Mediterranean Sea - Knowledge

5080: 8095: 8279: 1576: 8295: 6193: 6108:, the surface waters having warmed and increased its salinity from its initial Atlantic state, is now denser and sinks to form the Levantine Intermediate Waters (LIW). Most of the water found anywhere between 50 and 600 m (160 and 2,000 ft) deep in the Mediterranean originates from the LIW. LIW are formed along the coasts of Turkey and circulate westwards along the Greek and south Italian coasts. LIW are the only waters passing the Sicily Strait westwards. After the Strait of Sicily, the LIW waters circulate along the Italian, French and Spanish coasts before exiting the Mediterranean through the depths of the Strait of Gibraltar. Deep water in the Mediterranean originates from three main areas: the 7262:

species they are "Alien Invasive Species", as they are an agent of change and a threat to the native biodiversity. In the context of CBD, "introduction" refers to the movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range (past or present). The Suez Canal, being an artificial (human-made) canal, is a human agency. Lessepsian migrants are therefore "introduced" species (indirect, and unintentional). Whatever wording is chosen, they represent a threat to the native Mediterranean biodiversity, because they are non-indigenous to this sea. In recent years, the Egyptian government's announcement of its intentions to deepen and widen the Canal raised concerns from

7400: 7056: 7194:, which are hyper-saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the Eastern Mediterranean. The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient-poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient-poor Eastern Mediterranean. Accordingly, Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota, and not vice versa; this phenomenon is known as the 2126: 3803: 8002: 3294: 8263: 2110: 7486: 8190: 884: 6648:" (MSC), characterized by the deposition of a thick evaporitic sequence – with salt deposits up to 2 km thick in the Levantine sea – and by a massive drop in water level in much of the Basin. This event was for long the subject of acute scientific controversy, now much appeased, regarding its sequence, geographic range, processes leading to evaporite facies and salt deposits. The start of the MSC was recently estimated astronomically at 5.96 mya, and it persisted for some 630,000 years until about 5.3 mya; see Animation: Messinian salinity crisis, at right. 8065: 8315: 1788: 7047:, in line with the "1950s syndrome" as rural populations throughout the region abandoned traditional subsistence economies. Grove and Rackham suggest that the locals left the traditional agricultural patterns and instead became scenery-setting agents for tourism. This resulted in more uniform, large-scale formations. Among further current important threats to Mediterranean landscapes are overdevelopment of coastal areas, abandonment of mountains and, as mentioned, the loss of variety via the reduction of traditional agricultural occupations. 4349: 3265: 3985: 8127: 7452: 1820: 8049: 5064: 3355: 3340: 16951: 4649: 3326: 4638: 2137: 8111: 4011: 8209: 17115: 3090: 1302: 8017: 2739: 8243: 17098: 4664: 3306: 8033: 7828: 7155: 1484: 8159: 6310: 15021: 1720: 3881: 15401: 15009: 8378: 8080: 3907: 8343: 2886: 3959: 56: 7014: 17013: 8327: 3673: 3569: 17081: 3829: 3777: 3751: 3543: 3276: 6433: 8143: 3933: 3725: 3647: 3621: 17064: 3439: 7653: 7797: 7669: 7605: 7637: 7621: 7509: 7573: 7493: 8224: 7685: 7557: 7541: 17047: 7781: 7765: 7749: 7717: 4619: 3855: 3699: 3517: 3465: 1290: 7733: 7701: 7525: 7589: 8175: 3595: 4478: 3413: 3491: 17030: 6597: 6586: 6831: 9323: 876: 16985: 13659: 7336:, which may restrict northward displacement of organisms in these areas. Sea level rise for the next century (2100) could be between 30 and 100 cm (12 and 39 in) and temperature shifts of a mere 0.05–0.1 °C (0.09–0.18 °F) in the deep sea are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity. 7002:'s work on "The Nature of Mediterranean Europe" challenges this common wisdom of a Mediterranean Europe as a "Lost Eden", a formerly fertile and forested region, that had been progressively degraded and desertified by human mismanagement. The belief stems more from the failure of the recent landscape to measure up to the imaginary past of the 6913:, the marine biota of the Mediterranean is derived primarily from the Atlantic Ocean. The North Atlantic is considerably colder and more nutrient-rich than the Mediterranean, and the marine life of the Mediterranean has had to adapt to its differing conditions in the five million years since the basin was reflooded. 8359: 13652: 6168:

decrease in precipitation over the region could lead to more evaporation ultimately increasing the Mediterranean Sea salinity. Because of the changes in temperature and salinity, the Mediterranean Sea may become more stratified by the end of the 21st century, with notable consequences on water circulation and

6660:—at the end of the Miocene (5.33 mya). Some research has suggested that a desiccation-flooding-desiccation cycle may have repeated several times, which could explain several events of large amounts of salt deposition. Recent studies, however, show that repeated desiccation and re-flooding is unlikely from a 6155:, off the Greek coast. The transition from anticyclonic to cyclonic rotation of this gyre changes the origin of the waters fueling it; when the circulation is anticyclonic (most common), the waters of the gyre originate from the Adriatic Sea. When the circulation is cyclonic, the waters originate from the 7043:

patterns. The diversity range was enhanced by the widespread exchange and interaction of the longstanding and highly diverse local agriculture, intense transport and trade relations, and the interaction with settlements, pasture and other land use. The greatest human-induced changes, however, came after

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Even Grove considered that human activity could be the cause of climate change. Modern science has been able to provide clear evidence of this. The wide ecological diversity typical of Mediterranean Europe is predominantly based on human behaviour, as it is and has been closely related to human usage

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The historical evolution of climate, vegetation and landscape in southern Europe from prehistoric times to the present is much more complex and underwent various changes. For example, some of the deforestation had already taken place before the Roman age. While in the Roman age large enterprises such

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of about 0.25 g C (grams of carbon) m day whereas the eastern basin has an average daily productivity of 0.16 g C m day. For this reason, the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea is termed "ultraoligotrophic". The productive areas of the Mediterranean Sea are few and small. High (i.e. more than 0.5

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A basin of varied geometry: Area of the entire Mediterranean Basin, including the whole of the Nile Basin = 4,562,480 km; Area of the 'conventional' Mediterranean Basin (i.e. counting only part of the Nile Basin in Egypt) = 1,836,480 km There are few rivers with an abundant flow. Only three rivers

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Geographically, the Mediterranean catchment is extremely large and heterogeneous, covering an area of approximately 5 millions km. It extends from the equator, where the springs of the White Nile River are located, to the source of the Rhone River at approximately 48°N. In longitude, it spans about

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The discharge of chemical tank washings and oily wastes also represent a significant source of marine pollution. The Mediterranean Sea constitutes 0.7% of the global water surface and yet receives 17% of global marine oil pollution. It is estimated that every year between 100,000 and 150,000 t

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In recent decades, the arrival of exotic species from the tropical Atlantic has become noticeable. In many cases this reflects an expansion – favoured by a warming trend of sub-tropical Atlantic waters, and also by a fast-growing maritime traffic – of the natural range of species that now enter the

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took effective care of forests and agriculture, the largest depopulation effects came with the end of the empire. Some assume that the major deforestation took place in modern times—the later usage patterns were also quite different e.g. in southern and northern Italy. Also, the climate has usually

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trees and shrubs with small, hard, waxy leaves that prevent moisture loss in the dry summers. Much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation. There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a heavily wooded

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Mary Pelletier "A brief history of the Suez Canal" In: Apollo 3 July 2018; Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17. December 2019; Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018), pp 112; Hans Reis "Der Suezkanal – die wichtigste

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Today, evaporation of surface seawater (output) is more than the supply (input) of fresh water by precipitation and coastal drainage systems, causing the salinity of the Mediterranean to be much higher than that of the Atlantic—so much so that the saltier Mediterranean waters sink below the waters

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Major ancient civilizations were located around the Mediterranean. The sea provided routes for trade, colonization, and war, as well as food (from fishing and the gathering of other seafood) for numerous communities throughout the ages. The earliest advanced civilizations in the Mediterranean were

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Tourism is today one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranean countries, despite the human-made geopolitical conflicts in the region. The countries have tried to extinguish rising human-made chaotic zones that might affect the region's economies and societies in neighbouring

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terminologies, they are alien species, as they are non-native (non-indigenous) to the Mediterranean Sea, and are found outside their normal, non-adjacent area of distribution. When these species succeed in establishing populations in the Mediterranean Sea, compete with and begin to replace native

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The longest river in the world, the Nile spans 35 degrees of latitude, drains three million square kilometers of land (one-tenth of the total surface area of Africa), and runs through 11 countries whose combined population totals over 300 million people: Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Rwanda,

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The almost complete enclosure of the Mediterranean basin has enabled the oceanic gateways to dominate seawater circulation and the environmental evolution of the sea and basin. Circulation patterns are also affected by several other factors—including climate, bathymetry, and water chemistry and

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Because of the short residence time of waters, the Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot spot for climate change effects. Deep water temperatures have increased by 0.12 °C (0.22 °F) between 1959 and 1989. According to climate projections, the Mediterranean Sea could become warmer. The

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Fish stock levels in the Mediterranean Sea are alarmingly low. The European Environment Agency says that more than 65% of all fish stocks in the region are outside safe biological limits and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, that some of the most important fisheries—such as

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of the Mediterranean Sea is particularly heterogeneous and extends much further than the Mediterranean region. Its size has been estimated between 4,000,000 and 5,500,000 km (1,500,000 and 2,100,000 sq mi), depending on whether non-active parts (deserts) are included or not. The

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created colonies in regions controlled by the Crusaders and came to control the trade with the Orient. These colonies also allowed them to trade with the Eastern world. Though the fall of the Crusader states and attempts at banning of trade relations with Muslim states by the Popes temporarily

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For 4,000 years, human activity has transformed most parts of Mediterranean Europe, and the "humanisation of the landscape" overlapped with the appearance of the present Mediterranean climate. The image of a simplistic, environmental determinist notion of a Mediterranean paradise on Earth in

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Being a semi-enclosed basin, the Mediterranean experiences transitory events that can affect the water circulation on short time scales. In the mid-1990s, the Aegean Sea became the main area for deep water formation in the eastern Mediterranean after particularly cold winter conditions. This

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is a quite positive example of natural hazards leading to improved relations between traditional rivals in the region after earthquakes in İzmit and Athens in 1999. The European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) was set up to respond to major natural disasters and express European solidarity to

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Oceanographic expeditions uncovered a characteristic feature of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry: most of the chlorophyll production does not occur on the surface, but in sub-surface waters between 80 and 200 meters deep. Another key characteristic of the Mediterranean is its high

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Emeis, Kay-Christian; Struck, Ulrich; Schulz, Hans-Martin; Rosenberg, Reinhild; et al. (2000). "Temperature and salinity variations of Mediterranean Sea surface waters over the last 16,000 years from records of planktonic stable oxygen isotopes and alkenone unsaturation ratios".

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called the Mediterranean Wadj-wr/Wadj-Wer/Wadj-Ur. This term (literally "great green") was the name given by the Ancient Egyptians to the semi-solid, semi-aquatic region characterized by papyrus forests to the north of the cultivated Nile delta, and, by extension, the sea beyond.

6703:" (from 11.6 to 7.2 mya), long before the MSC and lasting much longer. Both "crises" resulted in broad connections between the mainlands of Africa and Europe, which allowed migrations of flora and fauna—especially large mammals including primates—between the two continents. The 10191:

Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Nile's primary water source, Lake Victoria, is the world's second-largest body of fresh water, and the Nile Delta in northern Egypt covers over 150 miles of the Mediterranean coastline.

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said in 2014 that Europe's migration policy "turned the Mediterranean into a graveyard", referring to the number of drowned refugees in the region as a direct result of the policies. An Azerbaijani official described the sea as "a burial ground ... where people die".

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started about six million years ago (mya) when the Mediterranean became landlocked, and then essentially dried up. There are salt deposits accumulated on the bottom of the basin of more than a million cubic kilometres—in some places more than three kilometres thick.

6159:. These waters have different physical and chemical characteristics, and the periodic inversion of the North Ionian Gyre (called Bimodal Oscillating System or BiOS) changes the Mediterranean circulation and biogeochemistry around the Adriatic and Levantine regions. 6986:

antiquity, which was destroyed by later civilisations, dates back to at least the 18th century and was for centuries fashionable in archaeological and historical circles. Based on a broad variety of methods, e.g. historical documents, analysis of trade relations,

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aims to 'reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and protect and improve the marine environment in the area, thereby contributing to its sustainable development.' Many marine species have been almost wiped out because of the sea's pollution. One of them is the

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of the Rhône and Po are similar to that of the Nile, despite the latter having a much larger basin. These are the only three rivers with an average discharge of over 1,000 m/s (35,000 cu ft/s). Among large natural fresh bodies of water are

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type due to the majority of precipitation falling in the cooler months. Its southern and eastern coastlines are lined with hot deserts not far inland, but the immediate coastline on all sides of the Mediterranean tends to have strong maritime moderation.

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divides the sea in two main subregions: the Western Mediterranean, with an area of about 850,000 km (330,000 sq mi); and the Eastern Mediterranean, of about 1.65 million km (640,000 sq mi). Coastal areas have submarine

1404:("Our Sea"). For the next 400 years, the Roman Empire completely controlled the Mediterranean Sea and virtually all its coastal regions from Gibraltar to the Levant, being the only state in history to ever do so, being given the nickname "Roman Lake". 728:, is about 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi). The north–south length varies greatly between different shorelines and whether only straight routes are considered. Also including longitudinal changes, the shortest shipping route between the multinational 6801:

Because of its latitude and its landlocked position, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. Since the Mediterranean is subject to the deposition of

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von Menschen geschaffene Wasserstrasse wurde vor 150 Jahren gebaut und war oft umkämpft" In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung 17 November 2019; Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road? in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020.

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There are steep gradients in nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll concentrations and primary productivity in the Mediterranean. Nutrient concentrations in the western part of the basin are about double the concentrations in the eastern basin. The

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project) across the Straits, using the inflow current to provide a large amount of hydroelectric energy. The underlying energy grid was also intended to support a political union between Europe and, at least, the Maghreb part of Africa (compare

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Kress, Nurit; Herut, Barak (2001). "Spatial and seasonal evolution of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Southern Levantine Basin (Eastern Mediterranean Sea): chemical characterization of the water masses and inferences on the N:P ratios".

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indicates a typical extinction and replacement of mammal species in Europe during Tortonian times following climatic upheaval and overland migrations of new species: see Animation: Messinian salinity crisis (and mammal migrations), at right.

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Sisma-Ventura, Guy; Bialik, Or M.; Yam, Ruth; Herut, Barak; Silverman, Jacob (November 2017). "p CO 2 variability in the surface waters of the ultra-oligotrophic Levantine Sea: Exploring the air–sea CO 2 fluxes in a fast warming region".

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After the initial drawdown and re-flooding, there followed more episodes—the total number is debated—of sea drawdowns and re-floodings for the duration of the MSC. It ended when the Atlantic Ocean last re-flooded the basin—creating the

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Uitz, Julia; Stramski, Dariusz; Gentili, Bernard; D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio; Claustre, Hervé (2012). "Estimates of phytoplankton class-specific and total primary production in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite ocean color observations".

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Millot, C. (1989). "La Circulation Générale En Méditerranée Occidentale : Aperçu De Nos Connaissances Et Projets D'études" [General Circulation in the Western Mediterranean: Overview of Our Knowledge and Study Projects].

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in 1869, the flow of trade between Europe and Asia changed fundamentally. The fastest route now led through the Mediterranean towards East Africa and Asia. This led to a preference for the Mediterranean countries and their ports like

6818:-bearing sequences provide high-resolution climatic information. These data have been employed in reconstructing astronomically calibrated time scales for the last 9 Ma of the Earth's history, helping to constrain the time of past 7241:

species into the Mediterranean. The impacts of some Lessepsian species have proven to be considerable, mainly in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean, where they are replacing native species and becoming a familiar sight.

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Some of the world's busiest shipping routes are in the Mediterranean Sea. In particular, the Maritime Silk Road from Asia and Africa leads through the Suez Canal directly into the Mediterranean Sea to its deep-water ports in

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In the continents, the drainage basins discharging into the Mediterranean and Black seas are defined according to the global continental runoff pathways scheme (Oki and Sud 1998), and they cover 5.34 × 10 and 2.43 × 10 km,

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Lebeaupin Brossier, Cindy; Béranger, Karine; Deltel, Charles; Drobinski, Philippe (2011). "The Mediterranean response to different space–time resolution atmospheric forcings using perpetual mode sensitivity simulations".

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Gasparini, G.P.; Ortona, A.; Budillon, G.; Astraldi, M.; Sansone, E. (June 2005). "The effect of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient on the hydrographic characteristics in the Strait of Sicily and in the Tyrrhenian Sea".

10205:– "But Jonah rose up to flee unto Tarshish from the presence of the LORD, and went down to Joppa; and he found a ship going to Tarshish: so he paid the fare thereof, and went down into it, to go with them unto Tarshish ." 5341: 7967:

published a report revealing that the amount of bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean had decreased by over 80% in the previous 20 years and government scientists warn that without immediate action the stock will collapse.

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retook control of the area around the north-eastern part of the Mediterranean. Venetian ships from the 9th century armed themselves to counter the harassment by Arabs while concentrating trade of Asian goods in Venice.

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across southern Iberia and northwest Africa. There the development of the intramontane Betic and Rif basins created two roughly parallel marine gateways between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Dubbed the

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of warm saline Mediterranean water, counterbalanced by an inflow surface current of less saline cold oceanic water from the Atlantic. In the 1920s, Herman Sörgel proposed the building of a hydroelectric dam (the

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preyed on Christian shipping and coastlines in the Western Mediterranean Sea. According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th centuries, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves.

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The large experience of member states and regional authorities has led to exchange on the international level with the cooperation of NGOs, states, regional and municipality authorities and private persons. The

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across southern Spain and the Rifian Corridor across northern Morocco. The Betic closed about 6 mya, causing the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC); the Rifian or possibly both gateways closed during the earlier

6267:. However, in winter, light may be the limiting factor for primary productivity. Between March and April, spring offers the ideal trade-off between light intensity and nutrient concentrations in surface for a 2969:

Total annual precipitation is significantly higher on the European part of the Mediterranean basin, especially near the Alps (the 'water tower of Europe') and other high mountain ranges. As a consequence, the

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cross the Mediterranean Sea each year—about one-third of the world's total merchant shipping. These ships often carry hazardous cargo, which if lost would result in severe damage to the marine environment.

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demonstrated that most of the world's oceans have an average N:P ratio around 16. However, the Mediterranean Sea has an average N:P between 24 and 29, which translates a widespread phosphorus limitation.

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Nicholls, R.J.; Klein, R.J.T. (2005). Climate change and coastal management on Europe's coast, in: Vermaat, J.E. et al. (Ed.) (2005). Managing European coasts: past, present and future. pp. 199–226.

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also marked a change in the climate of the Mediterranean basin. Fossil evidence from that period reveals that the larger basin had a humid subtropical climate with rainfall in the summer supporting

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de la Vara, Alba; Topper, Robin P.M.; Meijer, Paul Th.; Kouwenhoven, Tanja J. (2015). "Water exchange through the Betic and Rifian corridors prior to the Messinian Salinity Crisis: A model study".

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Bosc, E.; Bricaud, A.; Antoine, D. (2004). "Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations".

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The Mediterranean is an area of transition between a temperate Europe with relatively abundant and consistent water resources, and the arid African and Arabian deserts that are very short of water.

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and river runoff in the Mediterranean, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin. Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and

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difference virtually isolates the surface waters from the rest of the water column and nutrient exchanges are limited. As a consequence, primary productivity is very low between June and October.

1767:", a military and humanitarian mission in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants. In 2015, more than one million migrants crossed the Mediterranean Sea into Europe. 13578: 6141:

transitory switch in the origin of deep waters in the eastern Mediterranean was termed Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) and had major consequences on water circulation of the Mediterranean.

9098: 6601: 1173:) 'the Sea of the Romans' or 'the Roman Sea'. At first, that name referred only to the eastern Mediterranean, but the term was later extended to the whole Mediterranean. Other Arabic names were 9307: 7960:

There are clear indications that catch size and quality have declined, often dramatically, and in many areas, larger and longer-lived species have disappeared entirely from commercial catches.

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disrupted the trade relations between Western and Eastern Europe while disrupting trade routes with Eastern Asian Empires. This, however, had the indirect effect of promoting trade across the

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Adloff, Fanny; Somot, Samuel; Sevault, Florence; Jordà, Gabriel; et al. (2015). "Mediterranean Sea response to climate change in an ensemble of twenty first century scenarios".

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Lascaratos, Alex; Roether, Wolfgang; Nittis, Kostas; Klein, Birgit (August 1999). "Recent changes in deep water formation and spreading in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: a review".

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crystals abiotically in the water column. The cumulative warming at the surface of the Mediterranean has a significant impact on the ecological system. Extreme warming has led to

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show. From the end of the 19th century, in particular, the beaches became places of longing for many Europeans and travellers. From then on, and especially after World War II,

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to the Mediterranean began with all its advantages and disadvantages. While initially, the journey was by train and later by bus or car, today the plane is increasingly used.

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Krom, M.D.; Thingstad, T.F.; Brenner, S.; Carbo, P.; et al. (2005). "Summary and overview of the CYCLOPS P addition Lagrangian experiment in the Eastern Mediterranean".

7889:. Rapid development has been encouraged by Mediterranean governments to support the large numbers of tourists visiting the region, but this has caused serious disturbance to 696:

The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and the deepest recorded point is 5,109 ± 1 m (16,762 ± 3 ft) in the

15059: 9584: 9554: 2906:, which takes its sources in equatorial Africa. The basin of the Nile constitutes about two-thirds of the Mediterranean drainage basin and encompasses areas as high as the 7462:

Approximately 370,000,000 t (360,000,000 long tons) of oil are transported annually in the Mediterranean Sea (more than 20% of the world total), with around 250–300

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The region has a variety of geological hazards, which have closely interacted with human activity and land use patterns. Among others, in the eastern Mediterranean, the

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The Mediterranean Sea encompasses about 10,000 islands and islets, of which about 250 are permanently inhabited. In the table below are listed the ten largest by size.

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Invasive species have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the Mediterranean ecology, endangering a number of local and

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Garcia-Castellanos, D.; Estrada, F.; Jiménez-Munt, I.; Gorini, C.; et al. (2009). "Catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean after the Messinian salinity crisis".

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are very limited as a result of the narrow connection with the Atlantic Ocean. The Mediterranean is characterised and immediately recognised by its deep blue colour.

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The major geographic features characterizing the landscape are the Rhône-Saône valley, the Jura Mountains, the Molasse basin and the northwestern slopes of the Alps.

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Tourism is a source of income for small coastal communities, including islands, independent of urban centres. However, tourism has also played a major role in the

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Primary productivity in the Mediterranean is also marked by an intense seasonal variability. In winter, the strong winds and precipitation over the basin generate

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Rappoport, S. (Doctor of Philosophy, Basel). History of Egypt (undated, early 20th century), Volume 12, Part B, Chapter V: "The Waterways of Egypt", pp. 248–257 (

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led to a shift of trade routes to the European northern ports, which changed again towards the southern ports through European integration, the activation of the

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With about 10,000 islands and islets (approx. 250 inhabited by humans), the Mediterranean Sea can be considered as one of the largest archipelagos in the world.

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Caldera west of Naples is quite active and constitute the most densely populated volcanic region in the world where an eruptive event may occur within decades.

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before exiting the Mediterranean. The surface waters entering the eastern Mediterranean Basin circulate along the Libyan and Israeli coasts. Upon reaching the

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to the atmosphere notably during summer. This strong summer degassing, combined with the prolonged and pronounced stratification results in the formation of

1424:. Though the Eastern Roman Empire would continue to hold almost all of the Mediterranean, another power arose in the 7th century, and with it the religion of 13489: 11610:"Ocean warming is the key filter for successful colonization of the migrant octocoral Melithaea erythraea (Ehrenberg, 1834) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea" 7391:

around the coasts of Spain, France and Italy reported a particularly high mean concentration of debris; an average of 1,935 items per km (5,010/sq mi).

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The Mediterranean : Seaports and sea routes including Madeira, the Canary Islands, the coast of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; handbook for travellers

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Garcia-Castellanos, D.; Villaseñor, A. (15 December 2011). "Messinian salinity crisis regulated by competing tectonics and erosion at the Gibraltar arc".

8960: 7547: 6361:. Because it is a near-landlocked body of water in a normally dry climate, the Mediterranean is subject to intensive evaporation and the precipitation of 13389: 13013: 6963:

in the Mediterranean until the 1980s, when they went extinct, probably due to long-term PCB exposure. There are still annual sightings of orca vagrants.

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10 cu ft/a). Without this Atlantic water, the sea level of the Mediterranean Sea would fall at a rate of about 1 m (3 ft) per year.

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with direct connections to Central and Eastern Europe experienced a rapid economic rise. In the 20th century, the 1st and 2nd World Wars as well as the

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s, which discharge pressurised groundwater into the water from below the surface; the discharge water is usually fresh, and sometimes may be thermal.

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The Mediterranean: Seaports and sea routes including Madeira, the Canary Islands, the coast of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; handbook for travellers

642:. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely 99: 13327: 12963:"Caldera unrest prior to intense volcanism in Campi Flegrei (Italy) at 4.0 ka B.P.: Implications for caldera dynamics and future eruptive scenarios" 12940: 10957: 10617: 7138:, followed by floods and earthquakes. Forest fires, whether human-made or natural, are a frequent and dangerous hazard in the Mediterranean region. 11195:"On the impact of the Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS) on the biogeochemistry and biology of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas (Eastern Mediterranean)" 10245: 9124: 7787: 6553:

which are the foundation of the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Various zones of subduction contain the highest oceanic ridges, east of the

12398:

Briand, F. (ed.) (2008). The Messinian Salinity Crisis Mega-Deposits to Microbiology – A consensus report. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco. 168 p.

6388:

The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and the deepest recorded point is 5,267 m (17,280 ft) in the

12551: 10951:

Recent results and new ideas about the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea. Outlook on the similarities and differences with the Asian Mediterranean Sea

10028: 6920:

is a transition zone between the two seas, containing a mix of Mediterranean and Atlantic species. The Alboran Sea has the largest population of

6822:. Furthermore, the exceptional accuracy of these paleoclimatic records has improved our knowledge of the Earth's orbital variations in the past. 12318: 15436: 7250: 6248:

has a relatively high productivity because it is an area of high vertical mixing, bringing nutrients to the surface waters that can be used by

10734: 10677: 10437: 10360: 10305: 10061: 9818:

40°, from the middle of the Iberian peninsula, at 4°W, towards southern Turkey and the Middle East coasts facing the Mediterranean Sea (35°E).

7963:

Large open-water fish like tuna have been a shared fisheries resource for thousands of years but the stocks are now dangerously low. In 1999,

1637:

The development of oceanic shipping began to affect the entire Mediterranean. Once, most of the trade between Western Europe and the East was

10527: 10067: 6244:

per cubic meter) productivity occurs in coastal areas, close to the river mouths which are the primary suppliers of dissolved nutrients. The

6144:

Another example of a transient event affecting the Mediterranean circulation is the periodic inversion of the North Ionian Gyre, which is an

2267: 13269: 10587: 1743:

president described the Mediterranean Sea as a "cemetery" due to the large number of migrants who drowned there after their boats capsized.

17155: 15045: 12819: 10647: 10467: 9080: 8756: 12070:"Spatio-temporal variability of micro-, nano- and pico-phytoplankton in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite ocean colour data of SeaWiFS" 10704: 6047:

at 5 m (16 ft) depth. The temperature of the water in the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea is 13.2 °C (55.8 °F).

10927: 10147: 8488: 8048: 7707: 6128:. When new deep water is formed, the older waters mix with the overlaying intermediate waters and eventually exit the Mediterranean. The 2669: 1476: 1214:. The origin of the name is not clear, as it is not known in earlier Greek, Byzantine or Islamic sources. It may be to contrast with the 13802: 10761: 9751: 7870:. Naval and rescue components in the Mediterranean Sea are considered to be among the best due to the rapid cooperation between various 7485: 7303:. Rising sea levels will also mean rising salt water levels in Malta's groundwater supply and reduce the availability of drinking water. 16715: 16574: 2684: 12723:"Astronomical calibration of Gauss to Matuyama sapropels in the Mediterranean and implication for the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale" 13467: 13341: 11510:"Biodiversity loss in a Mediterranean ecosystem due to an extreme warming event unveils the role of an engineering gorgonian species" 8431: 7478:

happen frequently with an average of 10 spills per year. A major oil spill could occur at any time in any part of the Mediterranean.

2679: 10177: 16901: 13642:

Rüdiger Hachtmann "Tourismus-Geschichte". (2007); Attilio Brilli "Quando viaggiare era un'arte. Il romanzo del grand tour." (1995).

13301: 12920: 12861: 10407: 8419: 7900:

Tourism often concentrates in areas of high natural wealth, causing a serious threat to the habitats of endangered species such as

7812: 6788:

off the Atlantic coast of Iberia and North Africa, the present Mediterranean vegetation evolved, dominated by coniferous trees and

2066:, which also has a great meteorological impact on the Mediterranean area, touches the Mediterranean in the west in the area around 1043:, "land, earth"). The original meaning may have been 'the sea in the middle of the earth', rather than 'the sea enclosed by land'. 11573:

Jordà, Gabriel; Marbà, Núria; Duarte, Carlos M. (November 2012). "Mediterranean seagrass vulnerable to regional climate warming".

9213: 8875: 1112:(and therefore behind a person facing the east), which is sometimes translated as "Western Sea". Another name was the "Sea of the 13998: 13078: 10013:

The highest point in the Nile basin is Mount Stanley (5109 m) in the Ruwenzori Mountain range between Lake Edward and Lake Albert

9576: 9550: 7359:, 60,000 t (66,000 short tons) of mercury, 3,800 t (4,200 short tons) of lead and 36,000 t (40,000 short tons) of 7214:

from the Nile into the Eastern Mediterranean, making conditions there even more like the Red Sea and worsening the impact of the

7146:

and tsunami took more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and were among the deadliest natural disasters in modern Europe.

6529:. The Neotethys grew larger during the episodes of collisions (and associated foldings and subductions) that occurred during the 4357: 2747: 2691: 1709: 12857:

The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History, by Alfred Thomas Grove, Oliver Rackham, Yale University Press, 2003,

10279: 6717: 16708: 16594: 14168: 13415: 7130: 13117: 8189: 5316: 16703: 16637: 13619: 13564: 13437: 13243: 13218: 13111: 12687: 12265: 11006: 10921: 10792: 10368: 10108: 9994: 9874: 9798: 9410: 9358: 9317: 9290: 9250: 9223: 8851: 8787: 8714: 7291:

By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 and 61 cm (1.2 and 24.0 in) as a result of the

6971: 2762:

in the east, the Mediterranean Sea is bounded by the coasts of Europe, Africa, and Asia and is divided into two deep basins:

1665: 736:

is about 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi). The water temperatures are mild in winter and warm in summer and give name to the

17019: 13171: 12176: 11152:

Theocharis, Alexander; Nittis, Kostas; Kontoyiannis, Harilaos; Papageorgiou, Emanuel; Balopoulos, Efstathios (1 June 1999).

10374: 10114: 10000: 9880: 9804: 8242: 6784:

epoch) as summer rainfall decreased. The subtropical laurel forests retreated; and even as they persisted on the islands of

16698: 16662: 16601: 13684: 9724: 9454: 8472: 7348: 6213: 6184:

and presents an existential threat to some habitats while making conditions more hospitable to invasive tropical species.

5058: 4360:(IHO) divides the Mediterranean into a number of smaller waterbodies, each with their own designation (from west to east): 682: 657:

The Mediterranean Sea covers an area of about 2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi), representing 0.7% of the global

433: 17104: 11915: 9433: 9158: 6640:, they gradually closed during the middle and late Miocene: perhaps several times. In the late Miocene the closure of the 17087: 17001: 16691: 16686: 16632: 13825: 12711:

Politische Geographien Europas: Annäherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt, Anke Strüver, LIT Verlag Münster, 2005, p. 43

8451: 8001: 7983: 7110: 7078:

on the nearby island of Crete, further leading some to believe that this may have been the catastrophe that inspired the

5332: 2674: 1279: 749: 293: 13533:

Maritime Networks, Port Efficiency, and Hinterland Connectivity in the Mediterranean. International Development in Focus

8064: 6287:

Because of its low productivity, plankton assemblages in the Mediterranean Sea are dominated by small organisms such as

17235: 17225: 17175: 17160: 16560: 15429: 13139: 11937:

Bethoux, J.P.; Morin, P.; Madec, C.; Gentili, B. (1992). "Phosphorus and nitrogen behaviour in the Mediterranean Sea".

11288:

Bethoux, J. P.; Gentili, B.; Raunet, J.; Tailliez, D. (1990). "Warming trend in the western Mediterranean deep water".

9490: 8314: 8262: 7254: 6454: 12761: 12412:"Astrochronology for the Messinian Sorbas basin (SE Spain) and orbital (precessional) forcing for evaporite cyclicity" 10331: 8126: 6373:

Scientists estimate that the sea was last filled about 5.3 million years ago (mya) in less than two years by the

16642: 9606: 8993: 8924: 8825: 8440: 6480: 4071:

Major cities (municipalities), with populations larger than 200,000 people, bordering the Mediterranean Sea include:

590: 428: 11847:"Introduction to the Biogeochemistry from the Oligotrophic to the Ultraoligotrophic Mediterranean (BOUM) experiment" 9830:

Poulos, Serafeim (2011). "An insight to the fluvial characteristics of the Mediterranean and Black Sea watersheds".

6493:

The Mediterranean basin and sea system were established by the ancient African-Arabian continent colliding with the

6462: 2794: 17230: 16657: 16647: 16589: 16567: 16550: 16545: 16464: 10489: 10223: 8506: 7246: 6078: 3034: 2987:(Po). While the Mediterranean watershed is bordered by other river basins in Europe, it is essentially bordered by 1756: 9528: 7990:

in the Mediterranean Sea during 2015–2019 resulted in widespread mass sealife die-offs in five consecutive years.

7850:

The coast of the Mediterranean has been used for tourism since ancient times, as the Roman villa buildings on the

7846:

in terms of the number of international tourist arrivals, with 51.2 million foreign tourists visiting the country.

6132:

in the Mediterranean is approximately 100 years, making the Mediterranean especially sensitive to climate change.

5352: 17165: 16667: 16496: 16362: 16271: 16221: 13810: 10549: 9240: 8477: 8032: 7912: 6381:

at an estimated rate of about three orders of magnitude (one thousand times) larger than the current flow of the

3083: 2733: 2118: 1594:. Ottomans gained control of much of the eastern part sea in the 16th century and also maintained naval bases in 1569: 748:

and travellers of ancient times, facilitating trade and cultural exchange between the peoples of the region. The

639: 13496: 13045: 8110: 7039:", and plant cover accommodated to various extremes and became resilient to various patterns of human activity. 16611: 8463: 6458: 6050:

The net water influx from the Atlantic Ocean is ca. 70,000 m/s (2.5 million cu ft/s) or 2.2

1432:, controlled most of the Mediterranean region and left a lasting footprint on its eastern and southern shores. 887:

With its highly indented coastline and large number of islands, Greece has the longest Mediterranean coastline.

38: 13005: 9381: 2784:, a line joining the north extreme of Cape Paci (15°42′E) with Cape Peloro, the east extreme of the Island of 863:, have coastlines on the Mediterranean. The drainage basin encompasses a large number of other countries, the 16921: 16906: 15422: 12419: 11154:"Climatic changes in the Aegean Sea influence the eastern Mediterranean thermohaline circulation (1986–1997)" 10202: 8158: 7448:(98,000 and 148,000 long tons) of crude oil are deliberately released into the sea from shipping activities. 7399: 6975: 5324: 4610:

Many of these smaller seas feature in local myth and folklore and derive their names from such associations.

1580: 17: 9349:

Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800

7134:

disaster-stricken regions within all of Europe. The largest amount of funding requests in the EU relates to

6745: 6271:

to occur. In summer, high atmospheric temperatures lead to the warming of the surface waters. The resulting

17170: 17053: 16954: 16606: 16231: 15958: 15663: 12967: 9677:"Changes in the Ecological Environment of the Marginal Seas along the Eurasian Continent from 2003 to 2014" 8975: 8445: 8016: 6172:. The stratification and warming have already led to the eastern Mediterranean to become a net source of CO 1595: 1532: 1327:, who traded extensively with each other. Other notable civilizations that appeared somewhat later are the 11455:

Bialik, Or M.; Sisma-Ventura, Guy; Vogt-Vincent, Noam; Silverman, Jacob; Katz, Timor (24 September 2022).

10063:

Our Waters: Joining Hands Across Borders: First Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters

7306:

A 30 cm (12 in) rise in sea level would flood 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) of the

1652:

ensured their influence in Africa and Southwest Asia. Especially after the naval battles of Abukir (1799,

1641:, but after the 1490s the development of a sea route to the Indian Ocean allowed the importation of Asian 16088: 12937: 10950: 10609: 8602: 8547: 8342: 8142: 6744:

incoming from the Atlantic, causing a two-layer flow across the Strait of Gibraltar: that is, an outflow

6036: 3287: 1728: 1660:(1805), the British had for a long time strengthened their dominance in the Mediterranean. Wars included 976:

apparently used this in the 3rd century, but the earliest extant witness to it is in the 6th century, in

12576:

Govers, Rob (February 2009). "Choking the Mediterranean to dehydration: The Messinian salinity crisis".

9758: 9120: 6780:. The shift to a "Mediterranean climate" occurred largely within the last three million years (the late 17150: 17145: 16975: 16266: 16251: 15549: 15534: 15237: 14387: 14161: 8521: 3227: 1591: 1564:

Europe started to revive, however, as more organized and centralized states began to form in the later

13556: 12512: 10143: 10032: 9199: 8735: 7055: 1763:

decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranean Sea by authorising "

1104:). However, it has also been called the "Hinder Sea" because of its location on the west coast of the 16652: 16584: 16555: 16540: 16276: 16201: 13840: 12411: 12294: 8896: 8358: 8223: 7882: 7292: 6910: 6645: 6614: 6366: 5328: 2694:

defines the area as generic Mediterranean Sea, in the Western Basin. It does not recognize the label

647: 13201:

Galil, Bella S.; Zenetos, Argyro (2002). "A Sea Change — Exotics in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea".

12785:

Coll, Marta, et al., "The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns, and threats".

10846: 10459: 9842:

The drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea, accounting for some 4,184 10 km (including the R. Nile)

2125: 17185: 16236: 16153: 15736: 15449: 13880: 10726: 10669: 10429: 10301: 10071: 8678: 7332:, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. These seas have only small and primarily east–west movement 7283:, the process is of importance and is therefore receiving increased levels of scientific coverage. 7225:

Mediterranean species. A first look at some groups of marine species shows that over 70% of exotic

6443: 5320: 3378: 1223: 635: 15414: 13714:

Garrabou, Joaquim; Gómez-Gras, Daniel; Medrano, Alba; Cerrano, Carlo; et al. (18 July 2022).

13530:

Arvis, Jean-François; Vesin, Vincent; Carruthers, Robin; Ducruet, César; de Langen, Peter (2019).

13520:

Thomas Fromm "Pipeline durch die Alpen: Alles im Fluss" In: Süddeutsche Zeitung, 26 December 2019.

10519: 10031:. Mediterranean Action Plan of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP/MAP). Archived from 8326: 6263:, bringing nutrients from the deep waters to the surface, where phytoplankton can convert it into 2664: 2641:

Consists of gulfs, straits, channels and other parts that do not have the name of a specific sea.

1590:

power based in Anatolia continued to grow, and in 1453 extinguished the Byzantine Empire with the

17220: 17205: 17200: 17190: 16888: 16579: 16486: 16158: 15868: 15863: 14339: 13796: 13259: 10579: 9185: 8901: 8305: 7369: 7143: 6941: 6872: 6447: 4631: 1771: 1701: 1046: 13685:"Marine heatwave: Record sea temperatures seen in the Mediterranean could devastate marine life" 12162:"Modeling the magnitude and timing of evaporative drawdown during the Messinian salinity crisis" 11508:

Verdura, Jana; Linares, Cristina; Ballesteros, Enric; Coma, Rafel; et al. (December 2019).

10639: 8208: 1451:. Products from East Asian empires, like silk and spices, were carried from Egypt to ports like 17215: 17210: 17180: 17140: 17036: 16865: 16672: 16261: 16064: 14660: 13898: 11410:

Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy; Wagener, Thibaut; Álvarez, Marta; Moutin, Thierry; et al. (2021).

10841: 10700: 8748: 6740:

are found underneath the evaporite deposits, suggesting a connection between their formations.

6220:

in which its nutrient contents are low, making it difficult for plants and animals to develop.

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Some other seas whose names have been in common use from the ancient times, or in the present:

4451: 3990: 3129: 2466: 1764: 1436: 1247:

used colours to refer to the cardinal points: black referred to the north (explaining the name

1140: 788: 665:—the narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates the 223: 11896:"Azote ou phosphore ? Considérations sur le paradoxe nutritionnel de la mer méditerranée" 10911: 10139: 8702: 3293: 3245: 17195: 17121: 16958: 16822: 16742: 16385: 16281: 15890: 14185: 14181: 14154: 14030: 12258:

Springs and Bottled Waters of the World: Ancient History, Source, Occurrence, Quality and Use

12253: 10757: 8909: 8806: 8425: 8055: 7934: 7183: 6929: 6673: 6145: 5013: 2971: 2074: 1996: 1294: 860: 737: 685:, some of them of volcanic origin. The two largest islands, in both area and population, are 339: 181: 131: 12741: 11608:

Grossowicz, Michal; Bialik, Or M.; Shemesh, Eli; Tchernov, Dan; et al. (24 June 2020).

8174: 7022: 6396:. The coastline extends for 46,000 km (29,000 mi). A shallow submarine ridge (the 4976: 2838: 16832: 15803: 15521: 15201: 14507: 13791: 12976: 12737: 12628: 12585: 12527: 12475: 12428: 12355: 12210: 12126: 12081: 12033: 11990: 11946: 11858: 11809: 11762: 11718: 11672: 11582: 11521: 11416:

System in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study in the North Western Levantine Basin"

11384: 11340: 11297: 11254: 11206: 11165: 11126: 11091: 10833: 9986: 9921: 8079: 7471: 7364: 7280: 7199: 7195: 7167: 7007: 6952:

fishing endangering populations of dolphins, turtles, and other marine animals such as the

6819: 6562: 6233: 3251: 1925:

in southeastern Turkey. The northernmost point of the Mediterranean is on the coast of the

1599: 1583:

by the Anglo-Dutch fleet in support of an ultimatum to release European slaves, August 1816

1413: 973: 760:

over the sea for centuries and is the only state to have ever controlled all of its coast.

721: 17070: 13234:

Golani, Daniel; Azzurro, Ernesto; Dulčić, Jakov; Massutí, Enric; Briand, Frederic (2021).

13140:"IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Caused by Alien Invasive Species" 9069: 9053: 7237:

from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal. This makes the Canal the first pathway of arrival of

6377:. Water poured in from the Atlantic Ocean through a newly breached gateway now called the 1145: 883: 8: 16481: 16141: 16078: 16054: 15885: 15746: 15692: 15633: 15604: 15544: 15539: 15367: 14808: 14602: 14231: 14021: 13463: 10169: 10100: 9665:

Harald Krachler "Alois Negrelli, der Suezkanalplaner" In: Wiener Zeitung 18 January 1999.

8494: 7659: 7320:

wetlands are also in danger of being destroyed by the rising temperatures and sea levels.

7276: 7075: 6995: 6945: 6683: 6653: 6378: 6229: 6129: 6097: 4955: 4727: 4668: 4365: 3298: 2907: 2751: 1880: 1872: 1794: 1744: 1657: 1508: 1344: 1324: 1240: 1077: 763:

The countries surrounding the Mediterranean and its marginal seas in clockwise order are

709: 705: 662: 611: 398: 188: 13411: 13291: 12980: 12917: 12858: 12632: 12589: 12531: 12479: 12432: 12359: 12214: 12130: 12085: 12037: 11994: 11950: 11862: 11813: 11766: 11722: 11676: 11586: 11525: 11388: 11344: 11301: 11258: 11210: 11169: 11130: 11095: 10837: 10701:"Mercin (alternate names - Mersin, Mersina, Mersine): Monthly Weather Averages - Turkey" 10399: 9925: 30:

This article is about the sea in Europe, Asia, and Africa. For the term in general, see

16769: 16390: 16353: 16226: 15672: 15594: 15554: 15529: 14803: 14700: 14344: 14206: 14011: 13769: 13756: 13715: 13625: 13570: 12652: 12601: 12543: 12493: 12381: 12234: 12142: 11636: 11609: 11555: 11542: 11509: 11485: 11456: 11063: 11012: 9957: 9894:

have a mean discharge of more than 1000 m/s: the Nile (at Aswan), the Rhône and the Po.

8871: 8500: 8482: 8457: 7886: 7595: 7238: 7234: 7159: 7018: 6921: 6836: 6811: 6280: 4794: 3912: 3171: 2867: 2251: 1922: 1841: 1774:. Since 2013, over 700,000 migrants have landed in Italy, mainly sub-Saharan Africans. 1653: 1638: 1492: 1452: 1364: 1256: 977: 820: 717: 305: 143: 31: 15037: 13070: 12440: 12002: 11138: 10871:"Die Meerenge von Gibraltar : Küstenmorphologie zwischen Mittelmeer und Atlantik" 10855: 9470:

See: Brian Lavery "Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men, and Organization, 1793–1815" (2013).

9239:

Balard, Michel (2003). Bull, Marcus Graham; Edbury, Peter; Phillips, Jonathan (eds.).

8428: – Countries that are geographically located to the east of the Mediterranean Sea 6627:

times, as the northwest corner of Africa converged on Iberia, it lifted the Betic-Rif

5351:

Map of climate zones in the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, according to the

4348: 2109: 1428:, which soon swept across from the east; at its greatest extent, the Arabs, under the 752:

is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. The

16850: 16469: 16291: 16256: 16117: 16112: 16093: 15902: 15729: 15489: 15206: 14512: 14304: 14246: 13773: 13761: 13743: 13629: 13615: 13574: 13560: 13239: 13214: 13107: 12882:, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Volume 32, Number 3, Winter 2002, pp. 454–455 12749: 12693: 12683: 12656: 12644: 12547: 12497: 12399: 12385: 12310: 12261: 12238: 12226: 12138: 12099: 12049: 12006: 11962: 11958: 11907: 11876: 11827: 11778: 11734: 11688: 11641: 11559: 11547: 11490: 11437: 11356: 11313: 11270: 11224: 11002: 10917: 10892: 10788: 10364: 10271: 10173: 10104: 10029:"The Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Environment: Hydrological and climatic setting" 9990: 9961: 9949: 9870: 9831: 9794: 9698: 9354: 9313: 9286: 9246: 9219: 8847: 8821: 8783: 8730: 8710: 8333: 7643: 7627: 7515: 7404: 7258: 7099: 6953: 6903: 6880: 6864: 6570: 6288: 6264: 6260: 6181: 6089: 4898: 4891: 4827: 4741: 4418: 4282: 2781: 1798: 1787: 1731: 1611: 1603: 1516: 1488: 1463:

further disrupted the trade in western Europe and brought it to a halt. However, the

1429: 1332: 892: 713: 666: 12605: 12146: 11016: 9076:

Pontus: Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi Genesis Yayınları

8401: – Proposed engineering project to create new land within the Mediterranean Sea 7105:

Vesuvius itself is regarded as quite dangerous due to a tendency towards explosive (

1416:

collapsed around 476 AD. The east was again dominant as Roman power lived on in the

16989: 16931: 16926: 16916: 16845: 16522: 16476: 16419: 16348: 16206: 16100: 16049: 16027: 15880: 15827: 15766: 14823: 14675: 14226: 14146: 13751: 13735: 13727: 13607: 13552: 13544: 13206: 13101: 12984: 12753: 12745: 12675: 12636: 12593: 12535: 12483: 12444: 12436: 12371: 12363: 12218: 12134: 12089: 12041: 11998: 11954: 11866: 11817: 11770: 11726: 11680: 11631: 11621: 11590: 11537: 11529: 11480: 11472: 11427: 11392: 11348: 11305: 11262: 11214: 11193:

Civitarese, G.; Gačić, M.; Lipizer, M.; Eusebi Borzelli, G. L. (15 December 2010).

11173: 11134: 11099: 11055: 10994: 10882: 10851: 9939: 9929: 9912: 9688: 8542: 7875: 7579: 7499: 7344: 7333: 7263: 7215: 7106: 6925: 6868: 6856: 6522: 6397: 6025:

Being nearly landlocked affects conditions in the Mediterranean Sea: for instance,

4930: 4820: 4737: 4688: 4623: 4504: 4385: 4274: 4208: 4053: 2963: 2931: 2114: 2043: 1630: 1607: 1557: 1460: 1417: 1197: 1133: 543: 13441: 11396: 9407: 9347: 9152: 8518: – Turkish admiral and cartographer – Early cartographer of the Mediterranean 7451: 6513:

period (roughly 170 million years ago ) a much smaller sea basin, dubbed the

6192: 4991: 150: 16817: 16318: 16306: 16286: 16241: 16191: 16131: 16073: 16034: 16022: 16015: 15924: 15741: 15724: 15699: 15242: 15171: 15166: 15150: 15109: 14943: 14913: 14893: 14813: 14477: 14472: 14457: 14427: 14392: 14314: 14211: 14125: 14006: 13829: 13817: 13210: 12944: 12924: 12875: 12865: 12826: 12513:"Evaporite accumulation during the Messinian Salinity Crisis: The Suez Rift Case" 11774: 10354: 10094: 9980: 9860: 9837: 9784: 9437: 9414: 8527: 8199: 8101: 7987: 7977: 7839: 7691: 7563: 7467: 7436: 6859:

in the Mediterranean Sea is stable due to the subtle but strong locked nature of

6169: 6112:, from which most of the deep water in the eastern Mediterranean originates, the 5063: 5002: 4969: 4944: 4877: 4863: 4856: 4747: 4496: 3808: 3222:

Several other territories also border the Mediterranean Sea (from west to east):

3015: 2988: 2919: 2695: 2493: 2098: 1926: 1917:

The westernmost point of the Mediterranean is located at the transition from the

1829: 1819: 1797:

appears in the bottom left (north-west) quarter of the image; to its left is the

1626: 1512: 1340: 1097: 1089: 729: 615: 72: 15352: 14587: 9716: 6932:

in Europe. The Alboran Sea also hosts important commercial fisheries, including

6212:

ocean regions in the world. The Mediterranean Sea is commonly referred to as an

4730:, connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Spain from 3354: 3339: 3264: 1371:

to the Nile, and thus the Mediterranean. Darius's canal was wide enough for two

16962: 16911: 16810: 16774: 16754: 16737: 16677: 16441: 16333: 16311: 16301: 16296: 16148: 16126: 16010: 16005: 15990: 15985: 15912: 15858: 15810: 15781: 15687: 15677: 15382: 15372: 15191: 15176: 15069: 14883: 14863: 14828: 14818: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14617: 14607: 14497: 14482: 14364: 14216: 14193: 14135: 14120: 14035: 12879: 12798: 12045: 11895: 11533: 11476: 9934: 9907: 9430: 9278: 8654: 8598: 8590: 8410: 8392: 8180: 7908:. Reductions in natural wealth may reduce the incentive for tourists to visit. 7890: 7871: 7867: 7771: 7755: 7723: 7611: 7325: 7203: 7178:

in 1869 created the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranean and the

7083: 7067: 7036: 6999: 6876: 6789: 6721: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6657: 6641: 6633: 6590: 6538: 6526: 6374: 6350: 6208:

and nutrients in the Mediterranean Sea are very low, making it one of the most

6092:

in the Mediterranean can be attributed to the surface waters entering from the

4849: 4757: 4716: 4648: 4485: 4406: 4222: 4016: 2951: 2911: 2898: 2770: 2608: 2278: 2086: 1887: 1868: 1587: 1496: 1456: 1383: 1351: 1117: 1105: 1101: 1093: 1058: 981: 900: 852: 651: 607: 506: 335: 298: 199: 154: 13822: 13548: 12068:

Sammartino, M.; Di Cicco, A.; Marullo, S.; Santoleri, R. (25 September 2015).

11432: 11411: 11352: 11103: 7202:, the French engineer) or Erythrean ("red") invasion. The construction of the 3325: 1918: 851:

are island countries in the sea. In addition, two overseas territories of the

17134: 16936: 16805: 16797: 16764: 16501: 16451: 16343: 16338: 16328: 16173: 16136: 16044: 16039: 15941: 15846: 15405: 15342: 15312: 15282: 15272: 15247: 15196: 15186: 15104: 15025: 15013: 14833: 14725: 14695: 14680: 14670: 14650: 14577: 14547: 14502: 14492: 14467: 14447: 14417: 14397: 14309: 14284: 14100: 14067: 13747: 13264: 12697: 12314: 12103: 12053: 12010: 11966: 11911: 11880: 11831: 11782: 11738: 11692: 11441: 11360: 11317: 11274: 11228: 10896: 10096:

The Central European Magdalenian: Regional Diversity and Internal Variability

9953: 9702: 8537: 8395: – Series of controversies between Greece and Turkey over the Aegean Sea 8383: 8285: 8195: 7739: 7531: 7440: 7380: 7376: 6860: 6844: 6777: 6725: 6628: 6542: 6346: 6334: 6249: 6238: 6156: 6105: 5035: 4915: 4908: 4884: 4842: 4786: 4751: 4709: 4637: 4627: 4603: 4514: 4226: 4148: 3333: 3314: 2984: 2976: 2809: 2796: 2223: 2149: 1964: 1934: 1760: 1748: 1602:, the Ottoman captain is a symbol of this domination with the victory of the 1448: 1387: 1350:

The most notable Mediterranean civilizations in classical antiquity were the

1320: 1136:

texts was called Daryāy-e Šām (دریای شام) "The Western Sea" or "Syrian Sea".

1125: 1069: 733: 114: 101: 13716:"Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea" 13260:"Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict" 13146: 9637:"African migrants fear for future as Italy struggles with surge in arrivals" 7816:

Largest ports of the Mediterranean area per total vessel traffic as of 2016.

7013: 4980: 4329: 3089: 2750:

defines the limits of the Mediterranean Sea as follows: Stretching from the

1301: 16840: 16779: 16759: 16749: 16459: 16431: 16181: 15919: 15853: 15822: 15771: 15643: 15572: 15509: 15499: 15377: 15362: 15347: 15322: 15307: 15302: 15267: 15252: 15222: 15181: 15119: 15114: 14878: 14753: 14705: 14690: 14685: 14665: 14632: 14612: 14597: 14582: 14557: 14542: 14532: 14487: 14442: 14432: 14422: 14407: 14372: 14294: 14276: 14201: 14130: 14115: 14110: 14090: 14075: 13765: 13611: 13100:

Galil, Bella; Froglia, Carlo; Noël, Pierre (2002). Briand, Frederic (ed.).

12831: 12648: 12230: 12200: 12094: 12069: 11871: 11846: 11657: 11655: 11645: 11551: 11494: 11219: 11194: 11059: 10887: 10870: 10327: 8626: 8614: 8165: 8039: 8007: 7859: 7851: 7295:. This could have adverse effects on populations across the Mediterranean: 7230: 7191: 7187: 7162:

is one of the species that colonised the Eastern Mediterranean through the

7114: 7044: 6895: 6852: 6729: 6574: 6498: 6410: 6389: 6382: 6338: 6314: 6268: 6245: 6209: 6201: 6117: 6109: 6062: 5042: 5024: 4919: 4813: 4800: 4790: 4772: 4765: 4695: 4642: 4593: 4570: 4549: 4508: 4439: 4391: 4381: 4122: 3329: 2950:. The basin of the Rhône is the largest and extends up as far north as the 2927: 2923: 2915: 2774: 2738: 2702: 2546: 2520: 2450: 2427: 2372: 2136: 2130: 2029: 2021: 1988: 1615: 1520: 1421: 1400: 1395: 1361:, both of which extensively colonized the coastlines of the Mediterranean. 1310: 964: 959: 947: 757: 753: 697: 623: 170: 77: 12117:

Ryan, William B. F. (2009). "Decoding the Mediterranean salinity crisis".

11822: 11797: 8530: – Japanese Inland Sea – also known as the Japanese Mediterranean Sea 6497:

continent. As Africa-Arabia drifted northward, it closed over the ancient

6120:. Deep water formation in the Mediterranean is triggered by strong winter 4663: 4325: 3305: 2077:

has hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Crops of the region include

1375:

to pass each other with oars extended and required four days to traverse.

16896: 16855: 16786: 16491: 16380: 16323: 16246: 16196: 16083: 16059: 15948: 15786: 15704: 15682: 15658: 15504: 15494: 15357: 15332: 15287: 15232: 15134: 14956: 14928: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14853: 14848: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14733: 14645: 14640: 14592: 14567: 14382: 14334: 14329: 14299: 14289: 14266: 14236: 14085: 13834: 12989: 12962: 12539: 12488: 12464:"Mediterranean Sea level variations during the Messinian Salinity Crisis" 12463: 12367: 11751: 11730: 11684: 11594: 11457:"Role of oceanic abiotic carbonate precipitation in future atmospheric CO 11266: 11178: 11153: 9675:

Bai, Yan; He, Xianqiang; Yu, Shujie; Chen, Chen-Tung (28 February 2018).

8533: 8349: 7923: 7356: 7154: 7135: 7122: 7031: 6917: 6891: 6803: 6785: 6337:, the sea basin was once thought to be a tectonic remnant of the ancient 6225: 6205: 6125: 6032: 4780: 4577: 4564: 4556: 4371: 3058: 3027: 2980: 2958:. The basins of the Ebro, Po, and Maritsa, are respectively south of the 2842: 2755: 2706: 2573: 2352: 2332: 1921:

to the Strait of Gibraltar, the easternmost point is on the coast of the

1895: 1826: 1681: 1642: 1565: 1483: 1440: 1358: 1336: 1113: 192: 13795: 13739: 13203:

Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management

12640: 12222: 11652: 11454: 11151: 11067: 10215: 9944: 8890: 7142:

are also an often-underestimated hazard in the region. For example, the

7098:, are on neighbouring islands. The region around Vesuvius including the 6309: 681:—is only 14 km (9 mi) wide. The Mediterranean Sea encompasses 16426: 16395: 16216: 16211: 15875: 15836: 15798: 15716: 15589: 15474: 15469: 15387: 15317: 15292: 15277: 15257: 15227: 15124: 15099: 15083: 14992: 14966: 14933: 14923: 14868: 14748: 14655: 14622: 14552: 14522: 14517: 14462: 14452: 14412: 14402: 14377: 14349: 14324: 14256: 14241: 14105: 14095: 14080: 13958: 13540: 12927:

Harvey Lilley, BBC News Online, 20 April 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2007.

12679: 12376: 11798:"On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: a satellite analysis" 11626: 10913:

Das Mittelmeer: Geschichte und Zukunft eines ökologisch sensiblen Raums

9693: 9676: 9520: 8709:. Vol. 30, no. 5. Jones & Barlett Learning. p. 220. 8670: 8398: 8301: 8229: 8023: 7964: 7950: 7901: 7827: 7675: 7463: 7428: 7373: 7329: 7307: 7175: 7163: 7091: 6994:, tree-ring and further archaeometric analyses and population studies, 6987: 6757: 6752: 6661: 6565:

runs east of the Mediterranean Sea south-east across the in-between of

6558: 6554: 6550: 6393: 6362: 6152: 6148: 6121: 6113: 5965: 5084: 5028: 4656: 4542: 4528: 4465: 4455: 4428: 4090: 3886: 3347: 3283: 3282:, the second largest metropolitan area on the Mediterranean Sea (after 3268: 3258: 3133: 3019: 2943: 2871: 2849: 2759: 2714: 2478: 2396: 2305: 2184: 1938: 1930: 1907: 1672: 1528: 1472: 1379: 1354: 1343:. Around 1200 BC the eastern Mediterranean was greatly affected by the 1211: 1121: 792: 701: 643: 446: 283: 174: 144: 15400: 15008: 13870: 13731: 13145:. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2000. Archived from 12960: 12757: 12597: 8377: 8249: 7210:

River in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and nutrient-rich

6325:; observed through several ripplings of an otherwise calm sea surface. 4652: 4262: 4242: 2994:

The following countries are in the Mediterranean drainage basin while

2885: 2791:

On the east: A line joining Cape Lilibeo the western point of Sicily (

2025: 1933:

in northern Italy while the southernmost point is on the coast of the

1523:

documents. A document dated 996 mentions Amalfian merchants living in

182: 16873: 16532: 16506: 16436: 16414: 16407: 16186: 15963: 15897: 15793: 15616: 15599: 15484: 15479: 15453: 15337: 15297: 15262: 15129: 14888: 14858: 14783: 14763: 14758: 14743: 14715: 14572: 14537: 14527: 14437: 14354: 14261: 14221: 14042: 13103:

CIESM Atlas of Exotic Species in the Mediterranean: Vol 2 Crustaceans

12448: 11309: 11192: 10993:. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 5K. pp. 29–66. 10787:(3rd ed.). St Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co. p. 202. 9242:

The Experience of Crusading, Volume 2 – Defining the Crusader Kingdom

8642: 8515: 7954: 7946: 7905: 7475: 7432: 7388: 7360: 7311: 7095: 7059: 6949: 6937: 6737: 6733: 6713: 6704: 6696: 6546: 6530: 6514: 6342: 6177: 5735: 5505: 5459: 4923: 4270: 4252: 4130: 4104: 4098: 3279: 3231: 2889:

Approximate extent of the Mediterranean drainage basin (dark green).

2834:

On the west: The northeastern and eastern limits of the Western Basin

2721: 2597: 2090: 1972: 1891: 1719: 1689: 1649: 1536: 1468: 1347:, which resulted in the destruction of many cities and trade routes. 1248: 1215: 1120:), from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the 1109: 856: 631: 501: 471: 451: 343: 82: 55: 13596: 13386:"Other threats in the Mediterranean | Greenpeace International" 10998: 10352: 9786:

The Climate of the Mediterranean Region: From the Past to the Future

6432: 5413: 4352:

Africa (left, on horizon) and Europe (right), as seen from Gibraltar

4278: 3275: 1914:

without ship lock, because the water level is essentially the same.

1157:) 'the Middle Sea'. In Islamic and older Arabic literature, it was 879:

Wadj-Ur, or Wadj-Wer, ancient Egyptian name of the Mediterranean Sea

16400: 16000: 15936: 15907: 15817: 15776: 15584: 15564: 15444: 14961: 14951: 14918: 14873: 14843: 14838: 14738: 14319: 14251: 13968: 13604:

UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2019 Edition | World Tourism Organization

13296: 12674:. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences. Vol. 30. pp. 425–432. 11409: 10272:"Mediterranean Sea | Facts, History, Islands, & Countries" 9790: 9431:"History of the Ottoman Empire, an Islamic Nation where Jews Lived" 8509: – Mostly enclosed sea with limited exchange with outer oceans 8404: 8070: 7930: 7412: 7226: 7222: 7079: 7035:

been unstable and there is evidence of various ancient and modern "

7003: 6928:

in the Mediterranean and is the most important feeding grounds for

6884: 6863:

which is favourable to life, even the smallest macroscopic type of

6815: 6781: 6761: 6624: 6620: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6494: 6358: 6354: 6292: 6093: 6044: 6040: 5919: 5827: 5141: 5072: 4959: 4835: 4673: 4560: 4500: 4481: 4443: 4410: 4286: 4266: 4258: 4236: 4214: 4152: 4094: 3964: 3362: 3121: 3097:

The following countries have a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea:

3066: 3046: 3007: 2959: 2823: 2482: 2035: 1899: 1849: 1685: 1552: 1547: 1504: 1464: 1391: 1328: 780: 745: 690: 619: 481: 310: 12067: 10356:

The Mediterranean region under climate change: A scientific update

8666: 7351:

has estimated that 650,000,000 t (720,000,000 short tons) of

7006:

as idealised by artists, poets and scientists of the early modern

6712:

temperature—which are interactive and can induce precipitation of

6525:

in Iran in an episode of mountain-building tectonics known as the

5017: 4995: 4618: 4333: 3358: 2935: 1289: 516: 461: 166: 16372: 16105: 15995: 15953: 15841: 15653: 15648: 15577: 14710: 14054: 13983: 13963: 13938: 13903: 13893: 13888: 12948: 12410:

Krijgsman, W.; Fortuin, A.R.; Hilgen, F.J.; Sierro, F.J. (2001).

12345: 11795: 11661: 9521:"Schulz: EU migrant policy 'turned Mediterranean into graveyard'" 8694: 8594: 8233: 8085: 7855: 7835: 7456: 7420: 7416: 7229:

and some 2/3 of exotic fishes found in the Mediterranean are of

7179: 7139: 7118: 7087: 7071: 6933: 6773: 6534: 6405: 6341:; it is now known to be a structurally younger basin, called the 6330: 6272: 6101: 5781: 5236: 5179: 5006: 4963: 4948: 4938: 4902: 4804: 4731: 4699: 4522: 4459: 4447: 4432: 4414: 4399: 4395: 4375: 4321: 4293: 4246: 4218: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4178: 4170: 4162: 4144: 4076: 3834: 3782: 3756: 3678: 3574: 3548: 3343: 3241: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3163: 3137: 3125: 3042: 3038: 3003: 2947: 2855: 2593: 2589: 2470: 2462: 2412: 2243: 2141: 2055: 2051: 2039: 1911: 1806: 1677: 1540: 1372: 1368: 1252: 1205: 840: 836: 832: 812: 796: 784: 674: 511: 486: 456: 325: 288: 263: 228: 218: 213: 13713: 13342:"Cyprus wetlands in danger of being destroyed by climate change" 6924:

in the Western Mediterranean, is home to the last population of

6732:), and in the whole Mediterranean basin (during the MSC and the 6322: 4477: 2013: 1618:. This was the last naval battle to be fought primarily between 16878: 15977: 15931: 15638: 15625: 13988: 13953: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13908: 13823:

Eastern Mediterranean Sea Long Term Ecological Research Station

12510: 11607: 11080: 10490:"Naples Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Neapolitan Riviera" 9866: 9757:. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from 8630: 8466: – Maritime boundary treaty between Libya's GNA and Turkey 8253: 8214: 8133: 7942: 7384: 7352: 7317: 6991: 6807: 6767: 6667: 6566: 6401: 6217: 5873: 5689: 5643: 5551: 5274: 5255: 5217: 5160: 5122: 5068: 4934: 4831: 4776: 4720: 4680: 4597: 4518: 4422: 4337: 4317: 4307: 4297: 4230: 4204: 4198: 4174: 4136: 4126: 4118: 4108: 4080: 3938: 3730: 3652: 3626: 3600: 3444: 3366: 3215: 3167: 3155: 3145: 3141: 3113: 3109: 3093:

Map of the Mediterranean Sea from open Natural Earth data, 2020

3070: 3054: 3023: 3011: 2863: 2785: 2620: 2562: 2535: 2408: 2385: 2381: 2361: 2341: 2321: 2317: 2294: 2263: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2204: 2200: 2001: 1992: 1980: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1810: 1802: 1619: 1244: 1073: 1010: 848: 816: 804: 800: 772: 768: 725: 686: 678: 670: 627: 496: 491: 476: 330: 278: 253: 248: 243: 233: 12869:

Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History (review)

12254:"Geologic/Hydrogeologic Setting and Classification of Springs" 6764:

for a later project with some parallels in the planned grid).

6043:

to increase eastward. The average salinity in the basin is 38

1645:

and other goods through the Atlantic ports of western Europe.

582: 16995: 16729: 16624: 16163: 15461: 15445: 14982: 14177: 14050: 13978: 13973: 13948: 13943: 13933: 13913: 13811:

Mediterranean Sea Microorganisms: 180+ images of Foraminifera

11507: 10550:"Venice Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Venetian Riviera" 10246:"Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity" 10216:"Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity" 8674: 8269: 8117: 7831: 7424: 7300: 6899: 6887: 6848: 6585: 5597: 5293: 5198: 4984: 4761: 4703: 4585: 4536: 4532: 4311: 4166: 4140: 3860: 3704: 3522: 3496: 3470: 3418: 3318: 3310: 3237: 3211: 3201: 3197: 3175: 3159: 3117: 3105: 3062: 3050: 2859: 2585: 2558: 2509: 2505: 2474: 2439: 2416: 2290: 2255: 2239: 2212: 2208: 2196: 2094: 2082: 2078: 2047: 1984: 1976: 1968: 1952: 1876: 1740: 1648:

The sea remained strategically important. British mastery of

1524: 1444: 1425: 1227: 1081: 1034: 1024: 1014: 1000: 934: 924: 914: 904: 844: 828: 824: 808: 776: 764: 658: 320: 315: 273: 268: 258: 238: 13837:. Written and published in Leipzig by Karl Baedeker in 1911. 13495:. United Nations Environment Programme. 2005. Archived from 12961:

Isaia, Roberto; Paola Marianelli; Alessandro Sbrana (2009).

12618: 12409: 11287: 11116: 10640:"Antalya: Monthly Weather Averages - Antalya Coast - Turkey" 10610:"Iraklion Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Crete – Crete" 10580:"Athens Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Greece – Greece" 10520:"Valletta Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Malta – Malta" 7466:

crossing the sea every day. An important destination is the

7347:

in this region has been extremely high in recent years. The

6830: 6422: 5333:

tropical cyclones occasionally form in the Mediterranean Sea

720:. Its west–east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the 15758: 13529: 11373: 9551:"Novruz Mammadov: The Mediterranean become a burial ground" 9079:. Ankara: Genesis Kitap. 2011. pp. 5–9. Archived from 8578: 8149: 7938: 7269: 7211: 7207: 6960: 6716:. Deposits of evaporites accumulated earlier in the nearby 6135: 6026: 5046: 4303: 4182: 4158: 4112: 4084: 2955: 2939: 2903: 2890: 2710: 2067: 2063: 2017: 2005: 1853: 1561:

disrupted the trade with the Orient, it however continued.

864: 579: 573: 564: 552: 466: 162: 158: 13412:"Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. Environmental issues" 13233: 13039:"Alle kennisdossiers van het Instituut Fysieke Veiligheid" 12026:

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

11845:

Moutin, T.; Van Wambeke, F.; Prieur, L. (8 October 2012).

11296:(6294). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 660–662. 10822: 10400:"Malaga Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Costa del Sol" 9908:"Hydrological cycle of the Mediterranean-Black Sea system" 6017: 5323:, and much of Spain's eastern (Mediterranean) coast has a 1390:

to become the preeminent power in the Mediterranean. When

875: 14987: 12820:"UK's last resident killer whales 'doomed to extinction'" 12023: 10302:"The Mediterranean – a sea surrounded by land | WWF" 9149:, Vol. 1 (Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1979), 18; cf. 8491: – Habitat defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature 6814:

input prevails during wet ones, the Mediterranean marine

4581: 2117:

off the coast of Croatia; the Adriatic Sea contains over

2009: 1706:

List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea

1527:. Another letter states that the Genoese had traded with 1367:, who conquered Ancient Egypt, built a canal linking the 867:

being the longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea.

603: 558: 136: 13482: 11936: 11894:

Berland, Br; Bonin, Dj; Maestrini, Sy (1 January 1980).

8524: – Hydroelectric macro-engineering concept in Egypt 8497: – Multi-sport event of the Mediterranean countries 5327:, while most of Italy's northern (Adriatic) coast has a 2966:, which are the major ranges bordering Southern Europe. 614:

and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by

15067: 13324:"Egypt fertile Nile Delta falls prey to climate change" 12461: 11983:

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

11939:

Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers

11844: 11796:

D'Ortenzio, F.; Ribera d'Alcalà, M. (5 February 2009).

11330: 11084:

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

9455:

The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors To Empire Builders

8888: 8511:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

8468:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

8436:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

8415:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

7070:, dated to the 17th or 16th century BC, caused a large 6305:

Geology and paleoclimatology of the Mediterranean Basin

4873:, southern Italy, with the international airport nearby 1910:

in the southeast connects the Mediterranean Sea to the

1550:

led to the flourishing of trade between Europe and the

1420:

formed in the 4th century from the eastern half of the

1084:, it was primarily known as the "Great Sea", הים הגדול 12835:, London, 14 January 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2019. 10916:(in German). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 530. 10758:"Alexandria Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Egypt" 10460:"Marseille Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – France" 8422: – Ongoing political dispute in the Mediterranean 6894:

in the Mediterranean Sea with generally higher marine

16973: 13205:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 325–336. 12906:

Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft

11893: 10727:"Tel Aviv Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Israel" 10670:"Limassol Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Cyprus" 10430:"Barcelona Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Spain" 9607:"What will Italy's new government mean for migrants?" 8811:

European Regions and Boundaries: A Conceptual History

7190:

that pours Red Sea water into the Mediterranean. The

6968:

Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance

6690:. As mentioned, there were two earlier gateways: the 2902:

longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea is the

1793:

A satellite image showing the Mediterranean Sea. The

1662:

Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I

638:. The Mediterranean has played a central role in the 591: 576: 546: 14176: 10981: 10801: 9577:"Over one million sea arrivals reach Europe in 2015" 8373: 6501:

which had earlier separated the two supercontinents

4066:

List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea

661:

surface, but its connection to the Atlantic via the

570: 561: 555: 37:"Mediterranean" redirects here. For other uses, see 12672:

Mammal extinctions in the Vallesian (Upper Miocene)

9182:

The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean

8454: – Historical development of the Mediterranean 7324:Coastal ecosystems also appear to be threatened by 6345:, which was first formed by the convergence of the 5300: 5297: 5281: 5278: 5262: 5259: 5243: 5240: 5224: 5221: 5205: 5202: 5186: 5183: 5167: 5164: 5148: 5145: 5129: 5126: 4040: 4037: 4024: 4021: 3998: 3995: 3972: 3969: 3946: 3943: 3920: 3917: 3894: 3891: 3868: 3865: 3842: 3839: 3816: 3813: 3790: 3787: 3764: 3761: 3738: 3735: 3712: 3709: 3686: 3683: 3660: 3657: 3634: 3631: 3608: 3605: 3582: 3579: 3556: 3553: 3530: 3527: 3504: 3501: 3478: 3475: 3452: 3449: 3426: 3423: 2954:, encompassing areas even on the north side of the 2654: 2651: 2637: 2634: 2616: 2613: 2581: 2578: 2554: 2551: 2528: 2525: 2501: 2498: 2458: 2455: 2435: 2432: 2404: 2401: 2313: 2310: 2286: 2283: 2231: 2228: 2192: 2189: 1251:), yellow or blue to east, red to south (e.g., the 567: 549: 385:

5,109 m (16,762 ft) ±1 m (3 ft)

13380: 13378: 13376: 13238:. CIESM Atlases (2nd ed.). CIESM publishers. 13172:"Egypt to deepen, widen Suez Canal after blockage" 12938:"Super volcano", global danger, lurks near Pompeii 11708: 11240: 11238: 9346: 8889: 8460: – Catholic southern European alliance (1571) 8413: – Dispute between Greek and Turkish Cypriots 6890:. It is estimated that there are more than 17,000 6333:of the Mediterranean Sea is complex. Underlain by 4972:, between west and east shores of Antalya (Turkey) 2910:. Among other important rivers in Africa, are the 2780:On the northeast: The west coast of Italy. In the 12297:[Discovery of submarine thermal springs] 11704: 11702: 10982:Millot, Claude; Taupier-Letage, Isabelle (2005). 10826:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 9905: 9854: 9852: 9850: 8485: – Diet inspired by the Mediterranean region 7372:which is considered to be among the world's most 7363:are dumped into the Mediterranean each year. The 6216:. The Mediterranean Sea fits the definition of a 4750:, an enclosed sea between the Ionian Sea and the 2934:. In Europe, the largest basins are those of the 1226:. Similarly, in 19th century Greek, the name was 17132: 13106:. Paris, Monaco: CIESM Publishers. p. 192. 13099: 11572: 10948: 9829: 8801: 8799: 6909:As a result of the drying of the sea during the 5319:. However, most of its southeastern coast has a 92: 13806:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 67–69. 13373: 13236:Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea 12669: 12251: 11412:"Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the CO 11245:Giorgi, F. (2006). "Climate change hot-spots". 11235: 10353:Moatti, Jean-Paul; Thiébault, Stéphane (2018). 9858: 9833:Advances in the Research of Aquatic Environment 8568:Not including the area of the Mediterranean Sea 7897:in many places along the Mediterranean coasts. 7113:that led to the burying and destruction of the 6944:live in the Aegean Sea in Greece. In 2003, the 4679:In addition to the seas, a number of gulfs and 2769:On the west: A line joining the extremities of 646:over a period of some 600,000 years during the 13464:"Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Files: Overview" 12245: 11699: 10755: 10698: 10092: 9847: 9245:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–35. 9179: 7251:International Union for Conservation of Nature 6414: 5067:The two biggest islands of the Mediterranean: 1906:The 163 km (101 mi) long artificial 1695: 1398:, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as 980:. It means 'in the middle of land, inland' in 15430: 15053: 14162: 13856: 10818: 10816: 10208: 10068:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 9978: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8842:: 300 BC – 500 AD". In David Abulafia (ed.). 8796: 7435:. It is estimated that approximately 220,000 7074:that some experts hypothesise devastated the 4655:, Albania, stands on an open-sea gulf of the 2998:having a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea: 1266:, and the Arab nomenclature described above, 13200: 12997: 12511:Gargani J.; Moretti I.; Letouzey J. (2008). 12159: 9782: 9344: 6668:Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna 6580: 4764:, south of the Thermaic Gulf, formed by the 3301:with the Mediterranean Sea in the background 1944:Large islands in the Mediterranean include: 1535:had allowed Amalfian merchants to reside in 1255:) and white to west. That would explain the 1188: 1178: 1168: 1162: 1152: 12720: 12194: 10361:Institut de recherche pour le développement 10060:"Drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea". 9674: 9491:"Migrant deaths prompt calls for EU action" 9095:"Map of the Mediterranean and North Africa" 8838:Rickman, Geoffrey (2011). "The creation of 8489:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub 6686:, originated in the early Pliocene via the 6461:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2670:Category:Marginal seas of the Mediterranean 1267: 393:3,750,000 km (900,000 cu mi) 369:2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi) 15437: 15423: 15060: 15046: 14169: 14155: 13863: 13849: 13653:"Sustainable tourism in the Mediterranean" 13557:10398/08c83467-00f6-4f56-9833-1beda9f7734f 11979: 10949:TAUPIER-LETAGE, Isabelle; MILLOT, Claude. 10909: 10813: 9982:Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management 8947: 4793:, located in the northern Greek region of 4056:is about 46,000 km (29,000 mi). 3373: 3321:set sail before being swallowed by a whale 2685:Category:Channels of the Mediterranean Sea 1491:, 1571, ended in victory for the European 1471:, while also trading in luxury goods from 1407: 13755: 12988: 12487: 12375: 12093: 11870: 11821: 11635: 11625: 11541: 11484: 11431: 11218: 11177: 10886: 10868: 10845: 9943: 9933: 9692: 9408:Constantinople Falls to the Ottoman Turks 9285:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 152–54. 8503: – Outdated grouping of human beings 8432:Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly 7355:, 129,000 t (142,000 short tons) of 7299:Rising sea levels will submerge parts of 6481:Learn how and when to remove this message 6423:Tectonics and paleoenvironmental analysis 6214:LNLC (Low-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll) area 5315:Much of the Mediterranean coast enjoys a 2845:, the western entrance to the Dardanelles 2680:Category:Straits of the Mediterranean Sea 1218:. In Persian, the name was translated as 13033: 13031: 12853: 12851: 12849: 12847: 12845: 12843: 12841: 10070:. 2007. pp. 154–181. Archived from 10055: 10053: 9752:"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" 9305: 8782:. Paris: Éditions Errance. p. 273. 8448: – Genetic autoinflammatory disease 8407:, the site of the Mediterranean cultures 7826: 7450: 7398: 7379:. The Mediterranean is also plagued by 7270:Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species 7153: 7090:on the European mainland, while others, 7054: 7012: 6829: 6595: 6584: 6537:epochs (34 to 5.33 mya); see animation: 6308: 6191: 6136:Other events affecting water circulation 6016: 5078: 5062: 4662: 4647: 4636: 4617: 4476: 4347: 3361:, the third metropolis of Turkey (after 3353: 3338: 3324: 3304: 3292: 3274: 3263: 3088: 2884: 2737: 2377: 2357: 2337: 2135: 2124: 2108: 1574: 1482: 1300: 1288: 1284: 958:("Internal Sea") and, starting with the 882: 874: 13790: 13490:"Marine Litter: An Analytical Overview" 13093: 13003: 12295:"Odkritje podmorskih termalnih izvirov" 10023: 10021: 9277: 9150: 8837: 8753:Education | National Geographic Society 7328:, especially enclosed seas such as the 6980: 4809:the Gulf of Almeria, southeast of Spain 4606:at the eastern end of the Mediterranean 4358:International Hydrographic Organization 3271:, the largest city on the Mediterranean 2748:International Hydrographic Organization 2692:International Hydrographic Organization 1836:. The north (upper) side forms part of 1770:Italy was particularly affected by the 1710:Timeline of the European migrant crisis 1467:developed the trade from Norway to the 1072:called it the "Syrian Sea". In ancient 14: 17133: 13470:from the original on 12 September 2019 12575: 11244: 11044: 10984:"Circulation in the Mediterranean Sea" 10470:from the original on 16 September 2010 10282:from the original on 28 September 2023 9746: 9744: 9742: 9557:from the original on 25 September 2015 9238: 9211: 9157:. Vol. IV, Fasc. 3. pp. 310–313. 9151:Schmitt, Rüdiger (1989). "Black Sea". 9023: 9021: 9019: 8809:in Diana Mishkova, Balázs Trencsényi, 8777: 8550: – Intergovernmental organization 7109:) eruptions. It is best known for its 6879:to flourish while assuring a balanced 6875:provides a nourishing environment for 6682:The present-day Atlantic gateway, the 6124:fueled by intense cold winds like the 6084: 2848:On the southeast: The entrance to the 1848:region); on the south (lower) side is 1519:before the Crusades, according to the 870: 15418: 15041: 14150: 13844: 13466:. Monachus-guardian.org. 5 May 1978. 13352:from the original on 24 February 2021 13120:from the original on 23 December 2022 13028: 13016:from the original on 12 November 2020 12838: 12292: 11026:from the original on 16 December 2019 10807: 10782: 10334:from the original on 7 September 2020 10308:from the original on 7 September 2020 10252:from the original on 23 February 2016 10226:from the original on 23 February 2016 10050: 9587:from the original on 24 December 2016 9382:"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast" 8958: 8700: 7021:that fell into the sea recovered off 6972:List of fish of the Mediterranean Sea 6948:raised concerns about the widespread 6810:during dry periods, whereas riverine 6589:Messinian salinity crisis before the 6151:observed in the northern part of the 6021:Predominant surface currents for June 3392: 3389: 2140:The Ionian Sea, view from the island 1666:Mediterranean theatre of World War II 1459:by sailors and Jewish merchants. The 1382:in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, the 17002: 13418:from the original on 13 January 2010 12801:, "When the Mediterranean Dried Up" 12612: 12116: 10620:from the original on 26 October 2014 10410:from the original on 4 November 2021 10018: 9531:from the original on 29 October 2014 9421:– 1998 – Retrieved 3 September 2011. 9388:from the original on 8 February 2009 9161:from the original on 5 February 2022 8991: 8922: 8910:participating institution membership 8473:List of islands in the Mediterranean 8420:Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute 7349:United Nations Environment Programme 6609:Animation: Messinian salinity crisis 6539:Africa-Arabia colliding with Eurasia 6459:adding citations to reliable sources 6426: 6279:nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio (N:P). 5059:List of islands in the Mediterranean 4779:, between the Corinth Canal and the 3386: 3077: 2754:in the west to the entrances to the 1507:maintained trade relations with the 1293:Greek (red) and Phoenician (yellow) 1206: 17156:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean 13695:from the original on 20 August 2022 13292:"Briny future for vulnerable Malta" 13081:from the original on 25 August 2020 13012:. Guardian News and Media Limited. 12893:Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern 12730:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 12274:from the original on 1 January 2024 10869:Ellenberg, L. (30 September 1981). 10707:from the original on 8 October 2020 10650:from the original on 8 October 2020 10530:from the original on 3 October 2010 10377:from the original on 1 January 2024 10117:from the original on 1 January 2024 10003:from the original on 1 January 2024 9883:from the original on 1 January 2024 9807:from the original on 1 January 2024 9739: 9326:from the original on 1 January 2024 9259:from the original on 1 January 2024 9101:from the original on 23 August 2023 9016: 8846:. Getty Publications. p. 133. 8452:History of the Mediterranean region 7971: 7652: 7149: 6959:There was a resident population of 6509:. At about that time in the middle 5335:, typically in September–November. 4719:("White Harbour") bay near ancient 4064:For a more comprehensive list, see 4047: 3082:For a more comprehensive list, see 3002:In Europe, through various rivers: 2675:Category:Gulfs of the Mediterranean 2167:Marginal countries and territories 1280:History of the Mediterranean region 1189: 1179: 1169: 1163: 1153: 750:history of the Mediterranean region 744:The sea was an important route for 27:Sea between Europe, Africa and Asia 24: 11857:(10). Copernicus GmbH: 3817–3825. 11205:(12). Copernicus GmbH: 3987–3997. 10180:from the original on 21 March 2022 9727:from the original on 26 March 2023 9501:from the original on 14 March 2022 9127:from the original on 1 August 2020 7796: 7668: 7604: 7255:Convention on Biological Diversity 7131:Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy 7050: 6768:Shift to a "Mediterranean climate" 6187: 5359: 5052: 2148:The Mediterranean Sea includes 15 1734:of the Mediterranean Sea at night 1598:(1543–1544), Algeria and Tunisia. 1049:called it the "Roman Sea", and in 654:about 5.3 million years ago. 25: 17247: 13871:Countries and territories of the 13784: 13665:from the original on 1 March 2023 13584:from the original on 13 June 2021 13326:. 28 January 2010. Archived from 13272:from the original on 23 June 2018 13182:from the original on 12 July 2022 13004:McGuire, Bill (16 October 2003). 12324:from the original on 4 March 2016 12032:(22–23). Elsevier BV: 3090–3108. 10764:from the original on 8 March 2021 10560:from the original on 16 June 2012 10440:from the original on 18 July 2011 10170:"The Nile River Basin Initiative" 9717:"Sea of Crete | sea, Greece" 9647:from the original on 2 April 2019 9617:from the original on 1 April 2019 8759:from the original on 8 March 2023 8603:Geography of Bulgaria#Hydrography 8441:Exclusive economic zone of Greece 7840:Turkish Riviera (Turquoise Coast) 7636: 7620: 7508: 7403:A cargo ship cruises towards the 7286: 7182:. The Red Sea is higher than the 6843:Unlike the vast multidirectional 6541:. Accordingly, the Mediterranean 6162: 4613: 4384:, between mainland Spain and its 4059: 3236:the Spanish autonomous cities of 2837:On the northeast: A line joining 2822:), through the Adventure Bank to 1671:With the opening of the lockless 1539:about 1060 in place of the Latin 1477:Byzantines in the mid-8th century 1239:According to Johann Knobloch, in 1210:, which sometimes means only the 17113: 17096: 17079: 17062: 17045: 17028: 17011: 16983: 16950: 16949: 16277:West South Central United States 15399: 15020: 15019: 15007: 13707: 13677: 13645: 13636: 13523: 13514: 13456: 13430: 13404: 13364: 13334: 13316: 13304:from the original on 23 May 2021 13284: 13252: 13227: 13194: 13164: 13132: 13063: 12954: 12930: 12918:The wave that destroyed Atlantis 12911: 12898: 12885: 12812: 12792: 12779: 12714: 12705: 12670:Agusti, J; Moya-Sola, S (1990). 12663: 12569: 12504: 12462:Gargani J., Rigollet C. (2007). 12455: 12403: 12392: 12339: 12286: 12252:Elmer LaMoreaux, Philip (2001). 12153: 12139:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01031.x 12110: 12061: 12017: 11973: 11930: 11906:(1). Gauthier-Villars: 135–141. 11887: 11838: 11789: 11745: 10963:from the original on 11 May 2011 10737:from the original on 27 May 2013 10680:from the original on 29 May 2013 10590:from the original on 27 May 2010 10500:from the original on 31 May 2013 9345:Robert Davis (5 December 2003). 9064:hence means "West Sea" and that 9004:from the original on 22 May 2020 8935:from the original on 22 May 2020 8507:Mediterranean sea (oceanography) 8376: 8364:El Jebha, a port town in Morocco 8357: 8341: 8325: 8313: 8293: 8277: 8261: 8241: 8222: 8207: 8188: 8173: 8157: 8141: 8125: 8109: 8093: 8078: 8063: 8054:The beach of la Courtade in the 8047: 8031: 8015: 8000: 7795: 7779: 7763: 7747: 7731: 7715: 7699: 7683: 7667: 7651: 7635: 7619: 7603: 7587: 7572: 7571: 7555: 7539: 7523: 7507: 7492: 7491: 7484: 7247:Mediterranean Science Commission 7245:According to definitions by the 6431: 5365:Mean sea temperature in °C (°F) 5340: 5317:hot-summer Mediterranean climate 4641:The Port of Marseille seen from 4009: 3983: 3957: 3931: 3905: 3879: 3853: 3827: 3801: 3775: 3749: 3723: 3697: 3671: 3645: 3619: 3593: 3567: 3541: 3515: 3489: 3463: 3437: 3411: 2930:, both on the south side of the 2918:, both on the north side of the 2742:Borders of the Mediterranean Sea 2104: 1863:The Mediterranean Sea connects: 1818: 1786: 1757:2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck 1718: 1614:(1571) checked the power of the 1313:at its farthest extent in AD 117 903:called the Mediterranean simply 732:and the Libyan coastline of the 634:, and on the west almost by the 542: 350: 297:(recognized only by Turkey, see 54: 16497:Latin America and the Caribbean 16363:Latin America and the Caribbean 13999:States with limited recognition 12859:review at Yale university press 12557:from the original on 7 May 2021 12080:(5). Copernicus GmbH: 759–778. 11918:from the original on 1 May 2024 11808:(2). Copernicus GmbH: 139–148. 11601: 11566: 11501: 11448: 11403: 11367: 11324: 11281: 11186: 11145: 11110: 11074: 11038: 10975: 10942: 10930:from the original on 1 May 2024 10903: 10862: 10776: 10749: 10719: 10692: 10662: 10632: 10602: 10572: 10542: 10512: 10482: 10452: 10422: 10392: 10346: 10320: 10294: 10264: 10238: 10196: 10162: 10150:from the original on 3 May 2015 10132: 10086: 9972: 9899: 9862:Mediterranean Basin Water Atlas 9823: 9776: 9709: 9668: 9659: 9629: 9599: 9569: 9543: 9513: 9483: 9473: 9464: 9447: 9424: 9400: 9374: 9338: 9309:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia 9299: 9271: 9232: 9205: 9202:). London: The Grolier Society. 9192: 9173: 9139: 9113: 9087: 9068:(Black Sea) means "North Sea". 9047: 9034: 8985: 8659: 8647: 8635: 8619: 8607: 8583: 8571: 8562: 8478:List of Mediterranean countries 7913:Environmental impact of tourism 7684: 7556: 7540: 6825: 6796: 6196:Cycling of marine phytoplankton 6012: 4343: 3084:List of Mediterranean countries 2734:List of drainage basins by area 1570:Renaissance of the 12th century 1222:, which was also used in later 1057:(دریای روم), which may be from 724:, on the southeastern coast of 640:history of Western civilization 13006:"In the shadow of the volcano" 11989:(11). Elsevier BV: 2347–2372. 9215:The Geography of Sea Transport 8916: 8882: 8860: 8831: 8771: 8741: 8723: 8434: – Parliamentary assembly 7917: 7894: 7780: 7764: 7748: 7716: 7186:, so the canal functions as a 6545:consists of several stretched 3286:) and the headquarters of the 2880: 2724:is not considered part of it. 39:Mediterranean (disambiguation) 13: 1: 12441:10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00171-8 12003:10.1016/s0967-0637(01)00022-x 11945:(9). Elsevier BV: 1641–1654. 11397:10.1016/j.marchem.2017.06.006 11139:10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00019-1 10856:10.1016/s0031-0182(00)00053-5 9581:UNHCR – The UN Refugee Agency 9461:– Retrieved 3 September 2011. 9444:– Retrieved 3 September 2011. 9442:Sephardic Studies and Culture 9218:. Routledge. pp. 33–37. 8687: 8320:Ras El Hilal sea caves, Libya 7732: 7700: 7524: 6976:List of fish of the Black Sea 6871:of the Mediterranean Sea and 6065:, it is sometimes called the 5353:Köppen climate classification 4740:, at the southern end of the 4659:in the central Mediterranean. 4472: 3033:In Africa, through the Nile: 1204:'the White Sea'; in Ottoman, 650:before being refilled by the 15959:Middle East and North Africa 15664:Middle East and North Africa 13388:. Greenpeace. Archived from 13211:10.1007/978-94-015-9956-6_33 12968:Geophysical Research Letters 12904:Christian Pfister (editor), 12750:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90206-W 12520:Geophysical Research Letters 12468:Geophysical Research Letters 11959:10.1016/0198-0149(92)90053-v 11775:10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.10.008 11711:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11665:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11247:Geophysical Research Letters 11158:Geophysical Research Letters 8974:(5): 469–472. Archived from 8844:The Mediterranean in History 8778:Golvin, Jean-Claude (1991). 8703:"Invitation to Oceanography" 8446:Familial Mediterranean fever 7470:, the starting point of the 7339: 6906:, and decreases with depth. 6067:Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea 4003: 3977: 3951: 3925: 3899: 3873: 3847: 3821: 3795: 3769: 3743: 3717: 3691: 3665: 3639: 3613: 3587: 3561: 3535: 3509: 3483: 3457: 3431: 3405: 2626: 2603: 2568: 2541: 2515: 2488: 2445: 2422: 2391: 2367: 2347: 2327: 2300: 2273: 2218: 2179: 2058:in the Western Mediterranean 2032:in the central Mediterranean 1777: 1443:. The export of grains from 704:. It lies between latitudes 377:1,500 m (4,900 ft) 60:Map of the Mediterranean Sea 7: 11420:Frontiers in Marine Science 9459:History World International 9121:"Map of the Ottoman Empire" 9060:also means "west" and that 9056:claims that in Old Turkish 8815:European Conceptual History 8548:Union for the Mediterranean 8369: 7588: 7394: 6883:excluded from any external 5045:, between Malta Island and 3317:), from which the biblical 3288:Union for the Mediterranean 2854:On the east: The coasts of 2788:. The north coast of Sicily 1696:21st century and migrations 1475:and the Mediterranean. The 1193:) ("the Sea of the West"). 1183:) ("the Sea of Syria") and 1146: 10: 17252: 16252:Northeastern United States 15238:American Mediterranean Sea 14388:American Mediterranean Sea 13689:interestingengineering.com 12175:(3–4): 229. Archived from 12046:10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.08.018 11761:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 1–25. 11534:10.1038/s41598-019-41929-0 11477:10.1038/s41598-022-20446-7 10785:Invitation to Oceanography 9935:10.1007/s00382-022-06188-2 9906:García-García, D. (2022). 9312:. Routledge. p. 273. 9042:Dictionnaire Turc-Français 8780:L'Égypte restituée, Tome 3 8522:Qattara Depression Project 8464:Libya–Turkey maritime deal 7993: 7975: 7921: 7910: 7822: 7310:, displacing over 500,000 7279:. While not as intense as 7275:Mediterranean through the 6965: 6671: 6612: 6302: 6298: 6071:European Mediterranean Sea 5331:. Although they are rare, 5310: 5056: 5038:, between Sicily and Malta 4063: 3228:British overseas territory 3081: 2893:basin only partially shown 2731: 1699: 1639:passing through the region 1592:Conquest of Constantinople 1556:region. Genoa, Venice and 1447:was re-routed towards the 1277: 1273: 1228: 1128:, it is called הים התיכון 1100:) or simply as "The Sea" ( 1035: 1025: 1015: 1001: 996:("having the nature of"). 935: 925: 915: 913:; "the Sea") or sometimes 905: 36: 29: 17236:Bodies of water of Europe 17226:Bodies of water of Africa 17176:Natural history of Europe 17161:Geography of North Africa 16945: 16887: 16864: 16831: 16795: 16728: 16622: 16530: 16521: 16450: 16371: 16172: 15976: 15757: 15715: 15624: 15615: 15563: 15520: 15460: 15396: 15215: 15159: 15143: 15092: 15076: 15001: 14975: 14942: 14724: 14631: 14363: 14275: 14192: 14066: 14020: 13997: 13879: 13797:"Mediterranean Sea" 13549:10.1596/978-1-4648-1274-3 11433:10.3389/fmars.2021.649246 11353:10.1007/s00382-015-2507-3 11104:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.01.001 10328:"The Mediterranean coast" 9495:Al Jazeera – English 9212:Couper, Alastair (2015). 8959:Vella, Andrew P. (1985). 8897:Oxford English Dictionary 7844:ranked sixth in the world 7293:effects of climate change 6911:Messinian salinity crisis 6760:for the later impact and 6701:Tortonian salinity crisis 6646:Messinian salinity crisis 6644:triggered the so-called " 6615:Messinian salinity crisis 6581:Messinian salinity crisis 6367:Messinian salinity crisis 6075:African Mediterranean Sea 5329:humid subtropical climate 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5031:and south-eastern Croatia 4468:between Greece and Turkey 3400: 3397: 2727: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 1902:respectively, in the east 941:hē thálassa hē kath’hēmâs 648:Messinian salinity crisis 439: 427: 419: 411: 407: 397: 389: 381: 373: 365: 361: 349:For other countries, see 198: 180: 142: 130: 91: 65: 53: 48: 16738:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 15737:Transantarctic Mountains 14194:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 13440:. Europa. Archived from 12825:20 February 2019 at the 12260:. Springer. p. 57. 11119:Progress in Oceanography 9859:Margat, Jean F. (2004). 9306:Brundage, James (2004). 8679:Hydrology of Switzerland 8555: 8152:, Bosnia and Herzegovina 6942:Mediterranean monk seals 6851:within their respective 6400:) between the island of 5087:on the coast of Sardinia 3379:Exclusive economic zones 1937:near the Libyan town of 1894:, by the Straits of the 1805:, and to its right, the 1080:epics and in the Hebrew 1065:(𐭦𐭫𐭩𐭤 𐭩 𐭤𐭫𐭥𐭬). 1033:, "of the earth"), from 1013:of the Latin name, from 943:; "the sea around us"). 683:a vast number of islands 17231:Bodies of water of Asia 16487:Caribbean South America 14340:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea 13828:5 February 2018 at the 13803:Encyclopædia Britannica 12895:. Taylor & Francis. 12742:1991E&PSL.104..226H 10910:Hofrichter, R. (2020). 10783:Pinet, Paul R. (1996). 10276:Encyclopedia Britannica 10144:Encyclopædia Britannica 10093:Maier, Andreas (2015). 9436:18 October 2014 at the 9413:29 October 2014 at the 9283:Contesting the Crusades 9186:Oxford University Press 9180:David Abulafia (2011). 8902:Oxford University Press 8736:Encyclopædia Britannica 8701:Pinet, Paul R. (2008). 8306:Bibliotheca Alexandrina 7866:coastal countries, and 7370:Mediterranean monk seal 7166:as part of the ongoing 7144:1908 Messina earthquake 6252:to produce Chlorophyll 6130:residence time of water 6077:to distinguish it from 4712:cape in northern Syria. 4632:Beirut Central District 3374:Exclusive economic zone 3154:(from north to south): 2268:Akrotiri & Dhekelia 2119:1200 islands and islets 1772:European migrant crisis 1702:European migrant crisis 1408:Middle Ages and empires 1051:Classical Persian texts 1023:, "in the middle") and 423:12 °C (54 °F) 415:28 °C (82 °F) 17166:Geography of West Asia 16262:Southern United States 16065:Scandinavian Peninsula 14661:Great Australian Bight 13899:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13612:10.18111/9789284421152 12891:Jean M. Grove (2004). 12874:6 October 2014 at the 12864:6 October 2014 at the 12809:, December 1972, p. 32 12095:10.5194/os-11-759-2015 11872:10.5194/bg-9-3817-2012 11220:10.5194/bg-7-3987-2010 11060:10.3406/geo.1989.20925 10888:10.5194/gh-36-109-1981 9979:Gupta, Avijit (2008). 9353:. Palgrave Macmillan. 9044:, Constantinople, 1911 8992:Dehkhoda, Ali Akabar. 7984:climate change-related 7847: 7459: 7407: 7383:. A 1994 study of the 7171: 7063: 7026: 6930:loggerhead sea turtles 6840: 6610: 6593: 6415: 6326: 6200:In spite of its great 6197: 6022: 5325:cold semi-arid climate 5088: 5076: 4871:Gulf of Saint Euphemia 4676: 4660: 4645: 4634: 4488: 4452:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4353: 3991:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3381:in Mediterranean Sea: 3370: 3351: 3346:, Sicily, Italy, with 3336: 3322: 3302: 3290: 3272: 3130:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3094: 2991:or deserts elsewhere. 2894: 2743: 2467:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2145: 2133: 2122: 1765:Operation Mare Nostrum 1692:and free world trade. 1584: 1581:bombardment of Algiers 1500: 1315: 1298: 1147:al-Baḥr al-Mutawassiṭ 1141:Modern Standard Arabic 999:The modern Greek name 968:("Our Sea"). The term 888: 880: 789:Bosnia and Herzegovina 224:Bosnia and Herzegovina 16743:Antarctic Convergence 16282:Western United States 15068:Marginal seas of the 14031:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 14024:and other territories 13792:Dickson, Henry Newton 13720:Global Change Biology 12160:William Ryan (2008). 11823:10.5194/bg-6-139-2009 11575:Nature Climate Change 11048:Annales de Géographie 10991:The Mediterranean Sea 10875:Geographica Helvetica 9987:John Wiley & Sons 9783:Lionello, P. (2012). 9154:Encyclopaedia Iranica 9083:on 15 September 2012. 9029:Encyclopedia of Islam 8961:"Mediterranean Malta" 8923:Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar. 8426:Eastern Mediterranean 8073:'s south coast, Italy 7830: 7454: 7402: 7184:Eastern Mediterranean 7157: 7058: 7016: 6833: 6820:geomagnetic reversals 6674:Pleistocene megafauna 6608: 6588: 6312: 6195: 6020: 5082: 5066: 4666: 4651: 4640: 4621: 4480: 4351: 3357: 3342: 3328: 3308: 3296: 3278: 3267: 3184:(from west to east): 3104:(from west to east): 3092: 2888: 2741: 2713:that are part of the 2139: 2128: 2112: 2075:Mediterranean climate 1997:Eastern Mediterranean 1700:Further information: 1578: 1486: 1304: 1297:c. the 6th century BC 1295:colonies in antiquity 1292: 1285:Ancient civilizations 1132:'the Middle Sea'. In 992:("land, earth"), and 936:ἡ θάλασσα ἡ καθ’ ἡμᾶς 886: 878: 861:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 738:Mediterranean climate 626:, on the east by the 340:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 15804:Greater Central Asia 15202:Gulf of St. Lawrence 14508:Gulf of St. Lawrence 12990:10.1029/2009GL040513 12818:Carrington, Damian. 12721:F.J. Hilgen (1991). 12540:10.1029/2007gl032494 12489:10.1029/2007GL029885 12368:10.1002/2014PA002719 12293:Žumer, Jože (2004). 11731:10.1029/2003GB002034 11685:10.1029/2011GB004055 11595:10.1038/nclimate1533 11267:10.1029/2006GL025734 11179:10.1029/1999GL900320 10756:Seatemperature.org. 10699:Seatemperature.org. 9583:. 30 December 2015. 9147:Sprache und Religion 7982:A study showed that 7813:class=notpageimage| 7472:Transalpine Pipeline 7365:Barcelona Convention 7281:Lessepsian migration 7200:Ferdinand de Lesseps 7196:Lessepsian migration 7168:Lessepsian migration 6981:Environmental issues 6877:life in the deep sea 6563:Central Indian Ridge 6455:improve this section 6234:primary productivity 6204:, concentrations of 4922:(western Libya) and 4901:, between Italy and 4887:, southwestern Italy 4880:, southwestern Italy 4859:, northeastern Italy 4852:, northeastern Italy 4845:, northwestern Italy 4630:from a tower in the 4374:, between Spain and 3309:The ancient port of 3252:Sovereign Base Areas 1879:'s writings as the " 1414:Western Roman Empire 931:hē hēmetérā thálassa 923:; "the Great Sea"), 722:Gulf of Alexandretta 636:Morocco–Spain border 610:, surrounded by the 17171:Geography of Europe 16955:Continents of Earth 16482:Brazilian Highlands 15886:Indian subcontinent 15747:Antarctic Peninsula 15545:Southern Hemisphere 15540:Northern Hemisphere 15368:Sea of the Hebrides 14809:Gulf of Carpentaria 14603:Sea of the Hebrides 14232:King Haakon VII Sea 13816:11 May 2011 at the 13348:. 8 November 2019. 13330:on 9 February 2011. 13075:European Commission 12981:2009GeoRL..3621303I 12943:2 June 2021 at the 12803:Scientific American 12641:10.1038/nature10651 12633:2011Natur.480..359G 12590:2009Geo....37..167G 12532:2008GeoRL..35.2401G 12480:2007GeoRL..3410405G 12433:2001SedG..140...43K 12420:Sedimentary Geology 12360:2015PalOc..30..548D 12303:Geografski Obzornik 12223:10.1038/nature08555 12215:2009Natur.462..778G 12131:2009Sedim..56...95R 12086:2015OcSci..11..759S 12038:2005DSRII..52.3090K 11995:2001DSRI...48.2347K 11951:1992DSRA...39.1641B 11863:2012BGeo....9.3817M 11814:2009BGeo....6..139D 11767:2011OcMod..36....1L 11723:2004GBioC..18.1005B 11677:2012GBioC..26.2024U 11587:2012NatCC...2..821J 11526:2019NatSR...9.5911V 11389:2017MarCh.196...13S 11345:2015ClDy...45.2775A 11339:(9–10): 2775–2802. 11302:1990Natur.347..660B 11259:2006GeoRL..33.8707G 11211:2010BGeo....7.3987C 11170:1999GeoRL..26.1617T 11131:1999PrOce..44....5L 11096:2005DSRI...52..915G 10838:2000PPP...158..259E 10101:Springer Publishing 9926:2022ClDy...59.1919G 9527:. 24 October 2013. 9497:. 13 October 2013. 8994:""دریای شام" entry" 8925:""دریای روم" entry" 8900:(Online ed.). 8878:on 2 December 2009. 8872:Liddell & Scott 8807:"The Mediterranean" 8729:Boxer, Baruch, 8495:Mediterranean Games 7885:of the coastal and 7277:Strait of Gibraltar 7174:The opening of the 7086:is the only active 7076:Minoan civilisation 6996:Alfred Thomas Grove 6954:spiny squat lobster 6946:World Wildlife Fund 6922:bottlenose dolphins 6904:continental shelves 6724:, and the adjacent 6718:Carpathian foredeep 6684:Strait of Gibraltar 6654:Strait of Gibraltar 6379:Strait of Gibraltar 6230:Strait of Gibraltar 6098:Strait of Gibraltar 6085:General circulation 5366: 5027:, in south-western 4956:Strait of Bonifacio 4728:Strait of Gibraltar 4669:Serra de Tramuntana 4596:between Turkey and 4507:, as a part of the 4366:Strait of Gibraltar 3299:Acropolis of Athens 2922:. In Asia, are the 2908:Ruwenzori Mountains 2806: / 2752:Strait of Gibraltar 1881:Pillars of Hercules 1873:Strait of Gibraltar 1795:Strait of Gibraltar 1745:European Parliament 1509:Italian city-states 1345:Bronze Age Collapse 1241:classical antiquity 871:Names and etymology 663:Strait of Gibraltar 612:Mediterranean Basin 399:Residence time 189:Strait of Gibraltar 111: / 16770:Great Barrier Reef 16391:Mainland Australia 15555:Western Hemisphere 15530:Eastern Hemisphere 14804:Gulf of California 14701:Mozambique Channel 14345:Queen Victoria Sea 14207:Bellingshausen Sea 13691:. 20 August 2022. 13539:. Washington, DC: 13152:on 15 January 2009 13051:on 5 February 2015 12975:(L21303): L21303. 12923:1 May 2007 at the 12680:10.1007/BFb0011163 12474:(L10405): L10405. 11627:10.7717/peerj.9355 11514:Scientific Reports 11465:Scientific Reports 10731:Weather2Travel.com 10674:Weather2Travel.com 10644:Weather2Travel.com 10614:Weather2Travel.com 10584:Weather2Travel.com 10554:Weather2Travel.com 10524:Weather2Travel.com 10494:Weather2Travel.com 10464:Weather2Travel.com 10434:Weather2Travel.com 10035:on 24 October 2021 9920:(7–8): 1919–1938. 9694:10.3390/su10030635 9419:Boglewood Timeline 8501:Mediterranean race 8483:Mediterranean diet 8458:Holy League (1571) 8348:Les Aiguades near 8132:Panoramic view of 8116:Panoramic view of 8038:Panoramic view of 7887:marine environment 7848: 7842:. In 2019, Turkey 7460: 7408: 7172: 7160:reticulate whipray 7064: 7027: 7023:Palomares, Almería 7019:thermonuclear bomb 6865:volcanic life form 6841: 6837:Eunicella cavolini 6699:times, causing a " 6611: 6594: 6327: 6198: 6079:mediterranean seas 6023: 5364: 5321:hot desert climate 5089: 5077: 4977:Gulf of İskenderun 4691:in Beirut, Lebanon 4677: 4661: 4646: 4635: 4626:, and snow-capped 4489: 4354: 3371: 3352: 3337: 3323: 3303: 3291: 3273: 3095: 2895: 2744: 2146: 2134: 2123: 1923:Gulf of Iskenderun 1842:Gelibolu Peninsula 1761:Italian government 1654:Battle of the Nile 1585: 1501: 1365:Darius I of Persia 1316: 1299: 1243:, cultures in the 978:Isidore of Seville 970:Mare Mediterrāneum 921:hē megálē thálassa 889: 881: 622:, on the south by 207:Coastal countries: 32:Mediterranean seas 17151:Marine ecoregions 17146:Mediterranean Sea 16998:Mediterranean Sea 16971: 16970: 16851:Mediterranean Rim 16724: 16723: 16663:Mediterranean Sea 16517: 16516: 16470:Amazon Rainforest 16292:Canadian Prairies 16257:Pacific Northwest 16118:Iberian Peninsula 16094:Italian Peninsula 15903:Arabian Peninsula 15730:Antarctic Plateau 15490:Three/Four Worlds 15412: 15411: 15406:Oceans portal 15328:Mediterranean Sea 15207:Gulf of Venezuela 15035: 15034: 15014:Oceans portal 14563:Mediterranean Sea 14513:Gulf of Venezuela 14305:East Siberian Sea 14247:Riiser-Larsen Sea 14144: 14143: 13873:Mediterranean Sea 13732:10.1111/gcb.16301 13726:(19): 5708–5725. 13621:978-92-844-2115-2 13566:978-1-4648-1274-3 13414:. Explore Crete. 13245:978-92-990003-5-9 13220:978-90-481-6111-9 13113:978-92-990003-2-8 12689:978-3-540-52605-6 12627:(7377): 359–363. 12598:10.1130/G25141A.1 12267:978-3-540-61841-6 12209:(7274): 778–781. 11900:Oceanologica Acta 11164:(11): 1617–1620. 11008:978-3-540-25018-0 10923:978-3-662-58929-8 10794:978-0-314-06339-7 10404:Weather2Visit.com 10370:978-2-7099-2220-3 10174:RTI International 10110:978-94-017-7206-8 9996:978-0-470-72371-5 9876:978-2-9517181-5-9 9800:978-0-12-391477-4 9764:on 8 October 2011 9453:Robert Guisepi – 9360:978-0-333-71966-4 9319:978-1-135-94880-1 9292:978-1-4051-1189-8 9252:978-0-521-78151-0 9225:978-1-317-35150-4 9145:Johann Knoblock. 9027:"Baḥr al-Rūm" in 8981:on 29 March 2017. 8908:(Subscription or 8868:"entry μεσόγαιος" 8853:978-1-60606-057-5 8805:Vaso Seirinidou, 8789:978-2-87772-148-6 8731:Mediterranean Sea 8716:978-0-7637-5993-3 8288:beach, Gaza Strip 8252:off the coast of 7957:—are threatened. 7439:of more than 100 7405:Strait of Messina 7264:marine biologists 7259:Ramsar Convention 7111:eruption in AD 79 7100:Phlegraean Fields 6926:harbour porpoises 6881:aquatic ecosystem 6747:submarine current 6606: 6571:Arabian Peninsula 6557:and south of the 6491: 6490: 6483: 6404:and the coast of 6289:picophytoplankton 6182:biodiversity loss 6090:Water circulation 6010: 6009: 5308: 5307: 4911:, northern Israel 4899:Strait of Otranto 4892:Gulf of Squillace 4828:Strait of Messina 4816:, south of France 4742:Iberian Peninsula 4419:Italian peninsula 4283:Palma de Mallorca 4045: 4044: 4034:Mediterranean Sea 3350:in the background 3078:Coastal countries 2983:(Rhône), and the 2810:37.783°N 12.367°E 2782:Strait of Messina 2661: 2660: 2649:Mediterranean Sea 2532: 1799:Iberian Peninsula 1612:Battle of Lepanto 1604:Battle of Preveza 1489:Battle of Lepanto 1333:Anatolian peoples 1143:, it is known as 1009:; "inland") is a 1002:Μεσόγειος Θάλασσα 954:("Great Sea") or 933:; "Our Sea"), or 926:ἡ ἡμετέρα θάλασσα 893:Ancient Egyptians 758:nautical hegemony 667:Iberian Peninsula 606:connected to the 538:Mediterranean Sea 534: 533: 49:Mediterranean Sea 16:(Redirected from 17243: 17126: 17118: 17117: 17116: 17109: 17108:from Wikiversity 17101: 17100: 17099: 17092: 17084: 17083: 17082: 17075: 17067: 17066: 17065: 17058: 17050: 17049: 17048: 17041: 17033: 17032: 17031: 17024: 17016: 17015: 17014: 17004: 16988: 16987: 16986: 16979: 16953: 16952: 16932:Global Southwest 16927:Global Southeast 16917:Global Northwest 16912:Global Northeast 16902:Global Heartland 16846:Indian Ocean Rim 16528: 16527: 16420:Island Melanesia 16106:Balkan Peninsula 15881:Himalayan states 15828:Russian Far East 15622: 15621: 15550:Water Hemisphere 15439: 15432: 15425: 15416: 15415: 15404: 15403: 15062: 15055: 15048: 15039: 15038: 15023: 15022: 15012: 15011: 14944:Endorheic basins 14824:Gulf of Thailand 14676:Gulf of Khambhat 14171: 14164: 14157: 14148: 14147: 14059: 14047: 14039: 13881:Sovereign states 13865: 13858: 13851: 13842: 13841: 13807: 13799: 13778: 13777: 13759: 13711: 13705: 13704: 13702: 13700: 13681: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13670: 13664: 13657: 13649: 13643: 13640: 13634: 13633: 13600: 13594: 13593: 13591: 13589: 13583: 13538: 13527: 13521: 13518: 13512: 13511: 13509: 13507: 13501: 13494: 13486: 13480: 13479: 13477: 13475: 13460: 13454: 13453: 13451: 13449: 13434: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13423: 13408: 13402: 13401: 13399: 13397: 13392:on 16 April 2010 13382: 13371: 13368: 13362: 13361: 13359: 13357: 13338: 13332: 13331: 13320: 13314: 13313: 13311: 13309: 13300:. 4 April 2007. 13288: 13282: 13281: 13279: 13277: 13268:. 3 March 2009. 13256: 13250: 13249: 13231: 13225: 13224: 13198: 13192: 13191: 13189: 13187: 13168: 13162: 13161: 13159: 13157: 13151: 13144: 13136: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13125: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13086: 13067: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13056: 13050: 13044:. Archived from 13043: 13035: 13026: 13025: 13023: 13021: 13001: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12958: 12952: 12951:, 3 August 2012. 12934: 12928: 12915: 12909: 12902: 12896: 12889: 12883: 12855: 12836: 12816: 12810: 12796: 12790: 12783: 12777: 12776: 12774: 12772: 12766: 12760:. Archived from 12736:(2–4): 226–244. 12727: 12718: 12712: 12709: 12703: 12701: 12667: 12661: 12660: 12616: 12610: 12609: 12573: 12567: 12566: 12564: 12562: 12556: 12517: 12508: 12502: 12501: 12491: 12459: 12453: 12452: 12416: 12407: 12401: 12396: 12390: 12389: 12379: 12348:Paleoceanography 12343: 12337: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12329: 12323: 12305:(in Slovenian). 12300: 12290: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12279: 12249: 12243: 12242: 12198: 12192: 12191: 12189: 12187: 12181: 12166: 12157: 12151: 12150: 12114: 12108: 12107: 12097: 12065: 12059: 12057: 12021: 12015: 12014: 11977: 11971: 11970: 11934: 11928: 11927: 11925: 11923: 11891: 11885: 11884: 11874: 11842: 11836: 11835: 11825: 11793: 11787: 11786: 11749: 11743: 11742: 11706: 11697: 11696: 11659: 11650: 11649: 11639: 11629: 11605: 11599: 11598: 11570: 11564: 11563: 11545: 11505: 11499: 11498: 11488: 11452: 11446: 11445: 11435: 11407: 11401: 11400: 11377:Marine Chemistry 11371: 11365: 11364: 11333:Climate Dynamics 11328: 11322: 11321: 11310:10.1038/347660a0 11285: 11279: 11278: 11242: 11233: 11232: 11222: 11190: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11149: 11143: 11142: 11114: 11108: 11107: 11078: 11072: 11071: 11054:(549): 497–515. 11042: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11031: 11025: 10988: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10962: 10955: 10946: 10940: 10939: 10937: 10935: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10890: 10866: 10860: 10859: 10849: 10832:(3–4): 259–280. 10820: 10811: 10805: 10799: 10798: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10753: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10723: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10712: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10636: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10606: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10595: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10546: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10516: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10426: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10396: 10390: 10389: 10384: 10382: 10350: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10298: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10268: 10262: 10261: 10259: 10257: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10212: 10206: 10200: 10194: 10193: 10187: 10185: 10166: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10155: 10136: 10130: 10129: 10124: 10122: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10079: 10074:on 15 April 2022 10057: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10040: 10025: 10016: 10015: 10010: 10008: 9976: 9970: 9969: 9947: 9937: 9913:Climate Dynamics 9903: 9897: 9896: 9890: 9888: 9856: 9845: 9844: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9814: 9812: 9793:. p. lxii. 9780: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9763: 9756: 9748: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9696: 9672: 9666: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9643:. 18 July 2017. 9633: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9517: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9487: 9481: 9477: 9471: 9468: 9462: 9451: 9445: 9428: 9422: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9378: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9352: 9342: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9303: 9297: 9296: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9209: 9203: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9177: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9117: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9091: 9085: 9084: 9051: 9045: 9040:Diran Kélékian, 9038: 9032: 9025: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8965: 8956: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8920: 8914: 8913: 8905: 8893: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8874:. Archived from 8864: 8858: 8857: 8835: 8829: 8803: 8794: 8793: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8745: 8739: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8707:Paleoceanography 8698: 8681: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8566: 8543:Tyrrhenian Basin 8512: 8469: 8437: 8416: 8386: 8381: 8380: 8361: 8345: 8329: 8317: 8297: 8281: 8265: 8245: 8226: 8211: 8192: 8177: 8161: 8145: 8129: 8113: 8097: 8082: 8067: 8051: 8035: 8019: 8004: 7988:marine heatwaves 7972:Marine heatwaves 7876:natural disaster 7799: 7798: 7783: 7782: 7767: 7766: 7751: 7750: 7735: 7734: 7719: 7718: 7703: 7702: 7687: 7686: 7671: 7670: 7655: 7654: 7639: 7638: 7623: 7622: 7607: 7606: 7591: 7590: 7575: 7574: 7559: 7558: 7543: 7542: 7527: 7526: 7511: 7510: 7495: 7494: 7488: 7437:merchant vessels 7216:invasive species 7150:Invasive species 7062:volcano in Italy 6869:marine ecosystem 6705:Vallesian crisis 6656:and causing the 6638:Rifian corridors 6607: 6523:Zagros Mountains 6521:in Spain to the 6486: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6466: 6435: 6427: 6418: 6398:Strait of Sicily 6353:during the Late 6331:geologic history 6057: 6054:10 m/a (7.8 6053: 6035:greatly exceeds 5367: 5363: 5344: 5094: 5093: 5014:Gulf of Kuşadası 4931:Strait of Sicily 4894:, southern Italy 4866:, southern Italy 4821:Gulf of Valencia 4738:Bay of Algeciras 4689:Saint George Bay 4683:are recognised: 4624:Saint George Bay 4505:Balearic Islands 4386:Balearic Islands 4054:Coastline length 4048:Coastline length 4015: 4013: 4012: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3755: 3753: 3752: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3384: 3383: 3257:the Palestinian 2989:endorheic basins 2972:river discharges 2964:Balkan Mountains 2932:Taurus Mountains 2821: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2531:(Part of Aegean) 2530: 2378:(Part of Aegean) 2358:(Part of Aegean) 2338:(Part of Aegean) 2155: 2154: 2115:Elaphiti Islands 2044:Balearic Islands 1822: 1790: 1722: 1631:Northwest Africa 1608:Battle of Djerba 1418:Byzantine Empire 1308: 1269: 1236:; "white sea"). 1231: 1230: 1209: 1208: 1192: 1191: 1182: 1181: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1053:, it was called 1047:Ancient Iranians 1038: 1037: 1028: 1027: 1018: 1017: 1004: 1003: 984:, a compound of 938: 937: 928: 927: 918: 917: 916:ἡ μεγάλη θάλασσα 908: 907: 598: 594: 589: 588: 585: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 420:Min. temperature 412:Max. temperature 302: 184: 183:Primary outflows 146: 126: 125: 123: 122: 121: 116: 112: 109: 108: 107: 104: 94: 58: 46: 45: 21: 17251: 17250: 17246: 17245: 17244: 17242: 17241: 17240: 17186:Seas of Albania 17131: 17130: 17129: 17125:from Wikivoyage 17119: 17114: 17112: 17102: 17097: 17095: 17091:from Wikisource 17085: 17080: 17078: 17068: 17063: 17061: 17051: 17046: 17044: 17034: 17029: 17027: 17023:from Wiktionary 17017: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17003:sister projects 17000:at Knowledge's 16994: 16984: 16982: 16974: 16972: 16967: 16941: 16883: 16860: 16827: 16791: 16720: 16709:South China Sea 16618: 16561:Central America 16513: 16446: 16367: 16319:Northern Mexico 16307:Northern Canada 16287:Atlantic Canada 16242:Mountain states 16168: 16023:European Russia 16016:Southern Russia 15972: 15925:Iranian Plateau 15753: 15742:West Antarctica 15725:East Antarctica 15711: 15611: 15559: 15535:Land Hemisphere 15516: 15456: 15443: 15413: 15408: 15398: 15392: 15243:Archipelago Sea 15211: 15172:Gulf of Finland 15167:Gulf of Bothnia 15155: 15151:English Channel 15139: 15110:Bay of Campeche 15088: 15072: 15066: 15036: 15031: 15006: 14997: 14971: 14938: 14914:South China Sea 14894:Seto Inland Sea 14814:Gulf of Fonseca 14720: 14627: 14478:Gulf of Finland 14473:Gulf of Bothnia 14458:English Channel 14428:Bay of Campeche 14393:Archipelago Sea 14359: 14315:Gulf of Boothia 14271: 14212:Cooperation Sea 14188: 14175: 14145: 14140: 14126:Sea of Sardinia 14062: 14057: 14045: 14033: 14016: 14007:Northern Cyprus 13993: 13875: 13869: 13830:Wayback Machine 13818:Wayback Machine 13787: 13782: 13781: 13712: 13708: 13698: 13696: 13683: 13682: 13678: 13668: 13666: 13662: 13655: 13651: 13650: 13646: 13641: 13637: 13622: 13602: 13601: 13597: 13587: 13585: 13581: 13567: 13536: 13528: 13524: 13519: 13515: 13505: 13503: 13502:on 17 July 2007 13499: 13492: 13488: 13487: 13483: 13473: 13471: 13462: 13461: 13457: 13447: 13445: 13444:on 9 April 2009 13436: 13435: 13431: 13421: 13419: 13410: 13409: 13405: 13395: 13393: 13384: 13383: 13374: 13369: 13365: 13355: 13353: 13346:cyprus-mail.com 13340: 13339: 13335: 13322: 13321: 13317: 13307: 13305: 13290: 13289: 13285: 13275: 13273: 13258: 13257: 13253: 13246: 13232: 13228: 13221: 13199: 13195: 13185: 13183: 13178:. 21 May 2021. 13170: 13169: 13165: 13155: 13153: 13149: 13142: 13138: 13137: 13133: 13123: 13121: 13114: 13098: 13094: 13084: 13082: 13069: 13068: 13064: 13054: 13052: 13048: 13041: 13037: 13036: 13029: 13019: 13017: 13002: 12998: 12959: 12955: 12945:Wayback Machine 12936:Antonio Denti, 12935: 12931: 12925:Wayback Machine 12916: 12912: 12903: 12899: 12890: 12886: 12876:Wayback Machine 12866:Wayback Machine 12856: 12839: 12827:Wayback Machine 12817: 12813: 12797: 12793: 12784: 12780: 12770: 12768: 12767:on 24 July 2011 12764: 12725: 12719: 12715: 12710: 12706: 12690: 12668: 12664: 12617: 12613: 12574: 12570: 12560: 12558: 12554: 12515: 12509: 12505: 12460: 12456: 12414: 12408: 12404: 12397: 12393: 12344: 12340: 12334: 12327: 12325: 12321: 12298: 12291: 12287: 12277: 12275: 12268: 12250: 12246: 12199: 12195: 12185: 12183: 12182:on 4 March 2016 12179: 12164: 12158: 12154: 12115: 12111: 12066: 12062: 12022: 12018: 11978: 11974: 11935: 11931: 11921: 11919: 11892: 11888: 11843: 11839: 11794: 11790: 11755:Ocean Modelling 11750: 11746: 11707: 11700: 11660: 11653: 11606: 11602: 11581:(11): 821–824. 11571: 11567: 11506: 11502: 11460: 11453: 11449: 11415: 11408: 11404: 11372: 11368: 11329: 11325: 11286: 11282: 11243: 11236: 11191: 11187: 11150: 11146: 11115: 11111: 11079: 11075: 11043: 11039: 11029: 11027: 11023: 11009: 10999:10.1007/b107143 10986: 10980: 10976: 10966: 10964: 10960: 10953: 10947: 10943: 10933: 10931: 10924: 10908: 10904: 10867: 10863: 10847:10.1.1.378.4964 10821: 10814: 10806: 10802: 10795: 10781: 10777: 10767: 10765: 10754: 10750: 10740: 10738: 10725: 10724: 10720: 10710: 10708: 10697: 10693: 10683: 10681: 10668: 10667: 10663: 10653: 10651: 10638: 10637: 10633: 10623: 10621: 10608: 10607: 10603: 10593: 10591: 10578: 10577: 10573: 10563: 10561: 10548: 10547: 10543: 10533: 10531: 10518: 10517: 10513: 10503: 10501: 10488: 10487: 10483: 10473: 10471: 10458: 10457: 10453: 10443: 10441: 10428: 10427: 10423: 10413: 10411: 10398: 10397: 10393: 10380: 10378: 10371: 10363:. p. 363. 10351: 10347: 10337: 10335: 10326: 10325: 10321: 10311: 10309: 10300: 10299: 10295: 10285: 10283: 10270: 10269: 10265: 10255: 10253: 10244: 10243: 10239: 10229: 10227: 10220:seaaroundus.org 10214: 10213: 10209: 10201: 10197: 10183: 10181: 10176:. 23 May 2018. 10168: 10167: 10163: 10153: 10151: 10138: 10137: 10133: 10120: 10118: 10111: 10103:. p. 187. 10091: 10087: 10077: 10075: 10059: 10058: 10051: 10038: 10036: 10027: 10026: 10019: 10006: 10004: 9997: 9989:. p. 275. 9977: 9973: 9904: 9900: 9886: 9884: 9877: 9857: 9848: 9840:. p. 191. 9838:Springer Nature 9828: 9824: 9810: 9808: 9801: 9781: 9777: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9754: 9750: 9749: 9740: 9730: 9728: 9715: 9714: 9710: 9673: 9669: 9664: 9660: 9650: 9648: 9635: 9634: 9630: 9620: 9618: 9613:. 21 May 2018. 9611:The Local Italy 9605: 9604: 9600: 9590: 9588: 9575: 9574: 9570: 9560: 9558: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9534: 9532: 9519: 9518: 9514: 9504: 9502: 9489: 9488: 9484: 9478: 9474: 9469: 9465: 9452: 9448: 9438:Wayback Machine 9429: 9425: 9415:Wayback Machine 9405: 9401: 9391: 9389: 9380: 9379: 9375: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9343: 9339: 9329: 9327: 9320: 9304: 9300: 9293: 9279:Housley, Norman 9276: 9272: 9262: 9260: 9253: 9237: 9233: 9226: 9210: 9206: 9197: 9193: 9178: 9174: 9164: 9162: 9144: 9140: 9130: 9128: 9119: 9118: 9114: 9104: 9102: 9093: 9092: 9088: 9073: 9052: 9048: 9039: 9035: 9026: 9017: 9007: 9005: 8990: 8986: 8978: 8963: 8957: 8948: 8938: 8936: 8921: 8917: 8907: 8891:"Mediterranean" 8887: 8883: 8866: 8865: 8861: 8854: 8836: 8832: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8776: 8772: 8762: 8760: 8747: 8746: 8742: 8728: 8724: 8717: 8699: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8684: 8664: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8640: 8636: 8624: 8620: 8612: 8608: 8588: 8584: 8576: 8572: 8567: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8528:Seto Inland Sea 8510: 8467: 8435: 8414: 8382: 8375: 8372: 8365: 8362: 8353: 8346: 8337: 8330: 8321: 8318: 8309: 8298: 8289: 8282: 8273: 8266: 8257: 8246: 8237: 8227: 8218: 8212: 8203: 8200:Turquoise Coast 8193: 8184: 8178: 8169: 8162: 8153: 8146: 8137: 8130: 8121: 8114: 8105: 8098: 8089: 8083: 8074: 8068: 8059: 8052: 8043: 8036: 8027: 8020: 8011: 8005: 7996: 7980: 7978:Marine heatwave 7974: 7926: 7920: 7915: 7893:by erosion and 7891:marine habitats 7868:shipping routes 7825: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7806: 7800: 7792: 7791: 7790: 7784: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7768: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7752: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7736: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7720: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7704: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7688: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7672: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7656: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7640: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7624: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7608: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7592: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7576: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7560: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7544: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7528: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7512: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7496: 7468:Port of Trieste 7397: 7342: 7289: 7272: 7152: 7053: 7051:Natural hazards 7037:Little Ice Ages 6983: 6978: 6888:oceanic factors 6873:sea temperature 6828: 6799: 6772:The end of the 6770: 6680: 6670: 6664:point of view. 6617: 6596: 6583: 6487: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6452: 6436: 6425: 6307: 6301: 6261:vertical mixing 6228:, close to the 6190: 6188:Biogeochemistry 6175: 6170:biogeochemistry 6165: 6138: 6087: 6055: 6051: 6015: 5362: 5360:Sea temperature 5357: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5313: 5061: 5055: 5053:Largest islands 5003:Gulf of Fethiye 4970:Gulf of Antalya 4945:Corsica Channel 4926:(eastern Libya) 4878:Gulf of Salerno 4864:Gulf of Taranto 4857:Gulf of Trieste 4823:, east of Spain 4748:Gulf of Corinth 4616: 4497:Sea of Sardinia 4475: 4442:between Italy, 4431:between Italy, 4346: 4069: 4062: 4050: 4010: 4008: 3984: 3982: 3958: 3956: 3932: 3930: 3906: 3904: 3880: 3878: 3854: 3852: 3828: 3826: 3809:Northern Cyprus 3802: 3800: 3776: 3774: 3750: 3748: 3724: 3722: 3698: 3696: 3672: 3670: 3646: 3644: 3620: 3618: 3594: 3592: 3568: 3566: 3542: 3540: 3516: 3514: 3490: 3488: 3464: 3462: 3438: 3436: 3412: 3410: 3376: 3087: 3080: 3016:North Macedonia 2920:Atlas Mountains 2883: 2831:Eastern Basin: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2766:Western Basin: 2736: 2730: 2696:Sea of Sardinia 2494:Sea of Sardinia 2107: 1927:Gulf of Trieste 1861: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1823: 1815: 1814: 1791: 1780: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1732:Satellite image 1730: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1712: 1698: 1627:Barbary pirates 1596:southern France 1410: 1341:Mycenean Greece 1314: 1306: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1224:Ottoman Turkish 1185:Baḥr al-Maghrib 1134:Classic Persian 1106:region of Syria 972:appears later: 873: 730:Gulf of Trieste 712:and longitudes 616:Southern Europe 596: 592: 545: 541: 530: 357: 356: 355: 296: 294:Northern Cyprus 208: 202: countries 145:Primary inflows 119: 117: 113: 110: 105: 102: 100: 98: 97: 87: 73:Southern Europe 61: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17249: 17239: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17221:Seas of Turkey 17218: 17213: 17208: 17206:Seas of Greece 17203: 17201:Seas of France 17198: 17193: 17191:Seas of Africa 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17143: 17128: 17127: 17110: 17093: 17076: 17074:from Wikiquote 17059: 17042: 17025: 16996: 16993: 16992: 16969: 16968: 16966: 16965: 16963:Physical Earth 16946: 16943: 16942: 16940: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16893: 16891: 16885: 16884: 16882: 16881: 16876: 16870: 16868: 16862: 16861: 16859: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16837: 16835: 16829: 16828: 16826: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16814: 16813: 16802: 16800: 16793: 16792: 16790: 16789: 16784: 16783: 16782: 16777: 16775:Mariana Trench 16772: 16762: 16757: 16755:Atlantic Ocean 16752: 16747: 16746: 16745: 16734: 16732: 16726: 16725: 16722: 16721: 16719: 16718: 16716:Southern Ocean 16713: 16712: 16711: 16706: 16704:East China Sea 16696: 16695: 16694: 16684: 16683: 16682: 16681: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16638:Atlantic Ocean 16635: 16629: 16627: 16620: 16619: 16617: 16616: 16615: 16614: 16609: 16599: 16598: 16597: 16592: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16571: 16570: 16565: 16564: 16563: 16558: 16543: 16537: 16535: 16525: 16519: 16518: 16515: 16514: 16512: 16511: 16510: 16509: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16473: 16472: 16467: 16456: 16454: 16448: 16447: 16445: 16444: 16442:Remote Oceania 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16423: 16422: 16412: 16411: 16410: 16405: 16404: 16403: 16398: 16393: 16377: 16375: 16369: 16368: 16366: 16365: 16360: 16359: 16358: 16357: 16356: 16351: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16315: 16314: 16312:Western Canada 16309: 16304: 16302:Eastern Canada 16299: 16297:Central Canada 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16178: 16176: 16170: 16169: 16167: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16145: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16124: 16123: 16122: 16121: 16120: 16110: 16109: 16108: 16098: 16097: 16096: 16086: 16081: 16071: 16070: 16069: 16068: 16067: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16032: 16031: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16019: 16018: 16013: 16011:South Caucasus 16008: 16006:North Caucasus 15998: 15988: 15982: 15980: 15974: 15973: 15971: 15970: 15969: 15968: 15967: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15946: 15945: 15944: 15939: 15929: 15928: 15927: 15917: 15916: 15915: 15913:South Caucasus 15905: 15895: 15894: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15873: 15872: 15871: 15866: 15856: 15851: 15850: 15849: 15844: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15831: 15830: 15815: 15814: 15813: 15808: 15807: 15806: 15791: 15790: 15789: 15784: 15782:Aralkum Desert 15779: 15769: 15763: 15761: 15755: 15754: 15752: 15751: 15750: 15749: 15739: 15734: 15733: 15732: 15721: 15719: 15713: 15712: 15710: 15709: 15708: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15696: 15695: 15690: 15680: 15670: 15669: 15668: 15667: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15636: 15630: 15628: 15619: 15613: 15612: 15610: 15609: 15608: 15607: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15581: 15580: 15573:Africa-Eurasia 15569: 15567: 15561: 15560: 15558: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15526: 15524: 15518: 15517: 15515: 15514: 15513: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15466: 15464: 15458: 15457: 15442: 15441: 15434: 15427: 15419: 15410: 15409: 15397: 15394: 15393: 15391: 15390: 15385: 15383:Tyrrhenian Sea 15380: 15375: 15373:Sea of Marmara 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15219: 15217: 15213: 15212: 15210: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15192:Gulf of Mexico 15189: 15184: 15179: 15177:Gulf of Guinea 15174: 15169: 15163: 15161: 15157: 15156: 15154: 15153: 15147: 15145: 15141: 15140: 15138: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15096: 15094: 15090: 15089: 15087: 15086: 15080: 15078: 15074: 15073: 15070:Atlantic Ocean 15065: 15064: 15057: 15050: 15042: 15033: 15032: 15030: 15029: 15017: 15002: 14999: 14998: 14996: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14979: 14977: 14973: 14972: 14970: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14948: 14946: 14940: 14939: 14937: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14884:Sea of Okhotsk 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14864:Philippine Sea 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14829:Gulf of Tonkin 14826: 14821: 14819:Gulf of Panama 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14799:Gulf of Anadyr 14796: 14794:Gulf of Alaska 14791: 14789:East China Sea 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14730: 14728: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14637: 14635: 14629: 14628: 14626: 14625: 14620: 14618:Tyrrhenian Sea 14615: 14610: 14608:Sea of Marmara 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14498:Gulf of Mexico 14495: 14490: 14485: 14483:Gulf of Guinea 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14423:Bay of Bothnia 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14369: 14367: 14365:Atlantic Ocean 14361: 14360: 14358: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14281: 14279: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14217:Cosmonauts Sea 14214: 14209: 14204: 14198: 14196: 14190: 14189: 14174: 14173: 14166: 14159: 14151: 14142: 14141: 14139: 14138: 14136:Tyrrhenian Sea 14133: 14128: 14123: 14121:Sea of Marmara 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14072: 14070: 14064: 14063: 14061: 14060: 14048: 14040: 14027: 14025: 14018: 14017: 14015: 14014: 14009: 14003: 14001: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13885: 13883: 13877: 13876: 13868: 13867: 13860: 13853: 13845: 13839: 13838: 13832: 13820: 13808: 13786: 13785:External links 13783: 13780: 13779: 13706: 13676: 13644: 13635: 13620: 13595: 13565: 13543:. p. 41. 13522: 13513: 13481: 13455: 13429: 13403: 13372: 13363: 13333: 13315: 13283: 13251: 13244: 13226: 13219: 13193: 13163: 13131: 13112: 13092: 13071:"Press corner" 13062: 13027: 12996: 12953: 12929: 12910: 12897: 12884: 12880:Brian M. Fagan 12837: 12811: 12791: 12778: 12713: 12704: 12688: 12662: 12611: 12584:(2): 167–170. 12568: 12503: 12454: 12402: 12391: 12354:(5): 548–557. 12338: 12285: 12266: 12244: 12193: 12152: 12109: 12060: 12016: 11972: 11929: 11886: 11851:Biogeosciences 11837: 11802:Biogeosciences 11788: 11744: 11698: 11651: 11600: 11565: 11500: 11458: 11447: 11413: 11402: 11366: 11323: 11280: 11234: 11199:Biogeosciences 11185: 11144: 11109: 11090:(6): 915–935. 11073: 11037: 11007: 10974: 10941: 10922: 10902: 10881:(3): 109–120. 10861: 10812: 10810:, p. 206. 10800: 10793: 10775: 10748: 10718: 10691: 10661: 10631: 10601: 10571: 10541: 10511: 10481: 10451: 10421: 10391: 10369: 10345: 10319: 10293: 10263: 10237: 10207: 10195: 10161: 10131: 10109: 10085: 10049: 10017: 9995: 9971: 9898: 9875: 9846: 9822: 9799: 9775: 9738: 9708: 9681:Sustainability 9667: 9658: 9628: 9598: 9568: 9542: 9512: 9482: 9472: 9463: 9446: 9423: 9399: 9373: 9359: 9337: 9318: 9298: 9291: 9270: 9251: 9231: 9224: 9204: 9191: 9172: 9138: 9112: 9086: 9046: 9033: 9015: 8984: 8946: 8915: 8881: 8859: 8852: 8830: 8795: 8788: 8770: 8740: 8722: 8715: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8658: 8646: 8634: 8618: 8606: 8582: 8570: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8545: 8540: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8461: 8455: 8449: 8443: 8438: 8429: 8423: 8417: 8411:Cyprus dispute 8408: 8402: 8396: 8393:Aegean dispute 8389: 8388: 8387: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8356: 8354: 8347: 8340: 8338: 8331: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8312: 8310: 8299: 8292: 8290: 8284:Sunset at the 8283: 8276: 8274: 8267: 8260: 8258: 8247: 8240: 8238: 8228: 8221: 8219: 8213: 8206: 8204: 8194: 8187: 8185: 8181:Ksamil Islands 8179: 8172: 8170: 8163: 8156: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8106: 8100:Pretty Bay in 8099: 8092: 8090: 8084: 8077: 8075: 8069: 8062: 8060: 8053: 8046: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8012: 8006: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7976:Main article: 7973: 7970: 7922:Main article: 7919: 7916: 7824: 7821: 7811: 7810: 7802: 7801: 7794: 7793: 7786: 7785: 7778: 7777: 7770: 7769: 7762: 7761: 7754: 7753: 7746: 7745: 7738: 7737: 7730: 7729: 7722: 7721: 7714: 7713: 7706: 7705: 7698: 7697: 7690: 7689: 7682: 7681: 7674: 7673: 7666: 7665: 7658: 7657: 7650: 7649: 7642: 7641: 7634: 7633: 7626: 7625: 7618: 7617: 7610: 7609: 7602: 7601: 7594: 7593: 7586: 7585: 7578: 7577: 7570: 7569: 7562: 7561: 7554: 7553: 7546: 7545: 7538: 7537: 7530: 7529: 7522: 7521: 7514: 7513: 7506: 7505: 7498: 7497: 7490: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7396: 7393: 7377:marine mammals 7341: 7338: 7326:sea level rise 7322: 7321: 7315: 7304: 7288: 7287:Sea-level rise 7285: 7271: 7268: 7204:Aswan High Dam 7151: 7148: 7084:Mount Vesuvius 7068:Thera eruption 7052: 7049: 7000:Oliver Rackham 6982: 6979: 6892:marine species 6845:ocean currents 6827: 6824: 6798: 6795: 6790:sclerophyllous 6778:laurel forests 6769: 6766: 6722:Middle Miocene 6692:Betic Corridor 6688:Zanclean Flood 6678:Dwarf elephant 6669: 6666: 6658:Zanclean flood 6642:Betic Corridor 6629:mountain belts 6613:Main article: 6591:Zanclean flood 6582: 6579: 6527:Alpine orogeny 6489: 6488: 6439: 6437: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6375:Zanclean flood 6351:Eurasian Plate 6300: 6297: 6232:, has a daily 6189: 6186: 6173: 6164: 6163:Climate change 6161: 6137: 6134: 6086: 6083: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5361: 5358: 5347: 5346: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5057:Main article: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5039: 5032: 5021: 5010: 4999: 4988: 4973: 4966: 4952: 4941: 4927: 4912: 4905: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4850:Gulf of Venice 4846: 4839: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4807: 4797: 4789:, the gulf of 4783: 4775:, the gulf of 4769: 4760:, the gulf of 4758:Pagasetic Gulf 4754: 4744: 4734: 4724: 4717:Minet el-Beida 4713: 4706: 4692: 4615: 4614:Other features 4612: 4608: 4607: 4600: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4574: 4573:north of Crete 4567: 4553: 4539: 4525: 4511: 4486:Tyrrhenian Sea 4474: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4462: 4436: 4425: 4407:Tyrrhenian Sea 4403: 4388: 4378: 4368: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4314: 4300: 4290: 4255: 4249: 4239: 4233: 4211: 4201: 4155: 4133: 4115: 4101: 4087: 4061: 4060:Coastal cities 4058: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017:United Kingdom 4005: 4001: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3375: 3372: 3332:view from the 3262: 3261: 3255: 3248: 3246:nearby islands 3234: 3220: 3219: 3208:Island nations 3205: 3182:Southern shore 3179: 3149: 3102:Northern shore 3079: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3031: 2979:(Nile basin), 2952:Jura Mountains 2899:drainage basin 2882: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2852: 2846: 2841:(26°11′E) and 2835: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2815:37.783; 12.367 2789: 2778: 2771:Cape Trafalgar 2729: 2726: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609:Sea of Marmara 2605: 2601: 2600: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2379: 2376: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279:Tyrrhenian Sea 2275: 2271: 2270: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2106: 2103: 2060: 2059: 2033: 1999: 1904: 1903: 1888:Sea of Marmara 1884: 1883:") in the west 1869:Atlantic Ocean 1824: 1817: 1816: 1792: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1755:Following the 1727: 1726: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1697: 1694: 1457:Constantinople 1437:Arab invasions 1409: 1406: 1384:Roman Republic 1378:Following the 1305: 1286: 1283: 1278:Main article: 1275: 1272: 1262:, the Turkish 1234:áspri thálassa 1175:Baḥr al-šām(ī) 1159:Baḥr al-Rūm(ī) 1154:البحر المتوسط 1130:HaYam HaTikhon 1118:Book of Exodus 1094:Book of Joshua 1059:Middle Persian 901:Ancient Greeks 872: 869: 853:United Kingdom 652:Zanclean flood 608:Atlantic Ocean 532: 531: 529: 528: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 443: 441: 437: 436: 431: 425: 424: 421: 417: 416: 413: 409: 408: 405: 404: 401: 395: 394: 391: 387: 386: 383: 379: 378: 375: 371: 370: 367: 363: 362: 359: 358: 354: 353: 347: 336:United Kingdom 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 299:Cyprus dispute 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 210: 209: 206: 205: 203: 196: 195: 186: 178: 177: 155:Sea of Marmara 148: 140: 139: 134: 128: 127: 95: 89: 88: 86: 85: 80: 75: 69: 67: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17248: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17216:Seas of Spain 17214: 17212: 17211:Seas of Italy 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17181:European seas 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17141:Mediterranean 17139: 17138: 17136: 17124: 17123: 17122:Travel guides 17111: 17107: 17106: 17094: 17090: 17089: 17077: 17073: 17072: 17060: 17057:from Wikinews 17056: 17055: 17043: 17039: 17038: 17026: 17022: 17021: 17009: 17008: 17005: 16999: 16991: 16981: 16980: 16977: 16964: 16960: 16956: 16948: 16947: 16944: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16894: 16892: 16890: 16886: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16871: 16869: 16867: 16863: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16838: 16836: 16834: 16830: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16812: 16809: 16808: 16807: 16804: 16803: 16801: 16799: 16794: 16788: 16785: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16767: 16766: 16765:Pacific Ocean 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16744: 16741: 16740: 16739: 16736: 16735: 16733: 16731: 16727: 16717: 16714: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16701: 16700: 16699:Pacific Ocean 16697: 16693: 16690: 16689: 16688: 16685: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16653:Caribbean Sea 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16640: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16630: 16628: 16626: 16621: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16604: 16603: 16600: 16596: 16595:by population 16593: 16591: 16588: 16587: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16569: 16568:South America 16566: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16553: 16552: 16551:North America 16549: 16548: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16538: 16536: 16534: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16520: 16508: 16505: 16504: 16503: 16502:Southern Cone 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16477:Andean States 16475: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16462: 16461: 16458: 16457: 16455: 16453: 16452:South America 16449: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16421: 16418: 16417: 16416: 16413: 16409: 16406: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16388: 16387: 16384: 16383: 16382: 16379: 16378: 16376: 16374: 16370: 16364: 16361: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16346: 16345: 16342: 16341: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16209: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16179: 16177: 16175: 16174:North America 16171: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16137:Low Countries 16135: 16133: 16130: 16129: 16128: 16125: 16119: 16116: 16115: 16114: 16113:South-western 16111: 16107: 16104: 16103: 16102: 16101:South-eastern 16099: 16095: 16092: 16091: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16079:Mediterranean 16077: 16076: 16075: 16072: 16066: 16063: 16062: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16045:British Isles 16043: 16041: 16038: 16037: 16036: 16033: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16003: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15993: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15983: 15981: 15979: 15975: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15951: 15950: 15947: 15943: 15942:Levantine Sea 15940: 15938: 15935: 15934: 15933: 15930: 15926: 15923: 15922: 15921: 15918: 15914: 15911: 15910: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15900: 15899: 15896: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15878: 15877: 15874: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15861: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15839: 15838: 15835: 15829: 15826: 15825: 15824: 15821: 15820: 15819: 15816: 15812: 15809: 15805: 15802: 15801: 15800: 15797: 15796: 15795: 15792: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15774: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15764: 15762: 15760: 15756: 15748: 15745: 15744: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15731: 15728: 15727: 15726: 15723: 15722: 15720: 15718: 15714: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15685: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15675: 15674: 15671: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15646: 15645: 15642: 15641: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15634:Mediterranean 15632: 15631: 15629: 15627: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15614: 15606: 15603: 15602: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15579: 15576: 15575: 15574: 15571: 15570: 15568: 15566: 15562: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15527: 15525: 15523: 15519: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15492: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15467: 15465: 15463: 15459: 15455: 15451: 15447: 15440: 15435: 15433: 15428: 15426: 15421: 15420: 15417: 15407: 15402: 15395: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15343:Norwegian Sea 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15313:Levantine Sea 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15283:Greenland Sea 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15273:Caribbean Sea 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15248:Argentine Sea 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15220: 15218: 15214: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15197:Gulf of Sidra 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15187:Gulf of Maine 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15164: 15162: 15158: 15152: 15149: 15148: 15146: 15142: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15105:Bay of Biscay 15103: 15101: 15098: 15097: 15095: 15091: 15085: 15082: 15081: 15079: 15075: 15071: 15063: 15058: 15056: 15051: 15049: 15044: 15043: 15040: 15028: 15027: 15018: 15016: 15015: 15010: 15004: 15003: 15000: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14980: 14978: 14974: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14945: 14941: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14834:Halmahera Sea 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14731: 14729: 14727: 14726:Pacific Ocean 14723: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14696:Laccadive Sea 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14681:Gulf of Kutch 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14671:Gulf of Aqaba 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14651:Bay of Bengal 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14638: 14636: 14634: 14630: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14578:Norwegian Sea 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14548:Levantine Sea 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14503:Gulf of Sidra 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14493:Gulf of Maine 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14468:Greenland Sea 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14448:Caribbean Sea 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14418:Bay of Biscay 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14398:Argentine Sea 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14370: 14368: 14366: 14362: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14310:Greenland Sea 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14285:Amundsen Gulf 14283: 14282: 14280: 14278: 14274: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14227:D'Urville Sea 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14199: 14197: 14195: 14191: 14187: 14183: 14179: 14172: 14167: 14165: 14160: 14158: 14153: 14152: 14149: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14101:Levantine Sea 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14073: 14071: 14069: 14068:Marginal seas 14065: 14056: 14052: 14049: 14044: 14041: 14037: 14032: 14029: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14019: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14004: 14002: 14000: 13996: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13886: 13884: 13882: 13878: 13874: 13866: 13861: 13859: 13854: 13852: 13847: 13846: 13843: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13827: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13815: 13812: 13809: 13805: 13804: 13798: 13793: 13789: 13788: 13775: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13733: 13729: 13725: 13721: 13717: 13710: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13680: 13661: 13654: 13648: 13639: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13605: 13599: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13568: 13562: 13558: 13554: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13535: 13534: 13526: 13517: 13498: 13491: 13485: 13469: 13465: 13459: 13443: 13439: 13433: 13417: 13413: 13407: 13391: 13387: 13381: 13379: 13377: 13367: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13337: 13329: 13325: 13319: 13303: 13299: 13298: 13293: 13287: 13271: 13267: 13266: 13265:Science Daily 13261: 13255: 13247: 13241: 13237: 13230: 13222: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13197: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13167: 13148: 13141: 13135: 13119: 13115: 13109: 13105: 13104: 13096: 13080: 13076: 13072: 13066: 13047: 13040: 13034: 13032: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13000: 12991: 12986: 12982: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12969: 12964: 12957: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12939: 12933: 12926: 12922: 12919: 12914: 12907: 12901: 12894: 12888: 12881: 12877: 12873: 12870: 12867: 12863: 12860: 12854: 12852: 12850: 12848: 12846: 12844: 12842: 12834: 12833: 12828: 12824: 12821: 12815: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12795: 12788: 12782: 12763: 12759: 12755: 12751: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12724: 12717: 12708: 12699: 12695: 12691: 12685: 12681: 12677: 12673: 12666: 12658: 12654: 12650: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12615: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12579: 12572: 12553: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12529: 12526:(2): L02401. 12525: 12521: 12514: 12507: 12499: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12458: 12450: 12446: 12442: 12438: 12434: 12430: 12426: 12422: 12421: 12413: 12406: 12400: 12395: 12387: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12369: 12365: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12349: 12342: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12296: 12289: 12273: 12269: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12248: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12197: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12163: 12156: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12125:(1): 95–136. 12124: 12120: 12119:Sedimentology 12113: 12105: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12087: 12083: 12079: 12075: 12074:Ocean Science 12071: 12064: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12020: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11976: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11933: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11902:(in French). 11901: 11897: 11890: 11882: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11841: 11833: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11792: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11748: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11705: 11703: 11694: 11690: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11658: 11656: 11647: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11611: 11604: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11576: 11569: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11504: 11496: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11451: 11443: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11406: 11398: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11378: 11370: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11327: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11284: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11241: 11239: 11230: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11189: 11180: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11148: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11125:(1–3): 5–36. 11124: 11120: 11113: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11077: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11050:(in French). 11049: 11041: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10985: 10978: 10959: 10952: 10945: 10929: 10925: 10919: 10915: 10914: 10906: 10898: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10865: 10857: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10819: 10817: 10809: 10804: 10796: 10790: 10786: 10779: 10763: 10759: 10752: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10722: 10706: 10702: 10695: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10665: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10635: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10605: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10575: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10545: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10515: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10388: 10376: 10372: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10357: 10349: 10333: 10329: 10323: 10307: 10303: 10297: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10267: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10211: 10204: 10199: 10192: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10165: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10135: 10128: 10116: 10112: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10097: 10089: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10064: 10056: 10054: 10046: 10034: 10030: 10024: 10022: 10014: 10002: 9998: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9983: 9975: 9968: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9914: 9909: 9902: 9895: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9869:. p. 4. 9868: 9864: 9863: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9834: 9826: 9819: 9806: 9802: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9787: 9779: 9760: 9753: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9712: 9704: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9671: 9662: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9632: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9572: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9516: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9486: 9476: 9467: 9460: 9456: 9450: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9432: 9427: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9409: 9406:C.I. Gable – 9403: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9362: 9356: 9351: 9350: 9341: 9325: 9321: 9315: 9311: 9310: 9302: 9294: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9274: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9235: 9227: 9221: 9217: 9216: 9208: 9201: 9195: 9187: 9183: 9176: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9148: 9142: 9126: 9122: 9116: 9100: 9096: 9090: 9082: 9078: 9077: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9050: 9043: 9037: 9030: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8988: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8962: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8919: 8911: 8903: 8899: 8898: 8892: 8885: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8863: 8855: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8834: 8828:, 2017, p. 80 8827: 8826:1-78533-585-5 8823: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8802: 8800: 8791: 8785: 8781: 8774: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8744: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8726: 8718: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8697: 8693: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8565: 8561: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8538:Karl Baedeker 8535: 8532: 8529: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8465: 8462: 8459: 8456: 8453: 8450: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8385: 8384:Oceans portal 8379: 8374: 8360: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8339: 8335: 8328: 8323: 8316: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8296: 8291: 8287: 8286:Deir al-Balah 8280: 8275: 8271: 8264: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8244: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8225: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8171: 8167: 8160: 8155: 8151: 8144: 8139: 8135: 8128: 8123: 8119: 8112: 8107: 8103: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8081: 8076: 8072: 8066: 8061: 8057: 8056:Îles d'Hyères 8050: 8045: 8041: 8034: 8029: 8025: 8018: 8013: 8009: 8003: 7998: 7997: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7969: 7966: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7914: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7863: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7814: 7805: 7789: 7773: 7757: 7741: 7725: 7709: 7693: 7677: 7661: 7645: 7629: 7613: 7597: 7581: 7565: 7549: 7533: 7517: 7501: 7487: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7406: 7401: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7381:marine debris 7378: 7375: 7371: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7319: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7267: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7156: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7132: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7048: 7046: 7040: 7038: 7033: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7008:Enlightenment 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6964: 6962: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6914: 6912: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6900:coastal areas 6897: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6867:. The stable 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6853:oceanic zones 6850: 6846: 6839: 6838: 6832: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6748: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6726:Red Sea Basin 6723: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6616: 6592: 6587: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6485: 6482: 6474: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6440:This section 6438: 6434: 6429: 6428: 6420: 6417: 6412: 6411:karst springs 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6347:African Plate 6344: 6340: 6336: 6335:oceanic crust 6332: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6250:phytoplankton 6247: 6243: 6242: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6194: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6160: 6158: 6157:Levantine Sea 6154: 6150: 6147: 6142: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6106:Levantine Sea 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6059: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6037:precipitation 6034: 6030: 6028: 6019: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5303: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5095: 5092: 5086: 5081: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5036:Malta Channel 5033: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4992:Gulf of İzmir 4989: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4916:Gulf of Sidra 4913: 4910: 4909:Gulf of Haifa 4906: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4885:Gulf of Gaeta 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4843:Gulf of Genoa 4840: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4787:Thermaic Gulf 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4752:Corinth Canal 4749: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4710:Ras al-Bassit 4707: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4628:Mount Sannine 4625: 4620: 4611: 4605: 4604:Levantine Sea 4601: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515:Sea of Sicily 4512: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4467: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4350: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4149:Rishon LeZion 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4019: 4018: 4006: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3980: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3954: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3928: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3888: 3876: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3850: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3824: 3820: 3811: 3810: 3798: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3772: 3768: 3759: 3758: 3746: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3720: 3716: 3707: 3706: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3668: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3642: 3638: 3629: 3628: 3616: 3612: 3603: 3602: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3564: 3560: 3551: 3550: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3524: 3512: 3508: 3499: 3498: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3446: 3434: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3334:Thermaic Gulf 3331: 3327: 3320: 3316: 3315:Tel Aviv-Yafo 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3152:Eastern shore 3150: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3085: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2985:Italian Lakes 2982: 2978: 2977:Lake Victoria 2973: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2892: 2887: 2873: 2870:(through the 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2819: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2740: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2226: 2225: 2224:Levantine Sea 2221: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2150:marginal seas 2143: 2138: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2105:Marginal seas 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1935:Gulf of Sidra 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1821: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1750: 1749:Martin Schulz 1746: 1742: 1739:In 2013, the 1733: 1729: 1721: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1531:. The caliph 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1498: 1497:Ottoman Turks 1494: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:Eastern world 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388:Carthaginians 1386:defeated the 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1312: 1303: 1296: 1291: 1281: 1271: 1270:"White Sea". 1265: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1229:Άσπρη Θάλασσα 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1186: 1176: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1126:Modern Hebrew 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086:HaYam HaGadol 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070:Carthaginians 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1032: 1022: 1012: 1008: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 966: 961: 957: 956:Mare Internum 953: 949: 944: 942: 932: 922: 912: 902: 897: 894: 885: 877: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 739: 735: 734:Gulf of Sidra 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 600: 587: 539: 527: 525: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 442: 438: 435: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 374:Average depth 372: 368: 364: 360: 352: 348: 345: 341: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 300: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 211: 204: 201: 197: 194: 190: 187: 185: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 151:Gulf of Cádiz 149: 147: 141: 138: 135: 133: 129: 124: 96: 90: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 70: 68: 64: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 18:Medditeranean 17196:Seas of Asia 17120: 17103: 17086: 17069: 17052: 17040:from Commons 17035: 17018: 16997: 16961: / 16959:List of seas 16957: / 16922:Global South 16907:Global North 16841:Atlantic Rim 16780:Ring of Fire 16760:Indian Ocean 16750:Arctic Ocean 16692:Persian Gulf 16687:Indian Ocean 16668:Adriatic Sea 16633:Arctic Ocean 16465:Amazon Basin 16460:Amazon Plain 16432:Near Oceania 16232:Mid-Atlantic 16182:Aridoamerica 16142:Northwestern 16055:Northwestern 16028:Southeastern 15920:Greater Iran 15859:Southeastern 15854:Pacific Asia 15823:Pacific Asia 15811:Northeastern 15767:Asia–Pacific 15510:Fourth World 15500:Second World 15378:Thracian Sea 15363:Sea of Crete 15353:Sea of Åland 15348:Sargasso Sea 15327: 15323:Ligurian Sea 15308:Labrador Sea 15303:Irminger Sea 15268:Bothnian Sea 15253:Balearic Sea 15223:Adriatic Sea 15182:Gulf of Lion 15120:Bothnian Bay 15115:Bay of Fundy 15024: 15005: 14879:Sea of Japan 14754:Bismarck Sea 14706:Persian Gulf 14691:Gulf of Suez 14686:Gulf of Oman 14666:Gulf of Aden 14633:Indian Ocean 14613:Thracian Sea 14598:Sea of Crete 14588:Sea of Åland 14583:Sargasso Sea 14562: 14558:Ligurian Sea 14543:Labrador Sea 14533:Irminger Sea 14488:Gulf of Lion 14443:Bothnian Sea 14433:Bay of Fundy 14408:Balearic Sea 14373:Adriatic Sea 14295:Beaufort Sea 14277:Arctic Ocean 14202:Amundsen Sea 14131:Thracian Sea 14116:Sea of Crete 14111:Ligurian Sea 14091:Balearic Sea 14076:Adriatic Sea 14022:Dependencies 13872: 13801: 13740:10754/679702 13723: 13719: 13709: 13697:. Retrieved 13688: 13679: 13667:. Retrieved 13647: 13638: 13603: 13598: 13586:. Retrieved 13532: 13525: 13516: 13504:. Retrieved 13497:the original 13484: 13472:. Retrieved 13458: 13446:. Retrieved 13442:the original 13432: 13420:. Retrieved 13406: 13394:. Retrieved 13390:the original 13366: 13354:. Retrieved 13345: 13336: 13328:the original 13318: 13306:. Retrieved 13295: 13286: 13274:. Retrieved 13263: 13254: 13235: 13229: 13202: 13196: 13184:. Retrieved 13175: 13166: 13154:. Retrieved 13147:the original 13134: 13122:. Retrieved 13102: 13095: 13085:15 September 13083:. Retrieved 13074: 13065: 13055:20 September 13053:. Retrieved 13046:the original 13018:. Retrieved 13010:The Guardian 13009: 12999: 12972: 12966: 12956: 12932: 12913: 12908:, Berne 1995 12905: 12900: 12892: 12887: 12832:The Guardian 12830: 12814: 12806: 12802: 12794: 12787:PLOS ONE 5.8 12786: 12781: 12769:. Retrieved 12762:the original 12733: 12729: 12716: 12707: 12671: 12665: 12624: 12620: 12614: 12581: 12577: 12571: 12559:. Retrieved 12523: 12519: 12506: 12471: 12467: 12457: 12427:(1): 43–60. 12424: 12418: 12405: 12394: 12351: 12347: 12341: 12335:(in Slovene) 12326:. Retrieved 12309:(2): 11–17. 12306: 12302: 12288: 12278:28 September 12276:. Retrieved 12257: 12247: 12206: 12202: 12196: 12184:. Retrieved 12177:the original 12172: 12169:Stratigraphy 12168: 12155: 12122: 12118: 12112: 12077: 12073: 12063: 12029: 12025: 12019: 11986: 11982: 11975: 11942: 11938: 11932: 11920:. Retrieved 11903: 11899: 11889: 11854: 11850: 11840: 11805: 11801: 11791: 11758: 11754: 11747: 11714: 11710: 11668: 11664: 11617: 11613: 11603: 11578: 11574: 11568: 11517: 11513: 11503: 11471:(1): 15970. 11468: 11464: 11450: 11423: 11419: 11405: 11380: 11376: 11369: 11336: 11332: 11326: 11293: 11289: 11283: 11250: 11246: 11202: 11198: 11188: 11161: 11157: 11147: 11122: 11118: 11112: 11087: 11083: 11076: 11051: 11047: 11040: 11028:. Retrieved 10990: 10977: 10965:. Retrieved 10944: 10932:. Retrieved 10912: 10905: 10878: 10874: 10864: 10829: 10825: 10803: 10784: 10778: 10766:. Retrieved 10751: 10739:. Retrieved 10730: 10721: 10709:. Retrieved 10694: 10682:. Retrieved 10673: 10664: 10652:. Retrieved 10643: 10634: 10622:. Retrieved 10613: 10604: 10592:. Retrieved 10583: 10574: 10562:. Retrieved 10553: 10544: 10532:. Retrieved 10523: 10514: 10502:. Retrieved 10493: 10484: 10472:. Retrieved 10463: 10454: 10442:. Retrieved 10433: 10424: 10412:. Retrieved 10403: 10394: 10386: 10379:. Retrieved 10355: 10348: 10338:15 September 10336:. Retrieved 10322: 10310:. Retrieved 10296: 10286:15 September 10284:. Retrieved 10275: 10266: 10254:. Retrieved 10240: 10230:15 September 10228:. Retrieved 10219: 10210: 10198: 10189: 10182:. Retrieved 10164: 10152:. Retrieved 10140:"San Marino" 10134: 10126: 10119:. Retrieved 10095: 10088: 10076:. Retrieved 10072:the original 10062: 10044: 10037:. Retrieved 10033:the original 10012: 10005:. Retrieved 9981: 9974: 9967:respectively 9965: 9945:10045/121760 9917: 9911: 9901: 9892: 9885:. Retrieved 9861: 9841: 9832: 9825: 9816: 9809:. Retrieved 9785: 9778: 9766:. Retrieved 9759:the original 9729:. Retrieved 9720: 9711: 9684: 9680: 9670: 9661: 9649:. Retrieved 9640: 9631: 9619:. Retrieved 9610: 9601: 9589:. Retrieved 9580: 9571: 9559:. Retrieved 9545: 9533:. Retrieved 9524: 9515: 9503:. Retrieved 9494: 9485: 9475: 9466: 9458: 9449: 9441: 9426: 9418: 9402: 9390:. Retrieved 9376: 9364:. Retrieved 9348: 9340: 9328:. Retrieved 9308: 9301: 9282: 9273: 9261:. Retrieved 9241: 9234: 9214: 9207: 9194: 9181: 9175: 9163:. Retrieved 9153: 9146: 9141: 9129:. Retrieved 9115: 9103:. Retrieved 9089: 9081:the original 9075: 9070:Özhan Öztürk 9065: 9061: 9057: 9054:Özhan Öztürk 9049: 9041: 9036: 9028: 9006:. Retrieved 8997: 8987: 8976:the original 8971: 8967: 8937:. Retrieved 8928: 8918: 8895: 8884: 8876:the original 8862: 8843: 8840:Mare Nostrum 8839: 8833: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8779: 8773: 8761:. Retrieved 8752: 8749:"Nile River" 8743: 8734: 8725: 8706: 8696: 8665:Through the 8661: 8653:Through the 8649: 8641:Through the 8637: 8625:Through the 8621: 8613:Through the 8609: 8589:Through the 8585: 8577:Through the 8573: 8564: 8304:, view From 8168:, Montenegro 8166:Sveti Stefan 8040:La Condamine 8022:Old city of 8008:Europa Point 7986:exceptional 7981: 7962: 7959: 7935:bluefin tuna 7927: 7899: 7880: 7872:naval fleets 7864: 7860:mass tourism 7852:Amalfi Coast 7849: 7461: 7446: 7409: 7343: 7323: 7290: 7273: 7244: 7231:Indo-Pacific 7220: 7192:Bitter Lakes 7188:tidal strait 7173: 7136:forest fires 7127: 7104: 7065: 7045:World War II 7041: 7028: 6984: 6958: 6915: 6908: 6896:biodiversity 6857:biodiversity 6842: 6835: 6826:Biodiversity 6800: 6797:Paleoclimate 6771: 6746: 6742: 6730:Late Miocene 6728:(during the 6710: 6681: 6650: 6618: 6575:Indian Ocean 6499:Tethys Ocean 6492: 6477: 6471:October 2018 6468: 6453:Please help 6441: 6390:Calypso Deep 6387: 6383:Amazon River 6372: 6339:Tethys Ocean 6328: 6318: 6315:karst spring 6313:A submarine 6286: 6277: 6269:spring bloom 6258: 6253: 6246:Gulf of Lion 6240: 6239:Chlorophyll 6222: 6210:oligotrophic 6202:biodiversity 6199: 6166: 6146:anticyclonic 6143: 6139: 6118:Gulf of Lion 6110:Adriatic Sea 6096:through the 6088: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6063:oceanography 6060: 6049: 6031: 6024: 6013:Oceanography 6006:21.4 (70.5) 5960:22.3 (72.1) 5914:22.3 (72.1) 5868:21.7 (71.1) 5822:21.8 (71.2) 5776:19.7 (67.5) 5730:19.3 (66.7) 5684:17.4 (63.3) 5638:19.9 (67.8) 5592:19.3 (66.7) 5546:16.6 (61.9) 5500:17.8 (64.0) 5454:18.6 (65.5) 5314: 5090: 5083:XVI century 5043:Gozo Channel 5025:Bay of Kotor 4920:Tripolitania 4814:Gulf of Lion 4801:Kvarner Gulf 4791:Thessaloniki 4773:Saronic Gulf 4766:Mount Pelion 4696:Ras Ibn Hani 4678: 4667: 4622:View of the 4609: 4594:Cilician Sea 4571:Sea of Crete 4559:between the 4552:in its north 4550:Thracian Sea 4509:Balearic Sea 4490: 4440:Adriatic Sea 4409:enclosed by 4392:Ligurian Sea 4382:Balearic Sea 4355: 4344:Subdivisions 4123:Thessaloniki 4070: 4051: 4033: 4007: 3981: 3955: 3929: 3903: 3877: 3851: 3825: 3799: 3773: 3747: 3721: 3695: 3669: 3643: 3617: 3591: 3565: 3539: 3513: 3487: 3461: 3435: 3409: 3377: 3330:Thessaloniki 3221: 3207: 3181: 3151: 3101: 3096: 2995: 2993: 2968: 2962:, Alps, and 2896: 2775:Cape Spartel 2773:(Spain) and 2745: 2720:Note 3: The 2719: 2703:Thracian Sea 2700: 2690:Note 1: The 2689: 2665:List of seas 2630: 2607: 2572: 2547:Ligurian Sea 2545: 2521:Sea of Crete 2519: 2492: 2451:Adriatic Sea 2449: 2428:Balearic Sea 2426: 2395: 2373:Thracian Sea 2371: 2351: 2331: 2304: 2277: 2222: 2183: 2147: 2131:Balearic Sea 2129:Es Malvins, 2073:The typical 2072: 2061: 1943: 1916: 1905: 1862: 1769: 1754: 1738: 1670: 1647: 1636: 1624: 1616:Ottoman Navy 1606:(1538). The 1586: 1563: 1551: 1545: 1533:al-Mustansir 1521:Cairo Geniza 1502: 1495:against the 1461:Viking raids 1434: 1422:Roman Empire 1411: 1401:Mare Nostrum 1399: 1396:Roman Empire 1394:founded the 1377: 1363: 1349: 1317: 1311:Roman Empire 1263: 1259: 1238: 1233: 1220:Baḥr-i Safīd 1219: 1201: 1200:, it is the 1195: 1184: 1174: 1158: 1144: 1138: 1129: 1085: 1067: 1062: 1055:Daryāy-e Rōm 1054: 1045: 1040: 1030: 1020: 1006: 998: 993: 989: 988:("middle"), 985: 969: 965:Mare Nostrum 963: 960:Roman Empire 955: 951: 945: 940: 930: 920: 910: 898: 890: 762: 754:Roman Empire 743: 698:Calypso Deep 695: 656: 624:North Africa 537: 535: 521: 403:80–100 years 390:Water volume 366:Surface area 351:§Hydrography 78:North Africa 43: 17020:Definitions 16937:Global West 16897:Global East 16856:Pacific Rim 16798:waterbodies 16787:World Ocean 16612:New Zealand 16492:The Guianas 16381:Australasia 16324:West Indies 16247:New England 16227:Great Lakes 16197:Mesoamerica 16084:Middle East 16060:Scandinavia 15949:Middle East 15787:Caspian Sea 15693:Great Lakes 15673:Sub-Saharan 15659:Middle East 15522:Hemispheres 15505:Third World 15495:First World 15448:'s primary 15358:Sea of Azov 15333:Myrtoan Sea 15288:Icarian Sea 15233:Alboran Sea 15135:Pottles Bay 14957:Caspian Sea 14929:Visayan Sea 14909:Solomon Sea 14904:Sibuyan Sea 14899:Shantar Sea 14854:Molucca Sea 14849:Mar de Grau 14779:Chilean Sea 14774:Celebes Sea 14769:Camotes Sea 14734:Arafura Sea 14646:Arabian Sea 14641:Andaman Sea 14593:Sea of Azov 14568:Myrtoan Sea 14383:Alboran Sea 14335:Pechora Sea 14330:Lincoln Sea 14300:Chukchi Sea 14290:Barents Sea 14267:Weddell Sea 14237:Lazarev Sea 14086:Alboran Sea 13588:8 September 13308:23 November 12377:1874/326590 11520:(1): 5911. 11461:regulation" 10741:18 December 10312:7 September 10256:27 November 9768:28 December 9731:28 November 9535:12 December 9330:17 November 9263:17 November 9008:29 November 8939:29 November 8536:(1911), by 8010:, Gibraltar 7924:Overfishing 7918:Overfishing 7902:sea turtles 7883:degradation 7660:Gioia Tauro 7464:oil tankers 7357:mineral oil 7206:across the 7123:Herculaneum 6990:sediments, 6918:Alboran Sea 6834:Soft coral 6804:eolian dust 6786:Macaronesia 6736:age). Many 6720:during the 6226:Alboran Sea 6206:chlorophyll 6081:elsewhere. 6033:Evaporation 5106:Population 4781:Mirtoan Sea 4578:Icarian Sea 4565:Peloponnese 4557:Myrtoan Sea 4372:Alboran Sea 4251:Palestine: 3059:South Sudan 3028:Switzerland 2981:Lake Geneva 2881:Hydrography 2843:Cape Helles 2813: / 2756:Dardanelles 2707:Myrtoan Sea 2574:Alboran Sea 2353:Myrtoan Sea 2333:Icarian Sea 1919:Alborán Sea 1896:Dardanelles 1827:Dardanelles 1682:Suez Crisis 1566:Middle Ages 1493:Holy League 1441:Caspian Sea 1359:Phoenicians 1355:city states 1337:Phoenicians 1114:Philistines 1063:Zrēh ī Hrōm 952:Mare Magnum 911:hē thálassa 756:maintained 440:Settlements 193:Dardanelles 118: / 93:Coordinates 17135:Categories 17071:Quotations 16678:Ionian Sea 16673:Aegean Sea 16643:Baltic Sea 16575:Antarctica 16427:Micronesia 16396:New Guinea 16354:Portuguese 16272:West Coast 16222:East Coast 16217:Bible Belt 16212:Appalachia 15891:Subregions 15799:Inner Asia 15717:Antarctica 15617:Continents 15590:Antarctica 15565:Landmasses 15475:Down Under 15470:Arab World 15454:subregions 15388:Wadden Sea 15318:Libyan Sea 15293:Ionian Sea 15278:Celtic Sea 15258:Baltic Sea 15228:Aegean Sea 15125:Hudson Bay 15100:Baffin Bay 15084:Foxe Basin 14993:Superocean 14967:Salton Sea 14934:Yellow Sea 14924:Tasman Sea 14869:Salish Sea 14749:Bering Sea 14656:Flores Sea 14623:Wadden Sea 14553:Libyan Sea 14523:Ionian Sea 14518:Hudson Bay 14463:Foxe Basin 14453:Celtic Sea 14413:Baltic Sea 14403:Baffin Bay 14378:Aegean Sea 14350:Wandel Sea 14325:Laptev Sea 14257:Scotia Sea 14242:Mawson Sea 14106:Libyan Sea 14096:Ionian Sea 14081:Aegean Sea 13959:Montenegro 13541:World Bank 13356:8 November 13176:Al-Monitor 12771:4 December 12758:1874/19041 12702:(Abstract) 12186:5 November 10956:(Report). 10808:Pinet 1996 10414:4 November 9721:Britannica 9687:(3): 635. 9525:EUobserver 9392:17 January 9366:17 January 8998:Parsi Wiki 8929:Parsi Wiki 8912:required.) 8688:References 8399:Atlantropa 8302:Alexandria 8268:A view of 8248:A view of 8230:Burj Islam 8164:A view of 8120:, Slovenia 8102:Birżebbuġa 8024:Ibiza Town 7965:Greenpeace 7951:red mullet 7911:See also: 7906:monk seals 7804:Nemrut Bay 7676:Tanger-Med 7612:Marsaxlokk 7476:oil spills 7429:Marseilles 7389:trawl nets 7374:endangered 7361:phosphates 7308:Nile Delta 7257:(CBD) and 7235:introduced 7176:Suez Canal 7164:Suez Canal 7117:cities of 7092:Mount Etna 7032:latifundia 6988:floodplain 6966:See also: 6753:Atlantropa 6738:diatomites 6714:evaporites 6672:See also: 6662:geodynamic 6555:Ionian Sea 6551:subduction 6549:plates in 6394:Ionian Sea 6363:evaporites 6357:and Early 6303:See also: 6153:Ionian Sea 6149:ocean gyre 6122:convection 6116:, and the 6114:Aegean Sea 5966:Alexandria 5171:1,088,503 5152:1,672,804 5133:5,048,995 5085:watchtower 5029:Montenegro 4981:İskenderun 4979:, between 4958:, between 4947:, between 4933:, between 4918:, between 4830:, between 4657:Ionian Sea 4543:Aegean Sea 4529:Libyan Sea 4499:, between 4473:Other seas 4466:Aegean Sea 4456:Montenegro 4435:and Greece 4429:Ionian Sea 4330:İskenderun 4091:Alexandria 4038:2,500,000 3887:Montenegro 3348:Mount Etna 3284:Alexandria 3269:Alexandria 3259:Gaza Strip 3134:Montenegro 3020:San Marino 2872:Gaza Strip 2850:Suez Canal 2760:Suez Canal 2732:See also: 2715:Aegean Sea 2652:2,500,000 2479:Montenegro 2397:Ionian Sea 2306:Aegean Sea 2185:Libyan Sea 2091:tangerines 2064:Alpine arc 2042:, and the 1939:El Agheila 1931:Monfalcone 1908:Suez Canal 1875:(known in 1747:president 1673:Suez Canal 1600:Barbarossa 1568:after the 1529:Alexandria 1380:Punic Wars 1331:and other 1309: The 1260:Byalo More 1212:Aegean Sea 1170:بحر الرومي 1122:Israelites 1078:Phoenician 950:called it 793:Montenegro 702:Ionian Sea 644:desiccated 447:Alexandria 382:Max. depth 284:Montenegro 17105:Resources 16990:Geography 16874:Antarctic 16658:Irish Sea 16648:Black Sea 16607:Australia 16556:Caribbean 16533:continent 16507:Patagonia 16437:Polynesia 16415:Melanesia 16408:Zealandia 16386:Australia 16267:Southwest 16187:Caribbean 15964:Near East 15605:submerged 15600:Zealandia 15595:Australia 15485:Old World 15480:New World 15338:North Sea 15298:Irish Sea 15263:Black Sea 15130:James Bay 14889:Seram Sea 14859:Moro Gulf 14784:Coral Sea 14764:Bohol Sea 14759:Bohai Sea 14744:Banda Sea 14716:Timor Sea 14573:North Sea 14538:James Bay 14528:Irish Sea 14438:Black Sea 14355:White Sea 14262:Somov Sea 14222:Davis Sea 14043:Gibraltar 14012:Palestine 13774:250622761 13748:1354-1013 13699:21 August 13630:240665765 13575:134161640 13156:11 August 13124:2 January 12698:1613-2580 12657:205227033 12548:129573384 12498:128771539 12449:1874/1632 12386:134905445 12315:0016-7274 12239:205218854 12104:1812-0792 12054:0967-0645 12011:0967-0637 11967:0198-0149 11912:0399-1784 11881:1726-4189 11832:1726-4189 11783:1463-5003 11739:0886-6236 11693:0886-6236 11620:: e9355. 11560:108292968 11442:2296-7745 11383:: 13–23. 11361:0930-7575 11318:0028-0836 11275:0094-8276 11229:1726-4189 10897:2194-8798 10842:CiteSeerX 10768:5 October 10711:5 October 10684:11 August 10654:5 October 10624:11 August 10594:11 August 10564:20 August 10534:11 August 10504:11 August 10474:11 August 10444:11 August 10203:Jonah 1:3 9962:247013753 9954:0930-7575 9703:2071-1050 9591:20 August 9457:– 1992 – 9165:31 August 9131:22 August 9105:22 August 9066:Karadeniz 8813:, series 8643:Marecchia 8516:Piri Reis 8352:, Algeria 8336:, Tunisia 8332:Beach of 8300:Coast of 8256:, Lebanon 8183:, Albania 8136:, Croatia 7955:sea bream 7947:swordfish 7895:pollution 7834:Beach in 7644:Algeciras 7628:La Spezia 7516:Barcelona 7433:Barcelona 7345:Pollution 7340:Pollution 7334:corridors 7312:Egyptians 7253:, and to 7096:Stromboli 7060:Stromboli 6950:drift net 6938:swordfish 6806:from the 6758:Eurafrika 6734:Messinian 6697:Tortonian 6573:into the 6531:Oligocene 6515:Neotethys 6442:does not 6343:Neotethys 6317:, called 6237:grams of 6178:aragonite 5736:Heraklion 5506:Marseille 5460:Barcelona 4951:and Italy 4924:Cyrenaica 4838:peninsula 4836:Calabrian 4795:Macedonia 4768:peninsula 4643:L'Estaque 4484:, Italy, 4326:Çanakkale 4302:Tunisia: 4275:Cartagena 4271:Barcelona 4253:Gaza City 4241:Morocco: 4203:Lebanon: 4131:Heraklion 4105:Marseille 4099:Port Said 4075:Algeria: 3913:Palestine 3280:Barcelona 3254:on Cyprus 3232:Gibraltar 3172:Palestine 2868:Palestine 2826:(Tunisia) 2722:Black Sea 2598:Gibraltar 2252:Palestine 1973:Kefalonia 1892:Black Sea 1778:Geography 1690:Silk Road 1658:Trafalgar 1650:Gibraltar 1537:Jerusalem 1469:White Sea 1321:Egyptians 1257:Bulgarian 1249:Black Sea 1216:Black Sea 1190:بحرالمغرب 1180:بحر الشام 1164:بحر الروم 1110:Holy Land 1007:mesógeios 906:ἡ θάλασσα 857:Gibraltar 821:Palestine 746:merchants 632:West Asia 524:full list 502:Marseille 452:Barcelona 344:Gibraltar 306:Palestine 115:35°N 18°E 83:West Asia 16401:Tasmania 16349:Hispanic 16207:Northern 16154:Germanic 16132:Atlantic 16074:Southern 16035:Northern 16001:Caucasus 15937:Dead Sea 15908:Caucasus 15876:Southern 15869:Maritime 15864:Mainland 15837:Northern 15818:Far East 15777:Aral Sea 15700:Southern 15644:Northern 15144:Channels 15026:Category 14962:Dead Sea 14952:Aral Sea 14919:Sulu Sea 14874:Savu Sea 14844:Koro Sea 14839:Java Sea 14739:Bali Sea 14320:Kara Sea 14252:Ross Sea 13969:Slovenia 13826:Archived 13814:Archived 13794:(1911). 13766:35848527 13693:Archived 13660:Archived 13606:. 2019. 13579:Archived 13506:1 August 13474:23 April 13468:Archived 13448:23 April 13438:"EUROPA" 13422:23 April 13416:Archived 13396:23 April 13350:Archived 13302:Archived 13297:BBC News 13270:Archived 13180:Archived 13118:Archived 13079:Archived 13014:Archived 12941:Archived 12921:Archived 12872:Archived 12862:Archived 12823:Archived 12799:Hsu K.J. 12649:22170684 12606:34247931 12552:Archived 12319:Archived 12272:Archived 12231:20010684 12147:52266741 11916:Archived 11646:32612887 11552:30976028 11495:36153366 11068:23452851 11021:Archived 11017:55831361 10967:23 April 10958:Archived 10928:Archived 10762:Archived 10735:Archived 10705:Archived 10678:Archived 10648:Archived 10618:Archived 10588:Archived 10558:Archived 10528:Archived 10498:Archived 10468:Archived 10438:Archived 10408:Archived 10381:15 April 10375:Archived 10332:Archived 10306:Archived 10280:Archived 10250:Archived 10224:Archived 10184:14 March 10178:Archived 10154:22 April 10148:Archived 10121:15 April 10115:Archived 10078:15 April 10039:16 April 10001:Archived 9881:Archived 9805:Archived 9791:Elsevier 9725:Archived 9645:Archived 9615:Archived 9585:Archived 9555:Archived 9529:Archived 9505:14 March 9499:Archived 9434:Archived 9411:Archived 9386:Archived 9324:Archived 9281:(2006). 9257:Archived 9159:Archived 9125:Archived 9099:Archived 9031:, 2nd ed 9002:Archived 8933:Archived 8763:12 March 8757:Archived 8405:Babelmed 8370:See also 8334:Hammamet 8272:, Israel 8217:, Cyprus 8202:, Turkey 8196:Ölüdeniz 8148:View of 8088:, Greece 8071:Sardinia 8058:, France 8042:, Monaco 7931:albacore 7580:Limassol 7500:Valencia 7455:Port of 7413:Valencia 7395:Shipping 7249:and the 7233:origin, 7227:decapods 7140:Tsunamis 7082:legend. 7080:Atlantis 7004:classics 6934:sardines 6861:currents 6847:in open 6816:sapropel 6812:detrital 6793:region. 6782:Pliocene 6762:Desertec 6625:Cenozoic 6621:Mesozoic 6569:and the 6547:tectonic 6519:Pyrenees 6511:Jurassic 6507:Gondwana 6503:Laurasia 6495:Eurasian 6359:Jurassic 6355:Triassic 6293:bacteria 6281:Redfield 6094:Atlantic 6041:salinity 6003:20 (68) 6000:22 (72) 5997:25 (77) 5994:26 (79) 5991:26 (79) 5988:25 (77) 5985:23 (73) 5982:20 (68) 5979:18 (64) 5976:17 (63) 5973:17 (63) 5970:18 (64) 5957:20 (68) 5954:23 (73) 5951:26 (79) 5948:28 (82) 5945:28 (82) 5942:27 (81) 5939:24 (75) 5936:21 (70) 5933:18 (64) 5930:17 (63) 5927:17 (63) 5924:18 (64) 5920:Tel Aviv 5911:19 (66) 5908:22 (72) 5905:25 (77) 5902:28 (82) 5899:29 (84) 5896:28 (82) 5893:25 (77) 5890:21 (70) 5887:18 (64) 5884:17 (63) 5881:17 (63) 5878:18 (64) 5865:19 (66) 5862:22 (72) 5859:25 (77) 5856:27 (81) 5853:28 (82) 5850:26 (79) 5847:24 (75) 5844:20 (68) 5841:18 (64) 5838:17 (63) 5835:17 (63) 5832:18 (64) 5828:Limassol 5819:19 (66) 5816:22 (72) 5813:25 (77) 5810:27 (81) 5807:29 (84) 5804:27 (81) 5801:24 (75) 5798:21 (70) 5795:17 (63) 5792:16 (61) 5789:17 (63) 5786:17 (63) 5773:18 (64) 5770:20 (68) 5767:22 (72) 5764:24 (75) 5761:25 (77) 5758:24 (75) 5755:22 (72) 5752:19 (66) 5749:16 (61) 5746:15 (59) 5743:15 (59) 5740:16 (61) 5727:18 (64) 5724:19 (66) 5721:21 (70) 5718:24 (75) 5715:24 (75) 5712:24 (75) 5709:21 (70) 5706:18 (64) 5703:16 (61) 5700:15 (59) 5697:15 (59) 5694:16 (61) 5681:14 (57) 5678:16 (61) 5675:20 (68) 5672:23 (73) 5669:26 (79) 5666:25 (77) 5663:22 (72) 5660:18 (64) 5657:13 (55) 5654:11 (52) 5651:10 (50) 5648:11 (52) 5635:18 (64) 5632:21 (70) 5629:23 (73) 5626:25 (77) 5623:26 (79) 5620:24 (75) 5617:21 (70) 5614:18 (64) 5611:16 (61) 5608:15 (59) 5605:16 (61) 5602:16 (61) 5589:16 (61) 5586:19 (66) 5583:22 (72) 5580:25 (77) 5577:27 (81) 5574:25 (77) 5571:22 (72) 5568:18 (64) 5565:15 (59) 5562:14 (57) 5559:14 (57) 5556:15 (59) 5543:14 (57) 5540:16 (61) 5537:18 (64) 5534:21 (70) 5531:22 (72) 5528:21 (70) 5525:18 (64) 5522:16 (61) 5519:14 (57) 5516:13 (55) 5513:13 (55) 5510:13 (55) 5497:15 (59) 5494:17 (63) 5491:20 (68) 5488:23 (73) 5485:25 (77) 5482:23 (73) 5479:20 (68) 5476:17 (63) 5473:14 (57) 5470:13 (55) 5467:12 (54) 5464:13 (55) 5451:17 (63) 5448:18 (64) 5445:20 (68) 5442:22 (72) 5439:23 (73) 5436:22 (72) 5433:20 (68) 5430:18 (64) 5427:16 (61) 5424:16 (61) 5421:15 (59) 5418:16 (61) 5285:117,007 5247:869,067 5228:218,000 5209:623,666 5190:299,209 5142:Sardinia 5097:Country 5073:Sardinia 5020:(Turkey) 5009:(Turkey) 4998:(Turkey) 4987:(Turkey) 4960:Sardinia 4698:cape in 4674:Mallorca 4580:between 4563:and the 4561:Cyclades 4531:between 4517:between 4501:Sardinia 4482:Positano 4444:Slovenia 4411:Sardinia 4394:between 4316:Turkey: 4287:Valencia 4267:Badalona 4259:Alicante 4237:Valletta 4215:Benghazi 4153:Tel Aviv 4135:Israel: 4117:Greece: 4103:France: 4095:Damietta 4041:970,000 3965:Slovenia 3580:102,047 3554:128,843 3528:169,125 3505:100,000 3502:260,000 3479:137,299 3476:355,604 3453:190,622 3450:493,708 3427:209,235 3424:541,915 3390:Country 3363:Istanbul 3313:(now in 3122:Slovenia 3067:Tanzania 3047:Ethiopia 3008:Bulgaria 2960:Pyrenees 2914:and the 2912:Moulouya 2839:Kum Kale 2824:Cape Bon 2777:(Africa) 2758:and the 2701:Note 2: 2655:970,000 2635:500,000 2499:120,000 2483:Slovenia 2456:138,000 2433:150,000 2402:169,000 2311:214,000 2284:275,000 2229:320,000 2190:350,000 2144:, Greece 2036:Sardinia 1900:Bosporus 1898:and the 1890:and the 1850:Anatolia 1686:Cold War 1684:and the 1553:outremer 1548:Crusades 1505:Fatimids 1465:Norsemen 1430:Umayyads 1392:Augustus 1373:triremes 1357:and the 1329:Hittites 1323:and the 781:Slovenia 691:Sardinia 620:Anatolia 482:Valencia 311:Slovenia 66:Location 16602:Oceania 16590:by area 16546:America 16523:Islands 16373:Oceania 16237:Midwest 16192:Central 16159:Romance 16127:Western 15996:Balkans 15991:Eastern 15986:Central 15954:Mashriq 15898:Western 15842:Siberia 15794:Eastern 15772:Central 15705:Western 15678:Central 15654:Mashriq 15649:Maghreb 15639:Saharan 15585:America 15578:Eurasia 15450:regions 14711:Red Sea 14058:(Spain) 14055:Melilla 13984:Tunisia 13964:Morocco 13939:Lebanon 13904:Croatia 13894:Algeria 13889:Albania 13757:9543131 13669:1 March 13276:9 March 13186:12 July 12977:Bibcode 12949:Reuters 12805:, Vol. 12789:, 2010. 12738:Bibcode 12629:Bibcode 12586:Bibcode 12578:Geology 12528:Bibcode 12476:Bibcode 12429:Bibcode 12356:Bibcode 12211:Bibcode 12127:Bibcode 12082:Bibcode 12034:Bibcode 11991:Bibcode 11947:Bibcode 11859:Bibcode 11810:Bibcode 11763:Bibcode 11719:Bibcode 11673:Bibcode 11637:7320722 11583:Bibcode 11543:6459914 11522:Bibcode 11486:9509385 11385:Bibcode 11341:Bibcode 11298:Bibcode 11255:Bibcode 11207:Bibcode 11166:Bibcode 11127:Bibcode 11092:Bibcode 10834:Bibcode 10330:. FAO. 9922:Bibcode 9641:Reuters 9384:. BBC. 9062:Akdeniz 8733:at the 8595:Maritsa 8308:, Egypt 8250:Raouché 8236:, Syria 8234:Latakia 8232:Beach, 8104:, Malta 8086:Navagio 8026:, Spain 7994:Gallery 7856:Barcola 7838:on the 7836:Antalya 7823:Tourism 7692:Leghorn 7564:Piraeus 7548:Ambarlı 7457:Trieste 7421:Trieste 7417:Piraeus 7223:endemic 7198:(after 7180:Red Sea 7119:Pompeii 7107:Plinian 7088:volcano 7072:tsunami 7030:as the 6998:'s and 6774:Miocene 6619:During 6535:Miocene 6463:removed 6448:sources 6406:Tunisia 6392:in the 6321:, near 6299:Geology 6273:density 6265:biomass 6102:Corsica 6073:or the 5782:Antalya 5311:Climate 5304:51,936 5290:Greece 5271:Greece 5266:90,643 5252:Greece 5237:Majorca 5214:Greece 5195:Greece 5180:Corsica 5176:France 5157:Cyprus 5146:23,821 5127:25,460 5100:Island 5075:(Italy) 5007:Fethiye 4964:Corsica 4949:Corsica 4939:Tunisia 4903:Albania 4805:Croatia 4732:Morocco 4723:, Syria 4700:Latakia 4681:straits 4653:Sarandë 4541:In the 4523:Tunisia 4460:Albania 4448:Croatia 4433:Albania 4415:Corsica 4402:(Italy) 4400:Liguria 4396:Corsica 4376:Morocco 4322:Antalya 4294:Latakia 4292:Syria: 4263:Almería 4257:Spain: 4247:Tangier 4243:Tétouan 4235:Malta: 4223:Tripoli 4219:Misrata 4213:Libya: 4209:Tripoli 4195:Trieste 4191:Taranto 4187:Pescara 4179:Palermo 4171:Messina 4163:Catania 4157:Italy: 4145:Netanya 4089:Egypt: 4077:Algiers 3866:10,189 3840:13,691 3835:Albania 3814:17,676 3788:18,302 3783:Morocco 3762:19,265 3757:Lebanon 3736:25,139 3713:21,445 3710:55,542 3687:22,792 3684:59,032 3679:Croatia 3661:27,875 3658:72,195 3635:31,047 3632:80,412 3609:34,127 3606:88,389 3583:39,401 3575:Tunisia 3557:49,747 3549:Algeria 3531:65,300 3387:Number 3344:Catania 3242:Melilla 3194:Tunisia 3190:Algeria 3186:Morocco 3164:Lebanon 3138:Albania 3126:Croatia 3043:Eritrea 3039:Burundi 3004:Andorra 2948:Maritsa 2856:Lebanon 2801:12°22′E 2798:37°47′N 2638:190,000 2614:11,500 2594:Algeria 2590:Morocco 2579:53,000 2552:80,000 2529:37,000 2526:95,000 2471:Croatia 2463:Albania 2413:Albania 2287:106,000 2244:Lebanon 2232:120,000 2193:140,000 2158:Number 2142:Lefkada 2087:oranges 2056:Menorca 2052:Majorca 2040:Corsica 2026:Korčula 1995:in the 1912:Red Sea 1886:to the 1871:by the 1867:to the 1844:in the 1807:Maghreb 1741:Maltese 1678:Trieste 1620:galleys 1588:Ottoman 1541:hospice 1369:Red Sea 1325:Minoans 1274:History 1264:Akdeniz 1253:Red Sea 1207:ﺁق دڭيز 1202:Akdeniz 1198:Turkish 1108:or the 1102:1 Kings 1098:Ezekiel 1090:Numbers 1076:texts, 974:Solinus 841:Morocco 837:Algeria 833:Tunisia 813:Lebanon 797:Albania 785:Croatia 700:in the 675:Morocco 602:) is a 599:-nee-ən 595:-ih-tə- 512:Tangier 507:Tripoli 487:Antalya 457:Algiers 429:Islands 326:Tunisia 289:Morocco 264:Lebanon 229:Croatia 219:Algeria 214:Albania 16976:Portal 16889:Global 16879:Arctic 16818:Rivers 16796:Other 16730:Oceans 16585:Europe 16541:Africa 16334:French 16202:Middle 16164:Slavic 16149:Celtic 16050:Nordic 16040:Baltic 15978:Europe 15932:Levant 15626:Africa 15462:Worlds 15077:Basins 14976:Others 14182:oceans 13989:Turkey 13954:Monaco 13929:Israel 13924:Greece 13919:France 13909:Cyprus 13772: 13764: 13754: 13746: 13628: 13618: 13573: 13563: 13242: 13217: 13110: 12696: 12686: 12655: 12647: 12621:Nature 12604: 12561:19 May 12546: 12496: 12384: 12313: 12264: 12237: 12229: 12203:Nature 12145: 12102: 12052: 12009: 11965: 11910: 11879: 11830: 11781: 11737: 11691: 11644: 11634: 11558: 11550: 11540: 11493: 11483: 11440: 11359: 11316: 11290:Nature 11273: 11227: 11066: 11030:5 July 11015: 11005: 10920: 10895: 10844: 10791: 10367: 10107: 9993: 9960: 9952: 9873: 9867:UNESCO 9797: 9701: 9651:6 July 9621:6 July 9357: 9316: 9289: 9249: 9222: 9200:online 8968:Hyphen 8850: 8824: 8786: 8713: 8677:, see 8655:Struma 8631:Vardar 8601:, see 8599:Nestos 8591:Struma 8350:Béjaïa 8254:Beirut 8215:Paphos 8134:Cavtat 7943:marlin 7854:or in 7788:Gemlik 7772:Beirut 7756:Ashdod 7724:Mersin 7441:tonnes 7387:using 7385:seabed 7353:sewage 7330:Baltic 7318:Cyprus 7025:, 1966 6992:pollen 6974:, and 6940:. 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