1398:
389:
33:
444:. Of these last three, the Marsaci appear to be mentioned in another place by Pliny as having a presence on the coast south of the delta, neighbouring the Menapii, within Gaul itself. The Frisiavones are also mentioned within the listing for Belgian Gaul, but probably therefore lived in the part of the delta south of the Batavi, northeast of the Menapii. In one inscription, from
637:. The positions of such Roman tribal capitals frequently didn't correspond to the centre of a tribe's territory in pre-Roman political geography. Similarly, in those neighbouring regions, the centre of Roman civilization was typically moved further south, and on to a major river, in late Roman times, after the area was threatened by Frankish tribes from outside the empire.
645:
The economic activity of the
Menapii was primally extraction of wool from sheep, and the fabrication of primitive cloths, and these were perfected while the Roman Reign in the Region. These cloths were one of the most rare things in terms of goods, because of the geographical location where they were
88:. Caesar responded by cutting down the forests, seizing their cattle and burning their settlements, but this was interrupted by heavy rain and the onset of winter, and the Menapii and Morini withdrew further into the forests. In 55 BC the Menapii tried to resist a
104:
and the majority of his army to the territories of the
Menapii and Morini to keep them under control. Once again, they retired to the woods, and the Romans burned their crops and settlements. The Menapii joined the revolt led by
408:. In the time of Caesar, the Menapii had settlements throughout this region and as far as the Rhine in present-day Germany, or at least its branch, the Waal. During Roman times these islands were under the frontier province of
109:
in 54 BC. Caesar says that they, alone of all the tribes of Gaul, had never sent ambassadors to him to discuss terms of peace, and had ties of hospitality with
Ambiorix. For that reason he decided to lead five
982:
Archaeologist Nico
Roymans has announced in 2015 that convincing evidence has been found that the fighting reported by Caesar at the confluence of the Rhine and Maas was in fact in the confluence of
629:. Cassel was therefore in the southern extreme of the Menapii lands. A pattern of placing Roman tribal capitals in the south is also found in the neighbouring Belgian tribal states, of the
961:
Isaac, Graham, "Place-Names in
Ptolemy's Geography : An Electronic Data Base with Etymological Analysis of Celtic Name Elements". CD-ROM. 2004, CMCS Publications, Aberystwyth.
518:
While these authors make it clear that the
Menapii still lay north of the Nervii in Roman times, it is not clear if they still bordered directly upon the former territory of the
76:'s conquest of Gaul, resisting until 54 BC. They were part of the Belgic confederacy defeated by Caesar in 57 BC, contributing 9,000 men. The following year they sided with the
468:
of either the
Frisiavones or the Menapii. South of the delta, east of the river Scheldt from the Menapii, and therefore apparently south of the Frisiavones, Pliny mentions the
2054:
2474:
501:. Apparently following Caesar he said that they "dwell amongst marshes and forests, not lofty, but consisting of dense and thorny wood". They are also referred to in
1954:
2444:
2527:
396:
may be based on the territory of the
Menapii, although it must have stretched further, including Cassel during Roman times, and even stretching to the
2552:
1989:
1984:
576:." By medieval times, when these Roman districts evolved into medieval Roman Catholic dioceses, Cassel had in fact become part of the diocese of
746:
731:
701:
761:
716:
686:
671:
2459:
2449:
1124:
991:
253:, the name of a tribe from southeastern Ireland mentioned by Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD. These tribal names may ultimately derive from a
2585:
2537:
2509:
2484:
2464:
2221:
2083:
1904:
1249:
Sims-Williams, Patrick (2007). "Common Celtic, Gallo-Brittonic and
Insular Celtic". In Lambert, Pierre-Yves; Pinault, Georges-Jean (eds.).
2822:
2547:
2494:
2429:
1654:
1013:
1002:
2419:
2336:
2044:
1412:
1934:
1924:
1427:
452:, Batavians and Frisiavones are grouped together, apparently confirming that the Frisiavones lived inland. It is suggested that the
2424:
1909:
1674:
1334:
141:, the 3rd century commander of the Roman fleet who declared himself emperor of Britain and northern Gaul, was a Menapian, born in
1826:
1571:
2562:
1363:
1302:
1239:
1185:
1099:
1083:
2807:
1280:
1258:
1217:
2827:
1210:
Dictionary of
Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World
1109:
1039:
405:
84:
refused to make peace and continued to fight against him. They withdrew into the forests and swamps and conducted a
97:
1397:
472:, in a position apparently on the northern edge of Gaul. It is known that the Toxandri were associated with the
265:, whose meaning remains uncertain, perhaps the 'mountain people' or the 'high-living people' (from the root *
1327:
667:
130:
560:
reports that "Cassel was superseded as capital of the Menapii by Tournai after Gaul was reorganized under
114:
against them. A renewed campaign of devastation finally forced them to submit, and Caesar placed his ally
1063:
992:
http://www.nationalgeographic.nl/artikel/genocidaire-slachting-onder-leiding-van-julius-caesar-bij-kessel
2454:
17:
2739:
626:
2714:
1320:
497:
and on both sides of the Rhine near its outlets to the sea, apparently not far from the Germanic
417:
126:
1974:
1374:
987:
565:
1079:
1059:
507:
489:
382:
313:
8:
2744:
1432:
1357:
1290:
412:, and inhabited partly by various groups of people who had moved there under Roman rule.
85:
646:
made. Besides, these cloths were exported to Italy and other regions through the Rhine.
1896:
875:
805:
393:
202:
147:
1461:
57:
1716:
1455:
1451:
1298:
1276:
1254:
1235:
1213:
1181:
1105:
1035:
793:
523:
409:
370:
1101:
Boulogne et Thérouanne au temps de César: approche toponymique de la cité des Morins
365:
river. In later geographical terms this territory corresponds roughly to the modern
2802:
2519:
2411:
1692:
1466:
772:
234:
89:
2812:
1831:
1268:
1029:
866:
786:
549:. The boundary with the Morini in classical times appears to have been the river
413:
350:
207:
197:
1227:
522:, as they had been in Caesar's time, and which in imperial times was within the
2817:
2479:
1959:
1796:
1711:
1641:
1493:
603:
476:
of both the Nervii and the Tungri, so they presumably had a presence in both.
151:, a 5th-century register of Roman government positions and military commands.
2796:
2699:
2093:
1881:
818:
662:
378:
374:
346:
169:
134:
77:
73:
611:
577:
388:
2704:
2672:
2504:
2019:
1939:
1731:
1566:
1368:
986:, a branch of the Rhine and not the Rhine itself, and the Maas/Meuse, near
983:
599:
538:, who apparently lived in the north of the lands of the Nervii and Tungri.
421:
309:
270:
254:
244:
111:
61:
53:
2610:
1944:
1786:
1706:
1688:
1626:
1606:
1380:
896:
550:
535:
445:
433:
284:
222:
381:. It also extended into neighbouring France and the river deltas of the
2754:
2667:
2590:
2301:
2171:
2161:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2111:
2101:
2077:
2034:
2014:
1914:
1886:
1801:
1736:
1700:
1696:
1649:
1631:
1611:
1526:
1386:
561:
534:. In any case as mentioned above they bordered in Roman times upon the
397:
277:
2769:
2662:
2620:
2595:
2575:
2532:
2434:
2401:
2396:
2361:
2351:
2306:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2271:
2246:
2231:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2121:
2073:
2029:
1964:
1856:
1841:
1761:
1756:
1546:
1541:
1521:
1511:
1476:
1160:(in Spanish) (4th ed.). Mexico: Salvador Echavarria. p. 43.
542:
295:
138:
119:
80:
against Caesar. Caesar was again victorious, but the Menapii and the
49:
361:
in the north, but more lastingly it stretched along the west of the
2749:
2719:
2709:
2644:
2639:
2628:
2615:
2605:
2542:
2469:
2439:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2331:
2321:
2276:
2236:
2166:
2146:
2126:
2106:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2024:
1919:
1871:
1851:
1806:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1751:
1726:
1669:
1556:
1551:
1531:
1516:
1506:
623:
519:
498:
469:
441:
237:
106:
606:
in northern France, and later this was moved nearer to a river in
96:, but were defeated. Later that year, while Caesar made his first
2729:
2654:
2624:
2570:
2499:
2386:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2316:
2296:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2226:
2156:
1994:
1979:
1929:
1876:
1861:
1846:
1836:
1816:
1811:
1791:
1766:
1721:
1684:
1679:
1664:
1621:
1616:
1596:
1586:
1536:
1501:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1195:
Delmaire, Roland (2004). "Cassel / Castellum Menapiorum (Nord)".
1074:
888:
850:
826:
610:, in present-day Belgium, on the Scheldt. Both of these are near
607:
594:
502:
480:
366:
362:
354:
249:
214:
189:
173:
115:
101:
32:
943:
2759:
2734:
2724:
2677:
2600:
2489:
2326:
2311:
2151:
2116:
2069:
2009:
1999:
1969:
1949:
1866:
1821:
1746:
1741:
1591:
1581:
1054:
842:
634:
630:
622:
tribe, and indeed in the Middle Ages Cassel became part of the
619:
546:
531:
512:
494:
484:
449:
437:
429:
425:
342:
185:
142:
81:
45:
2783:
2764:
2634:
2196:
1659:
1561:
1471:
1422:
1343:
461:
358:
357:
their territory had stretched northwards to the mouth of the
93:
2580:
2004:
1601:
1417:
145:. A legion called the Menapii Seniores is mentioned in the
1197:
Supplément à la Revue archéologique du centre de la France
1176:
Busse, Peter E. (2006). "Belgae". In Koch, John T. (ed.).
432:
whose main lands were to the north of the deltas, and the
133:
is attested by inscriptions dating to the 2nd century in
1312:
36:
Reconstruction of a Menapian dwelling at Destelbergen.
479:
While in Pliny the Menapii do not stretch beyond the
964:
931:
545:in Artois, and south-west along the coast were the
2794:
328:in 1110), is indirectly named after the tribe.
416:lists the people in these "Gallic Islands" as
1328:
1273:Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World
1248:
1129:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
1097:
1093:
1091:
949:
558:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
404:To the north and east of the Menapii lay the
341:According to descriptions in such authors as
1158:HISTORIA ECONOMICA Y SOCIAL DE LA EDAD MEDIA
913:
911:
909:
1023:
1021:
1335:
1321:
1088:
493:, they are situated further away than the
1207:
1178:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
917:
906:
72:The Menapii were persistent opponents of
1289:
1194:
1140:
1027:
1018:
387:
31:
1267:
1155:
598:, or administrative capital, under the
14:
2795:
1364:Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe
1316:
1226:
1175:
970:
937:
24:
2823:Tribes involved in the Gallic Wars
1297:. University of California Press.
1034:, University of California Press,
25:
2839:
1396:
1251:Gaulois et Celtique Continental
1232:Toponymie générale de la France
1168:
1149:
1134:
1117:
1068:
1048:
1007:
996:
976:
955:
882:
860:
836:
812:
798:
159:
1275:. Princeton University Press.
1180:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–200.
1098:Le Bourdellès, Hubert (2009),
780:
766:
759:Commentaries on the Gallic War
751:
744:Commentaries on the Gallic War
736:
729:Commentaries on the Gallic War
721:
714:Commentaries on the Gallic War
706:
699:Commentaries on the Gallic War
691:
684:Commentaries on the Gallic War
676:
656:
587:
541:South of the Menapii were the
13:
1:
1208:Falileyev, Alexander (2010).
1028:Wightman, Edith Mary (1985),
649:
823:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
668:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
515:, and near the Meuse river.
336:
331:
228:
7:
556:In the later Roman empire,
206:(5th c. AD), and under the
10:
2844:
831:Historiae Adversus Paganos
640:
294:- ('think, remember'; cf.
67:
2808:Historical Celtic peoples
2778:
2690:
2653:
2561:
2518:
2410:
2092:
1895:
1640:
1492:
1485:
1405:
1394:
1350:
1342:
406:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
2828:Tribes in pre-Roman Gaul
1141:Wightman, Edith (1985),
774:Cohors Primae Menapiorum
184:Μονάπιοι, Μενάσπιοι) by
48:tribe dwelling near the
1156:Pirenne, Henri (1947).
511:, situated "above" the
424:on the largest island,
257:form reconstructed as *
154:
1269:Talbert, Richard J. A.
855:Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis
776:at Roman-Britain.co.uk
401:
400:in the time of Caesar.
217:(early 2nd c. AD) and
188:(early 1st c. AD) and
164:They are mentioned as
37:
1375:First Transalpine War
627:Diocese of Thérouanne
580:, which had been the
574:civitas Turnencensium
566:Constantine the Great
391:
290:), or from the root *
100:, he sent two of his
98:expedition to Britain
92:incursion across the
52:, around present-day
35:
926:Castellum Menapiorum
618:of the neighbouring
383:Southern Netherlands
318:Castellum Menapiorum
200:(1st c. AD) and the
172:(mid-1st c. BC) and
122:in control of them.
86:hit-and-run campaign
1433:Gallo-Roman culture
1358:Battle of the Allia
952:, pp. 329–330.
871:Naturalis Historia,
791:Liber de Caesaribus
464:" belonging to the
176:(early 5th c. AD),
2715:Basel-Münsterhügel
1291:Wightman, Edith M.
1253:. Librairie Droz.
1234:. Librairie Droz.
1045:, pages 54 and 63.
990:. See for example
950:Sims-Williams 2007
876:Notitia Dignitatum
806:Notitia Dignitatum
570:civitas Menapiorum
402:
394:diocese of Tournai
314:Peutinger's Tabula
269:- 'mountain'; cf.
203:Notitia Dignitatum
148:Notitia Dignitatum
38:
2790:
2789:
2686:
2685:
1717:Bituriges Vivisci
1304:978-0-520-05297-0
1241:978-2-600-02883-7
1187:978-1-85109-440-0
524:Civitas Tungrorum
410:Germania Inferior
371:Belgian provinces
183:
16:(Redirected from
2835:
1490:
1489:
1400:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1286:
1264:
1245:
1223:
1204:
1191:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1095:
1086:
1072:
1066:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1025:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1000:
994:
980:
974:
968:
962:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
915:
904:
886:
880:
879:, oc 5:75, 7:83.
864:
858:
840:
834:
816:
810:
802:
796:
784:
778:
770:
764:
755:
749:
740:
734:
725:
719:
710:
704:
695:
689:
680:
674:
660:
614:, which was the
208:accusative forms
192:(2nd c. AD), as
181:
21:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2774:
2692:
2682:
2649:
2557:
2514:
2406:
2088:
1891:
1636:
1481:
1462:La Tène culture
1401:
1392:
1346:
1341:
1311:
1305:
1283:
1261:
1242:
1220:
1188:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1154:
1150:
1139:
1135:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1096:
1089:
1073:
1069:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1026:
1019:
1014:Plin. Nat. 4.31
1012:
1008:
1003:Plin. Nat. 4.29
1001:
997:
981:
977:
969:
965:
960:
956:
948:
944:
936:
932:
916:
907:
901:Historia Romana
887:
883:
865:
861:
841:
837:
833:, 8:3, 35, 6:7.
825:. 2:4, passim;
817:
813:
803:
799:
787:Aurelius Victor
785:
781:
771:
767:
757:Julius Caesar,
756:
752:
742:Julius Caesar,
741:
737:
727:Julius Caesar,
726:
722:
712:Julius Caesar,
711:
707:
697:Julius Caesar,
696:
692:
682:Julius Caesar,
681:
677:
661:
657:
652:
643:
590:
584:of the Morini.
505:'s 2nd century
487:'s 1st-century
414:Pliny the elder
351:Pliny the Elder
339:
334:
301:'think', Welsh
231:
221:(Μεναπίους) by
162:
157:
70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2563:Eastern Europe
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1712:Bituriges Cubi
1709:
1704:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1389:(50 BC–476 AD)
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1295:Gallia Belgica
1287:
1282:978-0691031699
1281:
1265:
1260:978-2600013376
1259:
1246:
1240:
1224:
1219:978-0955718236
1218:
1205:
1192:
1186:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1148:
1143:Gallia Belgica
1133:
1116:
1110:
1104:, p. 32,
1087:
1067:
1047:
1040:
1031:Gallia Belgica
1017:
1006:
995:
975:
973:, p. 389.
963:
954:
942:
940:, p. 199.
930:
918:Falileyev 2010
905:
881:
859:
835:
811:
797:
779:
765:
750:
735:
720:
705:
690:
675:
654:
653:
651:
648:
642:
639:
589:
586:
338:
335:
333:
330:
312:, attested on
247:compared with
230:
227:
161:
158:
156:
153:
69:
66:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2840:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Longostaletes
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:Nègre, Ernest
1225:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1203:(1): 389–391.
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1111:9782757400852
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1041:9780520052970
1037:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1004:
999:
993:
989:
985:
979:
972:
967:
958:
951:
946:
939:
934:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
910:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
878:
877:
872:
868:
863:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
808:
807:
801:
795:
792:
788:
783:
777:
775:
769:
763:
760:
754:
748:
745:
739:
733:
730:
724:
718:
715:
709:
703:
700:
694:
688:
685:
679:
673:
670:
669:
664:
663:Julius Caesar
659:
655:
647:
638:
636:
632:
628:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
509:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
399:
395:
390:
386:
384:
380:
379:West Flanders
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
286:
282:
279:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
239:
236:
226:
225:(3rd c. AD).
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
191:
187:
179:
175:
171:
167:
152:
150:
149:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:Julius Caesar
65:
63:
59:
56:, during the
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
2780:
2705:Argentomagus
2673:Tolistobogii
2505:Vertamocorii
2055:Vertamocorii
2020:Segovellauni
1940:Budenicenses
1732:Coriosolites
1576:
1567:Mediomatrici
1377:(125–121 BC)
1369:Galatian War
1360:(ca. 387 BC)
1294:
1272:
1250:
1231:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1177:
1169:Bibliography
1157:
1151:
1145:, p. 75
1142:
1136:
1128:
1119:
1100:
1078:
1070:
1058:
1050:
1030:
1009:
998:
978:
966:
957:
945:
933:
925:
921:
900:
892:
884:
874:
870:
862:
854:
846:
838:
830:
822:
814:
804:
800:
790:
782:
773:
768:
758:
753:
743:
738:
728:
723:
713:
708:
698:
693:
683:
678:
666:
658:
644:
615:
600:Roman empire
593:
591:
581:
573:
569:
557:
555:
540:
527:
517:
506:
488:
478:
473:
465:
457:
453:
422:Canninefates
403:
340:
325:
321:
317:
308:The city of
307:
302:
298:
291:
287:
280:
273:
266:
262:
258:
255:Proto-Celtic
248:
245:phonetically
240:
232:
218:
210:
201:
193:
177:
165:
163:
160:Attestations
146:
129:of Menapian
124:
71:
62:Roman period
41:
39:
29:
27:Belgic tribe
2693:settlements
2611:Hercuniates
2460:Gallianates
2450:Bromanenses
1945:Camactulici
1897:Narbonensis
1787:Nitiobroges
1707:Bodiocasses
1689:Brannovices
1627:Veliocasses
1607:Silvanectes
1381:Gallic Wars
1060:Geographica
897:Cassius Dio
847:Geōgraphiká
588:Settlements
572:became the
536:Toxandrians
490:Geographica
446:Bulla Regia
434:Frisiavones
369:coast, the
324:in 840–75,
223:Cassius Dio
180:(Μενάπιοι;
131:auxiliaries
2797:Categories
2755:Magetobria
2668:Tectosages
2591:Cornacates
2586:Britolagai
2538:Lactorates
2510:Votodrones
2485:Montunates
2465:Gennanates
2302:Savincates
2222:Cosuanetes
2172:Bodiontici
2162:Benacenses
2142:Ausuciates
2137:Aneuniates
2132:Ambisontes
2112:Adunicates
2102:Acitavones
2084:Vulgientes
2078:Tectosages
2035:Tricastini
2015:Segobrigii
1915:Allobroges
1905:Agesinates
1887:Viducasses
1802:Petrocorii
1737:Durocasses
1701:Eburovices
1697:Diablintes
1650:Abrincatui
1632:Viromandui
1612:Suessiones
1527:Caeracates
1387:Roman Gaul
1383:(58–50 BC)
1080:Geographia
971:Nègre 1990
938:Busse 2006
650:References
612:Thérouanne
578:Thérouanne
562:Diocletian
508:Geographia
460:could be "
398:Waal river
2770:Vertillum
2745:Entremont
2691:Pre-Roman
2663:Aigosages
2621:Scordisci
2596:Costoboci
2576:Arabiates
2548:Tarusates
2533:Cocosates
2520:Aquitania
2495:Subinates
2435:Arusnates
2430:Anesiates
2412:Cisalpina
2402:Vindelici
2397:Vesubiani
2362:Vediantii
2352:Triulatti
2307:Sebaginni
2292:Rucinates
2287:Quariates
2282:Nemeturii
2272:Nantuates
2247:Graioceli
2232:Eguiturii
2217:Ceutrones
2212:Caturiges
2207:Catubrini
2202:Catenates
2192:Calucones
2187:Brixentes
2182:Brigianii
2177:Brigantii
2122:Ambidravi
2074:Arecomici
2030:Tolosates
1965:Dexivates
1857:Tricasses
1842:Segusiavi
1762:Lemovices
1757:Latobrigi
1655:Ambiliati
1547:Catalauni
1542:Catuslugi
1522:Bellovaci
1512:Atrebates
1477:Vergobret
1452:Cisalpine
893:Historiae
873:, 4:106;
849:, 4:3:4;
809:, West, 5
543:Atrebates
474:civitates
337:Territory
332:Geography
305:'wish').
299:muinithir
243:has been
229:Etymology
219:Menapíous
139:Carausius
120:Atrebates
50:North Sea
2781:Part of:
2750:Gergovia
2740:Ensérune
2720:Bibracte
2710:Avaricum
2645:Varciani
2640:Taurisci
2629:Celegeri
2616:Latobici
2606:Eravisci
2543:Sotiates
2470:Insubres
2455:Cenomani
2440:Bagienni
2420:Anamares
2392:Vergunni
2382:Vennones
2377:Venostes
2372:Venisami
2367:Velaunii
2337:Suanetes
2332:Sogionti
2322:Segusini
2277:Nemaloni
2237:Gallitae
2167:Bergalei
2147:Avantici
2127:Ambilici
2107:Adanates
2065:Vocontii
2060:Verucini
2050:Tritolli
2045:Tricorii
2040:Tricores
2025:Suelteri
1955:Cenomani
1920:Anatilii
1872:Vellavii
1852:Tigurini
1807:Pictones
1782:Namnetes
1777:Mandubii
1772:Lingones
1752:Helvetii
1727:Carnutes
1693:Cenomani
1670:Andecavi
1557:Eburones
1552:Condrusi
1532:Caeroesi
1517:Atuatuci
1507:Aresaces
1467:Religion
1456:Galatian
1448:Language
1413:Ambactus
1371:(189 BC)
1293:(1985).
1271:(2000).
1230:(1990).
1212:. CMCS.
1125:"Cassel"
903:, 39:44.
895:, 4:28;
857:, 2:9:5.
624:Catholic
520:Eburones
499:Sigambri
470:Toxandri
456:and the
442:Marsacii
428:and the
322:Cassello
238:ethnonym
211:Menapios
178:Menápioi
107:Ambiorix
90:Germanic
60:and the
58:Iron Age
18:Menapian
2803:Menapii
2730:Cenabum
2655:Galatia
2625:Dindari
2571:Anartes
2553:Vasates
2500:Taurini
2475:Libicii
2387:Veragri
2357:Ucennii
2347:Tebavii
2342:Suetrii
2317:Segovii
2297:Salassi
2267:Medulli
2262:Licates
2257:Ingauni
2252:Iemerii
2242:Genauni
2227:Ecdinii
2157:Belouni
1995:Nearchi
1980:Ligauni
1975:Libicii
1935:Bormani
1930:Avatici
1925:Atacini
1877:Venelli
1862:Tulingi
1847:Sequani
1837:Senones
1832:Santoni
1817:Redones
1812:Rauraci
1797:Parisii
1792:Osismii
1767:Lexovii
1722:Cadurci
1685:Aulerci
1680:Arverni
1665:Ambarri
1642:Celtica
1622:Triboci
1617:Treveri
1597:Paemani
1587:Nemetes
1577:Menapii
1537:Caletes
1502:Ambiani
1494:Belgica
1486:Peoples
1443:Oppidum
1438:Nemeton
1428:Eubages
1406:Culture
1351:History
1075:Ptolemy
922:Menapii
920:, s.v.
889:Tacitus
851:Ptolemy
827:Orosius
702:3.28–29
641:Economy
616:civitas
608:Tournai
595:civitas
582:civitas
530:of the
528:civitas
503:Ptolemy
481:Scheldt
466:civitas
454:Marsaci
367:Belgian
363:Scheldt
355:Ptolemy
250:Manapii
241:Menapii
235:Gaulish
215:Tacitus
190:Ptolemy
174:Orosius
166:Menapii
143:Batavia
135:Britain
118:of the
116:Commius
112:legions
102:legates
68:History
44:were a
42:Menapii
2813:Belgae
2760:Noreia
2735:Cularo
2725:Bibrax
2700:Alesia
2678:Trocmi
2601:Gotini
2490:Orobii
2480:Marici
2425:Anauni
2327:Sentii
2312:Seduni
2152:Belaci
2117:Alauni
2094:Alpina
2070:Volcae
2010:Salyes
2000:Oxybii
1990:Memini
1970:Helvii
1960:Comani
1950:Cavari
1910:Albici
1882:Veneti
1867:Turoni
1822:Ruteni
1747:Gabali
1742:Esuvii
1675:Arouii
1592:Nervii
1582:Morini
1301:
1279:
1257:
1238:
1216:
1184:
1108:
1055:Strabo
1038:
988:Kessel
843:Strabo
819:Caesar
635:Tungri
631:Nervii
620:Morini
604:Cassel
592:Their
568:. The
547:Morini
532:Tungri
513:Nervii
495:Nervii
485:Strabo
458:Sturii
450:Tungri
448:, the
440:, and
438:Sturii
430:Chauci
426:Frisii
418:Batavi
347:Caesar
343:Strabo
326:Cassel
310:Cassel
278:OBret.
274:mynydd
271:MWelsh
263:Manakī
259:Menakī
194:Menapi
186:Strabo
170:Caesar
127:cohort
82:Morini
78:Veneti
54:Cassel
46:Belgic
2818:Gauls
2784:Celts
2765:Tylis
2635:Serdi
2197:Carni
1827:Sagii
1660:Aedui
1572:Meldi
1562:Leuci
1472:Vātes
1423:Druid
1344:Gauls
1064:4:3.4
867:Pliny
794:39.20
762:6.2–6
526:, or
483:, in
359:Rhine
303:mynnu
288:menit
281:monid
198:Pliny
94:Rhine
2627:and
2581:Boii
2528:Boii
2445:Boii
2076:and
2005:Reii
1602:Remi
1418:Bard
1299:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1036:ISBN
984:Waal
924:and
747:4.38
732:4.22
633:and
602:was
564:and
462:pagi
420:and
392:The
377:and
375:East
353:and
296:OIr.
285:OCo.
261:or *
233:The
182:var.
155:Name
40:The
1084:2.8
717:4.4
687:3.9
672:2.4
373:of
316:as
292:men
267:mon
213:by
196:by
168:by
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