22:
648:
865:, Alex, the anti-hero of the book, undergoes a fictional medical torture program called 'The Ludovico Technique', in which he is given a nausea-inducing drug, strapped to a chair with his eyelids forced open and forced to watch hours of films of extreme violence and rape to condition him to associate feelings of nausea with rape and violence.
270:
The UN Principles of
Medical Ethics relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UN.1982) applies specifically to medical and other health workers but it
423:
and similar psychiatric treatments have sometimes been performed not in the patient's best interests, but rather as punishment for misbehaviour or to otherwise make the patient easier to manage. A classic example of this is the Lake Alice, New
Zealand atrocity which occurred in the early 1970s.
986:
290:
are not enforceable when governments are complicit in violations. This higher standard is reflected in the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence (above all do no harm), autonomy, justice, dignity and informed consent and these are not covered comprehensively by the
874:
is that of a sadistic, psychopathic retired surgeon torturing three people by surgically connecting them mouth to rectum, forcing the last two to swallow the excrement of the person in front of them and physically beating all three of them if they try to rebel or
549:
has made clear that physicians should not be involved in interrogations of any kind, it continues to insist that it has “no specific knowledge of doctors being involved in abuse or torture,” despite evidence to the contrary, including government documents and
183:
to supplant the dated
Hippocratic Oath. The Declaration of Geneva requires medical practitioners to state " will maintain the utmost respect for human life from its beginning even under threat and I will not use my medical knowledge contrary to the laws of
934:
manga, the Ajins are immortal humans who are captured and tracked by the government in order to become test subjects for medical torture, and many experiments which implies amputations without anesthesia, repeated murdering and torture for studying their
856:, various forms of medical torture (including hallucinogens and injections) are utilized to obtain confessions and information from high-threat terrorists being interrogated in the fictional Counter-Terrorist Unit (CTU) of the United States.
327:
was the most notorious perpetrator, earning him the nickname "Angel of Death". Some doctors also ensured that inmates were painfully executed. For example, Hermann
Fischer-HĂĽllstrung, who played a role in executing notable inmates such as
537:
finally recognized that psychologists had engaged in torture. However, the
American Psychological Association has not recognized that psychologists were involved in the Bush Administration’s torture policy. Some criticize the
455:
should be revoked, alleging that
Israeli doctors performed state-endorsed "medical torture" on Palestinians. However, no official motion for expulsion was ever filed, nor were these allegations upheld by the World Medical
532:
To date, no state licensing boards or professional associations have investigated – or recognized, in some cases – abusive conduct by individual members of their professions. In 2009, after years of denial, the
1217:
897:
the central antagonist is a character nicknamed 'Dr. Danco' who surgically removes all body parts not necessary for life from his victims as what is revealed to be forfeits in a twisted game of
542:
for failing to respond to allegations of “collusion between APA officials and the national security apparatus in providing ethical cover for psychologists’ participation in detainee abuse."
1406:
912:, 1957; translated by Michael Gallagher) depicts the vivisection experiments performed by Japanese doctors on American soldiers during World War II. Kei Kumai's 1986 drama film
477:". Health professionals, including medical doctors, psychiatrists, medical examiners, psychologists, and nurses, have been implicated in the torture and abuse of prisoners in
374:, very unpleasant medications were given to these "patients" as a means of punishment. A psychiatric diagnosis was devised to describe people who oppose government policies.
1242:
255:, prohibits the use of torture under any circumstance. Under Article 2(2) of the Convention, it states that "No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of
884:
focused on an insane doctor who runs a hospital where victims are lured in and experimented with, so that the doctor can find a cure for his wife's terminal disease.
633:. However, the same sources allege that Allawi had abandoned his medical education at that point and his medical degree "was conferred upon him by the Baath party."
1547:
573:'s interrogation strategy although he has emphatically denied that he had advocated the use of SERE counter-resistance techniques to break down detainees. The
1221:
100:, either to judge what victims can endure, to apply treatments which will enhance torture, or as torturers in their own right. Medical torture overlaps with
286:
There remain gaps in regulation relating to medical torture in many countries. A higher standard of behaviour is expected of health professionals yet the
1517:
599:
332:, "had the job of reviving political prisoners after they had been hanged until they were almost dead, in order to prolong the agony of their dying."
308:
participated in the torture and murder of as many as 10,000 Chinese, Russian, Korean, American and other prisoners as well as Allied POWs during the
271:
has no implementation mechanism to ensure enforcement. It is up to state, provincial, and national bodies to enforce the standards in the document.
569:") program's chief psychologist, Col. Morgan Banks, issued guidance in early 2003 for the "behavioral science consultants" who helped to devise
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51:
1179:
116:
or in providing professional medical sanction and approval for the torture of prisoners. Medical torture also covers torturous scientific (or
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2079:
831:
1526:
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371:
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makes explicit statements against deliberate harm not in the patient's best interests. These statements are often translated as
1928:
1644:
720:
469:' When Healers Harm campaign, health professionals were complicit in the torture and abuse of detainees during U.S. President
1139:
923:
602:, British colonial Kenyan psychiatrist, has been implicated by some recent academic historians in designing interrogation of
364:
1193:
692:
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870:
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prisoners were used to identify physical and psychological weaknesses that could be exploited during abusive interrogation.
356:
1091:
1519:
699:
539:
534:
2069:
1583:
1415:
987:
International
Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
739:
73:
677:
44:
669:
466:
1649:
482:
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1036:
706:
287:
1638:
1606:
Great and
Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of Psychosurgery and Other Radical Treatments for Mental Illness
1613:
673:
585:
570:
429:
360:
1459:
1958:
1709:
1512:
1218:"Psyche, Science, and Society » Open Letter in Response to the American Psychological Association Board"
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408:
era had been forced to submit to "curing" their homosexuality, both by electroshock therapies and by botched
309:
292:
236:
688:
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2049:
2008:
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546:
805:
401:
217:
1973:
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subsequently ruled that usage of the five techniques did not constitute torture but still qualified as
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1978:
1918:
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452:
441:
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214:
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34:
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1508:
The
Aversion Project—psychiatric abuses in the South African Defence Force during the apartheid era.
1993:
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409:
320:
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38:
30:
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1016:
991:
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901:, carrying out the operations with the victim conscious and watching the procedures in a mirror.
275:
142:"I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment"
55:
577:
notes that in
November, 2001 Banks was detailed to Afghanistan, where he spent four months at
1963:
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1355:
956:
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has called for a ban on unmodified ECT, and states no form of it should be used on children.
1998:
1001:
927:, is a sadistic dentist who pulls more teeth than is necessary in order to get extra money.
776:
397:
149:
1575:
The Pol Pot regime: Race, Power, and genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-1979
1527:"Mutilated by the military: Apartheid army forced gay soldiers into sex change operations"
8:
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advised interrogators on methods of abuse that would exploit prisoners’ vulnerabilities;
428:'s open child and adolescent unit were routinely punished with unmodified ECT (that is,
1988:
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makes a number of specific statements against torture, including "The doctor shall not
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violated his obligation to medical ethics whilst serving as Western European chief of
2013:
1768:
1609:
1579:
1411:
1345:
1267:
1135:
1110:
981:
971:
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93:
440:) have since begun paying reparations to patients who suffered such treatments. The
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checking prisoners to certify that they were capable of surviving additional abuse;
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conditioning medical or mental health treatment on cooperation with interrogation;
1943:
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and monitoring interrogations that risked leaving prisoners in need of treatment;
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336:
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2018:
1948:
1933:
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1543:"South Africa: Apartheid Military Forced Gay Troops Into Sex-Change Operations"
996:
898:
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207:
191:
which explicitly outlines the boundaries of acceptable medical experimentation.
188:
129:
1095:
1067:
561:
Some other accounts of medical or professional complicity in torture include:
359:, who ruled that use of the five techniques constituted torture. However, the
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2023:
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1953:
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In 1978, "Pisaot menuh" ("Human Experiments") were performed on seventeen
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for all people, including physicians, involved in crimes against humanity.
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2003:
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1724:
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suggested that torture was routine under the appointed Iraqi government.
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sharing confidential patient information that was used to harm patients;
1983:
1805:
1795:
1430:
1321:"The New Iraq? Torture and ill-treatment of detainees in Iraqi custody"
581:, "supporting combat operations against Al Qaeda and Taliban fighters".
386:
104:
if it involves the use of professional medical expertise to facilitate
148:(Note: these statements are formulations of the ethical principles of
146:"to never deliberately do harm to anyone, for anyone else's interest."
1288:"American Civil Liberties Union : Office of Legal Counsel Memos"
1180:"British doctors seek to expel Israel from World Medical Association"
946:
447:
In 2016, a group consisting of 71 British medical doctors urged that
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405:
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1870:
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1538:
1026:
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Between 1937 and 1945, Japanese medical personnel who were part of
1132:
Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 1906–1945: Martyr, Thinker, Man of Resistance
1820:
1401:. Government Printer, Nairobi, Colony and Protectorate of Kenya.
97:
1407:
Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya
481:
secret prisons and military detention centers, such as those in
1938:
606:
prisoners. His advice was published by the Kenya Government as
460:
448:
433:
1654:
918:
is based on this book (original film title "Umi to dokuyaku").
1693:
1309:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 180–181.
132:, which all medical practitioners are expected to adhere to.
86:
Acts of torture influenced or instigated by medical personnel
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crafting abusive tactics and falsely legitimizing their use;
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614:
510:
490:
92:
describes the involvement of, or sometimes instigation by,
1968:
1479:
1129:
478:
256:
1662:
1489:"Abu Ghraib doctors knew of torture, says Lancet report"
816:
plays Nazi torturer dentist Christian Szell in Director
1068:"University of Minnesota Human Rights Library -- Links"
123:
187:
The Nuremberg Trials also led to the emergence of the
839:, depicts abuse of psychiatric techniques including
239:, which applies to medical personnel in addition to
1446:"How complicit are doctors in abuses of detainees?"
921:Dr. Jane Payne, a character in the children's book
1598:. Spring 1990. Vol. 19: Issue 3. pp. 101–110.
1556:South African Gays Terrorized During Apartheid Era
1476:Ethicist questions medical workers' role in abuse.
1354:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
1578:; Yale University Press, 2002. pp. 438–439.
120:) experimentation upon unwilling human subjects.
2041:
1506:, Sheila Lapinsky, Simon Lewin and Graeme Reid,
267:, may be invoked as a justification of torture."
43:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
167:, which were declared at the post-World War II
1434:volume 364 issue 9435, page 725 (August 2004)
525:covering up evidence of torture and abuse; and
1678:
1344:For discussion of Carothers involvement with
1426:Abu Ghraib: its legacy for military medicine
613:Similarly, it has been implied that Interim
461:Purported medical or professional complicity
432:without anesthesia). Some governments (e.g.
676:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
506:using medical procedures to harm prisoners;
1685:
1671:
1352:Colonial Psychiatry and "the African Mind"
1194:"World medical body will not expel Israel"
202:of 1949 outright prohibits the torture of
1516:volume 91 issue 3, page 216 (March 2001)
1349:
784:, is subjected to medical torture by the
740:Learn how and when to remove this message
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
567:Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape
556:International Committee of the Red Cross
1304:
528:turning a blind eye to cruel treatment.
355:'s attention, they filed a case to the
323:were subjected to medical experiments.
128:Medical torture fundamentally violates
2042:
1929:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
1397:Dr. J.C. Carothers, M.B. D.P.M. 1954.
1272:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1115:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1666:
1621:"From the Medics: Unhealthy Silence."
1172:
924:Wayside School Gets A Little Stranger
757:plays a medical torturer in Director
496:Health professionals are accused of:
415:There have been numerous claims that
365:cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
871:The Human Centipede (First Sequence)
761:'s 1985 dark comedic dystopian film
674:adding citations to reliable sources
641:
558:and multiple accounts by survivors.
357:European Commission for Human Rights
124:Medical ethics and international law
15:
400:" found that gay conscripts in the
13:
1564:, volume 26 issue 3 (October 2000)
1130:Ferdinand Schlingensiepen (2010).
868:The theme of the 2009 horror film
535:American Psychological Association
14:
2091:
1632:
343:against a number of detainees in
251:, and other persons acting in an
2080:Violations of medical neutrality
646:
584:Confidential medical records of
467:Center for Constitutional Rights
372:used to hold political prisoners
194:Additionally in response to the
20:
1592:. "Deaths in Israeli Prisons."
1452:volume 364 issue 9435, page 637
1391:
1362:
1338:
1313:
1298:
1037:Unethical human experimentation
832:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
335:Between 1970 and 1971, British
288:UN Principles of Medical Ethics
1280:
1235:
1210:
1186:
1156:"BBC - History - The Troubles"
1148:
1123:
1084:
1060:
361:European Court of Human Rights
112:, in the conduct of torturous
1:
1710:Adverse childhood experiences
1513:South African Medical Journal
1399:The Psychology of the Mau Mau
1134:. Continuum/T & T Clark.
1022:Political abuse of psychiatry
637:
293:UN Convention Against Torture
259:or a threat of war, internal
237:UN Convention Against Torture
1595:Journal of Palestine Studies
904:The multi-perspective novel
795:plays Nazi medical torturer
547:American Medical Association
402:South African Defence Forces
381:held at the infamous prison
7:
2075:Social problems in medicine
939:
370:In Soviet mental hospitals
298:
218:Declaration of Tokyo (1975)
10:
2096:
1410:. New York: Henry Holt.
770:In the film adaptation of
161:Nazi human experimentation
1919:Abusive power and control
1901:
1700:
1692:
1047:World Medical Association
1012:Persecution of Falun Gong
977:Electroconvulsive therapy
859:In Anthony Burgess' book
841:electroconvulsive therapy
608:The Psychology of Mau Mau
453:World Medical Association
442:World Health Organization
424:Children admitted to the
417:electroconvulsive therapy
351:. After this came to the
232:the practice of torture".
215:World Medical Association
177:World Medical Association
2070:Interrogation techniques
1994:Psychological projection
1856:Referee and umpire abuse
1460:"Technology vs. Torture"
1404:Carolina Elkins. 2005.
1350:McCulloch, Jock (1995).
1053:
321:Nazi concentration camps
310:second Sino-Japanese War
241:law enforcement officers
29:This article includes a
1482:.com, August 19, 2004.
1348:in Kenya in the 1950s:
1017:Pharmacological torture
992:Military medical ethics
962:Declaration of Helsinki
850:In the popular series,
554:memos, a report by the
552:Office of Legal Counsel
173:crimes against humanity
58:more precise citations.
1628:. Feb. 6, 2005. p. B4.
1305:Hickman, John (2013).
276:command responsibility
1964:Just-world hypothesis
1715:Anti-social behaviour
1639:Declaration of Geneva
1608:(Basic Books, 1986).
1458:and Michael Schrage,
1198:www.timesofisrael.com
957:Declaration of Geneva
890:Dearly Devoted Dexter
878:The 2008 horror film
801:Franklin J. Schaffner
451:'s membership in the
421:prefrontal lobotomies
261:political instability
181:Declaration of Geneva
114:human experimentation
102:medical interrogation
1999:Psychological trauma
1650:WMA Official website
1619:Stephen N. Xenakis.
1522:Related editorials:
1438:Related editorials:
1002:Nuremberg Principles
806:The Boys from Brazil
780:the main character,
777:Nineteen Eighty-Four
670:improve this section
398:The Aversion Project
206:and other protected
163:on prisoners during
2060:Human rights abuses
2050:Medical malpractice
1909:Abusive supervision
1836:Psychological abuse
1811:Institutional abuse
1625:The Washington Post
1590:Joost R. Hiltermann
1532:Mail & Guardian
617:Prime Minister Dr.
426:Lake Alice Hospital
379:political prisoners
330:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
274:The development of
159:In response to the
110:corporal punishment
1989:Playing the victim
1881:Surveillance abuse
1831:Professional abuse
1752:Cruelty to animals
1602:Elliott Valenstein
1504:Jeanelle de Gruchy
1497:, August 20, 2004.
1468:, August 18, 2004.
1307:Selling Guantánamo
1182:. 20 January 2016.
952:Conversion Therapy
915:The Sea and Poison
906:The Sea and Poison
862:A Clockwork Orange
593:Human Rights Watch
404:(SADF) during the
280:criminal liability
245:military personnel
200:Geneva Conventions
31:list of references
2037:
2036:
2014:Traumatic bonding
1655:When Healers Harm
1641:(at foot of page)
1551:, August 25, 2000
1535:, July 28, 2000 ]
1474:editorial staff,
1444:editorial staff,
1327:. 24 January 2005
1141:978-0-7735-1531-4
1072:hrlibrary.umn.edu
982:Geneva Convention
972:Duplessis Orphans
750:
749:
742:
724:
689:"Medical torture"
591:A 2005 report by
465:According to the
253:official capacity
94:medical personnel
84:
83:
76:
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1876:Structural abuse
1851:Police brutality
1757:Disability abuse
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1290:. Archived from
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1248:. Archived from
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1220:. Archived from
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1094:. Archived from
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818:John Schlesinger
814:Laurence Olivier
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396:A study called "
353:Irish government
345:Northern Ireland
265:public emergency
204:prisoners of war
169:Nuremberg Trials
138:Hippocratic Oath
118:pseudoscientific
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600:J. C. Carothers
579:Bagram Air Base
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341:five techniques
337:security forces
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196:Nazi atrocities
154:non-maleficence
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90:Medical torture
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1954:Exaggeration
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1846:Social abuse
1816:Intimidation
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1378:. Retrieved
1376:. 2004-06-28
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1071:
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935:immortality.
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905:
895:Jeff Lindsay
888:
887:In the book
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799:in Director
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349:the Troubles
317:World War II
285:
278:established
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165:World War II
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50:Please help
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2029:Victimology
2004:Psychopathy
1826:Persecution
1801:Humiliation
1791:Gaslighting
1774:Elder abuse
1725:Child abuse
1570:Ben Kiernan
1554:S. Predag,
1525:Paul Kirk,
1325:www.hrw.org
1042:Vivisection
835:, starring
619:Ayad Allawi
565:The SERE ("
487:Afghanistan
438:New Zealand
410:sex changes
391:Khmer Rouge
249:politicians
222:countenance
150:beneficence
96:in acts of
56:introducing
2044:Categories
1984:Narcissism
1806:Incivility
1796:Harassment
1614:0465027105
1450:The Lancet
1442:The Lancet
1431:The Lancet
1380:2019-08-27
1331:2019-08-27
1259:2009-04-25
1228:2009-06-30
1203:2021-08-27
1165:2019-08-27
1102:2009-04-19
1077:2019-08-27
730:April 2024
700:newspapers
638:In fiction
610:, in 1954.
586:Guantánamo
575:New Yorker
571:Guantánamo
483:Guantánamo
389:under the
387:Phnom Penh
383:Tuol Sleng
184:humanity."
64:April 2024
1959:Isolation
1779:Financial
1548:The Gully
947:Action T4
829:The film
657:does not
406:apartheid
339:used the
235:Also the
1871:Stalking
1784:Marriage
1745:marriage
1740:military
1720:Bullying
1539:Ana Simo
1370:"Plan B"
1268:cite web
1111:cite web
1027:Unit 731
940:See also
845:lobotomy
820:'s 1976
627:Baathist
625:for the
509:gauging
306:Unit 731
299:Examples
2055:Torture
1892:more...
1821:Neglect
1730:neglect
1346:Mau Mau
930:In the
899:hangman
881:Autopsy
875:escape.
714:scholar
678:removed
663:sources
604:Mau Mau
347:during
315:During
226:condone
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171:to be "
98:torture
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1939:Denial
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434:Norway
198:, the
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1702:Types
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1465:Slate
1356:64–74
1253:(PDF)
1246:(PDF)
1054:Notes
721:JSTOR
707:books
615:Iraqi
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1580:ISBN
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843:and
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