145:
and courage", "Criminalising use and possession encourages us to stigmatise people who use drugs as the authors of their own misfortunate," Mr Howard said current laws "allow us tacit permission to turn a blind eye to the factors driving most problematic drug use" including childhood abuse, domestic violence and mental illness. The NSW government rejected the reports key recommendations, saying it would consider the other remaining recommendations. Director of the Drug Policy
Modelling Program (DPMP) at UNSW Sydney’s Social Policy Research Centre said the NSW Government has missed an opportunity to reform the state’s response to drugs based on evidence. The NSW Government is yet to officially respond to the inquiry as of November 2020, a statement was released from the government citing intention to respond by the end of 2020. The
125:(RACP) and St Vincent Health Australia called on the NSW Government to publicly release the findings of the Special Commission of Inquiry into the Drug ‘Ice’, saying there was "no excuse" for the delay. The report was the culmination of months of evidence from health and judicial experts, as well as families and communities affected by amphetamine-type substances across NSW. The report made 109 recommendations aimed to strengthen the NSW Governments response regarding amphetamine-based drugs such as crystal meth or ice. Major recommendations included more supervised drug use rooms, a prison needle and
409:
increase in the number of deaths involving methamphetamine and other stimulants, with the death rate in 2018 four times higher than that in 1999 (1.7 deaths compared with 0.4 deaths per 100,000 population, respectively). There was a notable increase in hospital separations with methamphetamine drug-related principal diagnoses, rising from 3.1% of all drug-related principal diagnoses in 2013–14 to 7.6% in 2017–18 and that amphetamines were a principal drug of concern for a client’s own drug use in 28% of closed treatment episodes, the second most common principal drug of concern behind alcohol (36%).
366:
445:
19:
421:, 53% of a group of 914 candidates reported that methamphetamine was their first drug injected into their bodies; however, the study continued to convey the point that it is a young adults' drug. During the last six months, 87% of injecting drug users under the age of 25 were reported to have used methamphetamine in the last six months, with 25 to 35-year-olds at 80% and 35 years and above at 74%.
378:, between 1998 and 2010 there has been a slight decrease in the methamphetamine drug use in Australia; furthermore, between 2007 and 2010 methamphetamine use in males decreased from 9.8% to 6.8%. Since 2007, the trend has decreased in association to drug use with methamphetamine; however, after 2010 the trend according to the
408:
published a report titled
Alcohol, tobacco & other drugs in Australia, the report found Australia has the fourth highest average total stimulant consumption when compared with 29 countries across Europe, North America, Oceania, and South Africa. The report also found that there has been a rapid
144:
The report, also called for the NSW Government to adopt a comprehensive Drug and
Alcohol policy, with the last drug and Alcohol policy expiring over a decade ago. The reports commissioner said the state's approach to drug use was profoundly flawed and said reform would require "political leadership
373:
Between 2009 and 2010 there were 41,087 illicit drug offenses in
Australia. Between 2013 and 2014 this number increased by over 25 percent to 50,854 drug offenses; furthermore, drug use increased from 22,842 to 28,409 over the same period of time. This portrays an increasing trend in the amount of
101:
and 849 kilograms (kg) of methamphetamine. This bust was the largest methamphetamine seizure and the second largest MDMA bust by the AFP since the first seizure in 1997. The biggest bust of methamphetamine occurred in 2022. 1,800 kg of ice was found inside shipping containers at a Sydney port.
93:
Since the late 1990s, the amount of amphetamine type stimulants and crystal methamphetamine found by the
Australian Customs has been increasing, to 1,075 kilograms of amphetamine-type stimulants detected at the border in 2011, an increase from the 71 kilograms found in 1997. Today, the drug is in
424:
The
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare reported that males were more likely than females to use methamphetamine (8.2% to 5.9% respectively) and 20- to 29-year-olds were most likely to have used methamphetamine recently. The study also found, for people aged 14 years or older, the highest
166:, a precursor drug used in its manufacture, has been the focus of police activities. Penalties for selling, possession and use of meth vary by state or territory. In Australia, it is an offence to drive with methamphetamine present in the body or to drive under its influence.
374:
drug use in
Australia and drug offenses. However, since methamphetamine has become more available in the drug scene in Australia, stronger forms of methamphetamine such as crystal methamphetamine, become more frequently used within the past decade. In studies conducted by the
66:; and since then has changed into a variety of different forms. Australia has a drug scene which is increasing with the demand for drugs like methamphetamine since the start of 2000. As of April 2017, Australia has the highest methamphetamine addiction rate in the world.
248:** Information in regards to selling and supply also, possession of a classified substance is classed differently in each state. Some have small trafficable quantities, trafficable, large trafficable and commercial trafficable quantities as legislative policies.
30:
is a
Schedule 8 drug, available for medical use but restricted in manufacture, supply, and possession. The drug is sought after to give oneself a ‘high’ or a ‘rush’ in their body. Users of this drug often feel senses of exhilaration and arousal as the
149:
government responded to the report two years and eight months after its release. They supported 86 of the inquiry’s 109 recommendations but stopped short of decriminalisation with
Perrottet saying "Drugs have no place in our society".
39:. Methamphetamine has many names not only in Australia, but also around the world. These include chalk, crypto, gear, getgo, tweak, and cristy, although the two most common ones in Australia today are ice and shard. Speed refers to the
1533:
Degenhardt, Louisa; Kinner, Stuart A.; Roxburgh, Amanda; Black, Emma; Bruno, Raimondo; Fetherston, James; Fry, Craig L. (1 July 2008). "Drug use and risk among regular injecting drug users in
Australia: does age make a difference?".
1431:
Deen, Hannah; Kershaw, Steph; Newton, Nicola; Stapinski, Lexine; Birrell, Louise; Debenham, Jennifer; Champion, Katrina E.; Kay-Lambkin, Frances; Teesson, Maree; Chapman, Cath (January 2021).
97:
During November 2014, the Australian Federal Police successfully intercepted and seized Australia’s second largest drug bust which weighed in at 2.8 tonnes, which included 1.917 tonnes of
357:
are the most likely methods of distribution. The street value for methamphetamine in Australia is among the highest in the world because the market is small and geographically isolated.
1082:
113:
and could produce hundreds of millions of dollars worth of illicit drugs. In 2020, a total of 5.2 tonnes of methamphetamine was apprehended by the Australian Federal Police.
1512:
401:
by politicians and in the media. Users are often framed as criminal, deviant or dangerous. Regional New South Wales has the highest meth use among rural Australia.
904:
1001:
1279:
Degenhardt, L; Roxburgh, A; Black, E; Bruno, R; Campbell, G; Kinner, S; Fetherston, J (2008). "The epidemiology of methamphetamine use and harm in Australia".
1338:
1167:
433:(7.1%). Methamphetamine use was also high among unemployed people (4.8%), those who had never been married (3.8%) and single people without children (3.4%).
944:
860:
1105:
1862:
646:
768:
463:
561:
90:
and Australia pooled their resources together to seize 80 kilograms of the methamphetamine drug which was believed to be manufactured in China.
1867:
834:
1229:
973:"Reducing the methamphetamine problem in Australia: Evaluating innovative partnerships between police, pharmacies and other third parties"
1857:
1136:
393:
As of April 2017, Australia has the highest methamphetamine addiction rate in the world. Methamphetamine use is often characterised as a
697:
405:
879:
1586:
122:
1122:
1405:
802:
1888:
1883:
1736:
1731:
342:. Local labs are found in residential areas. Shipping containers, motel room, car boots and trucks are also used as labs.
1919:
1809:
1491:
1239:
812:
778:
682:
323:
717:
1481:
94:
high demand all across Australia, and with this the authorities have been seizing large quantities on a regular basis.
1726:
1721:
1196:
1106:
http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/LRDCPC/Tabling_Documents/Inquiry_into_Methamphetamine_text_Vol_02.pdf
922:
517:
971:
Ransley, Janet; Mazerolle, Lorraine; Manning, Matt; McGuffog, Ingrid; Drew, Jacqueline M; Webster, Julianne (2011).
1852:
379:
417:
Methamphetamine use is an increasing problem in Australia, as it becomes more readily available. In a study of
1579:
458:
126:
1675:
1665:
1655:
677:
1914:
1141:
1711:
36:
1230:"Australians' meth, cocaine use leading to growing drug-related problems across Pacific, says report"
972:
949:
79:
1323:
1572:
287:
Penalties after successful prosecution of being charged with sell and supply a prohibited substance
106:
129:, state-wide clinically supervised substance testing, including mobile pill testing at festivals,
1036:
1799:
1766:
350:
304:
Penalties after successful prosecution of being charged with trafficking a prohibited substance
483:
1716:
1689:
375:
1433:"Stigma, discrimination and crystal methamphetamine ('ice'): Current attitudes in Australia"
1814:
1706:
1486:
1234:
807:
773:
597:"The pH Levels of Different Methamphetamine Drug Samples on the Street Market in Cape Town"
418:
184:
8:
1614:
130:
1367:
353:
produce and distribute methamphetamine in Australia. A social network of drug users and
1462:
1380:
623:
596:
678:"Four Corners - 20/03/2006: Chronology: The Emergence of Methamphetamine in Australia"
270:
Penalties after prosecution of being charged with possession of a prohibited substance
1685:
1551:
1466:
1454:
1384:
1372:
1350:
1296:
1265:
1059:
769:"Australia in the grip of an ice epidemic with makeshift labs leaving a toxic legacy"
628:
513:
174:
146:
78:; however, it did not come into prominent public view until the early 1990s when the
739:
1831:
1793:
1649:
1643:
1543:
1444:
1362:
1354:
1288:
618:
608:
450:
335:
230:
Amount in grams to be charged with the intent of trafficking a prohibited substance
213:
Amount in grams to be charged with intent to sell and supply a prohibited substance
162:
in response to the methamphetamine problem. Disruption of supply of the drug and
1820:
1609:
1595:
1449:
1432:
343:
339:
179:
163:
159:
75:
27:
1826:
425:
level of recent methamphetamine use was found among those who stated they were
387:
82:(AFP) was warned of a new drug called "Ice" coming from overseas. During 1991,
1547:
1292:
803:"Meth 'super lab' worth 'hundreds of millions' uncovered in suburban Adelaide"
1908:
1804:
651:
426:
365:
354:
134:
382:
indicate an increase in drug use and drug offenses occurring in Australia.
1555:
1458:
1376:
1300:
632:
138:
613:
1787:
1339:"Delving deeper into the social health of people who use methamphetamine"
430:
346:
groups import, manufacture, and distribute methamphetamine in Australia.
322:*** Intent to sell and supply comes under trafficking laws in some
1771:
1482:"Australia ranks the highest among more than 20 countries for meth use"
196:
Amount in grams to be charged with possession of a prohibited substance
105:
In 2018, an industrial-sized, clandestine laboratory was discovered in
48:
1358:
740:"Australia drug bust: Largest-ever crystal meth haul found in marble"
718:"Police seize 2.8 tonnes of drugs in Australia's second largest bust"
533:
83:
63:
398:
189:
110:
1564:
18:
1746:
1741:
383:
56:
52:
44:
945:"Perrottet rejects ice inquiry decriminalisation recommendation"
970:
394:
62:
Methamphetamine was synthesised in Japan in 1893 from the drug
40:
369:
Homemade meth bong, another way which drug users get a 'high'.
74:
Methamphetamine was first synthesised in Japan by the chemist
1836:
1637:
1532:
534:"Ice (Crystal methamphetamine) - Alcohol and Drug Foundation"
87:
32:
1278:
1137:"Explainer: methamphetamine use and addiction in Australia"
98:
43:
form of the drug, while ice refers to the highly purified,
1430:
923:"Special Commission of Inquiry into 'Ice' report released"
1174:. National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction
1008:. National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction
1002:"What are the legal penalties for using methamphetamine?"
861:"Doctor's Urge Immediate Release of 'Ice' Inquiry Report"
698:"Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS)"
158:
Australian governments have placed a strong emphasis on
1406:"Australia is flailing in the face of a meth epidemic"
647:"Australia is flailing in the face of a meth epidemic"
307:
25 Years Maximum Imprisonment and / or $ 100,000 fine
153:
767:
Knowles, Lorna; McClymont, Alison (25 January 2015).
594:
440:
326:depending upon the amount of prohibited substance.
273:2 Years Maximum Imprisonment and / or $ 2,000 fine
109:. The property was located on a suburban street of
1863:Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996
1513:"Alcohol, tobacco & other drugs in Australia"
905:"Academics on Government Response to Ice inquiry"
1906:
1480:Martin, Patrick; Josephine, Lim (30 June 2022).
766:
1479:
943:Cormack, Lucy; Ward, Mary (21 September 2022).
835:"Australia's drug use – scarier than Halloween"
464:History and culture of substituted amphetamines
329:
290:5 Years Maximum Imprisonment and / or $ 20,000
1868:Illinois Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act
1580:
133:for personal use, a cease to the use of drug
47:form. The powder form is often diluted with
1517:Australian Institute Of Health & Welfare
595:Grobler, SR; Chikte, U; Westraat, J (2011).
22:Chemical compound make up of Methamphetamine
1858:Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005
1172:The National Alcohol and Drug Knowledgebase
1006:The National Alcohol and Drug Knowledgebase
980:National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund
942:
334:Illicit methamphetamine is manufactured in
137:at music festivals and to limit the use of
1587:
1573:
406:Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
102:Around 750 meth labs were raided in 2014.
1448:
1366:
1343:Health & Social Care in the Community
1204:National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre
622:
612:
569:National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre
556:
554:
1168:"Where is methamphetamine manufactured?"
737:
364:
123:Royal Australasian College of Physicians
17:
1227:
1907:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1260:
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1223:
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1191:
1189:
1162:
1160:
938:
936:
797:
795:
762:
760:
733:
731:
551:
507:
1568:
1528:
1526:
1336:
1197:"Methamphetamine Supply in Australia"
1117:
1115:
1113:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
738:Turnbull, Tiffanie (26 August 2022).
116:
1437:International Journal of Drug Policy
1424:
1228:Seselja, Edwina (17 February 2022).
877:
712:
710:
672:
670:
590:
588:
586:
1810:History and culture of amphetamines
1594:
1492:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1473:
1330:
1307:
1253:
1240:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1218:
1186:
1157:
1129:
994:
964:
933:
827:
813:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
792:
779:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
757:
728:
683:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
154:Legislation and policy (punishment)
13:
1523:
1110:
1092:
1070:
1047:
1020:
878:Kidd, Jessica (27 February 2020).
481:
14:
1931:
1337:Leach, Michael (23 August 2022).
707:
667:
583:
501:
390:and other ways to obtain a high.
484:"Poisons Standard February 2019"
443:
1505:
1398:
1272:
915:
897:
871:
853:
380:Australian Bureau of Statistics
313:15 Years Maximum Imprisonment
1266:"Main Features - Key findings"
1123:"Tasmanian Legislation Online"
690:
639:
526:
475:
412:
316:21 Years maximum Imprisonment
310:15 Years Maximum Imprisonment
1:
469:
459:Illicit drug use in Australia
299:4 Years Maximum Imprisonment
282:2 Years Maximum Imprisonment
1450:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102982
330:Manufacture and distribution
276:2 Years Maximum Imprisonment
7:
982:. Commonwealth of Australia
436:
279:1 Year Maximum Imprisonment
10:
1936:
1920:Methamphetamine by country
1037:"MISUSE OF DRUGS ACT 1981"
131:decriminalisation of drugs
69:
1877:Ethnicity and nationality
1876:
1845:
1780:
1759:
1699:
1630:
1623:
1602:
1548:10.1080/09595230701750643
1293:10.1080/09595230801950572
950:The Sydney Morning Herald
839:Australian Federal Police
80:Australian Federal Police
1060:"Home - NSW legislation"
360:
127:syringe exchange program
1281:Drug and Alcohol Review
1083:"Victorian legislation"
508:Healey, Justin (2014).
351:outlaw motorcycle clubs
26:Under Australia's law,
1800:Crystal Meth Anonymous
1767:Amphetamine dependence
1700:Inhibited transporters
1064:legislation.nsw.gov.au
880:"Ice Inquiry Findings"
510:Drug Law Reform Debate
488:www.legislation.gov.au
370:
349:Criminals involved in
23:
1690:competitive inhibitor
1610:Dextromethamphetamine
865:Sydney Morning Herald
376:Australian Government
368:
21:
1815:Montana Meth Project
1631:Biomolecular targets
1324:"Reports & data"
419:injecting drug users
386:is more common than
1781:History and culture
1615:Levomethamphetamine
1268:. 28 February 2019.
1041:www5.austlii.edu.au
867:. 16 February 2020.
724:. 29 November 2014.
614:10.5402/2011/974768
324:states in Australia
1915:Drugs in Australia
371:
338:and imported from
256:Western Australia
117:Special Commission
24:
1902:
1901:
1755:
1754:
1624:Neuropharmacology
1359:10.1111/hsc.13907
1351:Monash University
841:. 31 October 2021
815:. 29 October 2018
562:"Methamphetamine"
512:. Spinney Press.
336:rolling meth labs
320:
319:
246:
245:
175:Western Australia
1927:
1889:Native Americans
1832:Rolling meth lab
1794:Crystal Darkness
1628:
1627:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1536:Drug Alcohol Rev
1530:
1521:
1520:
1519:. 26 April 2023.
1509:
1503:
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1500:
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1428:
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919:
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895:
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851:
850:
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831:
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549:
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524:
523:
505:
499:
498:
496:
494:
479:
453:
451:Australia portal
448:
447:
446:
251:
250:
242:Over 25.0 grams
205:Over 0.75 grams
169:
168:
35:is flooded with
1935:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1872:
1841:
1821:No More Sunsets
1776:
1751:
1695:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1619:
1598:
1596:Methamphetamine
1593:
1563:
1531:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1478:
1474:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1412:. 12 April 2017
1404:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1353:: e4950–e4960.
1335:
1331:
1326:. 22 June 2023.
1322:
1321:
1308:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1226:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1206:. UNSW Medicine
1199:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1145:. 23 April 2013
1135:
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1111:
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1071:
1058:
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1048:
1035:
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1021:
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1009:
1000:
999:
995:
985:
983:
975:
969:
965:
955:
953:
941:
934:
929:. 4 March 2020.
921:
920:
916:
903:
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898:
888:
886:
876:
872:
859:
858:
854:
844:
842:
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832:
828:
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793:
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781:
765:
758:
748:
746:
736:
729:
716:
715:
708:
700:
696:
695:
691:
686:. 20 June 2023.
676:
675:
668:
658:
656:
655:. 12 April 2017
645:
644:
640:
593:
584:
574:
572:
571:. UNSW Medicine
564:
560:
559:
552:
542:
540:
532:
531:
527:
520:
506:
502:
492:
490:
480:
476:
472:
449:
444:
442:
439:
415:
363:
344:Organised crime
340:South-East Asia
332:
259:New South Wales
233:Over 2.0 grams
216:Over 2.0 grams
202:Over 3.0 grams
199:Over 4.0 grams
180:New South Wales
164:pseudoephedrine
160:law enforcement
156:
119:
76:Nagai Nagayoshi
72:
28:methamphetamine
12:
11:
5:
1933:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1900:
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1896:
1891:
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1855:
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1829:
1827:Party and play
1824:
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1606:
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1584:
1577:
1569:
1562:
1561:
1542:(4): 357–360.
1522:
1504:
1472:
1423:
1397:
1329:
1306:
1271:
1252:
1217:
1185:
1156:
1128:
1109:
1091:
1069:
1046:
1019:
993:
963:
932:
927:NSW Government
914:
896:
870:
852:
826:
791:
756:
727:
706:
689:
666:
638:
601:ISRN Dentistry
582:
550:
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473:
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1805:Faces of Meth
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1853:Legal status
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1680:adrenoceptor
1670:adrenoceptor
1660:adrenoceptor
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1788:Amphetamine
1603:Enantiomers
493:25 February
413:Risk groups
49:adulterants
45:crystalline
1909:Categories
1772:Meth mouth
1443:: 102982.
607:: 974768.
543:11 January
538:adf.org.au
470:References
427:homosexual
51:including
37:monoamines
1894:Australia
1682:(agonist)
1672:(agonist)
1662:(agonist)
1652:(agonist)
1646:(agonist)
1640:(agonist)
1467:226219201
1385:250528746
388:injecting
265:Tasmania
147:Perrottet
84:Hong Kong
64:ephedrine
1556:18584384
1487:ABC News
1459:33126164
1377:35833453
1368:10946876
1301:18368605
1235:ABC News
909:Newsroom
884:ABC News
808:ABC News
774:ABC News
722:ABC News
659:14 April
633:21991491
482:Health.
437:See also
431:bisexual
399:epidemic
262:Victoria
190:Tasmania
185:Victoria
111:Adelaide
1747:SLC22A5
1742:SLC22A3
624:3189445
384:Smoking
107:Croydon
70:History
57:sucrose
53:glucose
1760:Health
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1497:17 May
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1390:18 May
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1178:18 May
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1012:17 May
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956:18 May
889:18 May
845:18 May
819:18 May
784:18 May
749:18 May
631:
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575:18 May
516:
395:crisis
296:N/A***
293:N/A***
225:N/A**
208:N/A**
41:powder
1837:Ya ba
1737:EAAT2
1732:EAAT1
1727:VMAT2
1722:VMAT1
1638:TAAR1
1463:S2CID
1381:S2CID
1349:(6).
1200:(PDF)
1086:(PDF)
976:(PDF)
701:(PDF)
565:(PDF)
361:Usage
222:N/A**
219:N/A**
88:Japan
33:brain
1717:SERT
1552:PMID
1499:2023
1455:PMID
1418:2023
1392:2023
1373:PMID
1297:PMID
1247:2023
1212:2023
1180:2023
1151:2023
1014:2023
988:2023
958:2023
891:2023
847:2023
821:2023
786:2023
751:2023
661:2017
629:PMID
605:2011
577:2023
545:2024
514:ISBN
495:2019
99:MDMA
55:and
1846:Law
1712:NET
1707:DAT
1686:MAO
1650:σ2R
1644:σ1R
1544:doi
1445:doi
1363:PMC
1355:doi
1289:doi
1142:SBS
744:BBC
619:PMC
609:doi
397:or
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