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6108:, the surface waters having warmed and increased its salinity from its initial Atlantic state, is now denser and sinks to form the Levantine Intermediate Waters (LIW). Most of the water found anywhere between 50 and 600 m (160 and 2,000 ft) deep in the Mediterranean originates from the LIW. LIW are formed along the coasts of Turkey and circulate westwards along the Greek and south Italian coasts. LIW are the only waters passing the Sicily Strait westwards. After the Strait of Sicily, the LIW waters circulate along the Italian, French and Spanish coasts before exiting the Mediterranean through the depths of the Strait of Gibraltar. Deep water in the Mediterranean originates from three main areas: the
7262:
species they are "Alien
Invasive Species", as they are an agent of change and a threat to the native biodiversity. In the context of CBD, "introduction" refers to the movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range (past or present). The Suez Canal, being an artificial (human-made) canal, is a human agency. Lessepsian migrants are therefore "introduced" species (indirect, and unintentional). Whatever wording is chosen, they represent a threat to the native Mediterranean biodiversity, because they are non-indigenous to this sea. In recent years, the Egyptian government's announcement of its intentions to deepen and widen the Canal raised concerns from
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7194:, which are hyper-saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the Eastern Mediterranean. The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient-poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient-poor Eastern Mediterranean. Accordingly, Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota, and not vice versa; this phenomenon is known as the
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6648:" (MSC), characterized by the deposition of a thick evaporitic sequence – with salt deposits up to 2 km thick in the Levantine sea – and by a massive drop in water level in much of the Basin. This event was for long the subject of acute scientific controversy, now much appeased, regarding its sequence, geographic range, processes leading to evaporite facies and salt deposits. The start of the MSC was recently estimated astronomically at 5.96 mya, and it persisted for some 630,000 years until about 5.3 mya; see Animation: Messinian salinity crisis, at right.
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7047:, in line with the "1950s syndrome" as rural populations throughout the region abandoned traditional subsistence economies. Grove and Rackham suggest that the locals left the traditional agricultural patterns and instead became scenery-setting agents for tourism. This resulted in more uniform, large-scale formations. Among further current important threats to Mediterranean landscapes are overdevelopment of coastal areas, abandonment of mountains and, as mentioned, the loss of variety via the reduction of traditional agricultural occupations.
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7336:, which may restrict northward displacement of organisms in these areas. Sea level rise for the next century (2100) could be between 30 and 100 cm (12 and 39 in) and temperature shifts of a mere 0.05–0.1 °C (0.09–0.18 °F) in the deep sea are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity.
7002:'s work on "The Nature of Mediterranean Europe" challenges this common wisdom of a Mediterranean Europe as a "Lost Eden", a formerly fertile and forested region, that had been progressively degraded and desertified by human mismanagement. The belief stems more from the failure of the recent landscape to measure up to the imaginary past of the
6913:, the marine biota of the Mediterranean is derived primarily from the Atlantic Ocean. The North Atlantic is considerably colder and more nutrient-rich than the Mediterranean, and the marine life of the Mediterranean has had to adapt to its differing conditions in the five million years since the basin was reflooded.
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6168:
decrease in precipitation over the region could lead to more evaporation ultimately increasing the
Mediterranean Sea salinity. Because of the changes in temperature and salinity, the Mediterranean Sea may become more stratified by the end of the 21st century, with notable consequences on water circulation and
6660:—at the end of the Miocene (5.33 mya). Some research has suggested that a desiccation-flooding-desiccation cycle may have repeated several times, which could explain several events of large amounts of salt deposition. Recent studies, however, show that repeated desiccation and re-flooding is unlikely from a
6155:, off the Greek coast. The transition from anticyclonic to cyclonic rotation of this gyre changes the origin of the waters fueling it; when the circulation is anticyclonic (most common), the waters of the gyre originate from the Adriatic Sea. When the circulation is cyclonic, the waters originate from the
7043:
patterns. The diversity range was enhanced by the widespread exchange and interaction of the longstanding and highly diverse local agriculture, intense transport and trade relations, and the interaction with settlements, pasture and other land use. The greatest human-induced changes, however, came after
7042:
Even Grove considered that human activity could be the cause of climate change. Modern science has been able to provide clear evidence of this. The wide ecological diversity typical of
Mediterranean Europe is predominantly based on human behaviour, as it is and has been closely related to human usage
7029:
The historical evolution of climate, vegetation and landscape in southern Europe from prehistoric times to the present is much more complex and underwent various changes. For example, some of the deforestation had already taken place before the Roman age. While in the Roman age large enterprises such
6236:
of about 0.25 g C (grams of carbon) m day whereas the eastern basin has an average daily productivity of 0.16 g C m day. For this reason, the eastern part of the
Mediterranean Sea is termed "ultraoligotrophic". The productive areas of the Mediterranean Sea are few and small. High (i.e. more than 0.5
9893:
A basin of varied geometry: Area of the entire
Mediterranean Basin, including the whole of the Nile Basin = 4,562,480 km; Area of the 'conventional' Mediterranean Basin (i.e. counting only part of the Nile Basin in Egypt) = 1,836,480 km There are few rivers with an abundant flow. Only three rivers
9817:
Geographically, the
Mediterranean catchment is extremely large and heterogeneous, covering an area of approximately 5 millions km. It extends from the equator, where the springs of the White Nile River are located, to the source of the Rhone River at approximately 48°N. In longitude, it spans about
7447:
The discharge of chemical tank washings and oily wastes also represent a significant source of marine pollution. The
Mediterranean Sea constitutes 0.7% of the global water surface and yet receives 17% of global marine oil pollution. It is estimated that every year between 100,000 and 150,000 t
7274:
In recent decades, the arrival of exotic species from the tropical
Atlantic has become noticeable. In many cases this reflects an expansion – favoured by a warming trend of sub-tropical Atlantic waters, and also by a fast-growing maritime traffic – of the natural range of species that now enter the
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took effective care of forests and agriculture, the largest depopulation effects came with the end of the empire. Some assume that the major deforestation took place in modern times—the later usage patterns were also quite different e.g. in southern and northern Italy. Also, the climate has usually
6792:
trees and shrubs with small, hard, waxy leaves that prevent moisture loss in the dry summers. Much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation. There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a heavily wooded
9479:
Mary
Pelletier "A brief history of the Suez Canal" In: Apollo 3 July 2018; Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17. December 2019; Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018), pp 112; Hans Reis "Der Suezkanal – die wichtigste
6743:
Today, evaporation of surface seawater (output) is more than the supply (input) of fresh water by precipitation and coastal drainage systems, causing the salinity of the
Mediterranean to be much higher than that of the Atlantic—so much so that the saltier Mediterranean waters sink below the waters
1318:
Major ancient civilizations were located around the Mediterranean. The sea provided routes for trade, colonization, and war, as well as food (from fishing and the gathering of other seafood) for numerous communities throughout the ages. The earliest advanced civilizations in the Mediterranean were
7865:
Tourism is today one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranean countries, despite the human-made geopolitical conflicts in the region. The countries have tried to extinguish rising human-made chaotic zones that might affect the region's economies and societies in neighbouring
7261:
terminologies, they are alien species, as they are non-native (non-indigenous) to the Mediterranean Sea, and are found outside their normal, non-adjacent area of distribution. When these species succeed in establishing populations in the Mediterranean Sea, compete with and begin to replace native
10190:
The longest river in the world, the Nile spans 35 degrees of latitude, drains three million square kilometers of land (one-tenth of the total surface area of Africa), and runs through 11 countries whose combined population totals over 300 million people: Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Rwanda,
6711:
The almost complete enclosure of the Mediterranean basin has enabled the oceanic gateways to dominate seawater circulation and the environmental evolution of the sea and basin. Circulation patterns are also affected by several other factors—including climate, bathymetry, and water chemistry and
6167:
Because of the short residence time of waters, the Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot spot for climate change effects. Deep water temperatures have increased by 0.12 °C (0.22 °F) between 1959 and 1989. According to climate projections, the Mediterranean Sea could become warmer. The
7928:
Fish stock levels in the Mediterranean Sea are alarmingly low. The European Environment Agency says that more than 65% of all fish stocks in the region are outside safe biological limits and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, that some of the most important fisheries—such as
2901:
of the Mediterranean Sea is particularly heterogeneous and extends much further than the Mediterranean region. Its size has been estimated between 4,000,000 and 5,500,000 km (1,500,000 and 2,100,000 sq mi), depending on whether non-active parts (deserts) are included or not. The
1560:
created colonies in regions controlled by the Crusaders and came to control the trade with the Orient. These colonies also allowed them to trade with the Eastern world. Though the fall of the Crusader states and attempts at banning of trade relations with Muslim states by the Popes temporarily
6985:
For 4,000 years, human activity has transformed most parts of Mediterranean Europe, and the "humanisation of the landscape" overlapped with the appearance of the present Mediterranean climate. The image of a simplistic, environmental determinist notion of a Mediterranean paradise on Earth in
6140:
Being a semi-enclosed basin, the Mediterranean experiences transitory events that can affect the water circulation on short time scales. In the mid-1990s, the Aegean Sea became the main area for deep water formation in the eastern Mediterranean after particularly cold winter conditions. This
7133:
is a quite positive example of natural hazards leading to improved relations between traditional rivals in the region after earthquakes in İzmit and Athens in 1999. The European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) was set up to respond to major natural disasters and express European solidarity to
6100:(and also low salinity water entering the Mediterranean from the Black Sea through the Bosphorus). The cool and relatively low-salinity Atlantic water circulates eastwards along the North African coasts. A part of the surface water does not pass the Strait of Sicily, but deviates towards
6278:
Oceanographic expeditions uncovered a characteristic feature of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry: most of the chlorophyll production does not occur on the surface, but in sub-surface waters between 80 and 200 meters deep. Another key characteristic of the Mediterranean is its high
10823:
Emeis, Kay-Christian; Struck, Ulrich; Schulz, Hans-Martin; Rosenberg, Reinhild; et al. (2000). "Temperature and salinity variations of Mediterranean Sea surface waters over the last 16,000 years from records of planktonic stable oxygen isotopes and alkenone unsaturation ratios".
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895:
called the Mediterranean Wadj-wr/Wadj-Wer/Wadj-Ur. This term (literally "great green") was the name given by the Ancient Egyptians to the semi-solid, semi-aquatic region characterized by papyrus forests to the north of the cultivated Nile delta, and, by extension, the sea beyond.
6703:" (from 11.6 to 7.2 mya), long before the MSC and lasting much longer. Both "crises" resulted in broad connections between the mainlands of Africa and Europe, which allowed migrations of flora and fauna—especially large mammals including primates—between the two continents. The
10191:
Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Nile's primary water source, Lake Victoria, is the world's second-largest body of fresh water, and the Nile Delta in northern Egypt covers over 150 miles of the Mediterranean coastline.
6605:
6018:
1751:
said in 2014 that Europe's migration policy "turned the Mediterranean into a graveyard", referring to the number of drowned refugees in the region as a direct result of the policies. An Azerbaijani official described the sea as "a burial ground ... where people die".
6369:
started about six million years ago (mya) when the Mediterranean became landlocked, and then essentially dried up. There are salt deposits accumulated on the bottom of the basin of more than a million cubic kilometres—in some places more than three kilometres thick.
6159:. These waters have different physical and chemical characteristics, and the periodic inversion of the North Ionian Gyre (called Bimodal Oscillating System or BiOS) changes the Mediterranean circulation and biogeochemistry around the Adriatic and Levantine regions.
6986:
antiquity, which was destroyed by later civilisations, dates back to at least the 18th century and was for centuries fashionable in archaeological and historical circles. Based on a broad variety of methods, e.g. historical documents, analysis of trade relations,
7367:
aims to 'reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and protect and improve the marine environment in the area, thereby contributing to its sustainable development.' Many marine species have been almost wiped out because of the sea's pollution. One of them is the
2974:
of the Rhône and Po are similar to that of the Nile, despite the latter having a much larger basin. These are the only three rivers with an average discharge of over 1,000 m/s (35,000 cu ft/s). Among large natural fresh bodies of water are
740:
type due to the majority of precipitation falling in the cooler months. Its southern and eastern coastlines are lined with hot deserts not far inland, but the immediate coastline on all sides of the Mediterranean tends to have strong maritime moderation.
6408:
divides the sea in two main subregions: the Western Mediterranean, with an area of about 850,000 km (330,000 sq mi); and the Eastern Mediterranean, of about 1.65 million km (640,000 sq mi). Coastal areas have submarine
1404:("Our Sea"). For the next 400 years, the Roman Empire completely controlled the Mediterranean Sea and virtually all its coastal regions from Gibraltar to the Levant, being the only state in history to ever do so, being given the nickname "Roman Lake".
728:, is about 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi). The north–south length varies greatly between different shorelines and whether only straight routes are considered. Also including longitudinal changes, the shortest shipping route between the multinational
6801:
Because of its latitude and its landlocked position, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. Since the Mediterranean is subject to the deposition of
9480:
von Menschen geschaffene Wasserstrasse wurde vor 150 Jahren gebaut und war oft umkämpft" In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung 17 November 2019; Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road? in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020.
6602:
6223:
There are steep gradients in nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll concentrations and primary productivity in the Mediterranean. Nutrient concentrations in the western part of the basin are about double the concentrations in the eastern basin. The
6755:
project) across the Straits, using the inflow current to provide a large amount of hydroelectric energy. The underlying energy grid was also intended to support a political union between Europe and, at least, the Maghreb part of Africa (compare
11980:
Kress, Nurit; Herut, Barak (2001). "Spatial and seasonal evolution of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Southern Levantine Basin (Eastern Mediterranean Sea): chemical characterization of the water masses and inferences on the N:P ratios".
6707:
indicates a typical extinction and replacement of mammal species in Europe during Tortonian times following climatic upheaval and overland migrations of new species: see Animation: Messinian salinity crisis (and mammal migrations), at right.
11374:
Sisma-Ventura, Guy; Bialik, Or M.; Yam, Ruth; Herut, Barak; Silverman, Jacob (November 2017). "p CO 2 variability in the surface waters of the ultra-oligotrophic Levantine Sea: Exploring the air–sea CO 2 fluxes in a fast warming region".
6651:
After the initial drawdown and re-flooding, there followed more episodes—the total number is debated—of sea drawdowns and re-floodings for the duration of the MSC. It ended when the Atlantic Ocean last re-flooded the basin—creating the
11662:
Uitz, Julia; Stramski, Dariusz; Gentili, Bernard; D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio; Claustre, Hervé (2012). "Estimates of phytoplankton class-specific and total primary production in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite ocean color observations".
11045:
Millot, C. (1989). "La Circulation Générale En Méditerranée Occidentale : Aperçu De Nos Connaissances Et Projets D'études" [General Circulation in the Western Mediterranean: Overview of Our Knowledge and Study Projects].
1675:
in 1869, the flow of trade between Europe and Asia changed fundamentally. The fastest route now led through the Mediterranean towards East Africa and Asia. This led to a preference for the Mediterranean countries and their ports like
6818:-bearing sequences provide high-resolution climatic information. These data have been employed in reconstructing astronomically calibrated time scales for the last 9 Ma of the Earth's history, helping to constrain the time of past
7241:
species into the Mediterranean. The impacts of some Lessepsian species have proven to be considerable, mainly in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean, where they are replacing native species and becoming a familiar sight.
7410:
Some of the world's busiest shipping routes are in the Mediterranean Sea. In particular, the Maritime Silk Road from Asia and Africa leads through the Suez Canal directly into the Mediterranean Sea to its deep-water ports in
9966:
In the continents, the drainage basins discharging into the Mediterranean and Black seas are defined according to the global continental runoff pathways scheme (Oki and Sud 1998), and they cover 5.34 × 10 and 2.43 × 10 km,
9644:
5342:
11752:
Lebeaupin Brossier, Cindy; Béranger, Karine; Deltel, Charles; Drobinski, Philippe (2011). "The Mediterranean response to different space–time resolution atmospheric forcings using perpetual mode sensitivity simulations".
11081:
Gasparini, G.P.; Ortona, A.; Budillon, G.; Astraldi, M.; Sansone, E. (June 2005). "The effect of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient on the hydrographic characteristics in the Strait of Sicily and in the Tyrrhenian Sea".
10205:– "But Jonah rose up to flee unto Tarshish from the presence of the LORD, and went down to Joppa; and he found a ship going to Tarshish: so he paid the fare thereof, and went down into it, to go with them unto Tarshish ."
5341:
7967:
published a report revealing that the amount of bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean had decreased by over 80% in the previous 20 years and government scientists warn that without immediate action the stock will collapse.
1479:
retook control of the area around the north-eastern part of the Mediterranean. Venetian ships from the 9th century armed themselves to counter the harassment by Arabs while concentrating trade of Asian goods in Venice.
6631:
across southern Iberia and northwest Africa. There the development of the intramontane Betic and Rif basins created two roughly parallel marine gateways between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Dubbed the
12871:
6750:
of warm saline Mediterranean water, counterbalanced by an inflow surface current of less saline cold oceanic water from the Atlantic. In the 1920s, Herman Sörgel proposed the building of a hydroelectric dam (the
1633:
preyed on Christian shipping and coastlines in the Western Mediterranean Sea. According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th centuries, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves.
1575:
7128:
The large experience of member states and regional authorities has led to exchange on the international level with the cooperation of NGOs, states, regional and municipality authorities and private persons. The
6694:
across southern Spain and the Rifian Corridor across northern Morocco. The Betic closed about 6 mya, causing the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC); the Rifian or possibly both gateways closed during the earlier
6267:. However, in winter, light may be the limiting factor for primary productivity. Between March and April, spring offers the ideal trade-off between light intensity and nutrient concentrations in surface for a
2969:
Total annual precipitation is significantly higher on the European part of the Mediterranean basin, especially near the Alps (the 'water tower of Europe') and other high mountain ranges. As a consequence, the
7443:
cross the Mediterranean Sea each year—about one-third of the world's total merchant shipping. These ships often carry hazardous cargo, which if lost would result in severe damage to the marine environment.
6283:
demonstrated that most of the world's oceans have an average N:P ratio around 16. However, the Mediterranean Sea has an average N:P between 24 and 29, which translates a widespread phosphorus limitation.
13862:
5079:
9256:
13370:
Nicholls, R.J.; Klein, R.J.T. (2005). Climate change and coastal management on Europe's coast, in: Vermaat, J.E. et al. (Ed.) (2005). Managing European coasts: past, present and future. pp. 199–226.
11020:
6776:
also marked a change in the climate of the Mediterranean basin. Fossil evidence from that period reveals that the larger basin had a humid subtropical climate with rainfall in the summer supporting
12346:
de la Vara, Alba; Topper, Robin P.M.; Meijer, Paul Th.; Kouwenhoven, Tanja J. (2015). "Water exchange through the Betic and Rifian corridors prior to the Messinian Salinity Crisis: A model study".
11709:
Bosc, E.; Bricaud, A.; Antoine, D. (2004). "Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations".
10045:
The Mediterranean is an area of transition between a temperate Europe with relatively abundant and consistent water resources, and the arid African and Arabian deserts that are very short of water.
6039:
and river runoff in the Mediterranean, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin. Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and
13385:
8278:
6275:
difference virtually isolates the surface waters from the rest of the water column and nutrient exchanges are limited. As a consequence, primary productivity is very low between June and October.
1767:", a military and humanitarian mission in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants. In 2015, more than one million migrants crossed the Mediterranean Sea into Europe.
13578:
6141:
transitory switch in the origin of deep waters in the eastern Mediterranean was termed Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) and had major consequences on water circulation of the Mediterranean.
9098:
6601:
1173:) 'the Sea of the Romans' or 'the Roman Sea'. At first, that name referred only to the eastern Mediterranean, but the term was later extended to the whole Mediterranean. Other Arabic names were
9307:
7960:
There are clear indications that catch size and quality have declined, often dramatically, and in many areas, larger and longer-lived species have disappeared entirely from commercial catches.
1610:(1560) marked the apex of Ottoman naval domination in the eastern Mediterranean. As the naval prowess of the European powers increased, they confronted Ottoman expansion in the region when the
1439:
disrupted the trade relations between Western and Eastern Europe while disrupting trade routes with Eastern Asian Empires. This, however, had the indirect effect of promoting trade across the
13323:
10249:
8094:
8294:
12822:
11331:
Adloff, Fanny; Somot, Samuel; Sevault, Florence; Jordà, Gabriel; et al. (2015). "Mediterranean Sea response to climate change in an ensemble of twenty first century scenarios".
9074:
11117:
Lascaratos, Alex; Roether, Wolfgang; Nittis, Kostas; Klein, Birgit (August 1999). "Recent changes in deep water formation and spreading in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: a review".
9636:
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6180:
crystals abiotically in the water column. The cumulative warming at the surface of the Mediterranean has a significant impact on the ecological system. Extreme warming has led to
13349:
7858:
show. From the end of the 19th century, in particular, the beaches became places of longing for many Europeans and travellers. From then on, and especially after World War II,
7862:
to the Mediterranean began with all its advantages and disadvantages. While initially, the journey was by train and later by bus or car, today the plane is increasingly used.
12024:
Krom, M.D.; Thingstad, T.F.; Brenner, S.; Carbo, P.; et al. (2005). "Summary and overview of the CYCLOPS P addition Lagrangian experiment in the Eastern Mediterranean".
7889:. Rapid development has been encouraged by Mediterranean governments to support the large numbers of tourists visiting the region, but this has caused serious disturbance to
696:
The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and the deepest recorded point is 5,109 ± 1 m (16,762 ± 3 ft) in the
15059:
9584:
9554:
2906:, which takes its sources in equatorial Africa. The basin of the Nile constitutes about two-thirds of the Mediterranean drainage basin and encompasses areas as high as the
7462:
Approximately 370,000,000 t (360,000,000 long tons) of oil are transported annually in the Mediterranean Sea (more than 20% of the world total), with around 250–300
13848:
7066:
The region has a variety of geological hazards, which have closely interacted with human activity and land use patterns. Among others, in the eastern Mediterranean, the
6700:
5091:
The Mediterranean Sea encompasses about 10,000 islands and islets, of which about 250 are permanently inhabited. In the table below are listed the ten largest by size.
13179:
12161:
7221:
Invasive species have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the Mediterranean ecology, endangering a number of local and
13692:
12201:
Garcia-Castellanos, D.; Estrada, F.; Jiménez-Munt, I.; Gorini, C.; et al. (2009). "Catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean after the Messinian salinity crisis".
6029:
are very limited as a result of the narrow connection with the Atlantic Ocean. The Mediterranean is characterised and immediately recognised by its deep blue colour.
10127:
The major geographic features characterizing the landscape are the Rhône-Saône valley, the Jura Mountains, the Molasse basin and the northwestern slopes of the Alps.
8867:
1705:
1050:
12271:
7874:. Unlike the vast open oceans, the sea's closed position facilitates effective naval and rescue missions, considered the safest and regardless of any human-made or
7881:
Tourism is a source of income for small coastal communities, including islands, independent of urban centres. However, tourism has also played a major role in the
7474:, which covers 40% of Germany's oil demand (100% of the federal states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg), 90% of Austria and 50% of the Czech Republic. Accidental
6259:
Primary productivity in the Mediterranean is also marked by an intense seasonal variability. In winter, the strong winds and precipitation over the basin generate
12868:
9498:
9198:
Rappoport, S. (Doctor of Philosophy, Basel). History of Egypt (undated, early 20th century), Volume 12, Part B, Chapter V: "The Waterways of Egypt", pp. 248–257 (
6517:, was formed shortly before the Tethys Ocean closed at its western (Arabian) end. The broad line of collisions pushed up a very long system of mountains from the
1688:
led to a shift of trade routes to the European northern ports, which changed again towards the southern ports through European integration, the activation of the
12722:
6304:
5348:
10387:
With about 10,000 islands and islets (approx. 250 inhabited by humans), the Mediterranean Sea can be considered as one of the largest archipelagos in the world.
9614:
9001:
8932:
7102:
Caldera west of Naples is quite active and constitute the most densely populated volcanic region in the world where an eruptive event may occur within decades.
6104:
before exiting the Mediterranean. The surface waters entering the eastern Mediterranean Basin circulate along the Libyan and Israeli coasts. Upon reaching the
10497:
6176:
to the atmosphere notably during summer. This strong summer degassing, combined with the prolonged and pronounced stratification results in the formation of
1424:. Though the Eastern Roman Empire would continue to hold almost all of the Mediterranean, another power arose in the 7th century, and with it the religion of
13489:
11610:"Ocean warming is the key filter for successful colonization of the migrant octocoral Melithaea erythraea (Ehrenberg, 1834) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea"
7391:
around the coasts of Spain, France and Italy reported a particularly high mean concentration of debris; an average of 1,935 items per km (5,010/sq mi).
7266:, fearing that such an act will only worsen the invasion of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean, and lead to even more species passing through the Canal.
6967:
1661:
13813:
10557:
13835:
The Mediterranean : Seaports and sea routes including Madeira, the Canary Islands, the coast of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; handbook for travellers
13038:
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7803:
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523:
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Garcia-Castellanos, D.; Villaseñor, A. (15 December 2011). "Messinian salinity crisis regulated by competing tectonics and erosion at the Gibraltar arc".
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7547:
6361:. Because it is a near-landlocked body of water in a normally dry climate, the Mediterranean is subject to intensive evaporation and the precipitation of
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in the Mediterranean until the 1980s, when they went extinct, probably due to long-term PCB exposure. There are still annual sightings of orca vagrants.
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10 cu ft/a). Without this Atlantic water, the sea level of the Mediterranean Sea would fall at a rate of about 1 m (3 ft) per year.
1680:
with direct connections to Central and Eastern Europe experienced a rapid economic rise. In the 20th century, the 1st and 2nd World Wars as well as the
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s, which discharge pressurised groundwater into the water from below the surface; the discharge water is usually fresh, and sometimes may be thermal.
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The Mediterranean: Seaports and sea routes including Madeira, the Canary Islands, the coast of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; handbook for travellers
642:. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely
99:
13327:
12963:"Caldera unrest prior to intense volcanism in Campi Flegrei (Italy) at 4.0 ka B.P.: Implications for caldera dynamics and future eruptive scenarios"
12940:
10957:
10617:
7138:, followed by floods and earthquakes. Forest fires, whether human-made or natural, are a frequent and dangerous hazard in the Mediterranean region.
11195:"On the impact of the Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS) on the biogeochemistry and biology of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas (Eastern Mediterranean)"
10245:
9124:
7787:
6553:
which are the foundation of the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Various zones of subduction contain the highest oceanic ridges, east of the
12398:
Briand, F. (ed.) (2008). The Messinian Salinity Crisis Mega-Deposits to Microbiology – A consensus report. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco. 168 p.
6388:
The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and the deepest recorded point is 5,267 m (17,280 ft) in the
12551:
10951:
Recent results and new ideas about the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea. Outlook on the similarities and differences with the Asian Mediterranean Sea
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6920:
is a transition zone between the two seas, containing a mix of Mediterranean and Atlantic species. The Alboran Sea has the largest population of
6822:. Furthermore, the exceptional accuracy of these paleoclimatic records has improved our knowledge of the Earth's orbital variations in the past.
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7250:
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has a relatively high productivity because it is an area of high vertical mixing, bringing nutrients to the surface waters that can be used by
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10677:
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10360:
10305:
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40°, from the middle of the Iberian peninsula, at 4°W, towards southern Turkey and the Middle East coasts facing the Mediterranean Sea (35°E).
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Large open-water fish like tuna have been a shared fisheries resource for thousands of years but the stocks are now dangerously low. In 1999,
1637:
The development of oceanic shipping began to affect the entire Mediterranean. Once, most of the trade between Western Europe and the East was
10527:
10067:
6244:
per cubic meter) productivity occurs in coastal areas, close to the river mouths which are the primary suppliers of dissolved nutrients. The
6144:
Another example of a transient event affecting the Mediterranean circulation is the periodic inversion of the North Ionian Gyre, which is an
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president described the Mediterranean Sea as a "cemetery" due to the large number of migrants who drowned there after their boats capsized.
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12819:
10647:
10467:
9080:
8756:
12070:"Spatio-temporal variability of micro-, nano- and pico-phytoplankton in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite ocean colour data of SeaWiFS"
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at 5 m (16 ft) depth. The temperature of the water in the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea is 13.2 °C (55.8 °F).
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10147:
8488:
8048:
7707:
6128:. When new deep water is formed, the older waters mix with the overlaying intermediate waters and eventually exit the Mediterranean. The
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1476:
1214:. The origin of the name is not clear, as it is not known in earlier Greek, Byzantine or Islamic sources. It may be to contrast with the
13802:
10761:
9751:
7870:. Naval and rescue components in the Mediterranean Sea are considered to be among the best due to the rapid cooperation between various
7485:
7303:. Rising sea levels will also mean rising salt water levels in Malta's groundwater supply and reduce the availability of drinking water.
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16574:
2684:
12723:"Astronomical calibration of Gauss to Matuyama sapropels in the Mediterranean and implication for the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale"
13467:
13341:
11510:"Biodiversity loss in a Mediterranean ecosystem due to an extreme warming event unveils the role of an engineering gorgonian species"
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happen frequently with an average of 10 spills per year. A major oil spill could occur at any time in any part of the Mediterranean.
2679:
10177:
16901:
13642:
Rüdiger Hachtmann "Tourismus-Geschichte". (2007); Attilio Brilli "Quando viaggiare era un'arte. Il romanzo del grand tour." (1995).
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12861:
10407:
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Tourism often concentrates in areas of high natural wealth, causing a serious threat to the habitats of endangered species such as
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off the Atlantic coast of Iberia and North Africa, the present Mediterranean vegetation evolved, dominated by coniferous trees and
2066:, which also has a great meteorological impact on the Mediterranean area, touches the Mediterranean in the west in the area around
1043:, "land, earth"). The original meaning may have been 'the sea in the middle of the earth', rather than 'the sea enclosed by land'.
11573:
Jordà, Gabriel; Marbà, Núria; Duarte, Carlos M. (November 2012). "Mediterranean seagrass vulnerable to regional climate warming".
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8875:
1112:(and therefore behind a person facing the east), which is sometimes translated as "Western Sea". Another name was the "Sea of the
13998:
13078:
10013:
The highest point in the Nile basin is Mount Stanley (5109 m) in the Ruwenzori Mountain range between Lake Edward and Lake Albert
9576:
9550:
7359:, 60,000 t (66,000 short tons) of mercury, 3,800 t (4,200 short tons) of lead and 36,000 t (40,000 short tons) of
7214:
from the Nile into the Eastern Mediterranean, making conditions there even more like the Red Sea and worsening the impact of the
7146:
and tsunami took more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and were among the deadliest natural disasters in modern Europe.
6529:. The Neotethys grew larger during the episodes of collisions (and associated foldings and subductions) that occurred during the
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2747:
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1709:
12857:
The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History, by Alfred Thomas Grove, Oliver Rackham, Yale University Press, 2003,
10279:
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16708:
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By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 and 61 cm (1.2 and 24.0 in) as a result of the
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2762:
in the east, the Mediterranean Sea is bounded by the coasts of Europe, Africa, and Asia and is divided into two deep basins:
1665:
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is about 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi). The water temperatures are mild in winter and warm in summer and give name to the
17019:
13171:
12176:
11152:
Theocharis, Alexander; Nittis, Kostas; Kontoyiannis, Harilaos; Papageorgiou, Emanuel; Balopoulos, Efstathios (1 June 1999).
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10000:
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epoch) as summer rainfall decreased. The subtropical laurel forests retreated; and even as they persisted on the islands of
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13684:
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9454:
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and presents an existential threat to some habitats while making conditions more hospitable to invasive tropical species.
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4360:(IHO) divides the Mediterranean into a number of smaller waterbodies, each with their own designation (from west to east):
682:
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The Mediterranean Sea covers an area of about 2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi), representing 0.7% of the global
433:
17104:
11915:
9433:
9158:
6640:, they gradually closed during the middle and late Miocene: perhaps several times. In the late Miocene the closure of the
17087:
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Politische Geographien Europas: Annäherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt, Anke Strüver, LIT Verlag Münster, 2005, p. 43
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on the nearby island of Crete, further leading some to believe that this may have been the catastrophe that inspired the
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1279:
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293:
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Maritime Networks, Port Efficiency, and Hinterland Connectivity in the Mediterranean. International Development in Focus
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Because of its low productivity, plankton assemblages in the Mediterranean Sea are dominated by small organisms such as
17235:
17225:
17175:
17160:
16560:
15429:
13139:
11937:
Bethoux, J.P.; Morin, P.; Madec, C.; Gentili, B. (1992). "Phosphorus and nitrogen behaviour in the Mediterranean Sea".
11288:
Bethoux, J. P.; Gentili, B.; Raunet, J.; Tailliez, D. (1990). "Warming trend in the western Mediterranean deep water".
9490:
8314:
8262:
7254:
6454:
12761:
12412:"Astrochronology for the Messinian Sorbas basin (SE Spain) and orbital (precessional) forcing for evaporite cyclicity"
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Scientists estimate that the sea was last filled about 5.3 million years ago (mya) in less than two years by the
16642:
9606:
8993:
8924:
8825:
8440:
6480:
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Major cities (municipalities), with populations larger than 200,000 people, bordering the Mediterranean Sea include:
590:
428:
11847:"Introduction to the Biogeochemistry from the Oligotrophic to the Ultraoligotrophic Mediterranean (BOUM) experiment"
9830:
Poulos, Serafeim (2011). "An insight to the fluvial characteristics of the Mediterranean and Black Sea watersheds".
6493:
The Mediterranean basin and sea system were established by the ancient African-Arabian continent colliding with the
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16589:
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8506:
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2987:(Po). While the Mediterranean watershed is bordered by other river basins in Europe, it is essentially bordered by
1756:
9528:
7990:
in the Mediterranean Sea during 2015–2019 resulted in widespread mass sealife die-offs in five consecutive years.
7850:
The coast of the Mediterranean has been used for tourism since ancient times, as the Roman villa buildings on the
7846:
in terms of the number of international tourist arrivals, with 51.2 million foreign tourists visiting the country.
6132:
in the Mediterranean is approximately 100 years, making the Mediterranean especially sensitive to climate change.
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17165:
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16496:
16362:
16271:
16221:
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at an estimated rate of about three orders of magnitude (one thousand times) larger than the current flow of the
3083:
2733:
2118:
1594:. Ottomans gained control of much of the eastern part sea in the 16th century and also maintained naval bases in
1569:
748:
and travellers of ancient times, facilitating trade and cultural exchange between the peoples of the region. The
639:
13496:
13045:
8110:
7039:", and plant cover accommodated to various extremes and became resilient to various patterns of human activity.
16611:
8463:
6458:
6050:
The net water influx from the Atlantic Ocean is ca. 70,000 m/s (2.5 million cu ft/s) or 2.2
1432:, controlled most of the Mediterranean region and left a lasting footprint on its eastern and southern shores.
887:
With its highly indented coastline and large number of islands, Greece has the longest Mediterranean coastline.
38:
13005:
9381:
2784:, a line joining the north extreme of Cape Paci (15°42′E) with Cape Peloro, the east extreme of the Island of
863:, have coastlines on the Mediterranean. The drainage basin encompasses a large number of other countries, the
16921:
16906:
15422:
12419:
11154:"Climatic changes in the Aegean Sea influence the eastern Mediterranean thermohaline circulation (1986–1997)"
10202:
8158:
7448:(98,000 and 148,000 long tons) of crude oil are deliberately released into the sea from shipping activities.
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6975:
5324:
4610:
Many of these smaller seas feature in local myth and folklore and derive their names from such associations.
1580:
17:
9349:
Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800
7134:
disaster-stricken regions within all of Europe. The largest amount of funding requests in the EU relates to
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6271:
to occur. In summer, high atmospheric temperatures lead to the warming of the surface waters. The resulting
17170:
17053:
16954:
16606:
16231:
15958:
15663:
12967:
9677:"Changes in the Ecological Environment of the Marginal Seas along the Eurasian Continent from 2003 to 2014"
8975:
8445:
8016:
6172:. The stratification and warming have already led to the eastern Mediterranean to become a net source of CO
1595:
1532:
1327:, who traded extensively with each other. Other notable civilizations that appeared somewhat later are the
11455:
Bialik, Or M.; Sisma-Ventura, Guy; Vogt-Vincent, Noam; Silverman, Jacob; Katz, Timor (24 September 2022).
10063:
Our Waters: Joining Hands Across Borders: First Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters
7306:
A 30 cm (12 in) rise in sea level would flood 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) of the
1652:
ensured their influence in Africa and Southwest Asia. Especially after the naval battles of Abukir (1799,
1641:, but after the 1490s the development of a sea route to the Indian Ocean allowed the importation of Asian
16088:
12937:
10950:
10609:
8602:
8547:
8342:
8142:
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incoming from the Atlantic, causing a two-layer flow across the Strait of Gibraltar: that is, an outflow
6036:
3287:
1728:
1660:(1805), the British had for a long time strengthened their dominance in the Mediterranean. Wars included
976:
apparently used this in the 3rd century, but the earliest extant witness to it is in the 6th century, in
12576:
Govers, Rob (February 2009). "Choking the Mediterranean to dehydration: The Messinian salinity crisis".
9758:
9120:
6780:. The shift to a "Mediterranean climate" occurred largely within the last three million years (the late
17150:
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16266:
16251:
15549:
15534:
15237:
14387:
14161:
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Europe started to revive, however, as more organized and centralized states began to form in the later
13556:
12512:
10143:
10032:
9199:
8735:
7055:
1763:
decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranean Sea by authorising "
1104:). However, it has also been called the "Hinder Sea" because of its location on the west coast of the
16652:
16584:
16555:
16540:
16276:
16201:
13840:
12411:
12294:
8896:
8358:
8223:
7882:
7292:
6910:
6645:
6614:
6366:
5328:
2694:
defines the area as generic Mediterranean Sea, in the Western Basin. It does not recognize the label
647:
13201:
Galil, Bella S.; Zenetos, Argyro (2002). "A Sea Change — Exotics in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea".
12785:
Coll, Marta, et al., "The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns, and threats".
10846:
10459:
9842:
The drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea, accounting for some 4,184 10 km (including the R. Nile)
2125:
17185:
16236:
16153:
15736:
15449:
13880:
10726:
10669:
10429:
10301:
10071:
8678:
7332:, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. These seas have only small and primarily east–west movement
7283:, the process is of importance and is therefore receiving increased levels of scientific coverage.
7225:
Mediterranean species. A first look at some groups of marine species shows that over 70% of exotic
6443:
5320:
3378:
1223:
635:
15414:
13714:
Garrabou, Joaquim; Gómez-Gras, Daniel; Medrano, Alba; Cerrano, Carlo; et al. (18 July 2022).
13530:
Arvis, Jean-François; Vesin, Vincent; Carruthers, Robin; Ducruet, César; de Langen, Peter (2019).
13520:
Thomas Fromm "Pipeline durch die Alpen: Alles im Fluss" In: Süddeutsche Zeitung, 26 December 2019.
10519:
10031:. Mediterranean Action Plan of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP/MAP). Archived from
8326:
6263:, bringing nutrients from the deep waters to the surface, where phytoplankton can convert it into
2664:
2641:
Consists of gulfs, straits, channels and other parts that do not have the name of a specific sea.
1590:
power based in Anatolia continued to grow, and in 1453 extinguished the Byzantine Empire with the
17220:
17205:
17200:
17190:
16888:
16579:
16486:
16158:
15868:
15863:
14339:
13796:
13259:
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9185:
8901:
8305:
7369:
7143:
6941:
6872:
6447:
4631:
1771:
1701:
1046:
13685:"Marine heatwave: Record sea temperatures seen in the Mediterranean could devastate marine life"
12162:"Modeling the magnitude and timing of evaporative drawdown during the Messinian salinity crisis"
11508:
Verdura, Jana; Linares, Cristina; Ballesteros, Enric; Coma, Rafel; et al. (December 2019).
10639:
8208:
1451:. Products from East Asian empires, like silk and spices, were carried from Egypt to ports like
17215:
17210:
17180:
17140:
17036:
16865:
16672:
16261:
16064:
14660:
13898:
11410:
Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy; Wagener, Thibaut; Álvarez, Marta; Moutin, Thierry; et al. (2021).
10841:
10700:
8748:
6740:
are found underneath the evaporite deposits, suggesting a connection between their formations.
6220:
in which its nutrient contents are low, making it difficult for plants and animals to develop.
4870:
4491:
Some other seas whose names have been in common use from the ancient times, or in the present:
4451:
3990:
3129:
2466:
1764:
1436:
1247:
used colours to refer to the cardinal points: black referred to the north (explaining the name
1140:
788:
665:—the narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates the
223:
11896:"Azote ou phosphore ? Considérations sur le paradoxe nutritionnel de la mer méditerranée"
10911:
10139:
8702:
3293:
3245:
17195:
17121:
16958:
16822:
16742:
16385:
16281:
15890:
14185:
14181:
14154:
14030:
12258:
Springs and Bottled Waters of the World: Ancient History, Source, Occurrence, Quality and Use
12253:
10757:
8909:
8806:
8425:
8055:
7934:
7183:
6929:
6673:
6145:
5013:
2971:
2074:
1996:
1294:
860:
737:
685:, some of them of volcanic origin. The two largest islands, in both area and population, are
339:
181:
131:
12741:
11608:
Grossowicz, Michal; Bialik, Or M.; Shemesh, Eli; Tchernov, Dan; et al. (24 June 2020).
8174:
7022:
6396:. The coastline extends for 46,000 km (29,000 mi). A shallow submarine ridge (the
4976:
2838:
16832:
15803:
15521:
15201:
14507:
13791:
12976:
12737:
12628:
12585:
12527:
12475:
12428:
12355:
12210:
12126:
12081:
12033:
11990:
11946:
11858:
11809:
11762:
11718:
11672:
11582:
11521:
11416:
System in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study in the North Western Levantine Basin"
11384:
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11297:
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11206:
11165:
11126:
11091:
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9986:
9921:
8079:
7471:
7364:
7280:
7199:
7195:
7167:
7007:
6952:
fishing endangering populations of dolphins, turtles, and other marine animals such as the
6819:
6562:
6233:
3251:
1925:
in southeastern Turkey. The northernmost point of the Mediterranean is on the coast of the
1599:
1583:
by the Anglo-Dutch fleet in support of an ultimatum to release European slaves, August 1816
1413:
973:
760:
over the sea for centuries and is the only state to have ever controlled all of its coast.
721:
17070:
13234:
Golani, Daniel; Azzurro, Ernesto; Dulčić, Jakov; Massutí, Enric; Briand, Frederic (2021).
13140:"IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Caused by Alien Invasive Species"
9069:
9053:
7237:
from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal. This makes the Canal the first pathway of arrival of
6377:. Water poured in from the Atlantic Ocean through a newly breached gateway now called the
1145:
883:
8:
16481:
16141:
16078:
16054:
15885:
15746:
15692:
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15604:
15544:
15539:
15367:
14808:
14602:
14231:
14021:
13463:
10169:
10100:
9665:
Harald Krachler "Alois Negrelli, der Suezkanalplaner" In: Wiener Zeitung 18 January 1999.
8494:
7659:
7320:
wetlands are also in danger of being destroyed by the rising temperatures and sea levels.
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6995:
6945:
6683:
6653:
6378:
6229:
6129:
6097:
4955:
4727:
4668:
4365:
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2907:
2751:
1880:
1872:
1794:
1744:
1657:
1508:
1344:
1324:
1240:
1077:
763:
The countries surrounding the Mediterranean and its marginal seas in clockwise order are
709:
705:
662:
611:
398:
188:
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13291:
12980:
12917:
12858:
12632:
12589:
12531:
12479:
12432:
12359:
12214:
12130:
12085:
12037:
11994:
11950:
11862:
11813:
11766:
11722:
11676:
11586:
11525:
11388:
11344:
11301:
11258:
11210:
11169:
11130:
11095:
10837:
10701:"Mercin (alternate names - Mersin, Mersina, Mersine): Monthly Weather Averages - Turkey"
10399:
9925:
30:
This article is about the sea in Europe, Asia, and Africa. For the term in general, see
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16390:
16353:
16226:
15672:
15594:
15554:
15529:
14803:
14700:
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14011:
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13756:
13715:
13625:
13570:
12652:
12601:
12543:
12493:
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11609:
11555:
11542:
11509:
11485:
11456:
11063:
11012:
9957:
9894:
have a mean discharge of more than 1000 m/s: the Nile (at Aswan), the Rhône and the Po.
8871:
8500:
8482:
8457:
7886:
7595:
7238:
7234:
7159:
7018:
6921:
6836:
6811:
6280:
4794:
3912:
3171:
2867:
2251:
1922:
1841:
1774:. Since 2013, over 700,000 migrants have landed in Italy, mainly sub-Saharan Africans.
1653:
1638:
1492:
1452:
1364:
1256:
977:
820:
717:
305:
143:
31:
15037:
13070:
12440:
12002:
11138:
10871:"Die Meerenge von Gibraltar : Küstenmorphologie zwischen Mittelmeer und Atlantik"
10855:
9470:
See: Brian Lavery "Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men, and Organization, 1793–1815" (2013).
9239:
Balard, Michel (2003). Bull, Marcus Graham; Edbury, Peter; Phillips, Jonathan (eds.).
8428: – Countries that are geographically located to the east of the Mediterranean Sea
6627:
times, as the northwest corner of Africa converged on Iberia, it lifted the Betic-Rif
5351:
Map of climate zones in the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, according to the
4348:
2109:
1428:, which soon swept across from the east; at its greatest extent, the Arabs, under the
752:
is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. The
16850:
16469:
16291:
16256:
16117:
16112:
16093:
15902:
15729:
15489:
15206:
14512:
14304:
14246:
13773:
13761:
13743:
13629:
13615:
13574:
13560:
13239:
13214:
13107:
12882:, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Volume 32, Number 3, Winter 2002, pp. 454–455
12749:
12693:
12683:
12656:
12644:
12547:
12497:
12399:
12385:
12310:
12261:
12238:
12226:
12138:
12099:
12049:
12006:
11962:
11958:
11907:
11876:
11827:
11778:
11734:
11688:
11641:
11559:
11547:
11490:
11437:
11356:
11313:
11270:
11224:
11002:
10917:
10892:
10788:
10364:
10271:
10173:
10104:
10029:"The Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Environment: Hydrological and climatic setting"
9990:
9961:
9949:
9870:
9831:
9794:
9698:
9354:
9313:
9286:
9246:
9219:
8847:
8821:
8783:
8730:
8710:
8333:
7643:
7627:
7515:
7404:
7258:
7099:
6953:
6903:
6880:
6864:
6570:
6288:
6264:
6260:
6181:
6089:
4898:
4891:
4827:
4741:
4418:
4282:
2781:
1798:
1787:
1731:
1611:
1603:
1516:
1488:
1463:
further disrupted the trade in western Europe and brought it to a halt. However, the
1429:
1332:
892:
713:
666:
12605:
12146:
11016:
9076:
Pontus: Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi Genesis Yayınları
8401: – Proposed engineering project to create new land within the Mediterranean Sea
7105:
Vesuvius itself is regarded as quite dangerous due to a tendency towards explosive (
1416:
collapsed around 476 AD. The east was again dominant as Roman power lived on in the
16989:
16931:
16926:
16916:
16845:
16522:
16476:
16419:
16348:
16206:
16100:
16049:
16027:
15880:
15827:
15766:
14823:
14675:
14226:
14146:
13751:
13735:
13727:
13607:
13552:
13544:
13206:
13101:
12984:
12753:
12745:
12675:
12636:
12593:
12535:
12483:
12444:
12436:
12371:
12363:
12218:
12134:
12089:
12041:
11998:
11954:
11866:
11817:
11770:
11726:
11680:
11631:
11621:
11590:
11537:
11529:
11480:
11472:
11427:
11392:
11348:
11305:
11262:
11214:
11193:
Civitarese, G.; Gačić, M.; Lipizer, M.; Eusebi Borzelli, G. L. (15 December 2010).
11173:
11134:
11099:
11055:
10994:
10882:
10851:
9939:
9929:
9912:
9688:
8542:
7875:
7579:
7499:
7344:
7333:
7263:
7215:
7106:
6925:
6868:
6856:
6522:
6397:
6025:
Being nearly landlocked affects conditions in the Mediterranean Sea: for instance,
4930:
4820:
4737:
4688:
4623:
4504:
4385:
4274:
4208:
4053:
2963:
2931:
2114:
2043:
1630:
1607:
1557:
1460:
1417:
1197:
1133:
543:
13441:
11396:
9407:
9347:
9152:
8518: – Turkish admiral and cartographer – Early cartographer of the Mediterranean
7451:
6513:
period (roughly 170 million years ago ) a much smaller sea basin, dubbed the
6192:
4991:
150:
16817:
16318:
16306:
16286:
16241:
16191:
16131:
16073:
16034:
16022:
16015:
15924:
15741:
15724:
15699:
15242:
15171:
15166:
15150:
15109:
14943:
14913:
14893:
14813:
14477:
14472:
14457:
14427:
14392:
14314:
14211:
14125:
14006:
13829:
13817:
13210:
12944:
12924:
12875:
12865:
12826:
12513:"Evaporite accumulation during the Messinian Salinity Crisis: The Suez Rift Case"
11774:
10354:
10094:
9980:
9860:
9837:
9784:
9437:
9414:
8527:
8199:
8101:
7987:
7977:
7839:
7691:
7563:
7467:
7436:
6859:
in the Mediterranean Sea is stable due to the subtle but strong locked nature of
6169:
6112:, from which most of the deep water in the eastern Mediterranean originates, the
5063:
5002:
4969:
4944:
4877:
4863:
4856:
4747:
4496:
3808:
3222:
Several other territories also border the Mediterranean Sea (from west to east):
3015:
2988:
2919:
2695:
2493:
2098:
1926:
1917:
The westernmost point of the Mediterranean is located at the transition from the
1829:
1819:
1797:
appears in the bottom left (north-west) quarter of the image; to its left is the
1626:
1512:
1340:
1097:
1089:
729:
615:
72:
15352:
14587:
9716:
6932:
in Europe. The Alboran Sea also hosts important commercial fisheries, including
6212:
ocean regions in the world. The Mediterranean Sea is commonly referred to as an
4730:, connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Spain from
3354:
3339:
3264:
1371:
to the Nile, and thus the Mediterranean. Darius's canal was wide enough for two
16962:
16911:
16810:
16774:
16754:
16737:
16677:
16441:
16333:
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16301:
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15858:
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15781:
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14883:
14863:
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14798:
14793:
14788:
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14607:
14497:
14482:
14364:
14216:
14193:
14135:
14120:
14035:
12879:
12798:
12045:
11895:
11533:
11476:
9934:
9907:
9430:
9278:
8654:
8598:
8590:
8410:
8392:
8180:
7908:. Reductions in natural wealth may reduce the incentive for tourists to visit.
7890:
7871:
7867:
7771:
7755:
7723:
7611:
7325:
7203:
7178:
in 1869 created the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranean and the
7083:
7067:
7036:
6999:
6876:
6789:
6721:
6691:
6687:
6677:
6657:
6641:
6633:
6590:
6538:
6526:
6374:
6350:
6208:
and nutrients in the Mediterranean Sea are very low, making it one of the most
6092:
in the Mediterranean can be attributed to the surface waters entering from the
4849:
4757:
4716:
4648:
4485:
4406:
4222:
4016:
2951:
2911:
2898:
2770:
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1887:
1868:
1587:
1496:
1456:
1383:
1351:
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1101:
1093:
1058:
981:
900:
852:
651:
607:
506:
335:
298:
199:
154:
13822:
13548:
12068:
Sammartino, M.; Di Cicco, A.; Marullo, S.; Santoleri, R. (25 September 2015).
11432:
11411:
11352:
11103:
7202:, the French engineer) or Erythrean ("red") invasion. The construction of the
3325:
1918:
851:
are island countries in the sea. In addition, two overseas territories of the
17134:
16936:
16805:
16797:
16764:
16501:
16451:
16343:
16338:
16328:
16173:
16136:
16044:
16039:
15941:
15846:
15405:
15342:
15312:
15282:
15272:
15247:
15196:
15186:
15104:
15025:
15013:
14833:
14725:
14695:
14680:
14670:
14650:
14577:
14547:
14502:
14492:
14467:
14447:
14417:
14397:
14309:
14284:
14100:
14067:
13747:
13264:
12697:
12314:
12103:
12053:
12010:
11966:
11911:
11880:
11831:
11782:
11738:
11692:
11441:
11360:
11317:
11274:
11228:
10896:
10096:
The Central European Magdalenian: Regional Diversity and Internal Variability
9953:
9702:
8537:
8395: – Series of controversies between Greece and Turkey over the Aegean Sea
8383:
8285:
8195:
7739:
7531:
7440:
7380:
7376:
6860:
6844:
6777:
6725:
6628:
6542:
6346:
6334:
6249:
6238:
6156:
6105:
5035:
4915:
4908:
4884:
4842:
4786:
4751:
4709:
4637:
4627:
4603:
4514:
4226:
4148:
3333:
3314:
2984:
2976:
2809:
2796:
2223:
2149:
1964:
1934:
1760:
1748:
1602:, the Ottoman captain is a symbol of this domination with the victory of the
1448:
1387:
1350:
The most notable Mediterranean civilizations in classical antiquity were the
1320:
1136:
texts was called Daryāy-e Šām (دریای شام) "The Western Sea" or "Syrian Sea".
1125:
1069:
733:
114:
101:
13716:"Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea"
13260:"Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict"
13146:
9637:"African migrants fear for future as Italy struggles with surge in arrivals"
7816:
Largest ports of the Mediterranean area per total vessel traffic as of 2016.
7013:
4980:
4329:
3089:
2750:
defines the limits of the Mediterranean Sea as follows: Stretching from the
1301:
16840:
16779:
16759:
16749:
16459:
16431:
16181:
15919:
15853:
15822:
15771:
15643:
15572:
15509:
15499:
15377:
15362:
15347:
15322:
15307:
15302:
15267:
15252:
15222:
15181:
15119:
15114:
14878:
14753:
14705:
14690:
14685:
14665:
14632:
14612:
14597:
14582:
14557:
14542:
14532:
14487:
14442:
14432:
14422:
14407:
14372:
14294:
14276:
14201:
14130:
14115:
14110:
14090:
14075:
13765:
13611:
13100:
Galil, Bella; Froglia, Carlo; Noël, Pierre (2002). Briand, Frederic (ed.).
12831:
12648:
12230:
12200:
12094:
12069:
11871:
11846:
11657:
11655:
11645:
11551:
11494:
11219:
11194:
11059:
10887:
10870:
10327:
8626:
8614:
8165:
8039:
8007:
7859:
7851:
7295:. This could have adverse effects on populations across the Mediterranean:
7230:
7191:
7187:
7162:
is one of the species that colonised the Eastern Mediterranean through the
7114:
7044:
6895:
6852:
6729:
6574:
6498:
6410:
6389:
6382:
6338:
6314:
6268:
6245:
6209:
6201:
6117:
6109:
6062:
5042:
5024:
4919:
4813:
4800:
4790:
4772:
4765:
4695:
4642:
4593:
4570:
4549:
4508:
4439:
4391:
4381:
4122:
3329:
2950:. The basin of the Rhône is the largest and extends up as far north as the
2927:
2923:
2915:
2774:
2738:
2702:
2546:
2520:
2450:
2427:
2372:
2136:
2130:
2029:
2021:
1988:
1615:
1520:
1421:
1400:
1395:
1361:, both of which extensively colonized the coastlines of the Mediterranean.
1310:
964:
959:
947:
757:
753:
697:
623:
170:
77:
12117:
Ryan, William B. F. (2009). "Decoding the Mediterranean salinity crisis".
11822:
11797:
8530: – Japanese Inland Sea – also known as the Japanese Mediterranean Sea
6497:
continent. As Africa-Arabia drifted northward, it closed over the ancient
6120:. Deep water formation in the Mediterranean is triggered by strong winter
4663:
4325:
3305:
2077:
has hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Crops of the region include
1375:
to pass each other with oars extended and required four days to traverse.
16896:
16855:
16786:
16491:
16380:
16323:
16246:
16196:
16083:
16059:
15948:
15786:
15704:
15682:
15658:
15504:
15494:
15357:
15332:
15287:
15232:
15134:
14956:
14928:
14908:
14903:
14898:
14853:
14848:
14778:
14773:
14768:
14733:
14645:
14640:
14592:
14567:
14382:
14334:
14329:
14299:
14289:
14266:
14236:
14085:
13834:
12989:
12962:
12539:
12488:
12464:"Mediterranean Sea level variations during the Messinian Salinity Crisis"
12463:
12367:
11751:
11730:
11684:
11594:
11457:"Role of oceanic abiotic carbonate precipitation in future atmospheric CO
11266:
11178:
11153:
9675:
Bai, Yan; He, Xianqiang; Yu, Shujie; Chen, Chen-Tung (28 February 2018).
8533:
8349:
7923:
7356:
7154:
7135:
7122:
7031:
6917:
6891:
6803:
6785:
6337:, the sea basin was once thought to be a tectonic remnant of the ancient
6225:
6205:
6125:
6032:
4780:
4577:
4564:
4556:
4371:
3058:
3027:
2980:
2958:. The basins of the Ebro, Po, and Maritsa, are respectively south of the
2842:
2755:
2706:
2573:
2352:
2332:
1921:
to the Strait of Gibraltar, the easternmost point is on the coast of the
1895:
1826:
1681:
1642:
1565:
1483:
1440:
1358:
1336:
1113:
192:
13795:
13739:
13203:
Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management
12640:
12222:
11652:
11454:
11151:
11067:
10215:
9944:
8890:
7142:
are also an often-underestimated hazard in the region. For example, the
7098:, are on neighbouring islands. The region around Vesuvius including the
6309:
681:—is only 14 km (9 mi) wide. The Mediterranean Sea encompasses
16426:
16395:
16216:
16211:
15875:
15836:
15798:
15716:
15589:
15474:
15469:
15387:
15317:
15292:
15277:
15257:
15227:
15124:
15099:
15083:
14992:
14966:
14933:
14923:
14868:
14748:
14655:
14622:
14552:
14522:
14517:
14462:
14452:
14412:
14402:
14377:
14349:
14324:
14256:
14241:
14105:
14095:
14080:
13958:
13540:
12927:
Harvey Lilley, BBC News Online, 20 April 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2007.
12679:
12376:
11798:"On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: a satellite analysis"
11626:
10913:
Das Mittelmeer: Geschichte und Zukunft eines ökologisch sensiblen Raums
9693:
9676:
9520:
8709:. Vol. 30, no. 5. Jones & Barlett Learning. p. 220.
8670:
8398:
8301:
8229:
8023:
7964:
7950:
7901:
7827:
7675:
7463:
7428:
7373:
7329:
7307:
7175:
7163:
7091:
6994:, tree-ring and further archaeometric analyses and population studies,
6987:
6757:
6752:
6661:
6565:
runs east of the Mediterranean Sea south-east across the in-between of
6558:
6554:
6550:
6393:
6362:
6152:
6148:
6121:
6113:
5965:
5084:
5028:
4656:
4542:
4528:
4465:
4455:
4428:
4090:
3886:
3347:
3283:
3282:, the second largest metropolitan area on the Mediterranean Sea (after
3268:
3258:
3133:
3019:
2943:
2871:
2849:
2759:
2714:
2478:
2396:
2305:
2184:
1938:
1930:
1907:
1672:
1528:
1472:
1379:
1354:
1343:. Around 1200 BC the eastern Mediterranean was greatly affected by the
1211:
1121:
792:
701:
643:
446:
283:
174:
144:
15400:
15008:
13870:
13731:
13145:. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2000. Archived from
12960:
12757:
12597:
8377:
8249:
7210:
River in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and nutrient-rich
6325:; observed through several ripplings of an otherwise calm sea surface.
4652:
4262:
4242:
2994:
The following countries are in the Mediterranean drainage basin while
2885:
2791:
On the east: A line joining Cape Lilibeo the western point of Sicily (
2025:
1933:
in northern Italy while the southernmost point is on the coast of the
1523:
documents. A document dated 996 mentions Amalfian merchants living in
182:
16873:
16532:
16506:
16436:
16414:
16407:
16186:
15963:
15897:
15793:
15616:
15599:
15484:
15479:
15453:
15337:
15297:
15262:
15129:
14888:
14858:
14783:
14763:
14758:
14743:
14715:
14572:
14537:
14527:
14437:
14354:
14261:
14221:
14042:
13103:
CIESM Atlas of Exotic Species in the Mediterranean: Vol 2 Crustaceans
12448:
11309:
11192:
10993:. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 5K. pp. 29–66.
10787:(3rd ed.). St Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co. p. 202.
9242:
The Experience of Crusading, Volume 2 – Defining the Crusader Kingdom
8642:
8515:
7954:
7946:
7905:
7475:
7432:
7388:
7360:
7311:
7095:
7059:
6949:
6937:
6737:
6733:
6713:
6704:
6696:
6546:
6530:
6514:
6342:
6177:
5735:
5505:
5459:
4923:
4270:
4252:
4130:
4104:
4098:
3279:
3231:
2889:
Approximate extent of the Mediterranean drainage basin (dark green).
2834:
On the west: The northeastern and eastern limits of the Western Basin
2721:
2597:
2090:
1972:
1891:
1719:
1689:
1649:
1536:
1468:
1347:, which resulted in the destruction of many cities and trade routes.
1248:
1215:
1120:), from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the
1109:
856:
631:
501:
471:
451:
343:
82:
55:
13596:
13386:"Other threats in the Mediterranean | Greenpeace International"
10998:
10352:
9786:
The Climate of the Mediterranean Region: From the Past to the Future
6432:
5413:
4352:
Africa (left, on horizon) and Europe (right), as seen from Gibraltar
4278:
3275:
1914:
without ship lock, because the water level is essentially the same.
1157:) 'the Middle Sea'. In Islamic and older Arabic literature, it was
879:
Wadj-Ur, or Wadj-Wer, ancient Egyptian name of the Mediterranean Sea
16400:
16000:
15936:
15907:
15817:
15776:
15584:
15564:
15444:
14961:
14951:
14918:
14873:
14843:
14838:
14738:
14319:
14251:
13968:
13604:
UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2019 Edition | World Tourism Organization
13296:
12674:. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences. Vol. 30. pp. 425–432.
11409:
10272:"Mediterranean Sea | Facts, History, Islands, & Countries"
9790:
9431:"History of the Ottoman Empire, an Islamic Nation where Jews Lived"
8509: – Mostly enclosed sea with limited exchange with outer oceans
8404:
8070:
7930:
7412:
7226:
7222:
7079:
7035:
been unstable and there is evidence of various ancient and modern "
7003:
6928:
in the Mediterranean and is the most important feeding grounds for
6884:
6863:
which is favourable to life, even the smallest macroscopic type of
6815:
6781:
6761:
6624:
6620:
6518:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6494:
6358:
6354:
6292:
6093:
6044:
6040:
5919:
5827:
5141:
5072:
4959:
4835:
4673:
4560:
4500:
4481:
4443:
4410:
4286:
4266:
4258:
4236:
4214:
4152:
4094:
3964:
3362:
3121:
3097:
The following countries have a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea:
3066:
3046:
3007:
2959:
2823:
2482:
2035:
1899:
1849:
1685:
1552:
1547:
1504:
1464:
1391:
1328:
780:
745:
690:
619:
481:
310:
12067:
10356:
The Mediterranean region under climate change: A scientific update
8666:
7351:
has estimated that 650,000,000 t (720,000,000 short tons) of
7006:
as idealised by artists, poets and scientists of the early modern
6712:
temperature—which are interactive and can induce precipitation of
6525:
in Iran in an episode of mountain-building tectonics known as the
5017:
4995:
4618:
4333:
3358:
2935:
1289:
516:
461:
166:
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15995:
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15841:
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15577:
14710:
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13938:
13903:
13893:
13888:
12948:
12410:
Krijgsman, W.; Fortuin, A.R.; Hilgen, F.J.; Sierro, F.J. (2001).
12345:
11795:
11661:
9521:"Schulz: EU migrant policy 'turned Mediterranean into graveyard'"
8694:
8594:
8233:
8085:
7855:
7835:
7456:
7420:
7416:
7229:
and some 2/3 of exotic fishes found in the Mediterranean are of
7179:
7139:
7118:
7087:
7071:
6933:
6773:
6534:
6405:
6341:; it is now known to be a structurally younger basin, called the
6330:
6272:
6101:
5781:
5236:
5179:
5006:
4963:
4948:
4938:
4902:
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3193:
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3125:
3042:
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3003:
2947:
2855:
2593:
2589:
2470:
2462:
2412:
2243:
2141:
2055:
2051:
2039:
1911:
1806:
1677:
1540:
1372:
1368:
1252:
1205:
840:
836:
832:
812:
796:
784:
674:
511:
486:
456:
325:
288:
263:
228:
218:
213:
13713:
13342:"Cyprus wetlands in danger of being destroyed by climate change"
6924:
in the Western Mediterranean, is home to the last population of
6732:), and in the whole Mediterranean basin (during the MSC and the
6322:
4477:
2013:
1618:. This was the last naval battle to be fought primarily between
16878:
15977:
15931:
15638:
15625:
13988:
13953:
13928:
13923:
13918:
13908:
13823:
Eastern Mediterranean Sea Long Term Ecological Research Station
12510:
11607:
11080:
10490:"Naples Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Neapolitan Riviera"
9866:
9757:. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from
8630:
8466: – Maritime boundary treaty between Libya's GNA and Turkey
8253:
8214:
8133:
7942:
7384:
7352:
7317:
6991:
6807:
6767:
6667:
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4776:
4720:
4680:
4597:
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4422:
4337:
4317:
4307:
4297:
4230:
4204:
4198:
4174:
4136:
4126:
4118:
4108:
4080:
3938:
3730:
3652:
3626:
3600:
3444:
3366:
3215:
3167:
3155:
3145:
3141:
3113:
3109:
3093:
Map of the Mediterranean Sea from open Natural Earth data, 2020
3070:
3054:
3023:
3011:
2863:
2785:
2620:
2562:
2535:
2408:
2385:
2381:
2361:
2341:
2321:
2317:
2294:
2263:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2204:
2200:
2001:
1992:
1980:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1810:
1802:
1619:
1244:
1073:
1010:
848:
816:
804:
800:
772:
768:
725:
686:
678:
670:
627:
496:
491:
476:
330:
278:
253:
248:
243:
233:
12869:
Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History (review)
12254:"Geologic/Hydrogeologic Setting and Classification of Springs"
6764:
for a later project with some parallels in the planned grid).
6043:
to increase eastward. The average salinity in the basin is 38
1645:
and other goods through the Atlantic ports of western Europe.
582:
16995:
16729:
16624:
16163:
15461:
15445:
14982:
14177:
14050:
13978:
13973:
13948:
13943:
13933:
13913:
13811:
Mediterranean Sea Microorganisms: 180+ images of Foraminifera
11507:
10550:"Venice Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Venetian Riviera"
10246:"Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity"
10216:"Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity"
8674:
8269:
8117:
7831:
7424:
7300:
6899:
6887:
6848:
6585:
5597:
5293:
5198:
4984:
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4703:
4585:
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4140:
3860:
3704:
3522:
3496:
3470:
3418:
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3310:
3237:
3211:
3201:
3197:
3175:
3159:
3117:
3105:
3062:
3050:
2859:
2585:
2558:
2509:
2505:
2474:
2439:
2416:
2290:
2255:
2239:
2212:
2208:
2196:
2094:
2082:
2078:
2047:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1952:
1876:
1740:
1648:
The sea remained strategically important. British mastery of
1524:
1444:
1425:
1227:
1081:
1034:
1024:
1014:
1000:
934:
924:
914:
904:
844:
828:
824:
808:
776:
764:
658:
320:
315:
273:
268:
258:
238:
13837:. Written and published in Leipzig by Karl Baedeker in 1911.
13495:. United Nations Environment Programme. 2005. Archived from
12961:
Isaia, Roberto; Paola Marianelli; Alessandro Sbrana (2009).
12618:
12409:
11287:
11116:
10640:"Antalya: Monthly Weather Averages - Antalya Coast - Turkey"
10610:"Iraklion Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Crete – Crete"
10580:"Athens Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Greece – Greece"
10520:"Valletta Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Malta – Malta"
7466:
crossing the sea every day. An important destination is the
7347:
in this region has been extremely high in recent years. The
6830:
6422:
5333:
tropical cyclones occasionally form in the Mediterranean Sea
720:. Its west–east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the
15758:
13529:
11373:
9551:"Novruz Mammadov: The Mediterranean become a burial ground"
9079:. Ankara: Genesis Kitap. 2011. pp. 5–9. Archived from
8578:
8149:
7938:
7269:
7211:
7207:
6960:
6716:. Deposits of evaporites accumulated earlier in the nearby
6135:
6026:
5046:
4303:
4182:
4158:
4112:
4084:
2955:
2939:
2903:
2890:
2710:
2067:
2063:
2017:
2005:
1853:
1561:
disrupted the trade with the Orient, it however continued.
864:
579:
573:
564:
552:
466:
162:
158:
13412:"Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. Environmental issues"
13233:
13039:"Alle kennisdossiers van het Instituut Fysieke Veiligheid"
12026:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
11845:
Moutin, T.; Van Wambeke, F.; Prieur, L. (8 October 2012).
11296:(6294). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 660–662.
10822:
10400:"Malaga Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Costa del Sol"
9908:"Hydrological cycle of the Mediterranean-Black Sea system"
6017:
5323:, and much of Spain's eastern (Mediterranean) coast has a
1390:
to become the preeminent power in the Mediterranean. When
875:
14987:
12820:"UK's last resident killer whales 'doomed to extinction'"
12023:
10302:"The Mediterranean – a sea surrounded by land | WWF"
9149:, Vol. 1 (Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1979), 18; cf.
8491: – Habitat defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature
6814:
input prevails during wet ones, the Mediterranean marine
4581:
2117:
off the coast of Croatia; the Adriatic Sea contains over
2009:
1706:
List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea
1527:. Another letter states that the Genoese had traded with
1367:, who conquered Ancient Egypt, built a canal linking the
867:
being the longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea.
603:
558:
136:
13482:
11936:
11894:
Berland, Br; Bonin, Dj; Maestrini, Sy (1 January 1980).
8524: – Hydroelectric macro-engineering concept in Egypt
8497: – Multi-sport event of the Mediterranean countries
5327:, while most of Italy's northern (Adriatic) coast has a
2966:, which are the major ranges bordering Southern Europe.
614:
and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by
15067:
13324:"Egypt fertile Nile Delta falls prey to climate change"
12461:
11983:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
11939:
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
11844:
11796:
D'Ortenzio, F.; Ribera d'Alcalà, M. (5 February 2009).
11330:
11084:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
9455:
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors To Empire Builders
8888:
8511:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
8468:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
8436:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
8415:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
7070:, dated to the 17th or 16th century BC, caused a large
6305:
Geology and paleoclimatology of the Mediterranean Basin
4873:, southern Italy, with the international airport nearby
1910:
in the southeast connects the Mediterranean Sea to the
1550:
led to the flourishing of trade between Europe and the
1420:
formed in the 4th century from the eastern half of the
1084:, it was primarily known as the "Great Sea", הים הגדול
12835:, London, 14 January 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
10916:(in German). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 530.
10758:"Alexandria Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Egypt"
10460:"Marseille Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – France"
8422: – Ongoing political dispute in the Mediterranean
6894:
in the Mediterranean Sea with generally higher marine
16973:
13205:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 325–336.
12906:
Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft
11893:
10727:"Tel Aviv Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Israel"
10670:"Limassol Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Cyprus"
10430:"Barcelona Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Spain"
9607:"What will Italy's new government mean for migrants?"
8811:
European Regions and Boundaries: A Conceptual History
7190:
that pours Red Sea water into the Mediterranean. The
6968:
Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance
6690:. As mentioned, there were two earlier gateways: the
2902:
longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea is the
1793:
A satellite image showing the Mediterranean Sea. The
1662:
Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I
638:. The Mediterranean has played a central role in the
591:
576:
546:
14176:
10981:
10801:
9577:"Over one million sea arrivals reach Europe in 2015"
8373:
6501:
which had earlier separated the two supercontinents
4066:
List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea
661:
surface, but its connection to the Atlantic via the
570:
561:
555:
37:"Mediterranean" redirects here. For other uses, see
12672:
Mammal extinctions in the Vallesian (Upper Miocene)
9182:
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
8454: – Historical development of the Mediterranean
7324:Coastal ecosystems also appear to be threatened by
6345:, which was first formed by the convergence of the
5300:
5297:
5281:
5278:
5262:
5259:
5243:
5240:
5224:
5221:
5205:
5202:
5186:
5183:
5167:
5164:
5148:
5145:
5129:
5126:
4040:
4037:
4024:
4021:
3998:
3995:
3972:
3969:
3946:
3943:
3920:
3917:
3894:
3891:
3868:
3865:
3842:
3839:
3816:
3813:
3790:
3787:
3764:
3761:
3738:
3735:
3712:
3709:
3686:
3683:
3660:
3657:
3634:
3631:
3608:
3605:
3582:
3579:
3556:
3553:
3530:
3527:
3504:
3501:
3478:
3475:
3452:
3449:
3426:
3423:
2954:, encompassing areas even on the north side of the
2654:
2651:
2637:
2634:
2616:
2613:
2581:
2578:
2554:
2551:
2528:
2525:
2501:
2498:
2458:
2455:
2435:
2432:
2404:
2401:
2313:
2310:
2286:
2283:
2231:
2228:
2192:
2189:
1251:), yellow or blue to east, red to south (e.g., the
567:
549:
385:
5,109 m (16,762 ft) ±1 m (3 ft)
13380:
13378:
13376:
13238:. CIESM Atlases (2nd ed.). CIESM publishers.
13172:"Egypt to deepen, widen Suez Canal after blockage"
12938:"Super volcano", global danger, lurks near Pompeii
11708:
11240:
11238:
9346:
8889:
8460: – Catholic southern European alliance (1571)
8413: – Dispute between Greek and Turkish Cypriots
6890:. It is estimated that there are more than 17,000
6333:of the Mediterranean Sea is complex. Underlain by
4972:, between west and east shores of Antalya (Turkey)
2910:. Among other important rivers in Africa, are the
2780:On the northeast: The west coast of Italy. In the
12297:[Discovery of submarine thermal springs]
11704:
11702:
10982:Millot, Claude; Taupier-Letage, Isabelle (2005).
10826:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
9905:
9854:
9852:
9850:
8485: – Diet inspired by the Mediterranean region
7372:which is considered to be among the world's most
7363:are dumped into the Mediterranean each year. The
6216:. The Mediterranean Sea fits the definition of a
4750:, an enclosed sea between the Ionian Sea and the
2934:. In Europe, the largest basins are those of the
1226:. Similarly, in 19th century Greek, the name was
17132:
13106:. Paris, Monaco: CIESM Publishers. p. 192.
13099:
11572:
10948:
9829:
8801:
8799:
6909:As a result of the drying of the sea during the
5319:. However, most of its southeastern coast has a
92:
13806:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 67–69.
13373:
13236:Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea
12669:
12251:
11412:"Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the CO
11245:Giorgi, F. (2006). "Climate change hot-spots".
11235:
10353:Moatti, Jean-Paul; Thiébault, Stéphane (2018).
9858:
9833:Advances in the Research of Aquatic Environment
8568:Not including the area of the Mediterranean Sea
7897:in many places along the Mediterranean coasts.
7113:that led to the burying and destruction of the
6944:live in the Aegean Sea in Greece. In 2003, the
4679:In addition to the seas, a number of gulfs and
2769:On the west: A line joining the extremities of
646:over a period of some 600,000 years during the
13464:"Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Files: Overview"
12245:
11699:
10755:
10698:
10092:
9847:
9245:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–35.
9179:
7251:International Union for Conservation of Nature
6414:
5067:The two biggest islands of the Mediterranean:
1906:The 163 km (101 mi) long artificial
1695:
1398:, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as
980:. It means 'in the middle of land, inland' in
15430:
15053:
14162:
13856:
10818:
10816:
10208:
10068:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
9978:
8954:
8952:
8950:
8842:: 300 BC – 500 AD". In David Abulafia (ed.).
8796:
7435:. It is estimated that approximately 220,000
7074:that some experts hypothesise devastated the
4655:, Albania, stands on an open-sea gulf of the
2998:having a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea:
1266:, and the Arab nomenclature described above,
13200:
12997:
12511:Gargani J.; Moretti I.; Letouzey J. (2008).
12159:
9782:
9344:
6668:Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna
6580:
4764:, south of the Thermaic Gulf, formed by the
3301:with the Mediterranean Sea in the background
1944:Large islands in the Mediterranean include:
1535:had allowed Amalfian merchants to reside in
1255:) and white to west. That would explain the
1188:
1178:
1168:
1162:
1152:
12720:
12194:
10361:Institut de recherche pour le développement
10060:"Drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea".
9674:
9491:"Migrant deaths prompt calls for EU action"
9095:"Map of the Mediterranean and North Africa"
8838:Rickman, Geoffrey (2011). "The creation of
8489:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
6686:, originated in the early Pliocene via the
6461:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2670:Category:Marginal seas of the Mediterranean
1267:
393:3,750,000 km (900,000 cu mi)
369:2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi)
15437:
15423:
15060:
15046:
14169:
14155:
13863:
13849:
13653:"Sustainable tourism in the Mediterranean"
13557:10398/08c83467-00f6-4f56-9833-1beda9f7734f
11979:
10949:TAUPIER-LETAGE, Isabelle; MILLOT, Claude.
10909:
10813:
9982:Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management
8947:
4793:, located in the northern Greek region of
4056:is about 46,000 km (29,000 mi).
3373:
3321:set sail before being swallowed by a whale
2685:Category:Channels of the Mediterranean Sea
1491:, 1571, ended in victory for the European
1471:, while also trading in luxury goods from
1407:
13755:
12988:
12487:
12375:
12093:
11870:
11821:
11635:
11625:
11541:
11484:
11431:
11218:
11177:
10886:
10868:
10845:
9943:
9933:
9692:
9408:Constantinople Falls to the Ottoman Turks
9285:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 152–54.
8503: – Outdated grouping of human beings
8432:Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly
7355:, 129,000 t (142,000 short tons) of
7299:Rising sea levels will submerge parts of
6481:Learn how and when to remove this message
6423:Tectonics and paleoenvironmental analysis
6214:LNLC (Low-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll) area
5315:Much of the Mediterranean coast enjoys a
2845:, the western entrance to the Dardanelles
2680:Category:Straits of the Mediterranean Sea
1218:. In Persian, the name was translated as
13033:
13031:
12853:
12851:
12849:
12847:
12845:
12843:
12841:
10070:. 2007. pp. 154–181. Archived from
10055:
10053:
9752:"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"
9305:
8782:. Paris: Éditions Errance. p. 273.
8448: – Genetic autoinflammatory disease
8407:, the site of the Mediterranean cultures
7826:
7450:
7398:
7379:. The Mediterranean is also plagued by
7270:Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species
7153:
7090:on the European mainland, while others,
7054:
7012:
6829:
6595:
6584:
6537:epochs (34 to 5.33 mya); see animation:
6308:
6191:
6136:Other events affecting water circulation
6016:
5078:
5062:
4662:
4647:
4636:
4617:
4476:
4347:
3361:, the third metropolis of Turkey (after
3353:
3338:
3324:
3304:
3292:
3274:
3263:
3088:
2884:
2737:
2377:
2357:
2337:
2135:
2124:
2108:
1574:
1482:
1300:
1288:
1284:
958:("Internal Sea") and, starting with the
882:
874:
13790:
13490:"Marine Litter: An Analytical Overview"
13093:
13003:
12295:"Odkritje podmorskih termalnih izvirov"
10023:
10021:
9277:
9150:
8837:
8753:Education | National Geographic Society
7328:, especially enclosed seas such as the
6980:
4809:the Gulf of Almeria, southeast of Spain
4606:at the eastern end of the Mediterranean
4358:International Hydrographic Organization
3271:, the largest city on the Mediterranean
2748:International Hydrographic Organization
2692:International Hydrographic Organization
1836:. The north (upper) side forms part of
1770:Italy was particularly affected by the
1710:Timeline of the European migrant crisis
1467:developed the trade from Norway to the
1072:called it the "Syrian Sea". In ancient
14:
17133:
13470:from the original on 12 September 2019
12575:
11244:
11044:
10984:"Circulation in the Mediterranean Sea"
10470:from the original on 16 September 2010
10282:from the original on 28 September 2023
9746:
9744:
9742:
9557:from the original on 25 September 2015
9238:
9211:
9157:. Vol. IV, Fasc. 3. pp. 310–313.
9151:Schmitt, Rüdiger (1989). "Black Sea".
9023:
9021:
9019:
8809:in Diana Mishkova, Balázs Trencsényi,
8777:
8550: – Intergovernmental organization
7109:) eruptions. It is best known for its
6879:to flourish while assuring a balanced
6875:provides a nourishing environment for
6682:The present-day Atlantic gateway, the
6124:fueled by intense cold winds like the
6084:
2848:On the southeast: The entrance to the
1848:region); on the south (lower) side is
1519:before the Crusades, according to the
870:
15418:
15041:
14150:
13844:
13466:. Monachus-guardian.org. 5 May 1978.
13352:from the original on 24 February 2021
13120:from the original on 23 December 2022
13028:
13016:from the original on 12 November 2020
12838:
12292:
11026:from the original on 16 December 2019
10807:
10782:
10334:from the original on 7 September 2020
10308:from the original on 7 September 2020
10252:from the original on 23 February 2016
10226:from the original on 23 February 2016
10050:
9587:from the original on 24 December 2016
9382:"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"
8958:
8700:
7021:that fell into the sea recovered off
6972:List of fish of the Mediterranean Sea
6948:raised concerns about the widespread
6810:during dry periods, whereas riverine
6589:Messinian salinity crisis before the
6151:observed in the northern part of the
6021:Predominant surface currents for June
3392:
3389:
2140:The Ionian Sea, view from the island
1666:Mediterranean theatre of World War II
1459:by sailors and Jewish merchants. The
1382:in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, the
17002:
13418:from the original on 13 January 2010
12801:, "When the Mediterranean Dried Up"
12612:
12116:
10620:from the original on 26 October 2014
10410:from the original on 4 November 2021
10018:
9531:from the original on 29 October 2014
9421:– 1998 – Retrieved 3 September 2011.
9388:from the original on 8 February 2009
9161:from the original on 5 February 2022
8991:
8922:
8910:participating institution membership
8473:List of islands in the Mediterranean
8420:Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute
7349:United Nations Environment Programme
6609:Animation: Messinian salinity crisis
6539:Africa-Arabia colliding with Eurasia
6459:adding citations to reliable sources
6426:
6279:nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio (N:P).
5059:List of islands in the Mediterranean
4779:, between the Corinth Canal and the
3386:
3077:
2754:in the west to the entrances to the
1507:maintained trade relations with the
1293:Greek (red) and Phoenician (yellow)
1206:
17156:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean
13695:from the original on 20 August 2022
13292:"Briny future for vulnerable Malta"
13081:from the original on 25 August 2020
13012:. Guardian News and Media Limited.
12893:Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern
12730:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
12274:from the original on 1 January 2024
10869:Ellenberg, L. (30 September 1981).
10707:from the original on 8 October 2020
10650:from the original on 8 October 2020
10530:from the original on 3 October 2010
10377:from the original on 1 January 2024
10117:from the original on 1 January 2024
10003:from the original on 1 January 2024
9883:from the original on 1 January 2024
9807:from the original on 1 January 2024
9739:
9326:from the original on 1 January 2024
9259:from the original on 1 January 2024
9101:from the original on 23 August 2023
9016:
8846:. Getty Publications. p. 133.
8452:History of the Mediterranean region
7971:
7652:
7149:
6959:There was a resident population of
6509:. At about that time in the middle
5335:, typically in September–November.
4719:("White Harbour") bay near ancient
4064:For a more comprehensive list, see
4047:
3082:For a more comprehensive list, see
3002:In Europe, through various rivers:
2675:Category:Gulfs of the Mediterranean
2167:Marginal countries and territories
1280:History of the Mediterranean region
1189:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1153:
750:history of the Mediterranean region
744:The sea was an important route for
27:Sea between Europe, Africa and Asia
24:
11857:(10). Copernicus GmbH: 3817–3825.
11205:(12). Copernicus GmbH: 3987–3997.
10180:from the original on 21 March 2022
9727:from the original on 26 March 2023
9501:from the original on 14 March 2022
9127:from the original on 1 August 2020
7796:
7668:
7604:
7255:Convention on Biological Diversity
7131:Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy
7050:
6768:Shift to a "Mediterranean climate"
6187:
5359:
5052:
2148:The Mediterranean Sea includes 15
1734:of the Mediterranean Sea at night
1598:(1543–1544), Algeria and Tunisia.
1049:called it the "Roman Sea", and in
654:about 5.3 million years ago.
25:
17247:
13871:Countries and territories of the
13784:
13665:from the original on 1 March 2023
13584:from the original on 13 June 2021
13326:. 28 January 2010. Archived from
13272:from the original on 23 June 2018
13182:from the original on 12 July 2022
13004:McGuire, Bill (16 October 2003).
12324:from the original on 4 March 2016
12032:(22–23). Elsevier BV: 3090–3108.
10764:from the original on 8 March 2021
10560:from the original on 16 June 2012
10440:from the original on 18 July 2011
10170:"The Nile River Basin Initiative"
9717:"Sea of Crete | sea, Greece"
9647:from the original on 2 April 2019
9617:from the original on 1 April 2019
8759:from the original on 8 March 2023
8603:Geography of Bulgaria#Hydrography
8441:Exclusive economic zone of Greece
7840:Turkish Riviera (Turquoise Coast)
7636:
7620:
7508:
7403:A cargo ship cruises towards the
7286:
7182:. The Red Sea is higher than the
6843:Unlike the vast multidirectional
6541:. Accordingly, the Mediterranean
6162:
4613:
4384:, between mainland Spain and its
4059:
3236:the Spanish autonomous cities of
2837:On the northeast: A line joining
2822:), through the Adventure Bank to
1671:With the opening of the lockless
1539:about 1060 in place of the Latin
1477:Byzantines in the mid-8th century
1239:According to Johann Knobloch, in
1210:, which sometimes means only the
17113:
17096:
17079:
17062:
17045:
17028:
17011:
16983:
16950:
16949:
16277:West South Central United States
15399:
15020:
15019:
15007:
13707:
13677:
13645:
13636:
13523:
13514:
13456:
13430:
13404:
13364:
13334:
13316:
13304:from the original on 23 May 2021
13284:
13252:
13227:
13194:
13164:
13132:
13063:
12954:
12930:
12918:The wave that destroyed Atlantis
12911:
12898:
12885:
12812:
12792:
12779:
12714:
12705:
12670:Agusti, J; Moya-Sola, S (1990).
12663:
12569:
12504:
12462:Gargani J., Rigollet C. (2007).
12455:
12403:
12392:
12339:
12286:
12252:Elmer LaMoreaux, Philip (2001).
12153:
12139:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01031.x
12110:
12061:
12017:
11973:
11930:
11906:(1). Gauthier-Villars: 135–141.
11887:
11838:
11789:
11745:
10963:from the original on 11 May 2011
10737:from the original on 27 May 2013
10680:from the original on 29 May 2013
10590:from the original on 27 May 2010
10500:from the original on 31 May 2013
9345:Robert Davis (5 December 2003).
9064:hence means "West Sea" and that
9004:from the original on 22 May 2020
8935:from the original on 22 May 2020
8507:Mediterranean sea (oceanography)
8376:
8364:El Jebha, a port town in Morocco
8357:
8341:
8325:
8313:
8293:
8277:
8261:
8241:
8222:
8207:
8188:
8173:
8157:
8141:
8125:
8109:
8093:
8078:
8063:
8054:The beach of la Courtade in the
8047:
8031:
8015:
8000:
7795:
7779:
7763:
7747:
7731:
7715:
7699:
7683:
7667:
7651:
7635:
7619:
7603:
7587:
7572:
7571:
7555:
7539:
7523:
7507:
7492:
7491:
7484:
7247:Mediterranean Science Commission
7245:According to definitions by the
6431:
5365:Mean sea temperature in °C (°F)
5340:
5317:hot-summer Mediterranean climate
4641:The Port of Marseille seen from
4009:
3983:
3957:
3931:
3905:
3879:
3853:
3827:
3801:
3775:
3749:
3723:
3697:
3671:
3645:
3619:
3593:
3567:
3541:
3515:
3489:
3463:
3437:
3411:
2930:, both on the south side of the
2918:, both on the north side of the
2742:Borders of the Mediterranean Sea
2104:
1863:The Mediterranean Sea connects:
1818:
1786:
1757:2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck
1718:
1614:(1571) checked the power of the
1313:at its farthest extent in AD 117
903:called the Mediterranean simply
732:and the Libyan coastline of the
634:, and on the west almost by the
542:
350:
297:(recognized only by Turkey, see
54:
16497:Latin America and the Caribbean
16363:Latin America and the Caribbean
13999:States with limited recognition
12859:review at Yale university press
12557:from the original on 7 May 2021
12080:(5). Copernicus GmbH: 759–778.
11918:from the original on 1 May 2024
11808:(2). Copernicus GmbH: 139–148.
11601:
11566:
11501:
11448:
11403:
11367:
11324:
11281:
11186:
11145:
11110:
11074:
11038:
10975:
10942:
10930:from the original on 1 May 2024
10903:
10862:
10776:
10749:
10719:
10692:
10662:
10632:
10602:
10572:
10542:
10512:
10482:
10452:
10422:
10392:
10346:
10320:
10294:
10264:
10238:
10196:
10162:
10150:from the original on 3 May 2015
10132:
10086:
9972:
9899:
9862:Mediterranean Basin Water Atlas
9823:
9776:
9709:
9668:
9659:
9629:
9599:
9569:
9543:
9513:
9483:
9473:
9464:
9447:
9424:
9400:
9374:
9338:
9309:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia
9299:
9271:
9232:
9205:
9202:). London: The Grolier Society.
9192:
9173:
9139:
9113:
9087:
9068:(Black Sea) means "North Sea".
9047:
9034:
8985:
8659:
8647:
8635:
8619:
8607:
8583:
8571:
8562:
8478:List of Mediterranean countries
7913:Environmental impact of tourism
7684:
7556:
7540:
6825:
6796:
6196:Cycling of marine phytoplankton
6012:
4343:
3084:List of Mediterranean countries
2734:List of drainage basins by area
1570:Renaissance of the 12th century
1222:, which was also used in later
1057:(دریای روم), which may be from
724:, on the southeastern coast of
640:history of Western civilization
13006:"In the shadow of the volcano"
11989:(11). Elsevier BV: 2347–2372.
9215:The Geography of Sea Transport
8916:
8882:
8860:
8831:
8771:
8741:
8723:
8434: – Parliamentary assembly
7917:
7894:
7780:
7764:
7748:
7716:
7186:, so the canal functions as a
6545:consists of several stretched
3286:) and the headquarters of the
2880:
2724:is not considered part of it.
39:Mediterranean (disambiguation)
13:
1:
12441:10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00171-8
12003:10.1016/s0967-0637(01)00022-x
11945:(9). Elsevier BV: 1641–1654.
11397:10.1016/j.marchem.2017.06.006
11139:10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00019-1
10856:10.1016/s0031-0182(00)00053-5
9581:UNHCR – The UN Refugee Agency
9461:– Retrieved 3 September 2011.
9444:– Retrieved 3 September 2011.
9442:Sephardic Studies and Culture
9218:. Routledge. pp. 33–37.
8687:
8320:Ras El Hilal sea caves, Libya
7732:
7700:
7524:
6976:List of fish of the Black Sea
6871:of the Mediterranean Sea and
6065:, it is sometimes called the
5353:Köppen climate classification
4740:, at the southern end of the
4659:in the central Mediterranean.
4472:
3033:In Africa, through the Nile:
1204:'the White Sea'; in Ottoman,
650:before being refilled by the
15959:Middle East and North Africa
15664:Middle East and North Africa
13388:. Greenpeace. Archived from
13211:10.1007/978-94-015-9956-6_33
12968:Geophysical Research Letters
12904:Christian Pfister (editor),
12750:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90206-W
12520:Geophysical Research Letters
12468:Geophysical Research Letters
11959:10.1016/0198-0149(92)90053-v
11775:10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.10.008
11711:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
11665:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
11247:Geophysical Research Letters
11158:Geophysical Research Letters
8974:(5): 469–472. Archived from
8844:The Mediterranean in History
8778:Golvin, Jean-Claude (1991).
8703:"Invitation to Oceanography"
8446:Familial Mediterranean fever
7470:, the starting point of the
7339:
6906:, and decreases with depth.
6067:Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea
4003:
3977:
3951:
3925:
3899:
3873:
3847:
3821:
3795:
3769:
3743:
3717:
3691:
3665:
3639:
3613:
3587:
3561:
3535:
3509:
3483:
3457:
3431:
3405:
2626:
2603:
2568:
2541:
2515:
2488:
2445:
2422:
2391:
2367:
2347:
2327:
2300:
2273:
2218:
2179:
2058:in the Western Mediterranean
2032:in the central Mediterranean
1777:
1443:. The export of grains from
704:. It lies between latitudes
377:1,500 m (4,900 ft)
60:Map of the Mediterranean Sea
7:
11420:Frontiers in Marine Science
9459:History World International
9121:"Map of the Ottoman Empire"
9060:also means "west" and that
9056:claims that in Old Turkish
8815:European Conceptual History
8548:Union for the Mediterranean
8369:
7588:
7394:
6883:excluded from any external
5045:, between Malta Island and
3317:), from which the biblical
3288:Union for the Mediterranean
2854:On the east: The coasts of
2788:. The north coast of Sicily
1696:21st century and migrations
1475:and the Mediterranean. The
1193:) ("the Sea of the West").
1183:) ("the Sea of Syria") and
1146:
10:
17252:
16252:Northeastern United States
15238:American Mediterranean Sea
14388:American Mediterranean Sea
13689:interestingengineering.com
12175:(3–4): 229. Archived from
12046:10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.08.018
11761:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 1–25.
11534:10.1038/s41598-019-41929-0
11477:10.1038/s41598-022-20446-7
10785:Invitation to Oceanography
9935:10.1007/s00382-022-06188-2
9906:García-García, D. (2022).
9312:. Routledge. p. 273.
9042:Dictionnaire Turc-Français
8780:L'Égypte restituée, Tome 3
8522:Qattara Depression Project
8464:Libya–Turkey maritime deal
7993:
7975:
7921:
7910:
7822:
7310:, displacing over 500,000
7279:. While not as intense as
7275:Mediterranean through the
6965:
6671:
6612:
6302:
6298:
6071:European Mediterranean Sea
5331:. Although they are rare,
5310:
5056:
5038:, between Sicily and Malta
4063:
3228:British overseas territory
3081:
2893:basin only partially shown
2731:
1699:
1639:passing through the region
1592:Conquest of Constantinople
1556:region. Genoa, Venice and
1447:was re-routed towards the
1277:
1273:
1228:
1128:, it is called הים התיכון
1100:) or simply as "The Sea" (
1035:
1025:
1015:
1001:
996:("having the nature of").
935:
925:
915:
913:; "the Sea") or sometimes
905:
36:
29:
17236:Bodies of water of Europe
17226:Bodies of water of Africa
17176:Natural history of Europe
17161:Geography of North Africa
16945:
16887:
16864:
16831:
16795:
16728:
16622:
16530:
16521:
16450:
16371:
16172:
15976:
15757:
15715:
15624:
15615:
15563:
15520:
15460:
15396:
15215:
15159:
15143:
15092:
15076:
15001:
14975:
14942:
14724:
14631:
14363:
14275:
14192:
14066:
14020:
13997:
13879:
13797:"Mediterranean Sea"
13549:10.1596/978-1-4648-1274-3
11433:10.3389/fmars.2021.649246
11353:10.1007/s00382-015-2507-3
11104:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.01.001
10328:"The Mediterranean coast"
9495:Al Jazeera – English
9212:Couper, Alastair (2015).
8959:Vella, Andrew P. (1985).
8897:Oxford English Dictionary
7844:ranked sixth in the world
7293:effects of climate change
6911:Messinian salinity crisis
6760:for the later impact and
6701:Tortonian salinity crisis
6646:Messinian salinity crisis
6644:triggered the so-called "
6615:Messinian salinity crisis
6581:Messinian salinity crisis
6367:Messinian salinity crisis
6075:African Mediterranean Sea
5329:humid subtropical climate
5105:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5031:and south-eastern Croatia
4468:between Greece and Turkey
3400:
3397:
2727:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
1902:respectively, in the east
941:hē thálassa hē kath’hēmâs
648:Messinian salinity crisis
439:
427:
419:
411:
407:
397:
389:
381:
373:
365:
361:
349:For other countries, see
198:
180:
142:
130:
91:
65:
53:
48:
16738:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
15737:Transantarctic Mountains
14194:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
13440:. Europa. Archived from
12825:20 February 2019 at the
12260:. Springer. p. 57.
11119:Progress in Oceanography
9859:Margat, Jean F. (2004).
9306:Brundage, James (2004).
8679:Hydrology of Switzerland
8555:
8152:, Bosnia and Herzegovina
6942:Mediterranean monk seals
6851:within their respective
6400:) between the island of
5087:on the coast of Sardinia
3379:Exclusive economic zones
1937:near the Libyan town of
1894:, by the Straits of the
1805:, and to its right, the
1080:epics and in the Hebrew
1065:(𐭦𐭫𐭩𐭤 𐭩 𐭤𐭫𐭥𐭬).
1033:, "of the earth"), from
1013:of the Latin name, from
943:; "the sea around us").
683:a vast number of islands
17231:Bodies of water of Asia
16487:Caribbean South America
14340:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea
13828:5 February 2018 at the
13803:Encyclopædia Britannica
12895:. Taylor & Francis.
12742:1991E&PSL.104..226H
10910:Hofrichter, R. (2020).
10783:Pinet, Paul R. (1996).
10276:Encyclopedia Britannica
10144:Encyclopædia Britannica
10093:Maier, Andreas (2015).
9436:18 October 2014 at the
9413:29 October 2014 at the
9283:Contesting the Crusades
9186:Oxford University Press
9180:David Abulafia (2011).
8902:Oxford University Press
8736:Encyclopædia Britannica
8701:Pinet, Paul R. (2008).
8306:Bibliotheca Alexandrina
7866:coastal countries, and
7370:Mediterranean monk seal
7166:as part of the ongoing
7144:1908 Messina earthquake
6252:to produce Chlorophyll
6130:residence time of water
6077:to distinguish it from
4712:cape in northern Syria.
4632:Beirut Central District
3374:Exclusive economic zone
3154:(from north to south):
2268:Akrotiri & Dhekelia
2119:1200 islands and islets
1772:European migrant crisis
1702:European migrant crisis
1408:Middle Ages and empires
1051:Classical Persian texts
1023:, "in the middle") and
423:12 °C (54 °F)
415:28 °C (82 °F)
17166:Geography of West Asia
16262:Southern United States
16065:Scandinavian Peninsula
14661:Great Australian Bight
13899:Bosnia and Herzegovina
13612:10.18111/9789284421152
12891:Jean M. Grove (2004).
12874:6 October 2014 at the
12864:6 October 2014 at the
12809:, December 1972, p. 32
12095:10.5194/os-11-759-2015
11872:10.5194/bg-9-3817-2012
11220:10.5194/bg-7-3987-2010
11060:10.3406/geo.1989.20925
10888:10.5194/gh-36-109-1981
9979:Gupta, Avijit (2008).
9353:. Palgrave Macmillan.
9044:, Constantinople, 1911
8992:Dehkhoda, Ali Akabar.
7984:climate change-related
7847:
7459:
7407:
7383:. A 1994 study of the
7171:
7063:
7026:
6930:loggerhead sea turtles
6840:
6610:
6593:
6415:
6326:
6200:In spite of its great
6197:
6022:
5325:cold semi-arid climate
5088:
5076:
4871:Gulf of Saint Euphemia
4676:
4660:
4645:
4634:
4488:
4452:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4353:
3991:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3381:in Mediterranean Sea:
3370:
3351:
3346:, Sicily, Italy, with
3336:
3322:
3302:
3290:
3272:
3130:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3094:
2991:or deserts elsewhere.
2894:
2743:
2467:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2145:
2133:
2122:
1765:Operation Mare Nostrum
1692:and free world trade.
1584:
1581:bombardment of Algiers
1500:
1315:
1298:
1147:al-Baḥr al-Mutawassiṭ
1141:Modern Standard Arabic
999:The modern Greek name
968:("Our Sea"). The term
888:
880:
789:Bosnia and Herzegovina
224:Bosnia and Herzegovina
16743:Antarctic Convergence
16282:Western United States
15068:Marginal seas of the
14031:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
14024:and other territories
13792:Dickson, Henry Newton
13720:Global Change Biology
12160:William Ryan (2008).
11823:10.5194/bg-6-139-2009
11575:Nature Climate Change
11048:Annales de Géographie
10991:The Mediterranean Sea
10875:Geographica Helvetica
9987:John Wiley & Sons
9783:Lionello, P. (2012).
9154:Encyclopaedia Iranica
9083:on 15 September 2012.
9029:Encyclopedia of Islam
8961:"Mediterranean Malta"
8923:Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar.
8426:Eastern Mediterranean
8073:'s south coast, Italy
7830:
7454:
7402:
7184:Eastern Mediterranean
7157:
7058:
7016:
6833:
6820:geomagnetic reversals
6674:Pleistocene megafauna
6608:
6588:
6312:
6195:
6020:
5082:
5066:
4666:
4651:
4640:
4621:
4480:
4351:
3357:
3342:
3328:
3308:
3296:
3278:
3267:
3184:(from west to east):
3104:(from west to east):
3092:
2888:
2741:
2713:that are part of the
2139:
2128:
2112:
2075:Mediterranean climate
1997:Eastern Mediterranean
1700:Further information:
1578:
1486:
1304:
1297:c. the 6th century BC
1295:colonies in antiquity
1292:
1285:Ancient civilizations
1132:'the Middle Sea'. In
992:("land, earth"), and
936:ἡ θάλασσα ἡ καθ’ ἡμᾶς
886:
878:
861:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
738:Mediterranean climate
626:, on the east by the
340:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
15804:Greater Central Asia
15202:Gulf of St. Lawrence
14508:Gulf of St. Lawrence
12990:10.1029/2009GL040513
12818:Carrington, Damian.
12721:F.J. Hilgen (1991).
12540:10.1029/2007gl032494
12489:10.1029/2007GL029885
12368:10.1002/2014PA002719
12293:Žumer, Jože (2004).
11731:10.1029/2003GB002034
11685:10.1029/2011GB004055
11595:10.1038/nclimate1533
11267:10.1029/2006GL025734
11179:10.1029/1999GL900320
10756:Seatemperature.org.
10699:Seatemperature.org.
9583:. 30 December 2015.
9147:Sprache und Religion
7982:A study showed that
7813:class=notpageimage|
7472:Transalpine Pipeline
7365:Barcelona Convention
7281:Lessepsian migration
7200:Ferdinand de Lesseps
7196:Lessepsian migration
7168:Lessepsian migration
6981:Environmental issues
6877:life in the deep sea
6563:Central Indian Ridge
6455:improve this section
6234:primary productivity
6204:, concentrations of
4922:(western Libya) and
4901:, between Italy and
4887:, southwestern Italy
4880:, southwestern Italy
4859:, northeastern Italy
4852:, northeastern Italy
4845:, northwestern Italy
4630:from a tower in the
4374:, between Spain and
3309:The ancient port of
3252:Sovereign Base Areas
1879:'s writings as the "
1414:Western Roman Empire
931:hē hēmetérā thálassa
923:; "the Great Sea"),
722:Gulf of Alexandretta
636:Morocco–Spain border
610:, surrounded by the
17171:Geography of Europe
16955:Continents of Earth
16482:Brazilian Highlands
15886:Indian subcontinent
15747:Antarctic Peninsula
15545:Southern Hemisphere
15540:Northern Hemisphere
15368:Sea of the Hebrides
14809:Gulf of Carpentaria
14603:Sea of the Hebrides
14232:King Haakon VII Sea
13816:11 May 2011 at the
13348:. 8 November 2019.
13330:on 9 February 2011.
13075:European Commission
12981:2009GeoRL..3621303I
12943:2 June 2021 at the
12803:Scientific American
12641:10.1038/nature10651
12633:2011Natur.480..359G
12590:2009Geo....37..167G
12532:2008GeoRL..35.2401G
12480:2007GeoRL..3410405G
12433:2001SedG..140...43K
12420:Sedimentary Geology
12360:2015PalOc..30..548D
12303:Geografski Obzornik
12223:10.1038/nature08555
12215:2009Natur.462..778G
12131:2009Sedim..56...95R
12086:2015OcSci..11..759S
12038:2005DSRII..52.3090K
11995:2001DSRI...48.2347K
11951:1992DSRA...39.1641B
11863:2012BGeo....9.3817M
11814:2009BGeo....6..139D
11767:2011OcMod..36....1L
11723:2004GBioC..18.1005B
11677:2012GBioC..26.2024U
11587:2012NatCC...2..821J
11526:2019NatSR...9.5911V
11389:2017MarCh.196...13S
11345:2015ClDy...45.2775A
11339:(9–10): 2775–2802.
11302:1990Natur.347..660B
11259:2006GeoRL..33.8707G
11211:2010BGeo....7.3987C
11170:1999GeoRL..26.1617T
11131:1999PrOce..44....5L
11096:2005DSRI...52..915G
10838:2000PPP...158..259E
10101:Springer Publishing
9926:2022ClDy...59.1919G
9527:. 24 October 2013.
9497:. 13 October 2013.
8994:""دریای شام" entry"
8925:""دریای روم" entry"
8900:(Online ed.).
8878:on 2 December 2009.
8872:Liddell & Scott
8807:"The Mediterranean"
8729:Boxer, Baruch,
8495:Mediterranean Games
7885:of the coastal and
7277:Strait of Gibraltar
7174:The opening of the
7086:is the only active
7076:Minoan civilisation
6996:Alfred Thomas Grove
6954:spiny squat lobster
6946:World Wildlife Fund
6922:bottlenose dolphins
6904:continental shelves
6724:, and the adjacent
6718:Carpathian foredeep
6684:Strait of Gibraltar
6654:Strait of Gibraltar
6379:Strait of Gibraltar
6230:Strait of Gibraltar
6098:Strait of Gibraltar
6085:General circulation
5366:
5027:, in south-western
4956:Strait of Bonifacio
4728:Strait of Gibraltar
4669:Serra de Tramuntana
4596:between Turkey and
4507:, as a part of the
4366:Strait of Gibraltar
3299:Acropolis of Athens
2922:. In Asia, are the
2908:Ruwenzori Mountains
2806: /
2752:Strait of Gibraltar
1881:Pillars of Hercules
1873:Strait of Gibraltar
1795:Strait of Gibraltar
1745:European Parliament
1509:Italian city-states
1345:Bronze Age Collapse
1241:classical antiquity
871:Names and etymology
663:Strait of Gibraltar
612:Mediterranean Basin
399:Residence time
189:Strait of Gibraltar
111: /
16770:Great Barrier Reef
16391:Mainland Australia
15555:Western Hemisphere
15530:Eastern Hemisphere
14804:Gulf of California
14701:Mozambique Channel
14345:Queen Victoria Sea
14207:Bellingshausen Sea
13691:. 20 August 2022.
13539:. Washington, DC:
13152:on 15 January 2009
13051:on 5 February 2015
12975:(L21303): L21303.
12923:1 May 2007 at the
12680:10.1007/BFb0011163
12474:(L10405): L10405.
11627:10.7717/peerj.9355
11514:Scientific Reports
11465:Scientific Reports
10731:Weather2Travel.com
10674:Weather2Travel.com
10644:Weather2Travel.com
10614:Weather2Travel.com
10584:Weather2Travel.com
10554:Weather2Travel.com
10524:Weather2Travel.com
10494:Weather2Travel.com
10464:Weather2Travel.com
10434:Weather2Travel.com
10035:on 24 October 2021
9920:(7–8): 1919–1938.
9694:10.3390/su10030635
9419:Boglewood Timeline
8501:Mediterranean race
8483:Mediterranean diet
8458:Holy League (1571)
8348:Les Aiguades near
8132:Panoramic view of
8116:Panoramic view of
8038:Panoramic view of
7887:marine environment
7848:
7842:. In 2019, Turkey
7460:
7408:
7172:
7160:reticulate whipray
7064:
7027:
7023:Palomares, Almería
7019:thermonuclear bomb
6865:volcanic life form
6841:
6837:Eunicella cavolini
6699:times, causing a "
6611:
6594:
6327:
6198:
6079:mediterranean seas
6023:
5364:
5321:hot desert climate
5089:
5077:
4977:Gulf of İskenderun
4691:in Beirut, Lebanon
4677:
4661:
4646:
4635:
4626:, and snow-capped
4489:
4354:
3371:
3352:
3337:
3323:
3303:
3291:
3273:
3095:
2895:
2744:
2146:
2134:
2123:
1923:Gulf of Iskenderun
1842:Gelibolu Peninsula
1761:Italian government
1654:Battle of the Nile
1585:
1501:
1365:Darius I of Persia
1316:
1299:
1243:, cultures in the
978:Isidore of Seville
970:Mare Mediterrāneum
921:hē megálē thálassa
889:
881:
622:, on the south by
207:Coastal countries:
32:Mediterranean seas
17151:Marine ecoregions
17146:Mediterranean Sea
16998:Mediterranean Sea
16971:
16970:
16851:Mediterranean Rim
16724:
16723:
16663:Mediterranean Sea
16517:
16516:
16470:Amazon Rainforest
16292:Canadian Prairies
16257:Pacific Northwest
16118:Iberian Peninsula
16094:Italian Peninsula
15903:Arabian Peninsula
15730:Antarctic Plateau
15490:Three/Four Worlds
15412:
15411:
15406:Oceans portal
15328:Mediterranean Sea
15207:Gulf of Venezuela
15035:
15034:
15014:Oceans portal
14563:Mediterranean Sea
14513:Gulf of Venezuela
14305:East Siberian Sea
14247:Riiser-Larsen Sea
14144:
14143:
13873:Mediterranean Sea
13732:10.1111/gcb.16301
13726:(19): 5708–5725.
13621:978-92-844-2115-2
13566:978-1-4648-1274-3
13414:. Explore Crete.
13245:978-92-990003-5-9
13220:978-90-481-6111-9
13113:978-92-990003-2-8
12689:978-3-540-52605-6
12627:(7377): 359–363.
12598:10.1130/G25141A.1
12267:978-3-540-61841-6
12209:(7274): 778–781.
11900:Oceanologica Acta
11164:(11): 1617–1620.
11008:978-3-540-25018-0
10923:978-3-662-58929-8
10794:978-0-314-06339-7
10404:Weather2Visit.com
10370:978-2-7099-2220-3
10174:RTI International
10110:978-94-017-7206-8
9996:978-0-470-72371-5
9876:978-2-9517181-5-9
9800:978-0-12-391477-4
9764:on 8 October 2011
9453:Robert Guisepi –
9360:978-0-333-71966-4
9319:978-1-135-94880-1
9292:978-1-4051-1189-8
9252:978-0-521-78151-0
9225:978-1-317-35150-4
9145:Johann Knoblock.
9027:"Baḥr al-Rūm" in
8981:on 29 March 2017.
8908:(Subscription or
8868:"entry μεσόγαιος"
8853:978-1-60606-057-5
8805:Vaso Seirinidou,
8789:978-2-87772-148-6
8731:Mediterranean Sea
8716:978-0-7637-5993-3
8288:beach, Gaza Strip
8252:off the coast of
7957:—are threatened.
7439:of more than 100
7405:Strait of Messina
7264:marine biologists
7259:Ramsar Convention
7111:eruption in AD 79
7100:Phlegraean Fields
6926:harbour porpoises
6881:aquatic ecosystem
6747:submarine current
6606:
6571:Arabian Peninsula
6557:and south of the
6491:
6490:
6483:
6404:and the coast of
6289:picophytoplankton
6182:biodiversity loss
6090:Water circulation
6010:
6009:
5308:
5307:
4911:, northern Israel
4899:Strait of Otranto
4892:Gulf of Squillace
4828:Strait of Messina
4816:, south of France
4742:Iberian Peninsula
4419:Italian peninsula
4283:Palma de Mallorca
4045:
4044:
4034:Mediterranean Sea
3350:in the background
3078:Coastal countries
2983:(Rhône), and the
2810:37.783°N 12.367°E
2782:Strait of Messina
2661:
2660:
2649:Mediterranean Sea
2532:
1799:Iberian Peninsula
1612:Battle of Lepanto
1604:Battle of Preveza
1489:Battle of Lepanto
1333:Anatolian peoples
1143:, it is known as
1009:; "inland") is a
1002:Μεσόγειος Θάλασσα
954:("Great Sea") or
933:; "Our Sea"), or
926:ἡ ἡμετέρα θάλασσα
893:Ancient Egyptians
758:nautical hegemony
667:Iberian Peninsula
606:connected to the
538:Mediterranean Sea
534:
533:
49:Mediterranean Sea
16:(Redirected from
17243:
17126:
17118:
17117:
17116:
17109:
17108:from Wikiversity
17101:
17100:
17099:
17092:
17084:
17083:
17082:
17075:
17067:
17066:
17065:
17058:
17050:
17049:
17048:
17041:
17033:
17032:
17031:
17024:
17016:
17015:
17014:
17004:
16988:
16987:
16986:
16979:
16953:
16952:
16932:Global Southwest
16927:Global Southeast
16917:Global Northwest
16912:Global Northeast
16902:Global Heartland
16846:Indian Ocean Rim
16528:
16527:
16420:Island Melanesia
16106:Balkan Peninsula
15881:Himalayan states
15828:Russian Far East
15622:
15621:
15550:Water Hemisphere
15439:
15432:
15425:
15416:
15415:
15404:
15403:
15062:
15055:
15048:
15039:
15038:
15023:
15022:
15012:
15011:
14944:Endorheic basins
14824:Gulf of Thailand
14676:Gulf of Khambhat
14171:
14164:
14157:
14148:
14147:
14059:
14047:
14039:
13881:Sovereign states
13865:
13858:
13851:
13842:
13841:
13807:
13799:
13778:
13777:
13759:
13711:
13705:
13704:
13702:
13700:
13681:
13675:
13674:
13672:
13670:
13664:
13657:
13649:
13643:
13640:
13634:
13633:
13600:
13594:
13593:
13591:
13589:
13583:
13538:
13527:
13521:
13518:
13512:
13511:
13509:
13507:
13501:
13494:
13486:
13480:
13479:
13477:
13475:
13460:
13454:
13453:
13451:
13449:
13434:
13428:
13427:
13425:
13423:
13408:
13402:
13401:
13399:
13397:
13392:on 16 April 2010
13382:
13371:
13368:
13362:
13361:
13359:
13357:
13338:
13332:
13331:
13320:
13314:
13313:
13311:
13309:
13300:. 4 April 2007.
13288:
13282:
13281:
13279:
13277:
13268:. 3 March 2009.
13256:
13250:
13249:
13231:
13225:
13224:
13198:
13192:
13191:
13189:
13187:
13168:
13162:
13161:
13159:
13157:
13151:
13144:
13136:
13130:
13129:
13127:
13125:
13097:
13091:
13090:
13088:
13086:
13067:
13061:
13060:
13058:
13056:
13050:
13044:. Archived from
13043:
13035:
13026:
13025:
13023:
13021:
13001:
12995:
12994:
12992:
12958:
12952:
12951:, 3 August 2012.
12934:
12928:
12915:
12909:
12902:
12896:
12889:
12883:
12855:
12836:
12816:
12810:
12796:
12790:
12783:
12777:
12776:
12774:
12772:
12766:
12760:. Archived from
12736:(2–4): 226–244.
12727:
12718:
12712:
12709:
12703:
12701:
12667:
12661:
12660:
12616:
12610:
12609:
12573:
12567:
12566:
12564:
12562:
12556:
12517:
12508:
12502:
12501:
12491:
12459:
12453:
12452:
12416:
12407:
12401:
12396:
12390:
12389:
12379:
12348:Paleoceanography
12343:
12337:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12329:
12323:
12305:(in Slovenian).
12300:
12290:
12284:
12283:
12281:
12279:
12249:
12243:
12242:
12198:
12192:
12191:
12189:
12187:
12181:
12166:
12157:
12151:
12150:
12114:
12108:
12107:
12097:
12065:
12059:
12057:
12021:
12015:
12014:
11977:
11971:
11970:
11934:
11928:
11927:
11925:
11923:
11891:
11885:
11884:
11874:
11842:
11836:
11835:
11825:
11793:
11787:
11786:
11749:
11743:
11742:
11706:
11697:
11696:
11659:
11650:
11649:
11639:
11629:
11605:
11599:
11598:
11570:
11564:
11563:
11545:
11505:
11499:
11498:
11488:
11452:
11446:
11445:
11435:
11407:
11401:
11400:
11377:Marine Chemistry
11371:
11365:
11364:
11333:Climate Dynamics
11328:
11322:
11321:
11310:10.1038/347660a0
11285:
11279:
11278:
11242:
11233:
11232:
11222:
11190:
11184:
11183:
11181:
11149:
11143:
11142:
11114:
11108:
11107:
11078:
11072:
11071:
11054:(549): 497–515.
11042:
11036:
11035:
11033:
11031:
11025:
10988:
10979:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10968:
10962:
10955:
10946:
10940:
10939:
10937:
10935:
10907:
10901:
10900:
10890:
10866:
10860:
10859:
10849:
10832:(3–4): 259–280.
10820:
10811:
10805:
10799:
10798:
10780:
10774:
10773:
10771:
10769:
10753:
10747:
10746:
10744:
10742:
10723:
10717:
10716:
10714:
10712:
10696:
10690:
10689:
10687:
10685:
10666:
10660:
10659:
10657:
10655:
10636:
10630:
10629:
10627:
10625:
10606:
10600:
10599:
10597:
10595:
10576:
10570:
10569:
10567:
10565:
10546:
10540:
10539:
10537:
10535:
10516:
10510:
10509:
10507:
10505:
10486:
10480:
10479:
10477:
10475:
10456:
10450:
10449:
10447:
10445:
10426:
10420:
10419:
10417:
10415:
10396:
10390:
10389:
10384:
10382:
10350:
10344:
10343:
10341:
10339:
10324:
10318:
10317:
10315:
10313:
10298:
10292:
10291:
10289:
10287:
10268:
10262:
10261:
10259:
10257:
10242:
10236:
10235:
10233:
10231:
10212:
10206:
10200:
10194:
10193:
10187:
10185:
10166:
10160:
10159:
10157:
10155:
10136:
10130:
10129:
10124:
10122:
10090:
10084:
10083:
10081:
10079:
10074:on 15 April 2022
10057:
10048:
10047:
10042:
10040:
10025:
10016:
10015:
10010:
10008:
9976:
9970:
9969:
9947:
9937:
9913:Climate Dynamics
9903:
9897:
9896:
9890:
9888:
9856:
9845:
9844:
9827:
9821:
9820:
9814:
9812:
9793:. p. lxii.
9780:
9774:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9763:
9756:
9748:
9737:
9736:
9734:
9732:
9713:
9707:
9706:
9696:
9672:
9666:
9663:
9657:
9656:
9654:
9652:
9643:. 18 July 2017.
9633:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9603:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9592:
9573:
9567:
9566:
9564:
9562:
9547:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9536:
9517:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9506:
9487:
9481:
9477:
9471:
9468:
9462:
9451:
9445:
9428:
9422:
9404:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9393:
9378:
9372:
9371:
9369:
9367:
9352:
9342:
9336:
9335:
9333:
9331:
9303:
9297:
9296:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9236:
9230:
9229:
9209:
9203:
9196:
9190:
9189:
9177:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9166:
9143:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9132:
9117:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9106:
9091:
9085:
9084:
9051:
9045:
9040:Diran Kélékian,
9038:
9032:
9025:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9009:
8989:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8965:
8956:
8945:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8920:
8914:
8913:
8905:
8893:
8886:
8880:
8879:
8874:. Archived from
8864:
8858:
8857:
8835:
8829:
8803:
8794:
8793:
8775:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8764:
8745:
8739:
8727:
8721:
8720:
8707:Paleoceanography
8698:
8681:
8663:
8657:
8651:
8645:
8639:
8633:
8623:
8617:
8611:
8605:
8587:
8581:
8575:
8569:
8566:
8543:Tyrrhenian Basin
8512:
8469:
8437:
8416:
8386:
8381:
8380:
8361:
8345:
8329:
8317:
8297:
8281:
8265:
8245:
8226:
8211:
8192:
8177:
8161:
8145:
8129:
8113:
8097:
8082:
8067:
8051:
8035:
8019:
8004:
7988:marine heatwaves
7972:Marine heatwaves
7876:natural disaster
7799:
7798:
7783:
7782:
7767:
7766:
7751:
7750:
7735:
7734:
7719:
7718:
7703:
7702:
7687:
7686:
7671:
7670:
7655:
7654:
7639:
7638:
7623:
7622:
7607:
7606:
7591:
7590:
7575:
7574:
7559:
7558:
7543:
7542:
7527:
7526:
7511:
7510:
7495:
7494:
7488:
7437:merchant vessels
7216:invasive species
7150:Invasive species
7062:volcano in Italy
6869:marine ecosystem
6705:Vallesian crisis
6656:and causing the
6638:Rifian corridors
6607:
6523:Zagros Mountains
6521:in Spain to the
6486:
6479:
6475:
6472:
6466:
6435:
6427:
6418:
6398:Strait of Sicily
6353:during the Late
6331:geologic history
6057:
6054:10 m/a (7.8
6053:
6035:greatly exceeds
5367:
5363:
5344:
5094:
5093:
5014:Gulf of Kuşadası
4931:Strait of Sicily
4894:, southern Italy
4866:, southern Italy
4821:Gulf of Valencia
4738:Bay of Algeciras
4689:Saint George Bay
4683:are recognised:
4624:Saint George Bay
4505:Balearic Islands
4386:Balearic Islands
4054:Coastline length
4048:Coastline length
4015:
4013:
4012:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3384:
3383:
3257:the Palestinian
2989:endorheic basins
2972:river discharges
2964:Balkan Mountains
2932:Taurus Mountains
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2531:(Part of Aegean)
2530:
2378:(Part of Aegean)
2358:(Part of Aegean)
2338:(Part of Aegean)
2155:
2154:
2115:Elaphiti Islands
2044:Balearic Islands
1822:
1790:
1722:
1631:Northwest Africa
1608:Battle of Djerba
1418:Byzantine Empire
1308:
1269:
1236:; "white sea").
1231:
1230:
1209:
1208:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1053:, it was called
1047:Ancient Iranians
1038:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1004:
1003:
984:, a compound of
938:
937:
928:
927:
918:
917:
916:ἡ μεγάλη θάλασσα
908:
907:
598:
594:
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
420:Min. temperature
412:Max. temperature
302:
184:
183:Primary outflows
146:
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
116:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
94:
58:
46:
45:
21:
17251:
17250:
17246:
17245:
17244:
17242:
17241:
17240:
17186:Seas of Albania
17131:
17130:
17129:
17125:from Wikivoyage
17119:
17114:
17112:
17102:
17097:
17095:
17091:from Wikisource
17085:
17080:
17078:
17068:
17063:
17061:
17051:
17046:
17044:
17034:
17029:
17027:
17023:from Wiktionary
17017:
17012:
17010:
17007:
17003:sister projects
17000:at Knowledge's
16994:
16984:
16982:
16974:
16972:
16967:
16941:
16883:
16860:
16827:
16791:
16720:
16709:South China Sea
16618:
16561:Central America
16513:
16446:
16367:
16319:Northern Mexico
16307:Northern Canada
16287:Atlantic Canada
16242:Mountain states
16168:
16023:European Russia
16016:Southern Russia
15972:
15925:Iranian Plateau
15753:
15742:West Antarctica
15725:East Antarctica
15711:
15611:
15559:
15535:Land Hemisphere
15516:
15456:
15443:
15413:
15408:
15398:
15392:
15243:Archipelago Sea
15211:
15172:Gulf of Finland
15167:Gulf of Bothnia
15155:
15151:English Channel
15139:
15110:Bay of Campeche
15088:
15072:
15066:
15036:
15031:
15006:
14997:
14971:
14938:
14914:South China Sea
14894:Seto Inland Sea
14814:Gulf of Fonseca
14720:
14627:
14478:Gulf of Finland
14473:Gulf of Bothnia
14458:English Channel
14428:Bay of Campeche
14393:Archipelago Sea
14359:
14315:Gulf of Boothia
14271:
14212:Cooperation Sea
14188:
14175:
14145:
14140:
14126:Sea of Sardinia
14062:
14057:
14045:
14033:
14016:
14007:Northern Cyprus
13993:
13875:
13869:
13830:Wayback Machine
13818:Wayback Machine
13787:
13782:
13781:
13712:
13708:
13698:
13696:
13683:
13682:
13678:
13668:
13666:
13662:
13655:
13651:
13650:
13646:
13641:
13637:
13622:
13602:
13601:
13597:
13587:
13585:
13581:
13567:
13536:
13528:
13524:
13519:
13515:
13505:
13503:
13502:on 17 July 2007
13499:
13492:
13488:
13487:
13483:
13473:
13471:
13462:
13461:
13457:
13447:
13445:
13444:on 9 April 2009
13436:
13435:
13431:
13421:
13419:
13410:
13409:
13405:
13395:
13393:
13384:
13383:
13374:
13369:
13365:
13355:
13353:
13346:cyprus-mail.com
13340:
13339:
13335:
13322:
13321:
13317:
13307:
13305:
13290:
13289:
13285:
13275:
13273:
13258:
13257:
13253:
13246:
13232:
13228:
13221:
13199:
13195:
13185:
13183:
13178:. 21 May 2021.
13170:
13169:
13165:
13155:
13153:
13149:
13142:
13138:
13137:
13133:
13123:
13121:
13114:
13098:
13094:
13084:
13082:
13069:
13068:
13064:
13054:
13052:
13048:
13041:
13037:
13036:
13029:
13019:
13017:
13002:
12998:
12959:
12955:
12945:Wayback Machine
12936:Antonio Denti,
12935:
12931:
12925:Wayback Machine
12916:
12912:
12903:
12899:
12890:
12886:
12876:Wayback Machine
12866:Wayback Machine
12856:
12839:
12827:Wayback Machine
12817:
12813:
12797:
12793:
12784:
12780:
12770:
12768:
12767:on 24 July 2011
12764:
12725:
12719:
12715:
12710:
12706:
12690:
12668:
12664:
12617:
12613:
12574:
12570:
12560:
12558:
12554:
12515:
12509:
12505:
12460:
12456:
12414:
12408:
12404:
12397:
12393:
12344:
12340:
12334:
12327:
12325:
12321:
12298:
12291:
12287:
12277:
12275:
12268:
12250:
12246:
12199:
12195:
12185:
12183:
12182:on 4 March 2016
12179:
12164:
12158:
12154:
12115:
12111:
12066:
12062:
12022:
12018:
11978:
11974:
11935:
11931:
11921:
11919:
11892:
11888:
11843:
11839:
11794:
11790:
11755:Ocean Modelling
11750:
11746:
11707:
11700:
11660:
11653:
11606:
11602:
11581:(11): 821–824.
11571:
11567:
11506:
11502:
11460:
11453:
11449:
11415:
11408:
11404:
11372:
11368:
11329:
11325:
11286:
11282:
11243:
11236:
11191:
11187:
11150:
11146:
11115:
11111:
11079:
11075:
11043:
11039:
11029:
11027:
11023:
11009:
10999:10.1007/b107143
10986:
10980:
10976:
10966:
10964:
10960:
10953:
10947:
10943:
10933:
10931:
10924:
10908:
10904:
10867:
10863:
10847:10.1.1.378.4964
10821:
10814:
10806:
10802:
10795:
10781:
10777:
10767:
10765:
10754:
10750:
10740:
10738:
10725:
10724:
10720:
10710:
10708:
10697:
10693:
10683:
10681:
10668:
10667:
10663:
10653:
10651:
10638:
10637:
10633:
10623:
10621:
10608:
10607:
10603:
10593:
10591:
10578:
10577:
10573:
10563:
10561:
10548:
10547:
10543:
10533:
10531:
10518:
10517:
10513:
10503:
10501:
10488:
10487:
10483:
10473:
10471:
10458:
10457:
10453:
10443:
10441:
10428:
10427:
10423:
10413:
10411:
10398:
10397:
10393:
10380:
10378:
10371:
10363:. p. 363.
10351:
10347:
10337:
10335:
10326:
10325:
10321:
10311:
10309:
10300:
10299:
10295:
10285:
10283:
10270:
10269:
10265:
10255:
10253:
10244:
10243:
10239:
10229:
10227:
10220:seaaroundus.org
10214:
10213:
10209:
10201:
10197:
10183:
10181:
10176:. 23 May 2018.
10168:
10167:
10163:
10153:
10151:
10138:
10137:
10133:
10120:
10118:
10111:
10103:. p. 187.
10091:
10087:
10077:
10075:
10059:
10058:
10051:
10038:
10036:
10027:
10026:
10019:
10006:
10004:
9997:
9989:. p. 275.
9977:
9973:
9904:
9900:
9886:
9884:
9877:
9857:
9848:
9840:. p. 191.
9838:Springer Nature
9828:
9824:
9810:
9808:
9801:
9781:
9777:
9767:
9765:
9761:
9754:
9750:
9749:
9740:
9730:
9728:
9715:
9714:
9710:
9673:
9669:
9664:
9660:
9650:
9648:
9635:
9634:
9630:
9620:
9618:
9613:. 21 May 2018.
9611:The Local Italy
9605:
9604:
9600:
9590:
9588:
9575:
9574:
9570:
9560:
9558:
9549:
9548:
9544:
9534:
9532:
9519:
9518:
9514:
9504:
9502:
9489:
9488:
9484:
9478:
9474:
9469:
9465:
9452:
9448:
9438:Wayback Machine
9429:
9425:
9415:Wayback Machine
9405:
9401:
9391:
9389:
9380:
9379:
9375:
9365:
9363:
9361:
9343:
9339:
9329:
9327:
9320:
9304:
9300:
9293:
9279:Housley, Norman
9276:
9272:
9262:
9260:
9253:
9237:
9233:
9226:
9210:
9206:
9197:
9193:
9178:
9174:
9164:
9162:
9144:
9140:
9130:
9128:
9119:
9118:
9114:
9104:
9102:
9093:
9092:
9088:
9073:
9052:
9048:
9039:
9035:
9026:
9017:
9007:
9005:
8990:
8986:
8978:
8963:
8957:
8948:
8938:
8936:
8921:
8917:
8907:
8891:"Mediterranean"
8887:
8883:
8866:
8865:
8861:
8854:
8836:
8832:
8804:
8797:
8790:
8776:
8772:
8762:
8760:
8747:
8746:
8742:
8728:
8724:
8717:
8699:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8684:
8664:
8660:
8652:
8648:
8640:
8636:
8624:
8620:
8612:
8608:
8588:
8584:
8576:
8572:
8567:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8528:Seto Inland Sea
8510:
8467:
8435:
8414:
8382:
8375:
8372:
8365:
8362:
8353:
8346:
8337:
8330:
8321:
8318:
8309:
8298:
8289:
8282:
8273:
8266:
8257:
8246:
8237:
8227:
8218:
8212:
8203:
8200:Turquoise Coast
8193:
8184:
8178:
8169:
8162:
8153:
8146:
8137:
8130:
8121:
8114:
8105:
8098:
8089:
8083:
8074:
8068:
8059:
8052:
8043:
8036:
8027:
8020:
8011:
8005:
7996:
7980:
7978:Marine heatwave
7974:
7926:
7920:
7915:
7893:by erosion and
7891:marine habitats
7868:shipping routes
7825:
7820:
7819:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7800:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7784:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7768:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7752:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7736:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7720:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7704:
7696:
7695:
7694:
7688:
7680:
7679:
7678:
7672:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7656:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7640:
7632:
7631:
7630:
7624:
7616:
7615:
7614:
7608:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7592:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7576:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7560:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7544:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7528:
7520:
7519:
7518:
7512:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7496:
7468:Port of Trieste
7397:
7342:
7289:
7272:
7152:
7053:
7051:Natural hazards
7037:Little Ice Ages
6983:
6978:
6888:oceanic factors
6873:sea temperature
6828:
6799:
6772:The end of the
6770:
6680:
6670:
6664:point of view.
6617:
6596:
6583:
6487:
6476:
6470:
6467:
6452:
6436:
6425:
6307:
6301:
6261:vertical mixing
6228:, close to the
6190:
6188:Biogeochemistry
6175:
6170:biogeochemistry
6165:
6138:
6087:
6055:
6051:
6015:
5362:
5360:Sea temperature
5357:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5313:
5061:
5055:
5053:Largest islands
5003:Gulf of Fethiye
4970:Gulf of Antalya
4945:Corsica Channel
4926:(eastern Libya)
4878:Gulf of Salerno
4864:Gulf of Taranto
4857:Gulf of Trieste
4823:, east of Spain
4748:Gulf of Corinth
4616:
4497:Sea of Sardinia
4475:
4442:between Italy,
4431:between Italy,
4346:
4069:
4062:
4050:
4010:
4008:
3984:
3982:
3958:
3956:
3932:
3930:
3906:
3904:
3880:
3878:
3854:
3852:
3828:
3826:
3809:Northern Cyprus
3802:
3800:
3776:
3774:
3750:
3748:
3724:
3722:
3698:
3696:
3672:
3670:
3646:
3644:
3620:
3618:
3594:
3592:
3568:
3566:
3542:
3540:
3516:
3514:
3490:
3488:
3464:
3462:
3438:
3436:
3412:
3410:
3376:
3087:
3080:
3016:North Macedonia
2920:Atlas Mountains
2883:
2831:Eastern Basin:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2766:Western Basin:
2736:
2730:
2696:Sea of Sardinia
2494:Sea of Sardinia
2107:
1927:Gulf of Trieste
1861:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1791:
1780:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:Satellite image
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1712:
1698:
1627:Barbary pirates
1596:southern France
1410:
1341:Mycenean Greece
1314:
1306:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1224:Ottoman Turkish
1185:Baḥr al-Maghrib
1134:Classic Persian
1106:region of Syria
972:appears later:
873:
730:Gulf of Trieste
712:and longitudes
616:Southern Europe
596:
592:
545:
541:
530:
357:
356:
355:
296:
294:Northern Cyprus
208:
202: countries
145:Primary inflows
119:
117:
113:
110:
105:
102:
100:
98:
97:
87:
73:Southern Europe
61:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17249:
17239:
17238:
17233:
17228:
17223:
17221:Seas of Turkey
17218:
17213:
17208:
17206:Seas of Greece
17203:
17201:Seas of France
17198:
17193:
17191:Seas of Africa
17188:
17183:
17178:
17173:
17168:
17163:
17158:
17153:
17148:
17143:
17128:
17127:
17110:
17093:
17076:
17074:from Wikiquote
17059:
17042:
17025:
16996:
16993:
16992:
16969:
16968:
16966:
16965:
16963:Physical Earth
16946:
16943:
16942:
16940:
16939:
16934:
16929:
16924:
16919:
16914:
16909:
16904:
16899:
16893:
16891:
16885:
16884:
16882:
16881:
16876:
16870:
16868:
16862:
16861:
16859:
16858:
16853:
16848:
16843:
16837:
16835:
16829:
16828:
16826:
16825:
16820:
16815:
16814:
16813:
16802:
16800:
16793:
16792:
16790:
16789:
16784:
16783:
16782:
16777:
16775:Mariana Trench
16772:
16762:
16757:
16755:Atlantic Ocean
16752:
16747:
16746:
16745:
16734:
16732:
16726:
16725:
16722:
16721:
16719:
16718:
16716:Southern Ocean
16713:
16712:
16711:
16706:
16704:East China Sea
16696:
16695:
16694:
16684:
16683:
16682:
16681:
16680:
16675:
16670:
16660:
16655:
16650:
16645:
16638:Atlantic Ocean
16635:
16629:
16627:
16620:
16619:
16617:
16616:
16615:
16614:
16609:
16599:
16598:
16597:
16592:
16582:
16577:
16572:
16571:
16570:
16565:
16564:
16563:
16558:
16543:
16537:
16535:
16525:
16519:
16518:
16515:
16514:
16512:
16511:
16510:
16509:
16499:
16494:
16489:
16484:
16479:
16474:
16473:
16472:
16467:
16456:
16454:
16448:
16447:
16445:
16444:
16442:Remote Oceania
16439:
16434:
16429:
16424:
16423:
16422:
16412:
16411:
16410:
16405:
16404:
16403:
16398:
16393:
16377:
16375:
16369:
16368:
16366:
16365:
16360:
16359:
16358:
16357:
16356:
16351:
16336:
16331:
16326:
16321:
16316:
16315:
16314:
16312:Western Canada
16309:
16304:
16302:Eastern Canada
16299:
16297:Central Canada
16294:
16289:
16284:
16279:
16274:
16269:
16264:
16259:
16254:
16249:
16244:
16239:
16234:
16229:
16224:
16219:
16214:
16204:
16199:
16194:
16189:
16184:
16178:
16176:
16170:
16169:
16167:
16166:
16161:
16156:
16151:
16146:
16145:
16144:
16139:
16134:
16124:
16123:
16122:
16121:
16120:
16110:
16109:
16108:
16098:
16097:
16096:
16086:
16081:
16071:
16070:
16069:
16068:
16067:
16057:
16052:
16047:
16042:
16032:
16031:
16030:
16025:
16020:
16019:
16018:
16013:
16011:South Caucasus
16008:
16006:North Caucasus
15998:
15988:
15982:
15980:
15974:
15973:
15971:
15970:
15969:
15968:
15967:
15966:
15961:
15956:
15946:
15945:
15944:
15939:
15929:
15928:
15927:
15917:
15916:
15915:
15913:South Caucasus
15905:
15895:
15894:
15893:
15888:
15883:
15873:
15872:
15871:
15866:
15856:
15851:
15850:
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15844:
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15831:
15830:
15815:
15814:
15813:
15808:
15807:
15806:
15791:
15790:
15789:
15784:
15782:Aralkum Desert
15779:
15769:
15763:
15761:
15755:
15754:
15752:
15751:
15750:
15749:
15739:
15734:
15733:
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15690:
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15667:
15666:
15661:
15656:
15651:
15636:
15630:
15628:
15619:
15613:
15612:
15610:
15609:
15608:
15607:
15597:
15592:
15587:
15582:
15581:
15580:
15573:Africa-Eurasia
15569:
15567:
15561:
15560:
15558:
15557:
15552:
15547:
15542:
15537:
15532:
15526:
15524:
15518:
15517:
15515:
15514:
15513:
15512:
15507:
15502:
15497:
15487:
15482:
15477:
15472:
15466:
15464:
15458:
15457:
15442:
15441:
15434:
15427:
15419:
15410:
15409:
15397:
15394:
15393:
15391:
15390:
15385:
15383:Tyrrhenian Sea
15380:
15375:
15373:Sea of Marmara
15370:
15365:
15360:
15355:
15350:
15345:
15340:
15335:
15330:
15325:
15320:
15315:
15310:
15305:
15300:
15295:
15290:
15285:
15280:
15275:
15270:
15265:
15260:
15255:
15250:
15245:
15240:
15235:
15230:
15225:
15219:
15217:
15213:
15212:
15210:
15209:
15204:
15199:
15194:
15192:Gulf of Mexico
15189:
15184:
15179:
15177:Gulf of Guinea
15174:
15169:
15163:
15161:
15157:
15156:
15154:
15153:
15147:
15145:
15141:
15140:
15138:
15137:
15132:
15127:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15096:
15094:
15090:
15089:
15087:
15086:
15080:
15078:
15074:
15073:
15070:Atlantic Ocean
15065:
15064:
15057:
15050:
15042:
15033:
15032:
15030:
15029:
15017:
15002:
14999:
14998:
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14937:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14911:
14906:
14901:
14896:
14891:
14886:
14884:Sea of Okhotsk
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14864:Philippine Sea
14861:
14856:
14851:
14846:
14841:
14836:
14831:
14829:Gulf of Tonkin
14826:
14821:
14819:Gulf of Panama
14816:
14811:
14806:
14801:
14799:Gulf of Anadyr
14796:
14794:Gulf of Alaska
14791:
14789:East China Sea
14786:
14781:
14776:
14771:
14766:
14761:
14756:
14751:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14730:
14728:
14722:
14721:
14719:
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14708:
14703:
14698:
14693:
14688:
14683:
14678:
14673:
14668:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14637:
14635:
14629:
14628:
14626:
14625:
14620:
14618:Tyrrhenian Sea
14615:
14610:
14608:Sea of Marmara
14605:
14600:
14595:
14590:
14585:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14525:
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14500:
14498:Gulf of Mexico
14495:
14490:
14485:
14483:Gulf of Guinea
14480:
14475:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14435:
14430:
14425:
14423:Bay of Bothnia
14420:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14400:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14369:
14367:
14365:Atlantic Ocean
14361:
14360:
14358:
14357:
14352:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14332:
14327:
14322:
14317:
14312:
14307:
14302:
14297:
14292:
14287:
14281:
14279:
14273:
14272:
14270:
14269:
14264:
14259:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14219:
14217:Cosmonauts Sea
14214:
14209:
14204:
14198:
14196:
14190:
14189:
14174:
14173:
14166:
14159:
14151:
14142:
14141:
14139:
14138:
14136:Tyrrhenian Sea
14133:
14128:
14123:
14121:Sea of Marmara
14118:
14113:
14108:
14103:
14098:
14093:
14088:
14083:
14078:
14072:
14070:
14064:
14063:
14061:
14060:
14048:
14040:
14027:
14025:
14018:
14017:
14015:
14014:
14009:
14003:
14001:
13995:
13994:
13992:
13991:
13986:
13981:
13976:
13971:
13966:
13961:
13956:
13951:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13885:
13883:
13877:
13876:
13868:
13867:
13860:
13853:
13845:
13839:
13838:
13832:
13820:
13808:
13786:
13785:External links
13783:
13780:
13779:
13706:
13676:
13644:
13635:
13620:
13595:
13565:
13543:. p. 41.
13522:
13513:
13481:
13455:
13429:
13403:
13372:
13363:
13333:
13315:
13283:
13251:
13244:
13226:
13219:
13193:
13163:
13131:
13112:
13092:
13071:"Press corner"
13062:
13027:
12996:
12953:
12929:
12910:
12897:
12884:
12880:Brian M. Fagan
12837:
12811:
12791:
12778:
12713:
12704:
12688:
12662:
12611:
12584:(2): 167–170.
12568:
12503:
12454:
12402:
12391:
12354:(5): 548–557.
12338:
12285:
12266:
12244:
12193:
12152:
12109:
12060:
12016:
11972:
11929:
11886:
11851:Biogeosciences
11837:
11802:Biogeosciences
11788:
11744:
11698:
11651:
11600:
11565:
11500:
11458:
11447:
11413:
11402:
11366:
11323:
11280:
11234:
11199:Biogeosciences
11185:
11144:
11109:
11090:(6): 915–935.
11073:
11037:
11007:
10974:
10941:
10922:
10902:
10881:(3): 109–120.
10861:
10812:
10810:, p. 206.
10800:
10793:
10775:
10748:
10718:
10691:
10661:
10631:
10601:
10571:
10541:
10511:
10481:
10451:
10421:
10391:
10369:
10345:
10319:
10293:
10263:
10237:
10207:
10195:
10161:
10131:
10109:
10085:
10049:
10017:
9995:
9971:
9898:
9875:
9846:
9822:
9799:
9775:
9738:
9708:
9681:Sustainability
9667:
9658:
9628:
9598:
9568:
9542:
9512:
9482:
9472:
9463:
9446:
9423:
9399:
9373:
9359:
9337:
9318:
9298:
9291:
9270:
9251:
9231:
9224:
9204:
9191:
9172:
9138:
9112:
9086:
9046:
9033:
9015:
8984:
8946:
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8859:
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8795:
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8770:
8740:
8722:
8715:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8683:
8682:
8658:
8646:
8634:
8618:
8606:
8582:
8570:
8560:
8559:
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8551:
8545:
8540:
8531:
8525:
8519:
8513:
8504:
8498:
8492:
8486:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8461:
8455:
8449:
8443:
8438:
8429:
8423:
8417:
8411:Cyprus dispute
8408:
8402:
8396:
8393:Aegean dispute
8389:
8388:
8387:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8363:
8356:
8354:
8347:
8340:
8338:
8331:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8312:
8310:
8299:
8292:
8290:
8284:Sunset at the
8283:
8276:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8258:
8247:
8240:
8238:
8228:
8221:
8219:
8213:
8206:
8204:
8194:
8187:
8185:
8181:Ksamil Islands
8179:
8172:
8170:
8163:
8156:
8154:
8147:
8140:
8138:
8131:
8124:
8122:
8115:
8108:
8106:
8100:Pretty Bay in
8099:
8092:
8090:
8084:
8077:
8075:
8069:
8062:
8060:
8053:
8046:
8044:
8037:
8030:
8028:
8021:
8014:
8012:
8006:
7999:
7995:
7992:
7976:Main article:
7973:
7970:
7922:Main article:
7919:
7916:
7824:
7821:
7811:
7810:
7802:
7801:
7794:
7793:
7786:
7785:
7778:
7777:
7770:
7769:
7762:
7761:
7754:
7753:
7746:
7745:
7738:
7737:
7730:
7729:
7722:
7721:
7714:
7713:
7706:
7705:
7698:
7697:
7690:
7689:
7682:
7681:
7674:
7673:
7666:
7665:
7658:
7657:
7650:
7649:
7642:
7641:
7634:
7633:
7626:
7625:
7618:
7617:
7610:
7609:
7602:
7601:
7594:
7593:
7586:
7585:
7578:
7577:
7570:
7569:
7562:
7561:
7554:
7553:
7546:
7545:
7538:
7537:
7530:
7529:
7522:
7521:
7514:
7513:
7506:
7505:
7498:
7497:
7490:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7396:
7393:
7377:marine mammals
7341:
7338:
7326:sea level rise
7322:
7321:
7315:
7304:
7288:
7287:Sea-level rise
7285:
7271:
7268:
7204:Aswan High Dam
7151:
7148:
7084:Mount Vesuvius
7068:Thera eruption
7052:
7049:
7000:Oliver Rackham
6982:
6979:
6892:marine species
6845:ocean currents
6827:
6824:
6798:
6795:
6790:sclerophyllous
6778:laurel forests
6769:
6766:
6722:Middle Miocene
6692:Betic Corridor
6688:Zanclean Flood
6678:Dwarf elephant
6669:
6666:
6658:Zanclean flood
6642:Betic Corridor
6629:mountain belts
6613:Main article:
6591:Zanclean flood
6582:
6579:
6527:Alpine orogeny
6489:
6488:
6439:
6437:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6375:Zanclean flood
6351:Eurasian Plate
6300:
6297:
6232:, has a daily
6189:
6186:
6173:
6164:
6163:Climate change
6161:
6137:
6134:
6086:
6083:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5949:
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5906:
5903:
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5897:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5870:
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5863:
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5857:
5854:
5851:
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5842:
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5707:
5704:
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5686:
5685:
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5679:
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5673:
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5646:
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5511:
5508:
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5492:
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5483:
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5403:
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5385:
5382:
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5376:
5373:
5370:
5361:
5358:
5347:
5346:
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5338:
5337:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5305:
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5299:
5296:
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5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5207:
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5201:
5196:
5192:
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5188:
5185:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5057:Main article:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5039:
5032:
5021:
5010:
4999:
4988:
4973:
4966:
4952:
4941:
4927:
4912:
4905:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4850:Gulf of Venice
4846:
4839:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4807:
4797:
4789:, the gulf of
4783:
4775:, the gulf of
4769:
4760:, the gulf of
4758:Pagasetic Gulf
4754:
4744:
4734:
4724:
4717:Minet el-Beida
4713:
4706:
4692:
4615:
4614:Other features
4612:
4608:
4607:
4600:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4574:
4573:north of Crete
4567:
4553:
4539:
4525:
4511:
4486:Tyrrhenian Sea
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4436:
4425:
4407:Tyrrhenian Sea
4403:
4388:
4378:
4368:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4314:
4300:
4290:
4255:
4249:
4239:
4233:
4211:
4201:
4155:
4133:
4115:
4101:
4087:
4061:
4060:Coastal cities
4058:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:United Kingdom
4005:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3953:
3949:
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3448:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3375:
3372:
3332:view from the
3262:
3261:
3255:
3248:
3246:nearby islands
3234:
3220:
3219:
3208:Island nations
3205:
3182:Southern shore
3179:
3149:
3102:Northern shore
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3031:
2979:(Nile basin),
2952:Jura Mountains
2899:drainage basin
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2852:
2846:
2841:(26°11′E) and
2835:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2815:37.783; 12.367
2789:
2778:
2771:Cape Trafalgar
2729:
2726:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:Sea of Marmara
2605:
2601:
2600:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2379:
2376:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:Tyrrhenian Sea
2275:
2271:
2270:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2106:
2103:
2060:
2059:
2033:
1999:
1904:
1903:
1888:Sea of Marmara
1884:
1883:") in the west
1869:Atlantic Ocean
1824:
1817:
1816:
1792:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1755:Following the
1727:
1726:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1697:
1694:
1457:Constantinople
1437:Arab invasions
1409:
1406:
1384:Roman Republic
1378:Following the
1305:
1286:
1283:
1278:Main article:
1275:
1272:
1262:, the Turkish
1234:áspri thálassa
1175:Baḥr al-šām(ī)
1159:Baḥr al-Rūm(ī)
1154:البحر المتوسط
1130:HaYam HaTikhon
1118:Book of Exodus
1094:Book of Joshua
1059:Middle Persian
901:Ancient Greeks
872:
869:
853:United Kingdom
652:Zanclean flood
608:Atlantic Ocean
532:
531:
529:
528:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
443:
441:
437:
436:
431:
425:
424:
421:
417:
416:
413:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
395:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
379:
378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
363:
362:
359:
358:
354:
353:
347:
336:United Kingdom
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
299:Cyprus dispute
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
210:
209:
206:
205:
203:
196:
195:
186:
178:
177:
155:Sea of Marmara
148:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
95:
89:
88:
86:
85:
80:
75:
69:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17248:
17237:
17234:
17232:
17229:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17219:
17217:
17216:Seas of Spain
17214:
17212:
17211:Seas of Italy
17209:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17199:
17197:
17194:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17181:European seas
17179:
17177:
17174:
17172:
17169:
17167:
17164:
17162:
17159:
17157:
17154:
17152:
17149:
17147:
17144:
17142:
17141:Mediterranean
17139:
17138:
17136:
17124:
17123:
17122:Travel guides
17111:
17107:
17106:
17094:
17090:
17089:
17077:
17073:
17072:
17060:
17057:from Wikinews
17056:
17055:
17043:
17039:
17038:
17026:
17022:
17021:
17009:
17008:
17005:
16999:
16991:
16981:
16980:
16977:
16964:
16960:
16956:
16948:
16947:
16944:
16938:
16935:
16933:
16930:
16928:
16925:
16923:
16920:
16918:
16915:
16913:
16910:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16900:
16898:
16895:
16894:
16892:
16890:
16886:
16880:
16877:
16875:
16872:
16871:
16869:
16867:
16863:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16838:
16836:
16834:
16830:
16824:
16821:
16819:
16816:
16812:
16809:
16808:
16807:
16804:
16803:
16801:
16799:
16794:
16788:
16785:
16781:
16778:
16776:
16773:
16771:
16768:
16767:
16766:
16765:Pacific Ocean
16763:
16761:
16758:
16756:
16753:
16751:
16748:
16744:
16741:
16740:
16739:
16736:
16735:
16733:
16731:
16727:
16717:
16714:
16710:
16707:
16705:
16702:
16701:
16700:
16699:Pacific Ocean
16697:
16693:
16690:
16689:
16688:
16685:
16679:
16676:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16665:
16664:
16661:
16659:
16656:
16654:
16653:Caribbean Sea
16651:
16649:
16646:
16644:
16641:
16640:
16639:
16636:
16634:
16631:
16630:
16628:
16626:
16621:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16604:
16603:
16600:
16596:
16595:by population
16593:
16591:
16588:
16587:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16576:
16573:
16569:
16568:South America
16566:
16562:
16559:
16557:
16554:
16553:
16552:
16551:North America
16549:
16548:
16547:
16544:
16542:
16539:
16538:
16536:
16534:
16529:
16526:
16524:
16520:
16508:
16505:
16504:
16503:
16502:Southern Cone
16500:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16483:
16480:
16478:
16477:Andean States
16475:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16463:
16462:
16461:
16458:
16457:
16455:
16453:
16452:South America
16449:
16443:
16440:
16438:
16435:
16433:
16430:
16428:
16425:
16421:
16418:
16417:
16416:
16413:
16409:
16406:
16402:
16399:
16397:
16394:
16392:
16389:
16388:
16387:
16384:
16383:
16382:
16379:
16378:
16376:
16374:
16370:
16364:
16361:
16355:
16352:
16350:
16347:
16346:
16345:
16342:
16341:
16340:
16337:
16335:
16332:
16330:
16327:
16325:
16322:
16320:
16317:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16293:
16290:
16288:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16265:
16263:
16260:
16258:
16255:
16253:
16250:
16248:
16245:
16243:
16240:
16238:
16235:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16223:
16220:
16218:
16215:
16213:
16210:
16209:
16208:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16198:
16195:
16193:
16190:
16188:
16185:
16183:
16180:
16179:
16177:
16175:
16174:North America
16171:
16165:
16162:
16160:
16157:
16155:
16152:
16150:
16147:
16143:
16140:
16138:
16137:Low Countries
16135:
16133:
16130:
16129:
16128:
16125:
16119:
16116:
16115:
16114:
16113:South-western
16111:
16107:
16104:
16103:
16102:
16101:South-eastern
16099:
16095:
16092:
16091:
16090:
16087:
16085:
16082:
16080:
16079:Mediterranean
16077:
16076:
16075:
16072:
16066:
16063:
16062:
16061:
16058:
16056:
16053:
16051:
16048:
16046:
16045:British Isles
16043:
16041:
16038:
16037:
16036:
16033:
16029:
16026:
16024:
16021:
16017:
16014:
16012:
16009:
16007:
16004:
16003:
16002:
15999:
15997:
15994:
15993:
15992:
15989:
15987:
15984:
15983:
15981:
15979:
15975:
15965:
15962:
15960:
15957:
15955:
15952:
15951:
15950:
15947:
15943:
15942:Levantine Sea
15940:
15938:
15935:
15934:
15933:
15930:
15926:
15923:
15922:
15921:
15918:
15914:
15911:
15910:
15909:
15906:
15904:
15901:
15900:
15899:
15896:
15892:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15878:
15877:
15874:
15870:
15867:
15865:
15862:
15861:
15860:
15857:
15855:
15852:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15839:
15838:
15835:
15829:
15826:
15825:
15824:
15821:
15820:
15819:
15816:
15812:
15809:
15805:
15802:
15801:
15800:
15797:
15796:
15795:
15792:
15788:
15785:
15783:
15780:
15778:
15775:
15774:
15773:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15764:
15762:
15760:
15756:
15748:
15745:
15744:
15743:
15740:
15738:
15735:
15731:
15728:
15727:
15726:
15723:
15722:
15720:
15718:
15714:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15694:
15691:
15689:
15686:
15685:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15676:
15675:
15674:
15671:
15665:
15662:
15660:
15657:
15655:
15652:
15650:
15647:
15646:
15645:
15642:
15641:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15634:Mediterranean
15632:
15631:
15629:
15627:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15614:
15606:
15603:
15602:
15601:
15598:
15596:
15593:
15591:
15588:
15586:
15583:
15579:
15576:
15575:
15574:
15571:
15570:
15568:
15566:
15562:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15541:
15538:
15536:
15533:
15531:
15528:
15527:
15525:
15523:
15519:
15511:
15508:
15506:
15503:
15501:
15498:
15496:
15493:
15492:
15491:
15488:
15486:
15483:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15473:
15471:
15468:
15467:
15465:
15463:
15459:
15455:
15451:
15447:
15440:
15435:
15433:
15428:
15426:
15421:
15420:
15417:
15407:
15402:
15395:
15389:
15386:
15384:
15381:
15379:
15376:
15374:
15371:
15369:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15343:Norwegian Sea
15341:
15339:
15336:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15314:
15313:Levantine Sea
15311:
15309:
15306:
15304:
15301:
15299:
15296:
15294:
15291:
15289:
15286:
15284:
15283:Greenland Sea
15281:
15279:
15276:
15274:
15273:Caribbean Sea
15271:
15269:
15266:
15264:
15261:
15259:
15256:
15254:
15251:
15249:
15248:Argentine Sea
15246:
15244:
15241:
15239:
15236:
15234:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15220:
15218:
15214:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15197:Gulf of Sidra
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15187:Gulf of Maine
15185:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15164:
15162:
15158:
15152:
15149:
15148:
15146:
15142:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15105:Bay of Biscay
15103:
15101:
15098:
15097:
15095:
15091:
15085:
15082:
15081:
15079:
15075:
15071:
15063:
15058:
15056:
15051:
15049:
15044:
15043:
15040:
15028:
15027:
15018:
15016:
15015:
15010:
15004:
15003:
15000:
14994:
14991:
14989:
14986:
14984:
14981:
14980:
14978:
14974:
14968:
14965:
14963:
14960:
14958:
14955:
14953:
14950:
14949:
14947:
14945:
14941:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14892:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14835:
14834:Halmahera Sea
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14787:
14785:
14782:
14780:
14777:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14735:
14732:
14731:
14729:
14727:
14726:Pacific Ocean
14723:
14717:
14714:
14712:
14709:
14707:
14704:
14702:
14699:
14697:
14696:Laccadive Sea
14694:
14692:
14689:
14687:
14684:
14682:
14681:Gulf of Kutch
14679:
14677:
14674:
14672:
14671:Gulf of Aqaba
14669:
14667:
14664:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14651:Bay of Bengal
14649:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14638:
14636:
14634:
14630:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14578:Norwegian Sea
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14548:Levantine Sea
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14503:Gulf of Sidra
14501:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14493:Gulf of Maine
14491:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14468:Greenland Sea
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14448:Caribbean Sea
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14418:Bay of Biscay
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14399:
14398:Argentine Sea
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14370:
14368:
14366:
14362:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14323:
14321:
14318:
14316:
14313:
14311:
14310:Greenland Sea
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14285:Amundsen Gulf
14283:
14282:
14280:
14278:
14274:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14227:D'Urville Sea
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14199:
14197:
14195:
14191:
14187:
14183:
14179:
14172:
14167:
14165:
14160:
14158:
14153:
14152:
14149:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14107:
14104:
14102:
14101:Levantine Sea
14099:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14073:
14071:
14069:
14068:Marginal seas
14065:
14056:
14052:
14049:
14044:
14041:
14037:
14032:
14029:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14019:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14004:
14002:
14000:
13996:
13990:
13987:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13952:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13886:
13884:
13882:
13878:
13874:
13866:
13861:
13859:
13854:
13852:
13847:
13846:
13843:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13827:
13824:
13821:
13819:
13815:
13812:
13809:
13805:
13804:
13798:
13793:
13789:
13788:
13775:
13771:
13767:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13749:
13745:
13741:
13737:
13733:
13729:
13725:
13721:
13717:
13710:
13694:
13690:
13686:
13680:
13661:
13654:
13648:
13639:
13631:
13627:
13623:
13617:
13613:
13609:
13605:
13599:
13580:
13576:
13572:
13568:
13562:
13558:
13554:
13550:
13546:
13542:
13535:
13534:
13526:
13517:
13498:
13491:
13485:
13469:
13465:
13459:
13443:
13439:
13433:
13417:
13413:
13407:
13391:
13387:
13381:
13379:
13377:
13367:
13351:
13347:
13343:
13337:
13329:
13325:
13319:
13303:
13299:
13298:
13293:
13287:
13271:
13267:
13266:
13265:Science Daily
13261:
13255:
13247:
13241:
13237:
13230:
13222:
13216:
13212:
13208:
13204:
13197:
13181:
13177:
13173:
13167:
13148:
13141:
13135:
13119:
13115:
13109:
13105:
13104:
13096:
13080:
13076:
13072:
13066:
13047:
13040:
13034:
13032:
13015:
13011:
13007:
13000:
12991:
12986:
12982:
12978:
12974:
12970:
12969:
12964:
12957:
12950:
12946:
12942:
12939:
12933:
12926:
12922:
12919:
12914:
12907:
12901:
12894:
12888:
12881:
12877:
12873:
12870:
12867:
12863:
12860:
12854:
12852:
12850:
12848:
12846:
12844:
12842:
12834:
12833:
12828:
12824:
12821:
12815:
12808:
12804:
12800:
12795:
12788:
12782:
12763:
12759:
12755:
12751:
12747:
12743:
12739:
12735:
12731:
12724:
12717:
12708:
12699:
12695:
12691:
12685:
12681:
12677:
12673:
12666:
12658:
12654:
12650:
12646:
12642:
12638:
12634:
12630:
12626:
12622:
12615:
12607:
12603:
12599:
12595:
12591:
12587:
12583:
12579:
12572:
12553:
12549:
12545:
12541:
12537:
12533:
12529:
12526:(2): L02401.
12525:
12521:
12514:
12507:
12499:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12481:
12477:
12473:
12469:
12465:
12458:
12450:
12446:
12442:
12438:
12434:
12430:
12426:
12422:
12421:
12413:
12406:
12400:
12395:
12387:
12383:
12378:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12361:
12357:
12353:
12349:
12342:
12320:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12296:
12289:
12273:
12269:
12263:
12259:
12255:
12248:
12240:
12236:
12232:
12228:
12224:
12220:
12216:
12212:
12208:
12204:
12197:
12178:
12174:
12170:
12163:
12156:
12148:
12144:
12140:
12136:
12132:
12128:
12125:(1): 95–136.
12124:
12120:
12119:Sedimentology
12113:
12105:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12087:
12083:
12079:
12075:
12074:Ocean Science
12071:
12064:
12055:
12051:
12047:
12043:
12039:
12035:
12031:
12027:
12020:
12012:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11996:
11992:
11988:
11984:
11976:
11968:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11940:
11933:
11917:
11913:
11909:
11905:
11902:(in French).
11901:
11897:
11890:
11882:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11864:
11860:
11856:
11852:
11848:
11841:
11833:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11815:
11811:
11807:
11803:
11799:
11792:
11784:
11780:
11776:
11772:
11768:
11764:
11760:
11756:
11748:
11740:
11736:
11732:
11728:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11705:
11703:
11694:
11690:
11686:
11682:
11678:
11674:
11670:
11666:
11658:
11656:
11647:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11628:
11623:
11619:
11615:
11611:
11604:
11596:
11592:
11588:
11584:
11580:
11576:
11569:
11561:
11557:
11553:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11535:
11531:
11527:
11523:
11519:
11515:
11511:
11504:
11496:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11478:
11474:
11470:
11466:
11462:
11451:
11443:
11439:
11434:
11429:
11425:
11421:
11417:
11406:
11398:
11394:
11390:
11386:
11382:
11378:
11370:
11362:
11358:
11354:
11350:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11327:
11319:
11315:
11311:
11307:
11303:
11299:
11295:
11291:
11284:
11276:
11272:
11268:
11264:
11260:
11256:
11252:
11248:
11241:
11239:
11230:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11212:
11208:
11204:
11200:
11196:
11189:
11180:
11175:
11171:
11167:
11163:
11159:
11155:
11148:
11140:
11136:
11132:
11128:
11125:(1–3): 5–36.
11124:
11120:
11113:
11105:
11101:
11097:
11093:
11089:
11085:
11077:
11069:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11050:(in French).
11049:
11041:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11004:
11000:
10996:
10992:
10985:
10978:
10959:
10952:
10945:
10929:
10925:
10919:
10915:
10914:
10906:
10898:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10880:
10876:
10872:
10865:
10857:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10819:
10817:
10809:
10804:
10796:
10790:
10786:
10779:
10763:
10759:
10752:
10736:
10732:
10728:
10722:
10706:
10702:
10695:
10679:
10675:
10671:
10665:
10649:
10645:
10641:
10635:
10619:
10615:
10611:
10605:
10589:
10585:
10581:
10575:
10559:
10555:
10551:
10545:
10529:
10525:
10521:
10515:
10499:
10495:
10491:
10485:
10469:
10465:
10461:
10455:
10439:
10435:
10431:
10425:
10409:
10405:
10401:
10395:
10388:
10376:
10372:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10357:
10349:
10333:
10329:
10323:
10307:
10303:
10297:
10281:
10277:
10273:
10267:
10251:
10247:
10241:
10225:
10221:
10217:
10211:
10204:
10199:
10192:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10165:
10149:
10145:
10141:
10135:
10128:
10116:
10112:
10106:
10102:
10098:
10097:
10089:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10064:
10056:
10054:
10046:
10034:
10030:
10024:
10022:
10014:
10002:
9998:
9992:
9988:
9984:
9983:
9975:
9968:
9963:
9959:
9955:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9914:
9909:
9902:
9895:
9882:
9878:
9872:
9869:. p. 4.
9868:
9864:
9863:
9855:
9853:
9851:
9843:
9839:
9835:
9834:
9826:
9819:
9806:
9802:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9787:
9779:
9760:
9753:
9747:
9745:
9743:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9712:
9704:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9671:
9662:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9632:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9602:
9586:
9582:
9578:
9572:
9556:
9552:
9546:
9530:
9526:
9522:
9516:
9500:
9496:
9492:
9486:
9476:
9467:
9460:
9456:
9450:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9432:
9427:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9409:
9406:C.I. Gable –
9403:
9387:
9383:
9377:
9362:
9356:
9351:
9350:
9341:
9325:
9321:
9315:
9311:
9310:
9302:
9294:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9274:
9258:
9254:
9248:
9244:
9243:
9235:
9227:
9221:
9217:
9216:
9208:
9201:
9195:
9187:
9183:
9176:
9160:
9156:
9155:
9148:
9142:
9126:
9122:
9116:
9100:
9096:
9090:
9082:
9078:
9077:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9050:
9043:
9037:
9030:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8988:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8962:
8955:
8953:
8951:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8919:
8911:
8903:
8899:
8898:
8892:
8885:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8863:
8855:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8834:
8828:, 2017, p. 80
8827:
8826:1-78533-585-5
8823:
8819:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8802:
8800:
8791:
8785:
8781:
8774:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8744:
8738:
8737:
8732:
8726:
8718:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8697:
8693:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8662:
8656:
8650:
8644:
8638:
8632:
8628:
8622:
8616:
8610:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8586:
8580:
8574:
8565:
8561:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8538:Karl Baedeker
8535:
8532:
8529:
8526:
8523:
8520:
8517:
8514:
8508:
8505:
8502:
8499:
8496:
8493:
8490:
8487:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8465:
8462:
8459:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8433:
8430:
8427:
8424:
8421:
8418:
8412:
8409:
8406:
8403:
8400:
8397:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8385:
8384:Oceans portal
8379:
8374:
8360:
8355:
8351:
8344:
8339:
8335:
8328:
8323:
8316:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8296:
8291:
8287:
8286:Deir al-Balah
8280:
8275:
8271:
8264:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8244:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8225:
8220:
8216:
8210:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8191:
8186:
8182:
8176:
8171:
8167:
8160:
8155:
8151:
8144:
8139:
8135:
8128:
8123:
8119:
8112:
8107:
8103:
8096:
8091:
8087:
8081:
8076:
8072:
8066:
8061:
8057:
8056:Îles d'Hyères
8050:
8045:
8041:
8034:
8029:
8025:
8018:
8013:
8009:
8003:
7998:
7997:
7991:
7989:
7985:
7979:
7969:
7966:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7925:
7914:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7898:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7879:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7863:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7814:
7805:
7789:
7773:
7757:
7741:
7725:
7709:
7693:
7677:
7661:
7645:
7629:
7613:
7597:
7581:
7565:
7549:
7533:
7517:
7501:
7487:
7479:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7458:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7406:
7401:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7381:marine debris
7378:
7375:
7371:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7302:
7298:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7267:
7265:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7243:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7219:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7156:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7132:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7061:
7057:
7048:
7046:
7040:
7038:
7033:
7024:
7020:
7015:
7011:
7009:
7008:Enlightenment
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6964:
6962:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6914:
6912:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6900:coastal areas
6897:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6867:. The stable
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6853:oceanic zones
6850:
6846:
6839:
6838:
6832:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6748:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6726:Red Sea Basin
6723:
6719:
6715:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6679:
6675:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6616:
6592:
6587:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6485:
6482:
6474:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6440:This section
6438:
6434:
6429:
6428:
6420:
6417:
6412:
6411:karst springs
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6347:African Plate
6344:
6340:
6336:
6335:oceanic crust
6332:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6282:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6250:phytoplankton
6247:
6243:
6242:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6194:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6171:
6160:
6158:
6157:Levantine Sea
6154:
6150:
6147:
6142:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6106:Levantine Sea
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6059:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6037:precipitation
6034:
6030:
6028:
6019:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5303:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5095:
5092:
5086:
5081:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5036:Malta Channel
5033:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4992:Gulf of İzmir
4989:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4916:Gulf of Sidra
4913:
4910:
4909:Gulf of Haifa
4906:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4885:Gulf of Gaeta
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4843:Gulf of Genoa
4840:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4787:Thermaic Gulf
4784:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4752:Corinth Canal
4749:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4710:Ras al-Bassit
4707:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4639:
4633:
4629:
4628:Mount Sannine
4625:
4620:
4611:
4605:
4604:Levantine Sea
4601:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4515:Sea of Sicily
4512:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4350:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:Rishon LeZion
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4006:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3980:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3954:
3950:
3941:
3940:
3928:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3902:
3898:
3889:
3888:
3876:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3850:
3846:
3837:
3836:
3824:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3798:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3772:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3746:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3720:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3642:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3590:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3538:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3486:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3460:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3434:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3334:Thermaic Gulf
3331:
3327:
3320:
3316:
3315:Tel Aviv-Yafo
3312:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3152:Eastern shore
3150:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3085:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:Italian Lakes
2982:
2978:
2977:Lake Victoria
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2892:
2887:
2873:
2870:(through the
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2740:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2224:Levantine Sea
2221:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:marginal seas
2143:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2105:Marginal seas
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1935:Gulf of Sidra
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1749:Martin Schulz
1746:
1742:
1739:In 2013, the
1733:
1729:
1721:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:. The caliph
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1497:Ottoman Turks
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:Eastern world
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:Carthaginians
1386:defeated the
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1270:"White Sea".
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1229:Άσπρη Θάλασσα
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1176:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:Modern Hebrew
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:HaYam HaGadol
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:Carthaginians
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1008:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:
961:
957:
956:Mare Internum
953:
949:
944:
942:
932:
922:
912:
902:
897:
894:
885:
877:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
739:
735:
734:Gulf of Sidra
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:
587:
539:
527:
525:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
442:
438:
435:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
374:Average depth
372:
368:
364:
360:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
300:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
204:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
185:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:Gulf of Cádiz
149:
147:
141:
138:
135:
133:
129:
124:
96:
90:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
68:
64:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:Mediterranian
17196:Seas of Asia
17120:
17103:
17086:
17069:
17052:
17040:from Commons
17035:
17018:
16997:
16961: /
16959:List of seas
16957: /
16922:Global South
16907:Global North
16841:Atlantic Rim
16780:Ring of Fire
16760:Indian Ocean
16750:Arctic Ocean
16692:Persian Gulf
16687:Indian Ocean
16668:Adriatic Sea
16633:Arctic Ocean
16465:Amazon Basin
16460:Amazon Plain
16432:Near Oceania
16232:Mid-Atlantic
16182:Aridoamerica
16142:Northwestern
16055:Northwestern
16028:Southeastern
15920:Greater Iran
15859:Southeastern
15854:Pacific Asia
15823:Pacific Asia
15811:Northeastern
15767:Asia–Pacific
15510:Fourth World
15500:Second World
15378:Thracian Sea
15363:Sea of Crete
15353:Sea of Åland
15348:Sargasso Sea
15327:
15323:Ligurian Sea
15308:Labrador Sea
15303:Irminger Sea
15268:Bothnian Sea
15253:Balearic Sea
15223:Adriatic Sea
15182:Gulf of Lion
15120:Bothnian Bay
15115:Bay of Fundy
15024:
15005:
14879:Sea of Japan
14754:Bismarck Sea
14706:Persian Gulf
14691:Gulf of Suez
14686:Gulf of Oman
14666:Gulf of Aden
14633:Indian Ocean
14613:Thracian Sea
14598:Sea of Crete
14588:Sea of Åland
14583:Sargasso Sea
14562:
14558:Ligurian Sea
14543:Labrador Sea
14533:Irminger Sea
14488:Gulf of Lion
14443:Bothnian Sea
14433:Bay of Fundy
14408:Balearic Sea
14373:Adriatic Sea
14295:Beaufort Sea
14277:Arctic Ocean
14202:Amundsen Sea
14131:Thracian Sea
14116:Sea of Crete
14111:Ligurian Sea
14091:Balearic Sea
14076:Adriatic Sea
14022:Dependencies
13872:
13801:
13740:10754/679702
13723:
13719:
13709:
13697:. Retrieved
13688:
13679:
13667:. Retrieved
13647:
13638:
13603:
13598:
13586:. Retrieved
13532:
13525:
13516:
13504:. Retrieved
13497:the original
13484:
13472:. Retrieved
13458:
13446:. Retrieved
13442:the original
13432:
13420:. Retrieved
13406:
13394:. Retrieved
13390:the original
13366:
13354:. Retrieved
13345:
13336:
13328:the original
13318:
13306:. Retrieved
13295:
13286:
13274:. Retrieved
13263:
13254:
13235:
13229:
13202:
13196:
13184:. Retrieved
13175:
13166:
13154:. Retrieved
13147:the original
13134:
13122:. Retrieved
13102:
13095:
13085:15 September
13083:. Retrieved
13074:
13065:
13055:20 September
13053:. Retrieved
13046:the original
13018:. Retrieved
13010:The Guardian
13009:
12999:
12972:
12966:
12956:
12932:
12913:
12908:, Berne 1995
12905:
12900:
12892:
12887:
12832:The Guardian
12830:
12814:
12806:
12802:
12794:
12787:PLOS ONE 5.8
12786:
12781:
12769:. Retrieved
12762:the original
12733:
12729:
12716:
12707:
12671:
12665:
12624:
12620:
12614:
12581:
12577:
12571:
12559:. Retrieved
12523:
12519:
12506:
12471:
12467:
12457:
12427:(1): 43–60.
12424:
12418:
12405:
12394:
12351:
12347:
12341:
12335:(in Slovene)
12326:. Retrieved
12309:(2): 11–17.
12306:
12302:
12288:
12278:28 September
12276:. Retrieved
12257:
12247:
12206:
12202:
12196:
12184:. Retrieved
12177:the original
12172:
12169:Stratigraphy
12168:
12155:
12122:
12118:
12112:
12077:
12073:
12063:
12029:
12025:
12019:
11986:
11982:
11975:
11942:
11938:
11932:
11920:. Retrieved
11903:
11899:
11889:
11854:
11850:
11840:
11805:
11801:
11791:
11758:
11754:
11747:
11714:
11710:
11668:
11664:
11617:
11613:
11603:
11578:
11574:
11568:
11517:
11513:
11503:
11471:(1): 15970.
11468:
11464:
11450:
11423:
11419:
11405:
11380:
11376:
11369:
11336:
11332:
11326:
11293:
11289:
11283:
11250:
11246:
11202:
11198:
11188:
11161:
11157:
11147:
11122:
11118:
11112:
11087:
11083:
11076:
11051:
11047:
11040:
11028:. Retrieved
10990:
10977:
10965:. Retrieved
10944:
10932:. Retrieved
10912:
10905:
10878:
10874:
10864:
10829:
10825:
10803:
10784:
10778:
10766:. Retrieved
10751:
10739:. Retrieved
10730:
10721:
10709:. Retrieved
10694:
10682:. Retrieved
10673:
10664:
10652:. Retrieved
10643:
10634:
10622:. Retrieved
10613:
10604:
10592:. Retrieved
10583:
10574:
10562:. Retrieved
10553:
10544:
10532:. Retrieved
10523:
10514:
10502:. Retrieved
10493:
10484:
10472:. Retrieved
10463:
10454:
10442:. Retrieved
10433:
10424:
10412:. Retrieved
10403:
10394:
10386:
10379:. Retrieved
10355:
10348:
10338:15 September
10336:. Retrieved
10322:
10310:. Retrieved
10296:
10286:15 September
10284:. Retrieved
10275:
10266:
10254:. Retrieved
10240:
10230:15 September
10228:. Retrieved
10219:
10210:
10198:
10189:
10182:. Retrieved
10164:
10152:. Retrieved
10140:"San Marino"
10134:
10126:
10119:. Retrieved
10095:
10088:
10076:. Retrieved
10072:the original
10062:
10044:
10037:. Retrieved
10033:the original
10012:
10005:. Retrieved
9981:
9974:
9967:respectively
9965:
9945:10045/121760
9917:
9911:
9901:
9892:
9885:. Retrieved
9861:
9841:
9832:
9825:
9816:
9809:. Retrieved
9785:
9778:
9766:. Retrieved
9759:the original
9729:. Retrieved
9720:
9711:
9684:
9680:
9670:
9661:
9649:. Retrieved
9640:
9631:
9619:. Retrieved
9610:
9601:
9589:. Retrieved
9580:
9571:
9559:. Retrieved
9545:
9533:. Retrieved
9524:
9515:
9503:. Retrieved
9494:
9485:
9475:
9466:
9458:
9449:
9441:
9426:
9418:
9402:
9390:. Retrieved
9376:
9364:. Retrieved
9348:
9340:
9328:. Retrieved
9308:
9301:
9282:
9273:
9261:. Retrieved
9241:
9234:
9214:
9207:
9194:
9181:
9175:
9163:. Retrieved
9153:
9146:
9141:
9129:. Retrieved
9115:
9103:. Retrieved
9089:
9081:the original
9075:
9070:Özhan Öztürk
9065:
9061:
9057:
9054:Özhan Öztürk
9049:
9041:
9036:
9028:
9006:. Retrieved
8997:
8987:
8976:the original
8971:
8967:
8937:. Retrieved
8928:
8918:
8895:
8884:
8876:the original
8862:
8843:
8840:Mare Nostrum
8839:
8833:
8817:
8814:
8810:
8779:
8773:
8761:. Retrieved
8752:
8749:"Nile River"
8743:
8734:
8725:
8706:
8696:
8665:Through the
8661:
8653:Through the
8649:
8641:Through the
8637:
8625:Through the
8621:
8613:Through the
8609:
8589:Through the
8585:
8577:Through the
8573:
8564:
8304:, view From
8168:, Montenegro
8166:Sveti Stefan
8040:La Condamine
8022:Old city of
8008:Europa Point
7986:exceptional
7981:
7962:
7959:
7935:bluefin tuna
7927:
7899:
7880:
7872:naval fleets
7864:
7860:mass tourism
7852:Amalfi Coast
7849:
7461:
7446:
7409:
7343:
7323:
7290:
7273:
7244:
7231:Indo-Pacific
7220:
7192:Bitter Lakes
7188:tidal strait
7173:
7136:forest fires
7127:
7104:
7065:
7045:World War II
7041:
7028:
6984:
6958:
6915:
6908:
6896:biodiversity
6857:biodiversity
6842:
6835:
6826:Biodiversity
6800:
6797:Paleoclimate
6771:
6746:
6742:
6730:Late Miocene
6728:(during the
6710:
6681:
6650:
6618:
6575:Indian Ocean
6499:Tethys Ocean
6492:
6477:
6471:October 2018
6468:
6453:Please help
6441:
6390:Calypso Deep
6387:
6383:Amazon River
6372:
6339:Tethys Ocean
6328:
6318:
6315:karst spring
6313:A submarine
6286:
6277:
6269:spring bloom
6258:
6253:
6246:Gulf of Lion
6240:
6239:Chlorophyll
6222:
6210:oligotrophic
6202:biodiversity
6199:
6166:
6146:anticyclonic
6143:
6139:
6118:Gulf of Lion
6110:Adriatic Sea
6096:through the
6088:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6063:oceanography
6060:
6049:
6031:
6024:
6013:Oceanography
6006:21.4 (70.5)
5960:22.3 (72.1)
5914:22.3 (72.1)
5868:21.7 (71.1)
5822:21.8 (71.2)
5776:19.7 (67.5)
5730:19.3 (66.7)
5684:17.4 (63.3)
5638:19.9 (67.8)
5592:19.3 (66.7)
5546:16.6 (61.9)
5500:17.8 (64.0)
5454:18.6 (65.5)
5314:
5090:
5083:XVI century
5043:Gozo Channel
5025:Bay of Kotor
4920:Tripolitania
4814:Gulf of Lion
4801:Kvarner Gulf
4791:Thessaloniki
4773:Saronic Gulf
4766:Mount Pelion
4696:Ras Ibn Hani
4678:
4667:
4622:View of the
4609:
4594:Cilician Sea
4571:Sea of Crete
4559:between the
4552:in its north
4550:Thracian Sea
4509:Balearic Sea
4490:
4440:Adriatic Sea
4409:enclosed by
4392:Ligurian Sea
4382:Balearic Sea
4355:
4344:Subdivisions
4123:Thessaloniki
4070:
4051:
4033:
4007:
3981:
3955:
3929:
3903:
3877:
3851:
3825:
3799:
3773:
3747:
3721:
3695:
3669:
3643:
3617:
3591:
3565:
3539:
3513:
3487:
3461:
3435:
3409:
3377:
3330:Thessaloniki
3221:
3207:
3181:
3151:
3101:
3096:
2995:
2993:
2968:
2962:, Alps, and
2896:
2775:Cape Spartel
2773:(Spain) and
2745:
2720:Note 3: The
2719:
2703:Thracian Sea
2700:
2690:Note 1: The
2689:
2665:List of seas
2630:
2607:
2572:
2547:Ligurian Sea
2545:
2521:Sea of Crete
2519:
2492:
2451:Adriatic Sea
2449:
2428:Balearic Sea
2426:
2395:
2373:Thracian Sea
2371:
2351:
2331:
2304:
2277:
2222:
2183:
2147:
2131:Balearic Sea
2129:Es Malvins,
2073:The typical
2072:
2061:
1943:
1916:
1905:
1862:
1769:
1754:
1738:
1670:
1647:
1636:
1624:
1616:Ottoman Navy
1606:(1538). The
1586:
1563:
1551:
1545:
1533:al-Mustansir
1521:Cairo Geniza
1502:
1495:against the
1461:Viking raids
1434:
1422:Roman Empire
1411:
1401:Mare Nostrum
1399:
1396:Roman Empire
1394:founded the
1377:
1363:
1349:
1317:
1311:Roman Empire
1263:
1259:
1238:
1233:
1220:Baḥr-i Safīd
1219:
1201:
1200:, it is the
1195:
1184:
1174:
1158:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1085:
1067:
1062:
1055:Daryāy-e Rōm
1054:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1020:
1006:
998:
993:
989:
988:("middle"),
985:
969:
965:Mare Nostrum
963:
960:Roman Empire
955:
951:
945:
940:
930:
920:
910:
898:
890:
762:
754:Roman Empire
743:
698:Calypso Deep
695:
656:
624:North Africa
537:
535:
521:
403:80–100 years
390:Water volume
366:Surface area
351:§Hydrography
78:North Africa
43:
17020:Definitions
16937:Global West
16897:Global East
16856:Pacific Rim
16798:waterbodies
16787:World Ocean
16612:New Zealand
16492:The Guianas
16381:Australasia
16324:West Indies
16247:New England
16227:Great Lakes
16197:Mesoamerica
16084:Middle East
16060:Scandinavia
15949:Middle East
15787:Caspian Sea
15693:Great Lakes
15673:Sub-Saharan
15659:Middle East
15522:Hemispheres
15505:Third World
15495:First World
15448:'s primary
15358:Sea of Azov
15333:Myrtoan Sea
15288:Icarian Sea
15233:Alboran Sea
15135:Pottles Bay
14957:Caspian Sea
14929:Visayan Sea
14909:Solomon Sea
14904:Sibuyan Sea
14899:Shantar Sea
14854:Molucca Sea
14849:Mar de Grau
14779:Chilean Sea
14774:Celebes Sea
14769:Camotes Sea
14734:Arafura Sea
14646:Arabian Sea
14641:Andaman Sea
14593:Sea of Azov
14568:Myrtoan Sea
14383:Alboran Sea
14335:Pechora Sea
14330:Lincoln Sea
14300:Chukchi Sea
14290:Barents Sea
14267:Weddell Sea
14237:Lazarev Sea
14086:Alboran Sea
13588:8 September
13308:23 November
12377:1874/326590
11520:(1): 5911.
11461:regulation"
10741:18 December
10312:7 September
10256:27 November
9768:28 December
9731:28 November
9535:12 December
9330:17 November
9263:17 November
9008:29 November
8939:29 November
8536:(1911), by
8010:, Gibraltar
7924:Overfishing
7918:Overfishing
7902:sea turtles
7883:degradation
7660:Gioia Tauro
7464:oil tankers
7357:mineral oil
7206:across the
7123:Herculaneum
6990:sediments,
6918:Alboran Sea
6834:Soft coral
6804:eolian dust
6786:Macaronesia
6736:age). Many
6720:during the
6226:Alboran Sea
6206:chlorophyll
6081:elsewhere.
6033:Evaporation
5106:Population
4781:Mirtoan Sea
4578:Icarian Sea
4565:Peloponnese
4557:Myrtoan Sea
4372:Alboran Sea
4251:Palestine:
3059:South Sudan
3028:Switzerland
2981:Lake Geneva
2881:Hydrography
2843:Cape Helles
2813: /
2756:Dardanelles
2707:Myrtoan Sea
2574:Alboran Sea
2353:Myrtoan Sea
2333:Icarian Sea
1919:Alborán Sea
1896:Dardanelles
1827:Dardanelles
1682:Suez Crisis
1566:Middle Ages
1493:Holy League
1441:Caspian Sea
1359:Phoenicians
1355:city states
1337:Phoenicians
1114:Philistines
1063:Zrēh ī Hrōm
952:Mare Magnum
911:hē thálassa
756:maintained
440:Settlements
193:Dardanelles
118: /
93:Coordinates
17135:Categories
17071:Quotations
16678:Ionian Sea
16673:Aegean Sea
16643:Baltic Sea
16575:Antarctica
16427:Micronesia
16396:New Guinea
16354:Portuguese
16272:West Coast
16222:East Coast
16217:Bible Belt
16212:Appalachia
15891:Subregions
15799:Inner Asia
15717:Antarctica
15617:Continents
15590:Antarctica
15565:Landmasses
15475:Down Under
15470:Arab World
15454:subregions
15388:Wadden Sea
15318:Libyan Sea
15293:Ionian Sea
15278:Celtic Sea
15258:Baltic Sea
15228:Aegean Sea
15125:Hudson Bay
15100:Baffin Bay
15084:Foxe Basin
14993:Superocean
14967:Salton Sea
14934:Yellow Sea
14924:Tasman Sea
14869:Salish Sea
14749:Bering Sea
14656:Flores Sea
14623:Wadden Sea
14553:Libyan Sea
14523:Ionian Sea
14518:Hudson Bay
14463:Foxe Basin
14453:Celtic Sea
14413:Baltic Sea
14403:Baffin Bay
14378:Aegean Sea
14350:Wandel Sea
14325:Laptev Sea
14257:Scotia Sea
14242:Mawson Sea
14106:Libyan Sea
14096:Ionian Sea
14081:Aegean Sea
13959:Montenegro
13541:World Bank
13356:8 November
13176:Al-Monitor
12771:4 December
12758:1874/19041
12702:(Abstract)
12186:5 November
10956:(Report).
10808:Pinet 1996
10414:4 November
9721:Britannica
9687:(3): 635.
9525:EUobserver
9392:17 January
9366:17 January
8998:Parsi Wiki
8929:Parsi Wiki
8912:required.)
8688:References
8399:Atlantropa
8302:Alexandria
8268:A view of
8248:A view of
8230:Burj Islam
8164:A view of
8120:, Slovenia
8102:Birżebbuġa
8024:Ibiza Town
7965:Greenpeace
7951:red mullet
7911:See also:
7906:monk seals
7804:Nemrut Bay
7676:Tanger-Med
7612:Marsaxlokk
7476:oil spills
7429:Marseilles
7389:trawl nets
7374:endangered
7361:phosphates
7308:Nile Delta
7257:(CBD) and
7235:introduced
7176:Suez Canal
7164:Suez Canal
7117:cities of
7092:Mount Etna
7032:latifundia
6988:floodplain
6966:See also:
6753:Atlantropa
6738:diatomites
6714:evaporites
6672:See also:
6662:geodynamic
6555:Ionian Sea
6551:subduction
6549:plates in
6394:Ionian Sea
6363:evaporites
6357:and Early
6303:See also:
6153:Ionian Sea
6149:ocean gyre
6122:convection
6116:, and the
6114:Aegean Sea
5966:Alexandria
5171:1,088,503
5152:1,672,804
5133:5,048,995
5085:watchtower
5029:Montenegro
4981:İskenderun
4979:, between
4958:, between
4947:, between
4933:, between
4918:, between
4830:, between
4657:Ionian Sea
4543:Aegean Sea
4529:Libyan Sea
4499:, between
4473:Other seas
4466:Aegean Sea
4456:Montenegro
4435:and Greece
4429:Ionian Sea
4330:İskenderun
4091:Alexandria
4038:2,500,000
3887:Montenegro
3348:Mount Etna
3284:Alexandria
3269:Alexandria
3259:Gaza Strip
3134:Montenegro
3020:San Marino
2872:Gaza Strip
2850:Suez Canal
2760:Suez Canal
2732:See also:
2715:Aegean Sea
2652:2,500,000
2479:Montenegro
2397:Ionian Sea
2306:Aegean Sea
2185:Libyan Sea
2091:tangerines
2064:Alpine arc
2042:, and the
1939:El Agheila
1931:Monfalcone
1908:Suez Canal
1875:(known in
1747:president
1673:Suez Canal
1600:Barbarossa
1568:after the
1529:Alexandria
1380:Punic Wars
1331:and other
1309: The
1260:Byalo More
1212:Aegean Sea
1170:بحر الرومي
1122:Israelites
1078:Phoenician
950:called it
793:Montenegro
702:Ionian Sea
644:desiccated
447:Alexandria
382:Max. depth
284:Montenegro
17105:Resources
16990:Geography
16874:Antarctic
16658:Irish Sea
16648:Black Sea
16607:Australia
16556:Caribbean
16533:continent
16507:Patagonia
16437:Polynesia
16415:Melanesia
16408:Zealandia
16386:Australia
16267:Southwest
16187:Caribbean
15964:Near East
15605:submerged
15600:Zealandia
15595:Australia
15485:Old World
15480:New World
15338:North Sea
15298:Irish Sea
15263:Black Sea
15130:James Bay
14889:Seram Sea
14859:Moro Gulf
14784:Coral Sea
14764:Bohol Sea
14759:Bohai Sea
14744:Banda Sea
14716:Timor Sea
14573:North Sea
14538:James Bay
14528:Irish Sea
14438:Black Sea
14355:White Sea
14262:Somov Sea
14222:Davis Sea
14043:Gibraltar
14012:Palestine
13774:250622761
13748:1354-1013
13699:21 August
13630:240665765
13575:134161640
13156:11 August
13124:2 January
12698:1613-2580
12657:205227033
12548:129573384
12498:128771539
12449:1874/1632
12386:134905445
12315:0016-7274
12239:205218854
12104:1812-0792
12054:0967-0645
12011:0967-0637
11967:0198-0149
11912:0399-1784
11881:1726-4189
11832:1726-4189
11783:1463-5003
11739:0886-6236
11693:0886-6236
11620:: e9355.
11560:108292968
11442:2296-7745
11383:: 13–23.
11361:0930-7575
11318:0028-0836
11275:0094-8276
11229:1726-4189
10897:2194-8798
10842:CiteSeerX
10768:5 October
10711:5 October
10684:11 August
10654:5 October
10624:11 August
10594:11 August
10564:20 August
10534:11 August
10504:11 August
10474:11 August
10444:11 August
10203:Jonah 1:3
9962:247013753
9954:0930-7575
9703:2071-1050
9591:20 August
9457:– 1992 –
9165:31 August
9131:22 August
9105:22 August
9066:Karadeniz
8813:, series
8643:Marecchia
8516:Piri Reis
8352:, Algeria
8336:, Tunisia
8332:Beach of
8300:Coast of
8256:, Lebanon
8183:, Albania
8136:, Croatia
7955:sea bream
7947:swordfish
7895:pollution
7834:Beach in
7644:Algeciras
7628:La Spezia
7516:Barcelona
7433:Barcelona
7345:Pollution
7340:Pollution
7334:corridors
7312:Egyptians
7253:, and to
7096:Stromboli
7060:Stromboli
6950:drift net
6938:swordfish
6806:from the
6758:Eurafrika
6734:Messinian
6697:Tortonian
6573:into the
6531:Oligocene
6515:Neotethys
6442:does not
6343:Neotethys
6317:, called
6237:grams of
6178:aragonite
5736:Heraklion
5506:Marseille
5460:Barcelona
4951:and Italy
4924:Cyrenaica
4838:peninsula
4836:Calabrian
4795:Macedonia
4768:peninsula
4643:L'Estaque
4484:, Italy,
4326:Çanakkale
4302:Tunisia:
4275:Cartagena
4271:Barcelona
4253:Gaza City
4241:Morocco:
4203:Lebanon:
4131:Heraklion
4105:Marseille
4099:Port Said
4075:Algeria:
3913:Palestine
3280:Barcelona
3254:on Cyprus
3232:Gibraltar
3172:Palestine
2868:Palestine
2826:(Tunisia)
2722:Black Sea
2598:Gibraltar
2252:Palestine
1973:Kefalonia
1892:Black Sea
1778:Geography
1690:Silk Road
1658:Trafalgar
1650:Gibraltar
1537:Jerusalem
1469:White Sea
1321:Egyptians
1257:Bulgarian
1249:Black Sea
1216:Black Sea
1190:بحرالمغرب
1180:بحر الشام
1164:بحر الروم
1110:Holy Land
1007:mesógeios
906:ἡ θάλασσα
857:Gibraltar
821:Palestine
746:merchants
632:West Asia
524:full list
502:Marseille
452:Barcelona
344:Gibraltar
306:Palestine
115:35°N 18°E
83:West Asia
16401:Tasmania
16349:Hispanic
16207:Northern
16154:Germanic
16132:Atlantic
16074:Southern
16035:Northern
16001:Caucasus
15937:Dead Sea
15908:Caucasus
15876:Southern
15869:Maritime
15864:Mainland
15837:Northern
15818:Far East
15777:Aral Sea
15700:Southern
15644:Northern
15144:Channels
15026:Category
14962:Dead Sea
14952:Aral Sea
14919:Sulu Sea
14874:Savu Sea
14844:Koro Sea
14839:Java Sea
14739:Bali Sea
14320:Kara Sea
14252:Ross Sea
13969:Slovenia
13826:Archived
13814:Archived
13794:(1911).
13766:35848527
13693:Archived
13660:Archived
13606:. 2019.
13579:Archived
13506:1 August
13474:23 April
13468:Archived
13448:23 April
13438:"EUROPA"
13422:23 April
13416:Archived
13396:23 April
13350:Archived
13302:Archived
13297:BBC News
13270:Archived
13180:Archived
13118:Archived
13079:Archived
13014:Archived
12941:Archived
12921:Archived
12872:Archived
12862:Archived
12823:Archived
12799:Hsu K.J.
12649:22170684
12606:34247931
12552:Archived
12319:Archived
12272:Archived
12231:20010684
12147:52266741
11916:Archived
11646:32612887
11552:30976028
11495:36153366
11068:23452851
11021:Archived
11017:55831361
10967:23 April
10958:Archived
10928:Archived
10762:Archived
10735:Archived
10705:Archived
10678:Archived
10648:Archived
10618:Archived
10588:Archived
10558:Archived
10528:Archived
10498:Archived
10468:Archived
10438:Archived
10408:Archived
10381:15 April
10375:Archived
10332:Archived
10306:Archived
10280:Archived
10250:Archived
10224:Archived
10184:14 March
10178:Archived
10154:22 April
10148:Archived
10121:15 April
10115:Archived
10078:15 April
10039:16 April
10001:Archived
9881:Archived
9805:Archived
9791:Elsevier
9725:Archived
9645:Archived
9615:Archived
9585:Archived
9555:Archived
9529:Archived
9505:14 March
9499:Archived
9434:Archived
9411:Archived
9386:Archived
9324:Archived
9281:(2006).
9257:Archived
9159:Archived
9125:Archived
9099:Archived
9031:, 2nd ed
9002:Archived
8933:Archived
8763:12 March
8757:Archived
8405:Babelmed
8370:See also
8334:Hammamet
8272:, Israel
8217:, Cyprus
8202:, Turkey
8196:Ölüdeniz
8148:View of
8088:, Greece
8071:Sardinia
8058:, France
8042:, Monaco
7931:albacore
7580:Limassol
7500:Valencia
7455:Port of
7413:Valencia
7395:Shipping
7249:and the
7233:origin,
7227:decapods
7140:Tsunamis
7082:legend.
7080:Atlantis
7004:classics
6934:sardines
6861:currents
6847:in open
6816:sapropel
6812:detrital
6793:region.
6782:Pliocene
6762:Desertec
6625:Cenozoic
6621:Mesozoic
6569:and the
6547:tectonic
6519:Pyrenees
6511:Jurassic
6507:Gondwana
6503:Laurasia
6495:Eurasian
6359:Jurassic
6355:Triassic
6293:bacteria
6281:Redfield
6094:Atlantic
6041:salinity
6003:20 (68)
6000:22 (72)
5997:25 (77)
5994:26 (79)
5991:26 (79)
5988:25 (77)
5985:23 (73)
5982:20 (68)
5979:18 (64)
5976:17 (63)
5973:17 (63)
5970:18 (64)
5957:20 (68)
5954:23 (73)
5951:26 (79)
5948:28 (82)
5945:28 (82)
5942:27 (81)
5939:24 (75)
5936:21 (70)
5933:18 (64)
5930:17 (63)
5927:17 (63)
5924:18 (64)
5920:Tel Aviv
5911:19 (66)
5908:22 (72)
5905:25 (77)
5902:28 (82)
5899:29 (84)
5896:28 (82)
5893:25 (77)
5890:21 (70)
5887:18 (64)
5884:17 (63)
5881:17 (63)
5878:18 (64)
5865:19 (66)
5862:22 (72)
5859:25 (77)
5856:27 (81)
5853:28 (82)
5850:26 (79)
5847:24 (75)
5844:20 (68)
5841:18 (64)
5838:17 (63)
5835:17 (63)
5832:18 (64)
5828:Limassol
5819:19 (66)
5816:22 (72)
5813:25 (77)
5810:27 (81)
5807:29 (84)
5804:27 (81)
5801:24 (75)
5798:21 (70)
5795:17 (63)
5792:16 (61)
5789:17 (63)
5786:17 (63)
5773:18 (64)
5770:20 (68)
5767:22 (72)
5764:24 (75)
5761:25 (77)
5758:24 (75)
5755:22 (72)
5752:19 (66)
5749:16 (61)
5746:15 (59)
5743:15 (59)
5740:16 (61)
5727:18 (64)
5724:19 (66)
5721:21 (70)
5718:24 (75)
5715:24 (75)
5712:24 (75)
5709:21 (70)
5706:18 (64)
5703:16 (61)
5700:15 (59)
5697:15 (59)
5694:16 (61)
5681:14 (57)
5678:16 (61)
5675:20 (68)
5672:23 (73)
5669:26 (79)
5666:25 (77)
5663:22 (72)
5660:18 (64)
5657:13 (55)
5654:11 (52)
5651:10 (50)
5648:11 (52)
5635:18 (64)
5632:21 (70)
5629:23 (73)
5626:25 (77)
5623:26 (79)
5620:24 (75)
5617:21 (70)
5614:18 (64)
5611:16 (61)
5608:15 (59)
5605:16 (61)
5602:16 (61)
5589:16 (61)
5586:19 (66)
5583:22 (72)
5580:25 (77)
5577:27 (81)
5574:25 (77)
5571:22 (72)
5568:18 (64)
5565:15 (59)
5562:14 (57)
5559:14 (57)
5556:15 (59)
5543:14 (57)
5540:16 (61)
5537:18 (64)
5534:21 (70)
5531:22 (72)
5528:21 (70)
5525:18 (64)
5522:16 (61)
5519:14 (57)
5516:13 (55)
5513:13 (55)
5510:13 (55)
5497:15 (59)
5494:17 (63)
5491:20 (68)
5488:23 (73)
5485:25 (77)
5482:23 (73)
5479:20 (68)
5476:17 (63)
5473:14 (57)
5470:13 (55)
5467:12 (54)
5464:13 (55)
5451:17 (63)
5448:18 (64)
5445:20 (68)
5442:22 (72)
5439:23 (73)
5436:22 (72)
5433:20 (68)
5430:18 (64)
5427:16 (61)
5424:16 (61)
5421:15 (59)
5418:16 (61)
5285:117,007
5247:869,067
5228:218,000
5209:623,666
5190:299,209
5142:Sardinia
5097:Country
5073:Sardinia
5020:(Turkey)
5009:(Turkey)
4998:(Turkey)
4987:(Turkey)
4960:Sardinia
4698:cape in
4674:Mallorca
4580:between
4563:and the
4561:Cyclades
4531:between
4517:between
4501:Sardinia
4482:Positano
4444:Slovenia
4411:Sardinia
4394:between
4316:Turkey:
4287:Valencia
4267:Badalona
4259:Alicante
4237:Valletta
4215:Benghazi
4153:Tel Aviv
4135:Israel:
4117:Greece:
4103:France:
4095:Damietta
4041:970,000
3965:Slovenia
3580:102,047
3554:128,843
3528:169,125
3505:100,000
3502:260,000
3479:137,299
3476:355,604
3453:190,622
3450:493,708
3427:209,235
3424:541,915
3390:Country
3363:Istanbul
3313:(now in
3122:Slovenia
3067:Tanzania
3047:Ethiopia
3008:Bulgaria
2960:Pyrenees
2914:and the
2912:Moulouya
2839:Kum Kale
2824:Cape Bon
2777:(Africa)
2758:and the
2701:Note 2:
2655:970,000
2635:500,000
2499:120,000
2483:Slovenia
2456:138,000
2433:150,000
2402:169,000
2311:214,000
2284:275,000
2229:320,000
2190:350,000
2144:, Greece
2036:Sardinia
1900:Bosporus
1898:and the
1890:and the
1850:Anatolia
1686:Cold War
1684:and the
1553:outremer
1548:Crusades
1505:Fatimids
1465:Norsemen
1430:Umayyads
1392:Augustus
1373:triremes
1357:and the
1329:Hittites
1323:and the
781:Slovenia
691:Sardinia
620:Anatolia
482:Valencia
311:Slovenia
66:Location
16602:Oceania
16590:by area
16546:America
16523:Islands
16373:Oceania
16237:Midwest
16192:Central
16159:Romance
16127:Western
15996:Balkans
15991:Eastern
15986:Central
15954:Mashriq
15898:Western
15842:Siberia
15794:Eastern
15772:Central
15705:Western
15678:Central
15654:Mashriq
15649:Maghreb
15639:Saharan
15585:America
15578:Eurasia
15450:regions
14711:Red Sea
14058:(Spain)
14055:Melilla
13984:Tunisia
13964:Morocco
13939:Lebanon
13904:Croatia
13894:Algeria
13889:Albania
13757:9543131
13669:1 March
13276:9 March
13186:12 July
12977:Bibcode
12949:Reuters
12805:, Vol.
12789:, 2010.
12738:Bibcode
12629:Bibcode
12586:Bibcode
12578:Geology
12528:Bibcode
12476:Bibcode
12429:Bibcode
12356:Bibcode
12211:Bibcode
12127:Bibcode
12082:Bibcode
12034:Bibcode
11991:Bibcode
11947:Bibcode
11859:Bibcode
11810:Bibcode
11763:Bibcode
11719:Bibcode
11673:Bibcode
11637:7320722
11583:Bibcode
11543:6459914
11522:Bibcode
11486:9509385
11385:Bibcode
11341:Bibcode
11298:Bibcode
11255:Bibcode
11207:Bibcode
11166:Bibcode
11127:Bibcode
11092:Bibcode
10834:Bibcode
10330:. FAO.
9922:Bibcode
9641:Reuters
9384:. BBC.
9062:Akdeniz
8733:at the
8595:Maritsa
8308:, Egypt
8250:Raouché
8236:, Syria
8234:Latakia
8232:Beach,
8104:, Malta
8086:Navagio
8026:, Spain
7994:Gallery
7856:Barcola
7838:on the
7836:Antalya
7823:Tourism
7692:Leghorn
7564:Piraeus
7548:Ambarlı
7457:Trieste
7421:Trieste
7417:Piraeus
7223:endemic
7198:(after
7180:Red Sea
7119:Pompeii
7107:Plinian
7088:volcano
7072:tsunami
7030:as the
6998:'s and
6774:Miocene
6619:During
6535:Miocene
6463:removed
6448:sources
6406:Tunisia
6392:in the
6321:, near
6299:Geology
6273:density
6265:biomass
6102:Corsica
6073:or the
5782:Antalya
5311:Climate
5304:51,936
5290:Greece
5271:Greece
5266:90,643
5252:Greece
5237:Majorca
5214:Greece
5195:Greece
5180:Corsica
5176:France
5157:Cyprus
5146:23,821
5127:25,460
5100:Island
5075:(Italy)
5007:Fethiye
4964:Corsica
4949:Corsica
4939:Tunisia
4903:Albania
4805:Croatia
4732:Morocco
4723:, Syria
4700:Latakia
4681:straits
4653:Sarandë
4541:In the
4523:Tunisia
4460:Albania
4448:Croatia
4433:Albania
4415:Corsica
4402:(Italy)
4400:Liguria
4396:Corsica
4376:Morocco
4322:Antalya
4294:Latakia
4292:Syria:
4263:Almería
4257:Spain:
4247:Tangier
4243:Tétouan
4235:Malta:
4223:Tripoli
4219:Misrata
4213:Libya:
4209:Tripoli
4195:Trieste
4191:Taranto
4187:Pescara
4179:Palermo
4171:Messina
4163:Catania
4157:Italy:
4145:Netanya
4089:Egypt:
4077:Algiers
3866:10,189
3840:13,691
3835:Albania
3814:17,676
3788:18,302
3783:Morocco
3762:19,265
3757:Lebanon
3736:25,139
3713:21,445
3710:55,542
3687:22,792
3684:59,032
3679:Croatia
3661:27,875
3658:72,195
3635:31,047
3632:80,412
3609:34,127
3606:88,389
3583:39,401
3575:Tunisia
3557:49,747
3549:Algeria
3531:65,300
3387:Number
3344:Catania
3242:Melilla
3194:Tunisia
3190:Algeria
3186:Morocco
3164:Lebanon
3138:Albania
3126:Croatia
3043:Eritrea
3039:Burundi
3004:Andorra
2948:Maritsa
2856:Lebanon
2801:12°22′E
2798:37°47′N
2638:190,000
2614:11,500
2594:Algeria
2590:Morocco
2579:53,000
2552:80,000
2529:37,000
2526:95,000
2471:Croatia
2463:Albania
2413:Albania
2287:106,000
2244:Lebanon
2232:120,000
2193:140,000
2158:Number
2142:Lefkada
2087:oranges
2056:Menorca
2052:Majorca
2040:Corsica
2026:Korčula
1995:in the
1912:Red Sea
1886:to the
1871:by the
1867:to the
1844:in the
1807:Maghreb
1741:Maltese
1678:Trieste
1620:galleys
1588:Ottoman
1541:hospice
1369:Red Sea
1325:Minoans
1274:History
1264:Akdeniz
1253:Red Sea
1207:ﺁق دڭيز
1202:Akdeniz
1198:Turkish
1108:or the
1102:1 Kings
1098:Ezekiel
1090:Numbers
1076:texts,
974:Solinus
841:Morocco
837:Algeria
833:Tunisia
813:Lebanon
797:Albania
785:Croatia
700:in the
675:Morocco
602:) is a
599:-nee-ən
595:-ih-tə-
512:Tangier
507:Tripoli
487:Antalya
457:Algiers
429:Islands
326:Tunisia
289:Morocco
264:Lebanon
229:Croatia
219:Algeria
214:Albania
16976:Portal
16889:Global
16879:Arctic
16818:Rivers
16796:Other
16730:Oceans
16585:Europe
16541:Africa
16334:French
16202:Middle
16164:Slavic
16149:Celtic
16050:Nordic
16040:Baltic
15978:Europe
15932:Levant
15626:Africa
15462:Worlds
15077:Basins
14976:Others
14182:oceans
13989:Turkey
13954:Monaco
13929:Israel
13924:Greece
13919:France
13909:Cyprus
13772:
13764:
13754:
13746:
13628:
13618:
13573:
13563:
13242:
13217:
13110:
12696:
12686:
12655:
12647:
12621:Nature
12604:
12561:19 May
12546:
12496:
12384:
12313:
12264:
12237:
12229:
12203:Nature
12145:
12102:
12052:
12009:
11965:
11910:
11879:
11830:
11781:
11737:
11691:
11644:
11634:
11558:
11550:
11540:
11493:
11483:
11440:
11359:
11316:
11290:Nature
11273:
11227:
11066:
11030:5 July
11015:
11005:
10920:
10895:
10844:
10791:
10367:
10107:
9993:
9960:
9952:
9873:
9867:UNESCO
9797:
9701:
9651:6 July
9621:6 July
9357:
9316:
9289:
9249:
9222:
9200:online
8968:Hyphen
8850:
8824:
8786:
8713:
8677:, see
8655:Struma
8631:Vardar
8601:, see
8599:Nestos
8591:Struma
8350:Béjaïa
8254:Beirut
8215:Paphos
8134:Cavtat
7943:marlin
7854:or in
7788:Gemlik
7772:Beirut
7756:Ashdod
7724:Mersin
7441:tonnes
7387:using
7385:seabed
7353:sewage
7330:Baltic
7318:Cyprus
7025:, 1966
6992:pollen
6974:, and
6940:. The
6849:oceans
6808:Sahara
6567:Africa
6561:. The
6559:Aegean
6416:vrulja
6402:Sicily
6365:. The
6319:vrulja
6218:desert
6069:, the
5874:Mersin
5690:Athens
5644:Venice
5552:Naples
5414:Málaga
5279:1,400
5275:Rhodes
5260:1,632
5256:Lesbos
5244:1,410
5241:3,640
5233:Spain
5225:1,411
5222:3,655
5218:Euboea
5206:3,219
5203:8,336
5187:3,350
5184:8,680
5168:3,572
5165:9,251
5161:Cyprus
5149:9,197
5138:Italy
5130:9,830
5123:Sicily
5119:Italy
5114:sq mi
5069:Sicily
4935:Sicily
4832:Sicily
4777:Athens
4721:Ugarit
4598:Cyprus
4519:Sicily
4423:Sicily
4338:Mersin
4318:Alanya
4308:Sousse
4298:Tartus
4279:Málaga
4231:Zliten
4227:Zawiya
4205:Beirut
4199:Venice
4175:Naples
4137:Ashdod
4127:Patras
4119:Athens
4109:Toulon
4081:Annaba
4030:Total
4014:
3988:
3962:
3939:Monaco
3936:
3921:1,000
3918:2,591
3910:
3895:2,990
3892:7,745
3884:
3869:3,934
3858:
3843:5,286
3832:
3817:6,825
3806:
3791:7,066
3780:
3765:7,438
3754:
3739:9,706
3731:Israel
3728:
3702:
3676:
3653:Turkey
3650:
3627:Cyprus
3624:
3601:France
3598:
3572:
3546:
3520:
3494:
3468:
3445:Greece
3442:
3416:
3401:sq mi
3367:Ankara
3216:Cyprus
3168:Israel
3156:Turkey
3146:Turkey
3142:Greece
3114:Monaco
3110:France
3071:Uganda
3055:Rwanda
3026:, and
3024:Serbia
3012:Kosovo
2946:, and
2928:Seyhan
2924:Ceyhan
2916:Chelif
2866:, and
2864:Israel
2786:Sicily
2728:Extent
2621:Turkey
2582:20,000
2563:France
2555:31,000
2536:Greece
2502:46,000
2459:53,000
2436:58,000
2409:Greece
2405:65,000
2386:Turkey
2382:Greece
2362:Greece
2342:Greece
2322:Turkey
2318:Greece
2314:83,000
2295:France
2264:Cyprus
2260:Greece
2248:Israel
2236:Turkey
2205:Greece
2201:Turkey
2175:sq mi
2095:carobs
2083:grapes
2079:olives
2054:, and
2028:, and
2002:Sicily
1993:Andros
1991:, and
1981:Limnos
1965:Lesbos
1961:Rhodes
1957:Euboea
1949:Cyprus
1846:Thrace
1838:Europe
1834:Turkey
1830:strait
1811:Africa
1803:Europe
1759:, the
1708:, and
1656:) and
1643:spices
1513:Amalfi
1453:Venice
1339:, and
1335:, the
1307:
1245:Levant
1074:Syrian
1061:form,
1031:gḗinos
1026:γήινος
1011:calque
994:-āneus
986:medius
948:Romans
849:Cyprus
839:, and
817:Israel
805:Turkey
801:Greece
773:Monaco
769:France
726:Turkey
687:Sicily
679:Africa
671:Europe
628:Levant
497:Mersin
492:Beirut
477:Athens
331:Turkey
279:Monaco
254:Israel
249:Greece
244:France
234:Cyprus
171:Chelif
120:35; 18
17088:Texts
17037:Media
16866:Polar
16811:lists
16806:Lakes
16625:ocean
16344:Ibero
16339:Latin
16329:Anglo
16089:Italy
15446:Earth
15160:Gulfs
14983:Ocean
14178:Earth
14051:Ceuta
13979:Syria
13974:Spain
13949:Malta
13944:Libya
13934:Italy
13914:Egypt
13770:S2CID
13663:(PDF)
13656:(PDF)
13626:S2CID
13582:(PDF)
13571:S2CID
13537:(PDF)
13500:(PDF)
13493:(PDF)
13150:(PDF)
13143:(PDF)
13049:(PDF)
13042:(PDF)
13020:8 May
12765:(PDF)
12726:(PDF)
12653:S2CID
12602:S2CID
12555:(PDF)
12544:S2CID
12516:(PDF)
12494:S2CID
12415:(PDF)
12382:S2CID
12328:4 May
12322:(PDF)
12299:(PDF)
12235:S2CID
12180:(PDF)
12165:(PDF)
12143:S2CID
11922:1 May
11717:(1).
11671:(2).
11614:PeerJ
11556:S2CID
11253:(8).
11064:JSTOR
11024:(PDF)
11013:S2CID
10987:(PDF)
10961:(PDF)
10954:(PDF)
10934:1 May
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