Mazda Wankel engine

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contrast, in a Wankel engine, the engine rotor rotates at one-third the speed of the crankshaft. Each rotation of the engine (360°) will bring two faces through the combustion cycle (the torque input to the eccentric shaft). This said, it takes three complete revolutions of the crankshaft, or 1080°, to complete the entire thermodynamic cycle. To get a relatable number to compare to a 4-stroke engine, compare the events that occur in two rotations of a two-rotor engine. For every 360° of rotation, two faces of the engine complete a combustion cycle. Thus, for two whole rotations, four faces will complete their cycle. If the displacement per face is 654 cc (39.9 cu in), then four faces can be seen as equivalent to 2.6 L or 160 cu in.

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compression ratio; however, Mazda engineers discovered that when changing the exhaust port to the side housing, a buildup of carbon in the exhaust port would stop the engine from running. To remedy this, Mazda engineers added a water jacket passage into the side housing. Secondly, the rotors are sealed differently through the use of redesigned side seals, low-height apex seals and the addition of a second cut-off ring. Mazda engineers had originally used apex seals identical to the older design of seal. Mazda changed the apex seal design to reduce friction and push the new engine closer to its limits.

742: 870: 1441: 857: 1572: 1433: 1053: 1678: 1155: 42: 1388:, became famous for its high output and low weight. The turbos were operated sequentially, with only the primary providing boost until 4,500 rpm, and the secondary additionally coming online afterwards. Notably, this was the world's first volume-production sequential turbocharger system. Output eventually reached, and may have exceeded, Japan's unofficial maximum of 280 PS (206 kW; 276 hp) 1632: 151: 925:

rotor) would displace 1,146 cc (69.9 cu in); the series name continues earlier practice and reflects this value ("12" suggesting 1.2 litres). The 12A series was produced for 15 years, from May 1970 through 1985. In 1974, a 12A became the first engine built outside of western Europe or the U.S. to finish the

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654 cc (39.9 cu in) chambers displaces the same volume in one output shaft rotation as that of a 1.3L four-stroke piston engine, the wankel will complete 2 full combustion cycles in the same amount of time that it takes the four-stroke piston engine to complete 1 combustion cycle. Finally, it was on the

608:, the problem of correctly representing their displacement for the purposes of competition arose. Rather than force participants who drove vehicles with piston engines, who were the majority, to halve their quoted displacement, most racing organizations decided to double the quoted displacement of Wankel engines. 633:

by the tip-seal vibrating at its natural frequency. The oil consumption problem was addressed with heat-resistant rubber oil seals at the sides of the rotors. This early engine had a rotor radius of 90 mm (3.5 in), an offset of 14 mm (0.55 in), and a depth of 59 mm (2.3 in).

1080:, and later models featured a specially-designed smaller and lighter "Impact Turbo" which was tweaked for the unique exhaust signature of the Wankel engine for a 5-horsepower increase. The engine continued until 1989 in the HB Cosmo series but by that stage it had grown a reputation as a thirsty engine. 800:. This variant featured a cast-iron thermal reactor to reduce exhaust emissions and re-tuned exhaust ports. The new approach to reducing emissions was partly a result of Japanese Government emission control legislation in 1968, with implementation starting in 1975. Mazda called their technology REAPS ( 1757:

On 17 November 2016 Senior managing executive officer of Mazda research and development Kiyoshi Fujiwara told journalists at the Los Angeles motor show that the company is currently developing its first EV in 2019, and it's likely to incorporate a rotary engine, but that the details were still "a big

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The rotor housing was made of sand-cast aluminium plated with chrome, while the aluminium sides were sprayed with molten carbon steel for strength. Cast iron was used for the rotors themselves, and their eccentric shafts were of expensive chrome-molybdenum steel. The addition of aluminium/carbon apex

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Mazda last built a production street car powered by a rotary engine in 2012, the RX-8, but had to abandon it largely to poor fuel efficiency and emissions. It has continued to work on the technology, however, as it is one of the company's signature features. Mazda officials have previously suggested

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These and other innovative technologies allow the Renesis to achieve 49% higher output and reduced fuel consumption and emissions. Regarding hydrocarbon (HC) emission characteristics of the RENESIS, the use of the side exhaust port allowed for about 35 – 50% HC reduction compared to the 13B-REW with

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applications. It was a two-rotor design, with each chamber displacing 655 cc (40.0 cu in) so two chambers (one per rotor) would displace 1,310 cc (80 cu in); continuing earlier practice, the series name reflects this value ("13" suggesting 1.3 litres). This was the only

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On 27 October 2017 Senior managing executive officer and R&D Chief Kiyoshi Fujiwara told journalists that they were still working on a rotary engine for a sports car, that will potentially in some markets be with hybrid drivetrains, but both will have distinct powertrains from Mazda's first EV,

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is the most widely produced rotary engine. It was the basis for all future Mazda Wankel engines, and was produced for over 30 years. The 13B has no relation to the 13A. Instead, it is a lengthened version of the 12A, having 80 mm (3.1 in) thick rotors. It was a two-rotor design, with each

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KKM400. Although never produced in volume, the 40A was a valuable testbed for Mazda engineers, and quickly demonstrated two serious challenges to the feasibility of the design: "chatter marks" in the housing, and heavy oil consumption. The chatter marks, nicknamed "devil's fingernails", were caused

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All the Mazda rotary engines have been praised because of their light weight. The unmodified 13B-MSP Renesis Engine has a weight of 112 kg (247 lb), including all standard attachments (except the airbox, alternator, starter motor, cover, etc.), but without engine fluids (such as coolant,

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race outright. The 26B engine displaced 2.6 L (2,616 cc) per set of four chambers (counting only one 654 cc (39.9 cu in) chamber for each of the four rotors) – thus the "26" in the series name suggesting 2.6 litres – and developed 700 hp (522 kW) at 9000 rpm. The

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In the United States, the 13B was available from 1974 to 1978 and was then retired from sedans but continued in 1984–1985 RX-7 GSL-SE. It was then used from 1985 to 1992 in the RX-7 FC, in Naturally Aspirated or Turbocharged options, then once again in the RX-7 FD in a twin turbocharged form from

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In 1974, a new process was used to harden the rotor housing. The Sheet-metal Insert Process (SIP) used a sheet of steel much like a conventional piston engine cylinder liner with a chrome plated surface. The side housing coating was also changed to eliminate the troublesome sprayed metal. The new

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The key for comparing the displacement between the 4-cycle engine and the rotary engine is in studying the number of rotations for a thermodynamic cycle to occur. For a 4-cycle engine to complete a thermodynamic cycle, the engine must rotate two complete revolutions of the crankshaft, or 720°. By

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is fed using a two-stage mechanically actuated valve, however, on '89–'91 engines a better turbo design was used with a divided manifold powering the twin-scroll configuration. For engines manufactured between '86-'88 output is rated at 185 PS (136 kW) at 6500 rpm and 248 N⋅m

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is an "elongated" version of the 10A: the rotor radius was the same, but the depth was increased by 10 mm (0.39 in) to 70 mm (2.8 in). It continued the two-rotor design; with the depth increase each chamber displaced 573 cc (35.0 cu in) so two chambers (one per

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barrels. Only one port per rotor was used under low loads for added fuel economy. A single peripheral exhaust port routed hot gas through the coolest parts of the housing, and engine coolant flowed axially rather than the radial flow used by NSU. A bit of oil was mixed with the intake charge for

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The Renesis design features two major changes from its predecessors. First, the exhaust ports are not peripheral but are located on the side of the housing, which eliminates overlap and allows redesign of the intake port area. This produced noticeably more power thanks to an increased effective

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which will be released in 2019/20. "...some cities will ban combustion, therefore we need some additional portion of electrification because the driver can't use this rotary sports car. Some of the regions we don't need this small electrification, therefore we can utilise pure rotary engines."

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can be classified by their geometric size in terms of radius (rotor center to tip distance, also the median stator radius) and depth (rotor thickness), and offset (crank throw, eccentricity, also 1/4 the difference between stator's major and minor axes). These metrics function similarly to the

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series was Mazda's first production Wankel, appearing in 1965. It was a two-rotor design, with each chamber displacing 491 cc (30.0 cu in) so two chambers (one per rotor) would displace 982 cc (59.9 cu in); the series name reflects this value ("10" suggesting 1.0

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and Best New Engine awards 2003 and also holds the "2.5 to 3 liter" (note that the engine is designated as a 1.3–litre by Mazda) size award for 2003 and 2004, where it is considered a 2.6 L engine, but only for the matter of giving awards. This is because although a 2-rotor wankel with

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and 20B-REW form. It displaced 1,962 cc (119.7 cu in) per set of three 654 cc (39.9 cu in) chambers (counting only one chamber per rotor) and used 0.7 bar (10 psi; 70 kPa) of boost pressure from twin sequential turbochargers to produce a claimed

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The 13B-T was turbocharged in 1986. It features the newer four-injector fuel injection of the 6PI engine, but lacks that engine's eponymous variable intake system and 6PI. Mazda went back to the 4 port intake design similar to what was used in the '74–'78 13B. In '86–'88 engines the

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ystem). The die-cast rotor housing was now coated with a new process: The new Transplant Coating Process (TCP) featured sprayed-on steel which is then coated with chrome. Gross output was 105 hp (78 kW) at 7000 rpm and 135 N⋅m (100 lbf⋅ft) at 3500 rpm.

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Various other technologies have been integrated to increase the efficiency of the engine further, including exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce the combustion chamber temperatures and plasma spray coatings on the insides of the housings to reduce the friction on the rotor.

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in November 1987. As a three-rotor design, with each chamber displacing 654 cc (39.9 cu in), three chambers (one per rotor) would displace 1,962 cc (119.7 cu in), and so the new series name reflected this value ("20" suggesting 2.0 litres).

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The 8C is a single rotor with a radius of 120mm, a width of 76mm, using 2.5mm apex seals, and displacing 830cc making up to 75 hp (55 kW) at 4700rpm and 116 Nm (85 lb-ft) at 4000 rpm. It has a higher compression ratio of 11.9:1 and the first instance of

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On 16 November 2011, Mazda CEO Takashi Yamanouchi announced that the company is still committed to producing the rotary engine, saying, "So long as I remain involved with this company... there will be a rotary engine offering or multiple offerings in the lineup."

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chamber displacing 654 cc (39.9 cu in) so two chambers (one per rotor) would displace 1.3 L (1,308 cc); the series name reflects this value ("13" suggesting 1.3 litres), as with the 13A of the same displacement but different proportions.

2320:"For the purpose of displacement equivalency, either the rotary engine total displacement needs to be doubled or the piston engine total displacement needs to be halved. (...) we say that a 1.3 liter rotary has equivalent displacement of 2.6 liters." Source: 580: 615:

Extrapolating to the case of where three whole rotations is a complete thermodynamic cycle of the engine with a total of six faces completing a cycle, 654 cc (39.9 cu in) per face for six faces yields 3.9 L or 240 cu in.

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Japanese-spec gross output was 100 hp (75 kW) at 7000 rpm and 133 N⋅m (98 lbf⋅ft) at 3500 rpm. The use of less-expensive components increased the mass of the engine from 102 to 122 kg (225 to 269 lb).

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being contested with a Wankel engine until 2017; the series' transition to using a Mazda-branded piston engine in 2018 temporarily ended the production of the engine. In 2023, Mazda reintroduced the engine as a generator for the 2023

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and was quietly introduced for the 1974 Mazda RX-2 and RX-3. It had increased reliability from the previous series and also used a single distributor for the first time: the earlier 12A and 10A were both twin distributor engines.

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Though not reflected in the graph at right, the RX-8 was a higher-volume car than its predecessors. Sales of the RX-8 peaked in 2004 at 23,690, but continued to decline through 2011, when fewer than 1000 were produced.

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announced that the company is still committed to producing the rotary engine, saying, "So long as I remain involved with this company... there will be a rotary engine offering or multiple offerings in the lineup."

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In several countries where a car tax is based on cylinder displacement, rotary engines are taxed according to this displacement equivalency rule. You pay the same tax for a 2.6L piston engine as for a 1.3L rotary

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of the 1970s struck. The company had all but eliminated piston engines from its products in 1974, a decision that nearly led to the company's collapse. A switch to a three-prong approach (piston-gasoline,

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photo shoot in 2008, a fire in the engine bay combined with a delay to inform the fire crews, the car was engulfed and the entire car destroyed. This information was withheld until made public in 2013.

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at the 2007 Tokyo Auto Show, but has not been seen since. It features up to 300 hp (224 kW), a lengthened stroke, reduced width rotor housing, direct injection, and aluminium side housings.

1587:, which were two of the most recurrent drawbacks of Wankel rotary engines. It is naturally aspirated, unlike its most recent predecessors from the 13B range, and therefore slightly less powerful than 1354:

The 13B-RE from the JC Cosmo series was a similar motor to the 13B-REW but had a few key differences, namely it being endowed with the largest side ports of any later model rotary engine.

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models. Gross output was 110 hp (82 kW) at 7000 rpm and 130 N⋅m (96 lbf⋅ft) at 3500 rpm, but both numbers were probably optimistic (rpm of the crankshaft).

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Note that this only counts a single face of each rotor as the entire rotor's displacement, because with the eccentric shaft – crankshaft – spinning at three times the rate of the rotor,

589:, thus only one face of the rotor is actually working per "crankshaft" revolution, roughly equivalent to a 2-stroke engine of similar displacement to a single rotor face. Nearly all 446: 1991: 1970: 1463:

The main difference between the 13G and 20B is that the 13G uses a factory peripheral intake port (used for racing) and the 20B (production vehicle) uses side intake ports.

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production Mazda Wankel with different rotor dimensions: Radius was 120 mm (4.7 in) and offset was 17.5 mm (0.69 in), but depth remained the same as the

1710:), severely limiting production volume. But the company had continued production continually since the mid-1960s, and was the only maker of Wankel-powered cars when the 849:

but was never placed into production. It was a slimmed down derivative of the 10A engine as fitted to the R100. A prototype engine is on display at the Mazda Museum in

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concept car which was released on 27 December 2007. The engine was tuned to run powerfully on 100% ethanol (E100) fuel, produced in partnership with BP. During a

2322: 2109: 897:, where it produced 126 PS (93 kW) and 172 N⋅m (127 lbf⋅ft). This was the end of the line for this engine design: the next Luce was 4080: 2034:

Dieudonne, Pierre (15 December 1983). "Ballade Japonaise: à la découverte des Mazda Turbo" [Japanese ballad: Discovering the Mazda Turbos].

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1992. It disappeared from the US market again in 1995, when the last US-spec RX-7s were sold. The engine was continually used in Japan from 1972's

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the 26B-powered Mazda 787B became the first Japanese car and the first car with anything other than a reciprocating piston engine to win the

719:. These engines had both side- and peripheral-located intake ports switched with a butterfly valve for low- and high-RPM use (respectively) 1669:

Changes have also been made to decrease the weight of the unit such as using aluminium side housings, which saved 15 kg (33 lb).

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Early 12A engines also feature a thermal reactor, similar to the 0866 10A, and some use an exhaust port insert to reduce exhaust noise. A

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secret." He did say, however, that the car is likely to use a new-generation rotary engine as a range extender, similar in concept to a

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Approximately 5000 13B-RE optioned JC Cosmos were sold, making this engine almost as hard to source as its rarer 20B-REW big-brother.

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engine design uses peripheral intake ports, continually variable geometry intakes, and an additional (third) spark plug per rotor.

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that if they can get it to perform as well as a reciprocating engine they will bring it back, to power a conventional sports car.

106: 2557: 2457: 653:. Hollow cast iron apex seals reduced vibration by changing their resonance frequency and thus eliminated chatter marks. It used 78: 1878: 1251:. RESI = Rotary Engine Super Injection. The so-called Dynamic Effect Intake featured a two-level intake box which derived a 890:

at 60 mm (2.4 in). Another major difference from the previous engines was the integrated water-cooled oil cooler.

933:"REST" process created such a strong housing, the old carbon seals could be abandoned in favour of conventional cast iron. 85: 59: 2402: 2247: 2277: 1087:

Impact Turbo output is 165 PS (121 kW) at 6,000 rpm, and 231 N⋅m (170 lbf⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm.

17: 2583: 1311:. Total output is up to 146 PS (107 kW) at 6500 rpm and 187 N⋅m (138 lbf⋅ft) at 3500 rpm. 4167: 2731: 1777:

will feature a new rotary engine that acts as a range extender to recharge the batteries, but not to power the wheels.

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has been added. Mazda rotary engines have a reputation for being relatively small and powerful at the expense of poor

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The 13B was designed with both high performance and low emissions in mind. Early vehicles using this engine used the

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Original output is 160 PS (118 kW) at 6,500 rpm, and 226 N⋅m (167 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm.

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Mazda began development on a single rotor engine displacing 360 cc (22 cu in), and was designed for

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production Wankel engines share a single rotor radius, 105 mm (4.1 in), with a 15 mm (0.59 in)

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was discontinued from production in June 2012 with 2000 RX-8 Spirit R models being made for the JDM (RHD) market.

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The Renesis has also been adapted for a dual-fuel use, allowing it to run on petrol or hydrogen in cars like the

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The Renesis engine – also 13B-MSP (Multi-Side Port) – which first appeared in production in the 2004 model-year

1072:. In 1982 a 12A turbo powered Cosmo coupe was officially the fastest production car in Japan. It featured "semi- 74: 4046: 657:. Rotor radius was up from the 40A to 98 mm (3.9 in), but depth dropped to 56 mm (2.2 in). 575:{\displaystyle {\frac {3\cdot {\sqrt {3}}\cdot {\mathrm {Depth\cdot Radius^{2}\cdot (Offset/Radius)} }}{1000}}} 63: 1599:

the peripheral exhaust port. With this reduction, the RENESIS vehicle meets USA LEV-II (LEV). The Renesis won

423: 3098: 3252: 1906: 1762:. In 2013, Mazda had displayed a Mazda2 RE prototype car, using a similar rotary range extender EV system. 1681:

Outdated annual Mazda Wankel "rotary" engine sales without RX-8 and without industry engines (data source:

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A version of the 20B known as the "R20B Renesis 3 Rotor Engine" was built by Racing Beat in the US for the

2974: 2609: 2509: 1584: 601:, which used a 120 mm (4.7 in) rotor radius and 17.5 mm (0.69 in) crankshaft offset. 2083: 2146: 1812:"MAZDA: Chapter I：Opening a New Frontier with the Rotary Engine | History of Rotary Engine Development" 673:

litres). These engines featured the mainstream rotor dimensions with a 60 mm (2.4 in) depth.

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version was introduced in 1979 (in Japan) and 1980 (in America) which substituted a more-conventional

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The ultimate 12A engine was the electronically fuel-injected engine used in the Japan-spec HB series

3183: 4091: 2358: 1555: 1316: 1145:, 90 hp (67 kW) at 6,000 rpm and 96 lb⋅ft (130 N⋅m) at 4,000 rpm (US) 348: 3007: 1811: 586: 4157: 4126: 3245: 1836: 402: 292: 99: 52: 3147: 3142: 2482: 2428: 4152: 4086: 3681: 3093: 3088: 2724: 1738: 1616: 3152: 3012: 2380: 1921: 1583:, is an evolution of the previous 13B. It was designed to reduce exhaust emission and improve 4058: 3898: 3646: 3157: 3022: 3017: 387: 1907:"MAZDA NEWSROOM｜Mazda 787B 1991 Winning Car Returns to le Mans After 20 Years｜NEWS RELEASES" 1534:

The most prominent 4-rotor engine from Mazda, the 26B, was used only in various Mazda-built

1007:) engines, each driving a propeller—one at the front, the other at the rear of the aircraft. 4076: 4014: 3907: 3294: 2261: 1269:. Output was much improved at 135 PS (99 kW) and 180 N⋅m (133 lbf⋅ft). 660:

One-, three-, and four-rotor derivatives of the L8A were also created for experimentation.

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from May 1965 to July 1968. These cars, and their revolutionary engine, were often called

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Like the 12A-SIP, the second-generation RX-7 bowed with a variable-intake system. Dubbed

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The 8C engine is used as a generator for the 2023 MX-30 e-Skyactiv R-EV plug-in hybrid.

4096: 3888: 3842: 3049: 3040: 1734: 1722: 2536:"Mazda CEO charts how to reach 2 percent of world market, rotary engine far from dead" 3696: 3424: 2717: 2666: 2248:"Mazda's All-Conquering 700 HP Four-Rotor le Mans Engine Has the Coolest Intake Ever" 2011: 1791: 1260: 882: 2307: 2010:(in German and French). Vol. 78. Berne, Switzerland: Hallwag, AG. p. 363. 1944: 3960: 3945: 3915: 3732: 3621: 3081: 994: 898: 776: 757: 650: 3076: 2233: 2219: 2120: 1928: 1381: 727: 693: 386:

because of their light weight, compact size, tuning potential and inherently high

3827: 3762: 2281: 1417: 1408: 1399: 1244: 1220: 1077: 371: 304: 1850: 712: 4131: 3988: 3983: 3955: 3950: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3611: 3551: 3541: 3484: 3479: 3174: 2709: 2406: 1770: 1591:'s twin-turbocharged 13B-REW which develops 255–280 hp (190–209 kW). 1266: 1208: 741: 411: 398: 383: 287: 258: 2274: 1662:

in a production rotary engine, which improves fuel economy by as much as 25%.

1440: 716: 4146: 4052: 3837: 3777: 3716: 3711: 3701: 3686: 3666: 3656: 3651: 3641: 3581: 3556: 3489: 3214: 3205: 3137: 3116: 3035: 2963: 2930: 1786: 1730: 1695: 1690: 1547: 1307:, the engine features both the 6PI and DEI systems, as well as four-injector 1214: 944:

for this "afterburner". A major modification of the 12A architecture was the

846: 437: 428: 367: 345: 204: 3002: 3847: 3822: 3807: 3792: 3782: 3767: 3747: 3742: 3706: 3691: 3636: 3596: 3546: 3536: 3531: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3169: 3066: 2958: 2636:"Mazda MX-30 EV lands in the US this fall, rotary engine revival to follow" 1252: 856: 703:

The 10A featured twin side intake ports per rotor, each fed by one of four

359: 238: 3883: 3852: 3832: 3817: 3757: 3737: 3576: 3561: 3474: 3440: 3419: 3414: 3398: 3393: 3377: 3372: 3362: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3332: 3071: 2925: 2147:"How Did The Crew At 'Top Gear' So Thoroughly Destroy A Legendary Mazda?" 1774: 1707: 1643: 1640: 1497: 1483: 1368: 1283: 1199: 1096: 1076:" into both rotors at once. A passive knock sensor was used to eliminate 1061: 1039: 642: 1639:

Also known as the Renesis II, made its first and only appearance in the

929:(and in 1991 Mazda won the race outright with the 4-rotor R26B engine). 869: 4112: 4106: 4101: 3873: 3802: 3797: 3787: 3752: 3676: 3671: 3661: 3631: 3626: 3606: 3601: 3591: 3571: 3566: 3456: 3367: 3357: 3337: 3327: 3311: 3162: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3111: 2995: 2991: 2967: 2941: 2934: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1588: 1580: 1543: 1420: 1411: 1402: 1342: 1335: 1328: 1289: 1277: 1263: 1259:

of the opening and closing intake ports. The RESI engine also featured

1232: 1226: 1176: 1172: 1142: 1136: 1108: 1102: 1069: 1065: 1033: 1021: 1014: 998: 988: 982: 976: 969: 962: 956: 909: 894: 829: 785: 704: 605: 594: 394: 254: 1571: 1432: 3975: 3616: 3526: 2704: 2483:"2023 Mazda MX-30 R-EV range-extender hybrid: Rotary engine returns!" 2429:"2023 Mazda MX-30 R-EV range-extender hybrid: Rotary engine returns!" 1677: 1539: 1520: 1471: 1453: 1052: 850: 275: 1154: 972:(Japan), 110 hp (82 kW) and 135 N⋅m (100 lbf⋅ft) 41: 3965: 3586: 280: 268: 28: 597:

offset. The only engine to diverge from this formula was the rare

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two-rotor Wankel. The engine and car were both shown at the 1963

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used in the 1988 and 1989 (13J-MM with two step induction pipe)

3857: 3772: 3306: 3301: 3289: 2308:"Previous Winners | International Engine of the Year 2019" 1759: 901:

and Mazda never again made a front-wheel drive rotary vehicle.

314: 2055:"Road & Track's Road Test Annual & Buyer's Guide 1975" 1631: 1493:

280 PS (206 kW) and 407 N⋅m (300 lbf⋅ft).

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oil, etc.), known to make 157–175 kW (211–235 hp).

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Injector sizes = 550 cc (34 cu in) PRI + SEC.

965:, 130 hp (97 kW) and 156 N⋅m (115 lbf⋅ft) 590: 407: 352: 168: 2294:"Mazda's new RENESIS named International Engine of the year" 2640: 1893:"Mazda 787B: The 900 HP Rotary Engine That Stunned le Mans" 1689:

Mazda was fully committed to the Wankel engine just as the

248: 150: 2458:"Rotary sports car "a dream", says Mazda powertrain boss" 1879:"The Mazda 787B Had a Wild Variable-Length Intake System" 1389: 3237: 2220:"30th anniversary of le Mans victory commemorative site" 2042:(784). Brussels, Belgium: Editions Auto-Magazine: 43–44. 1392:

for the final revision used in the Series 8 Mazda RX-7.

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was used in a Wankel engine for the first time with the

27:"20B" redirects here. For the isotope of boron (B), see 1682: 2663:

The New Mazda RX-7 and Mazda Rotary Engine Sports Cars

2610:"No Mazda rotary sports car by 2020 - motoring.com.au" 587:

only one power stroke is created per output revolution

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3A rotary engine, originally intended for the Chantez

449: 1698:, and Wankel) for the 1980s relegated the Wankel to 1526:

Group C racers. This motor was replaced by the 26B.

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prototype used a 798 cc (48.7 cu in)

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Wankel Engine § Chamber volume and displacement

66:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2660: 2110:"Mazda Furai Concept: The Embodiment of Zoom-Zoom" 1913: 1865:"The History of the Mazda 787B - A le Mans Legend" 574: 1919: 1851:"Mulsanne's Corner: Mazda R26B answering service" 1515:The first Mazda racing four-rotor engine was the 1452:racing, the first three-rotor engine used in the 440:. The displacement of rotor can be calculated as 4144: 2739: 2452: 2450: 2172:"Exclusive: how the Mazda Furai burned to death" 796:The final member of the 10A family was the 1971 2680:Jan P. Norbye (1973). "Watch out for Mazda!". 2381:"Mazda 5 / Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid Minivan" 1345:(FC3S, S5) Turbo-II, 200 PS (147 kW) 1338:(FC3S, S4) Turbo-II, 185 PS (136 kW) 3253: 2725: 2679: 2447: 2403:"Next Generation RENESIS (Rotary Engine 16X)" 1981:on 27 July 2023 – via Curbside Classic. 2584:"Mazda confirms electric car plans for 2019" 1575:Production Mazda Renesis in the Mazda Museum 2275:http://www.rotaryeng.net/New-rotary-eng.pdf 2029: 2027: 1769:In 2021, Mazda announced that the upcoming 1729:Currently, the engine is produced for SCCA 760:. Its construction was very similar to the 628:, a single-rotor engine very much like the 3260: 3246: 2732: 2718: 2633: 2006:Büschi, Hans-Ulrich, ed. (10 March 1983). 1992:Mazda 3A engine on display at Mazda Museum 745:0813 rotary engine in a Mazda Cosmo (L10B) 677:seals addressed the chatter mark problem. 397:in 2012, the engine was produced only for 358:Wankel engines were invented in 1950s by 228:2.6L 2,616 cc (159.6 cu in) 226:2.0L 1,962 cc (119.7 cu in) 149: 2405:. Mazda Motor Corporation. Archived from 1056:Turbocharged 12A installed in Mazda Cosmo 948:which featured variable induction ports. 390:—as is true for all Wankel-type engines. 224:1.3L 1,308 cc (79.8 cu in) 222:1.2L 1,146 cc (69.9 cu in) 126:Learn how and when to remove this message 2607: 2024: 1676: 1630: 1570: 1470:after Mazda's naming convention for the 1439: 1431: 1153: 1051: 868: 855: 740: 604:As Wankel engines became commonplace in 138:Reciprocating internal combustion engine 2558:"Mazda rotary engine returning in 2019" 2507: 2072:JDM Spec Engines - Mazda 13B-REW Engine 2001: 1999: 1945:"Rotary Performance Technical Articles" 893:The 13A was used only in the 1969–1972 624:Mazda's first prototype Wankel was the 220:1.0L 982 cc (59.9 cu in) 218:0.8L 798 cc (48.7 cu in) 14: 4145: 2533: 2323:"Rotary vs. Piston Engine Equivalency" 1744: 1436:Eunos Cosmo engine at the Mazda Museum 3241: 2756: 2713: 2529: 2527: 2144: 2052: 873:13A engine in a Mazda Luce R130 coupe 711:The 0810 was modified for the racing 362:, a German engineer. Over the years, 216:0.4L 360 cc (22 cu in) 4163:World Sportscar Championship engines 2608:Pettendy, Marton (27 October 2017). 1996: 1962: 1320:(183 lbf⋅ft) at 3500 rpm. 753:engine appeared in July 1968 in the 64:adding citations to reliable sources 35: 1331:Turbo-II, 185 PS (136 kW) 393:Since the end of production of the 319:20–200 lb⋅ft (27–271 N⋅m) 24: 2634:Szymkowski, Sean (14 April 2021). 2524: 1566: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 535: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 505: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 374:. The engines became popular with 25: 4179: 2693: 2508:Lienert, Anita (23 August 2011). 2107: 1209:Mazda REPU (Rotary Engine Pickup) 2665:. St. Martin's Press, New York. 2262:"1991 Mazda 787B Specifications" 1613:Mazda Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid 1601:International Engine of the Year 309:100–700 hp (75–522 kW) 40: 4042:Mazda North American Operations 2627: 2601: 2576: 2550: 2501: 2475: 2421: 2395: 2373: 2351: 2341: 2314: 2300: 2286: 2268: 2254: 2240: 2234:"1991 Mazda 787B | Review" 2226: 2212: 2190: 2164: 2138: 2101: 2076: 2065: 2046: 1985: 1721:On 16 November 2011, Mazda CEO 1482:was only used in the 1990-1995 1123:was an improved version of the 417: 51:needs additional citations for 4047:Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA 2705:Mazda Rotary Engine Specialist 2510:"Mazda RX-8 Ceases Production" 1937: 1899: 1885: 1871: 1857: 1843: 1829: 1804: 561: 517: 13: 1: 4075:Mazda road vehicle timeline ( 2359:"Mazda RX-8 Renesis hydrogen" 1837:"1991 Mazda 787B @ Top Speed" 1797: 685:The first 10A engine was the 349:rotary combustion car engines 2033: 1977:. p. 70. Archived from 1550:in replacement of the older 881:was designed especially for 7: 2661:Yamaguchi, Jack K. (1985). 2036:Le Moniteur de l'Automobile 1969:Black, Byron (April 1971). 1780: 1737:LLC dba INDYCAR sanctioned 1488: 1423:, 280 PS (206 kW) 1414:, 265 PS (195 kW) 1405:, 255 PS (188 kW) 1371:, 230 PS (169 kW) 1238: 10: 4184: 3813:Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid 3224: 3222: 3220: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3156: 3104: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3028: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 1922:"The Wankel Rotary Engine" 1920:Kenneth C. Weston (2000). 1427: 1375: 1298: 991:, 100 hp (75 kW) 421: 26: 4168:Gasoline engines by model 4122: 4068: 4032: 4002: 3974: 3906: 3897: 3866: 3725: 3517: 3465: 3449: 3433: 3407: 3386: 3320: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3226: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3195: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3161: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3061: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2986: 2973: 2971: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2761: 2751: 2005: 1968: 1660:Gasoline direct injection 1486:. It was offered in both 1382:sequentially-turbocharged 1349: 1309:electronic fuel injection 997:racing aircraft used two 786:Mazda R100/Familia Rotary 775:July 1968–September 1972 761: 334:347 lb (157 kg) 328: 323: 313: 303: 298: 286: 274: 264: 247: 237: 232: 210: 198: 193: 185: 174: 162: 157: 148: 143: 3457:MX-5/MX-5 Miata/Roadster 2700:Mazda rotary engine page 1672: 1608:list for 2004 and 2005. 1551: 1384:version of the 13B, the 1317:twin-scroll turbocharger 1047: 1003: 887: 598: 1971:"The Minicars of Japan" 1733:, and its professional 1529: 791: 736: 680: 403:Star Mazda Championship 366:has been increased and 2053:Wakefield, Ron (ed.). 1933:. University of Tulsa. 1739:Pro Mazda Championship 1686: 1636: 1626: 1617:Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE 1606:Ward's 10 Best Engines 1576: 1510: 1445: 1437: 1255:-like effect from the 1159: 1149: 1114: 1057: 915: 874: 864: 861: 746: 663: 636: 619: 576: 4059:AutoAlliance Thailand 2383:. Hydrogencarsnow.com 2361:. Hydrogencarsnow.com 2280:10 March 2016 at the 1680: 1649: 1634: 1574: 1536:sports prototype cars 1443: 1435: 1182: 1179:through 2002's RX-7. 1157: 1055: 872: 859: 836: 744: 577: 388:power-to-weight ratio 144:Wankel rotary engines 75:"Mazda Wankel engine" 2682:Automobile Quarterly 2200:. Der-wankelmotor.de 2061:(January 1975): 104. 1158:Wankel rotors of 13B 845:use in the upcoming 655:dry-sump lubrication 447: 401:, with the one-make 399:single seater racing 342:Mazda Wankel engines 60:improve this article 3582:Familia/323/Protegé 2409:on 22 November 2010 2329:on 24 December 2010 2126:on 15 December 2018 2008:Automobil Revue '83 1930:Energy Conservation 1867:. 26 November 2019. 1839:. 30 November 2005. 1745:Future expectations 1560:24 Hours of Le Mans 1257:Helmholtz resonance 942:catalytic converter 927:24 hours of Le Mans 18:Mazda rotary engine 4097:Ford Motor Company 2564:. 23 November 2016 2178:. 19 February 2015 2145:Authority, Motor. 2117:www.media.mazda.ca 2088:www.racingbeat.com 1895:. 5 December 2019. 1735:Indy Racing League 1723:Takashi Yamanouchi 1687: 1637: 1577: 1446: 1438: 1160: 1058: 875: 862: 747: 572: 436:measurements of a 4140: 4139: 4028: 4027: 3513: 3512: 3434:Commercial trucks 3235: 3234: 3230: 3229: 2489:. 14 January 2023 2435:. 14 January 2023 1792:MidWest AE series 1444:Rotary Engine 20B 883:front-wheel drive 570: 464: 338: 337: 136: 135: 128: 110: 16:(Redirected from 4175: 3904: 3903: 3682:RX-8 Hydrogen RE 3280: 3279: 3262: 3255: 3248: 3239: 3238: 2754: 2753: 2734: 2727: 2720: 2711: 2710: 2689: 2676: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2512:. Insideline.com 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2454: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2355: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2325:. Archived from 2318: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2290: 2284: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2250:. 30 April 2018. 2244: 2238: 2237: 2236:. 18 April 2016. 2230: 2224: 2223: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2151:Business Insider 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2125: 2119:. Archived from 2114: 2108:Young, Gregory. 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2080: 2074: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2059:Road & Track 2050: 2044: 2043: 2031: 2022: 2021: 2003: 1994: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1926: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1808: 1478:The three-rotor 1074:direct injection 1068:, and SA series 995:Aero Design DG-1 899:rear-wheel drive 651:Tokyo Motor Show 581: 579: 578: 573: 571: 566: 565: 564: 542: 513: 512: 465: 460: 451: 410:e-Skyactiv R-EV 344:are a family of 153: 141: 140: 131: 124: 120: 117: 111: 109: 68: 44: 36: 21: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4118: 4064: 4034: 4024: 3998: 3970: 3893: 3862: 3721: 3647:Pathfinder XV-1 3519: 3509: 3485:Flair Crossover 3461: 3445: 3429: 3408:Commercial vans 3403: 3382: 3321:SUVs/crossovers 3316: 3271: 3266: 3236: 3231: 2747: 2738: 2696: 2673: 2657: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2614:motoring.com.au 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2532: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2282:Wayback Machine 2273: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2112: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2066: 2051: 2047: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2004: 1997: 1990: 1986: 1967: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1924: 1918: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1881:. 8 April 2021. 1877: 1876: 1872: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1783: 1773:variant of the 1747: 1683:Ward's AutoNews 1675: 1652: 1629: 1569: 1567:13B-MSP Renesis 1532: 1513: 1466:It was renamed 1430: 1378: 1352: 1301: 1245:intake manifold 1241: 1221:Mazda Roadpacer 1185: 1152: 1117: 1050: 1024:(United States) 918: 867: 839: 794: 739: 683: 666: 641:The very first 639: 622: 538: 508: 504: 470: 469: 459: 452: 450: 448: 445: 444: 434:bore and stroke 426: 420: 372:fuel efficiency 227: 225: 223: 221: 219: 217: 139: 132: 121: 115: 112: 69: 67: 57: 45: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4181: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4158:Wankel engines 4155: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3867:Former marques 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3798:MX-5 Speedster 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3657:Premacy/Mazda5 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3471: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3286: 3284: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3264: 3257: 3250: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2737: 2736: 2729: 2722: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2694:External links 2692: 2691: 2690: 2677: 2671: 2655: 2654: 2626: 2600: 2575: 2549: 2538:. Autoblog.com 2523: 2500: 2474: 2446: 2420: 2394: 2372: 2350: 2340: 2313: 2299: 2296:. 14 May 2003. 2285: 2267: 2253: 2239: 2225: 2211: 2198:"Mazda Wankel" 2189: 2163: 2137: 2100: 2075: 2064: 2045: 2023: 2016: 1995: 1984: 1961: 1936: 1912: 1898: 1884: 1870: 1856: 1842: 1828: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1782: 1779: 1771:plug-in hybrid 1746: 1743: 1674: 1671: 1651: 1648: 1628: 1625: 1568: 1565: 1538:including the 1531: 1528: 1512: 1509: 1456:was named the 1429: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1415: 1406: 1395:Applications: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1363:Applications: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1339: 1332: 1323:Applications: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1286: 1284:Mazda HB Cosmo 1280: 1272:Applications: 1267:fuel injection 1240: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1211: 1205: 1194:Applications: 1184: 1181: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1139: 1131:Applications: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1091:Applications: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1036: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1008: 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In 1517:13J-M 1498:Furai 1261:Bosch 1062:Cosmo 1048:Turbo 758:Cosmo 694:Cosmo 591:Mazda 408:MX-30 353:Mazda 293:Water 169:Mazda 107:JSTOR 93:books 4127:Cars 3753:HR-X 3712:VX-1 3677:RX-8 3672:RX-7 3662:R360 3632:MX-6 3627:MX-3 3622:MS-8 3607:Luce 3592:K360 3572:CX-7 3567:CX-4 3532:AZ-1 3368:CX-9 3358:CX-8 3338:CX-5 3328:CX-3 3312:EZ-6 3283:Cars 3184:REPU 3129:RX-8 3125:RX-7 3121:RX-3 3082:L10B 3077:L10A 2996:RX-4 2992:Luce 2968:RX-2 2942:R100 2935:R100 2758:Type 2686:XI.1 2667:ISBN 2649:2021 2641:CNET 2621:2018 2595:2016 2570:2016 2544:2012 2518:2012 2495:2023 2469:2023 2441:2023 2415:2010 2389:2010 2367:2010 2335:2010 2206:2010 2184:2018 2158:2018 2132:2018 2095:2018 2012:ISBN 1956:2015 1823:2020 1712:RX-8 1706:and 1704:RX-7 1615:and 1556:1991 1544:787B 1530:R26B 1177:RX-4 1162:The 1119:The 1070:RX-7 1066:Luce 1029:6PI 920:The 877:The 812:nti 798:0866 792:0866 762:0810 751:0813 737:0813 698:L10A 687:0810 681:0810 668:The 568:1000 340:The 249:Fuel 79:news 4079:) ( 3773:Kai 3527:929 2975:SNA 1627:16X 1552:13J 1540:767 1521:767 1511:13J 1472:767 1468:20B 1458:13G 1454:757 1448:In 1390:DIN 1305:DEI 1164:13B 1150:13B 1125:12A 1121:12B 1115:12B 1004:12A 946:6PI 922:12A 916:12A 888:10A 879:13A 865:13A 670:10A 664:10A 647:L8A 637:L8A 630:NSU 626:40A 620:40A 599:13A 257:or 62:by 4149:: 4102:M2 3976:V6 3908:I4 3163:SE 3158:FD 3153:FC 3148:FB 3143:SA 3099:JC 3094:HB 3089:CD 3067:GT 3050:RP 3023:HC 3018:HB 3008:LA 2920:1 2914:9 2884:9 2854:9 2824:9 2794:9 2684:. 2638:. 2612:. 2586:. 2560:. 2526:^ 2485:. 2460:. 2449:^ 2431:. 2174:. 2149:. 2115:. 2086:. 2057:. 2040:34 2026:^ 1998:^ 1973:. 1947:. 1927:. 1814:. 1741:. 1650:8C 1619:. 1542:, 1460:. 1380:A 1202:AP 1189:AP 1183:AP 1064:, 837:3A 764:. 414:. 355:. 4083:) 3261:e 3254:t 3247:v 3138:S 3127:/ 3123:/ 3119:/ 3003:R 2994:/ 2966:/ 2933:/ 2917:0 2911:8 2908:7 2905:6 2902:5 2899:4 2896:3 2893:2 2890:1 2887:0 2881:8 2878:7 2875:6 2872:5 2869:4 2866:3 2863:2 2860:1 2857:0 2851:8 2848:7 2845:6 2842:5 2839:4 2836:3 2833:2 2830:1 2827:0 2821:8 2818:7 2815:6 2812:5 2809:4 2806:3 2803:2 2800:1 2797:0 2791:8 2788:7 2785:6 2782:5 2733:e 2726:t 2719:v 2675:. 2651:. 2623:. 2597:. 2572:. 2546:. 2520:. 2497:. 2471:. 2443:. 2417:. 2391:. 2369:. 2337:. 2310:. 2264:. 2222:. 2208:. 2186:. 2160:. 2134:. 2097:. 2020:. 1958:. 1853:. 1825:. 1685:) 1175:/ 1001:( 818:S 814:P 810:A 806:E 802:R 562:) 559:s 556:u 553:i 550:d 547:a 544:R 540:/ 536:t 533:e 530:s 527:f 524:f 521:O 518:( 510:2 506:s 502:u 499:i 496:d 493:a 490:R 484:h 481:t 478:p 475:e 472:D 462:3 454:3 129:) 123:( 118:) 114:( 104:· 97:· 90:· 83:· 56:. 31:. 20:)

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