specific hygiene departments. In 1865 his petitions to the government were accepted and three departments of hygiene were established in Munich, Würzburg, and
Erlangen. By 1882 hygiene was included in examinations for medical students in every major city of Germany. As one of the principal proponents for the field of hygiene in Munich he was responsible for giving presentations to government officials in order to secure funding for public health projects.
329:
219:
food production system used in Munich. He argued that the system for the study of proper cattle feed was more well developed than that for humans and recommended civic funding for studying proper nutrition. He proposed that this study of nutrition was important specifically for the poor and those in strictly controlled environments such as prison because they were most at risk for obtaining sub-par nutrition due to their limited control over their food consumption.
112:
33:
738:
242:. During his career Koch identified and isolated a large number of bacterial strains and was a supporter of the theory that these germs were the main causes of disease. This placed him at odds with Pettenkofer's broader approach to disease that involved many other environmental factors in addition to the activity of the germ of a disease. The two scientists conflicted most notably over the subject of
63:
including: personal state of health, the fermentation of environmental ground water, and also the germ in question. He was most well known for his establishment of hygiene as an experimental science and also was a strong proponent for the founding of hygiene institutes in
Germany. His work served as an example which other institutes around the world emulated.
147:. This work derived from his position at the Munich mint and was centered around minimizing the costs of currency conversion by separating the precious metals from one another. The purer elements could then be utilized in other applications. Later in his career he continued published and spoke about the numerical relations between the
231:. He was also a strong proponent of regular bathing and changing of clothes in its relationship to health through the further regulation of the heat of the body. He advocated that health was the collective responsibility of a city to behave as best they are able to further the health of the general population.
222:
He further advocated for the construction of more spacious living accommodations. He asserted that there was a strong link between proper circulation of "good air" through houses, adequate space for living, and the health of the occupants. His beliefs aligned significantly with the school of thought
264:
to neutralise his stomach acid to counter a suggestion by Koch that the acid could kill the bacteria. Pettenkofer suffered mild symptoms for nearly a week but claimed these were not associated with cholera. The modern view is that he did indeed have cholera, but was lucky to just have a mild case
210:
One of the prevailing arguments of the day that
Pettenkofer focused on was the relationship between sewage and the health of a population. In one of his first major projects in his home city of Munich Pettenkofer advocated for the development of running water throughout the city. He also emphasized
62:
disposal. He was further known as an anti-contagionist, a school of thought, named later on, that did not believe in the then novel concept that bacteria were the main cause of disease. In particular he argued in favor of a variety of conditions collectively contributing to the incidence of disease
218:
where he applied his study of chemistry to the study of chemical reactions occurring within the body. This in particular focused on the study of the science of nutrition and the reactions in the body that consumed foods and produced the processes of the body. He further advocated for reform of the
227:. He firmly believed that the causes of disease were related to the multitude of environmental factors that the people of Munich were required to live in. Air was of a particular interest to him and he continued to advocate for its relevance to the processes of disease, specifically the spread of
159:. He rejected the current theory of triads and expanded the connections between the elements to larger groupings. He argued that the weights of different elements in a group were separated by multiples of a certain number that varied based upon the group. His work in this area was later cited by
356:
During his lifetime he received numerous accolades. He was presented with the title of "Honorary
Citizen" of Munich and given a gold medal. His work in hygiene precipitated the creation of the "Pettenkofer Foundation for Research in Hygiene" which received funding from the cities of Munich and
234:
In addition to the wide number of publications and lectures that he gave on the subject of public health
Pettenkofer was also involved in the initiative to create an Institute of Public Health in Munich. He continued research into a variety of fields listed above as head of the Institute of
206:
disposal. His attention was drawn to this subject by the unhealthy condition in Munich in the 19th century. Specifically he examined the field of hygiene and determined that there was a minimal amount of rigorous research. He was responsible for transitioning the field of hygiene into a
285:
from 1883 to 1894. In addition to his research publications he also gave a significant number of lectures to government officials in order to persuade them to provide funding for civic works and governmental oversight committees to promote and assess the state public health.
91:. After a falling out with a relative he was staying with he briefly entered the theater. He returned to his family to marry Helene Pettenkofer. A stipulation of his marriage was that he pursue another career and was advised to pursue medicine. He attended the
211:
the selection of the
Mangfall River, not the readily at hand and highly polluted Isar River, as the source of the city's drinking water. Many of his additions and plans for the city's sewage system are reflected today in the current sewage system layout.
127:, Pettenkofer was appointed chemist to the Munich mint in 1845. Two years later he was chosen as an extraordinary professor of chemistry at the medical faculty. In 1853 he was made a full professor and in 1865 he also became a professor of
167:
glass, the manufacture of illuminating gas from wood, the preservation of oil paintings, and an improved process for cement production among other things. The color-forming reaction known by his name for the detection of
517:, M. Ueber einen antiken rothen Glasfluss (Haematinon) und über Aventurin-Glas. Abhandlungen der naturw.-techn. Commission der k. b. Akad. der Wissensch. I. Bd. München, literar.-artist. Anstalt, 1856.
753:
842:
882:
847:
135:, both theoretical and applied, publishing papers on a wide range of topics. One of his first projects and subsequent publications was in the separation of
877:
163:
in his construction of the
Periodic Table of Elements. He continued his publications in a wide variety of other fields as well including: the formation of
702:
457:
791:
367:
317:
370:. Twenty-three pioneers of public health and tropical medicine were chosen to feature on the School's building when it was constructed in 1929.
677:
872:
867:
309:. In the same magazine, Pettenkofer is recognized to have developed an accurate quantitative analysis method for determining atmospheric
758:
238:
During his career his position as a strong proponent of public health at times placed him at odds with his contemporaries, most notably
202:
Pettenkofer's name is most familiar in connection with his work in practical hygiene, as an apostle of good water, fresh air and proper
316:
The 1899 handwritten manuscript 'On the self purification of rivers' and
Pettenkofer's papers can be found at the archives of the
862:
852:
502:
17:
257:
256:, the proponent of the theory that the bacterium was the sole cause of the disease. He consumed the bouillon in a
857:
632:
273:
Pettenkofer published his views on hygiene and disease in numerous books and papers; he was an editor of the
773:
100:
710:
92:
661:
645:
778:
294:
58:. He is known for his work in practical hygiene, as an apostle of good water, fresh air and proper
892:
494:
799:"Epidemics in Western Society Since 1600: Lecture 13 — Contagionism versus Anticontagionism"
360:
In 1883 he was awarded a hereditary title of nobility and was given the title "Excellency."
837:
832:
72:
345:
87:
to the
Bavarian court and was the author of some chemical investigations on the vegetable
8:
887:
544:"Max von Kettenkoffer (1818–1901) as a Pioneer of Modern Hygiene and Preventive Medicine"
337:
336:
In 1894 he retired from active work, and on 10 February 1901 he shot himself in a fit of
290:
261:
787:
783:
593:"The rise and fall of Munich's early modern water network: a tale of prowess and power"
568:
543:
487:
172:
was published in 1844. In his widely used method for the quantitative determination of
628:
573:
498:
363:
In 1897 he was awarded the Harlen Medal from the British Institute of Public Health.
306:
215:
604:
563:
555:
341:
189:
160:
152:
798:
810:
302:
248:
246:. In one specific case, Pettenkofer obtained bouillon laced with a large dose of
310:
156:
609:
592:
826:
749:
744:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
278:
224:
173:
591:
Winiwater, Verena; Haidvogl, Gertrud; Bürkner, Michael (26 September 2016).
815:
577:
520:
253:
239:
185:
148:
493:(1 ed.). New York, New York: Oxford University Press Inc. pp.
357:
Leipzig to fund research projects related to Hygiene and Public Health.
559:
181:
164:
111:
84:
76:
32:
260:
in the presence of several witnesses on 7 October 1892. He also took
177:
169:
132:
124:
298:
144:
88:
79:. He was a nephew of Franz Xaver (1783–1850), who from 1823 was a
743:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
427:
425:
423:
421:
243:
228:
188:. He further provided the experimental proof that the mysterious
128:
80:
55:
51:
48:
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
366:
Max Joseph von Pettenkofer's name features on the Frieze of the
394:(Third ed.). New York: Wiley and Putnam. pp. 138–139.
328:
203:
140:
120:
96:
59:
678:"Max Von Pettenkofer's collection entry at the LSHTM Archives"
625:
Who Goes First?: The Story of Self-experimentation in Medicine
480:
478:
398:
762:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
265:
and he possibly had some immunity from a previous episode.
136:
475:
590:
332:
Pettenkofer's name of the LSHTM Frieze in Keppel Street
703:"Behind the Frieze – Max von Pettenkofer (1818–1901)"
194:
of ancient times was in fact a copper-colored glass.
155:. His theories were early in the development of the
584:
666:. Munn & Company. 16 January 1869. p. 39.
627:, pp. 24–25, University of California Press, 1987
489:The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance
486:
385:
383:
843:People educated at the Wilhelmsgymnasium (Munich)
214:During his schooling he studied for a time under
824:
436:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. p. 3.
368:London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
318:London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
176:the gaseous mixture is shaken up with baryta or
792:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
431:
380:
883:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
848:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
707:Archive version of LSHTM Library and Archives
305:is always detectable in the sick and dead as
131:. In his earlier years he devoted himself to
548:Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine
99:, then studied pharmacy and medicine at the
878:Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
66:
47:(3 December 1818 – 10 February 1901) was a
784:Picture, short biography, and bibliography
542:Locher, Wolfgang Gerhard (November 2007).
389:
301:leaks in public spaces, noting endogenous
71:Pettenkofer was born in Lichtenheim, near
27:Bavarian chemist and hygienist (1818–1901)
608:
567:
748:
650:. Munn & Company. 1883. p. 147.
327:
110:
31:
796:
14:
825:
541:
484:
197:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
180:of known strength and the change in
106:
774:Pettenkofer School of Public Health
103:, where he graduated M.D. in 1845.
24:
868:People from Neuburg-Schrobenhausen
455:
25:
904:
767:
440:
873:Burials at the Alter Südfriedhof
736:
281:) from 1865 to 1882, and of the
695:
670:
654:
344:in Munich. He is buried in the
268:
863:Suicides by firearm in Germany
638:
617:
511:
351:
13:
1:
434:The Value of Health to a City
432:von Pettenkofer, Max (1941).
373:
340:. He died at his home in the
853:19th-century German chemists
101:Ludwig Maximilian University
7:
754:Pettenkofer, Max Joseph von
458:"Max Josef von Pettenkofer"
390:von Liebig, Justus (1848).
10:
909:
779:Audio version of this page
45:Max Joseph von Pettenkofer
610:10.1007/s12685-016-0173-y
295:carbon monoxide poisoning
811:"Max Joseph Pettenkofer"
323:
289:Pettenkofer appeared in
275:Zeitschrift für Biologie
184:ascertained by means of
67:Early life and education
797:Snowden, Frank (2010).
759:Encyclopædia Britannica
858:Germ theory denialists
333:
116:
115:Max Joseph Pettenkofer
43:, ennobled in 1883 as
41:Max Joseph Pettenkofer
37:
36:Max Joseph Pettenkofer
485:Scerri, Eric (2007).
331:
114:
35:
623:Lawrence K. Altman,
119:After working under
73:Neuburg an der Donau
713:on 11 February 2017
663:Scientific American
647:Scientific American
293:in 1883 discussing
291:Scientific American
262:bicarbonate of soda
198:Career as hygienist
18:Max von Pettenkofer
805:. Yale University.
788:Virtual Laboratory
560:10.1007/BF02898030
334:
283:Archiv für Hygiene
117:
38:
803:Open Yale Courses
504:978-0-19-530573-9
346:Alter Südfriedhof
307:carboxyhemoglobin
216:Justus von Liebig
107:Career as chemist
93:Wilhelmsgymnasium
16:(Redirected from
900:
819:
806:
763:
742:
740:
739:
723:
722:
720:
718:
709:. Archived from
699:
693:
692:
690:
688:
674:
668:
667:
658:
652:
651:
642:
636:
621:
615:
614:
612:
588:
582:
581:
571:
539:
518:
515:
509:
508:
492:
482:
473:
472:
470:
468:
462:encyclopedia.com
456:Dolman, Claude.
453:
438:
437:
429:
396:
395:
392:Animal Chemistry
387:
161:Dmitri Mendeleev
21:
908:
907:
903:
902:
901:
899:
898:
897:
823:
822:
809:
770:
752:, ed. (1911). "
737:
735:
727:
726:
716:
714:
701:
700:
696:
686:
684:
676:
675:
671:
660:
659:
655:
644:
643:
639:
622:
618:
589:
585:
540:
521:
516:
512:
505:
483:
476:
466:
464:
454:
441:
430:
399:
388:
381:
376:
354:
326:
303:carbon monoxide
297:resulting from
277:(together with
271:
249:Vibrio cholerae
200:
109:
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
906:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
821:
820:
807:
794:
781:
776:
769:
768:External links
766:
765:
764:
750:Chisholm, Hugh
732:
731:
725:
724:
694:
682:LSHTM Archives
669:
653:
637:
616:
603:(3): 277–299.
583:
554:(6): 238–245.
519:
510:
503:
474:
439:
397:
378:
377:
375:
372:
353:
350:
325:
322:
311:carbon dioxide
270:
267:
252:bacteria from
199:
196:
157:Periodic Table
108:
105:
75:, now part of
68:
65:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
905:
894:
893:1901 suicides
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
828:
818:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
761:
760:
755:
751:
746:
745:public domain
734:
733:
729:
728:
712:
708:
704:
698:
683:
679:
673:
665:
664:
657:
649:
648:
641:
634:
630:
626:
620:
611:
606:
602:
598:
597:Water History
594:
587:
579:
575:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
514:
506:
500:
496:
491:
490:
481:
479:
463:
459:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
435:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
393:
386:
384:
379:
371:
369:
364:
361:
358:
349:
347:
343:
339:
330:
321:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
284:
280:
279:Carl von Voit
276:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
236:
232:
230:
226:
225:Miasma theory
223:known as the
220:
217:
212:
208:
205:
195:
193:
192:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:carbonic acid
171:
166:
162:
158:
154:
151:of analogous
150:
149:atomic masses
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
113:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
64:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
816:FamilySearch
814:
802:
757:
715:. Retrieved
711:the original
706:
697:
685:. Retrieved
681:
672:
662:
656:
646:
640:
624:
619:
600:
596:
586:
551:
547:
513:
488:
465:. Retrieved
461:
433:
391:
365:
362:
359:
355:
335:
315:
288:
282:
274:
272:
269:Publications
247:
237:
233:
221:
213:
209:
201:
190:
118:
70:
44:
40:
39:
29:
838:1901 deaths
833:1818 births
730:Attribution
717:19 February
687:10 February
352:Recognition
348:in Munich.
254:Robert Koch
240:Robert Koch
186:oxalic acid
888:Hygienists
827:Categories
633:0520212819
374:References
338:depression
191:haematinum
182:alkalinity
170:bile acids
165:aventurine
85:apothecary
77:Weichering
258:self-test
178:limewater
133:chemistry
89:alkaloids
56:hygienist
578:21432069
342:Residenz
299:coal gas
153:elements
145:platinum
49:Bavarian
790:of the
786:in the
747::
569:2723483
467:3 March
244:cholera
229:cholera
129:hygiene
81:surgeon
52:chemist
741:
631:
576:
566:
501:
204:sewage
143:, and
141:silver
125:Gießen
121:Liebig
97:Munich
60:sewage
495:50–52
324:Death
95:, in
719:2018
689:2017
629:ISBN
574:PMID
499:ISBN
469:2017
137:gold
83:and
54:and
756:".
605:doi
564:PMC
556:doi
123:at
829::
813:,
801:.
705:.
680:.
599:.
595:.
572:.
562:.
552:12
550:.
546:.
522:^
497:.
477:^
460:.
442:^
400:^
382:^
320:.
313:.
139:,
721:.
691:.
635:.
613:.
607::
601:8
580:.
558::
507:.
471:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
