Metre - Knowledge

1030:, determined through measurements along the meridian passing through Paris. Apart from the obvious consideration of safe access for French surveyors, the Paris meridian was also a sound choice for scientific reasons: a portion of the quadrant from Dunkirk to Barcelona (about 1000 km, or one-tenth of the total) could be surveyed with start- and end-points at sea level, and that portion was roughly in the middle of the quadrant, where the effects of the Earth's oblateness were expected not to have to be accounted for. Improvements in the measuring devices designed by Borda and used for this survey also raised hopes for a more accurate determination of the length of this meridian arc. 1333: 1455: 1903: 49: 2094: 1238: 1103: 9088: 649: 1737: 2237:'s work promoted the advent of American science at the forefront of global metrology. Alongside his intercomparisons of artifacts of the metre and contributions to gravimetry through improvement of reversible pendulum, Peirce was the first to tie experimentally the metre to the wave length of a spectral line. According to him the standard length might be compared with that of a wave of light identified by a line in the 404: 1976: 598: 543: 5148: 729: 1038:, were imprisoned several times during their surveys, and Méchain died in 1804 of yellow fever, which he contracted while trying to improve his original results in northern Spain. In the meantime, the commission of the French Academy of Sciences calculated a provisional value from older surveys of 443.44 lignes. This value was set by legislation on 7 April 1795. 1126:, Hassler had brought a standard metre made in Paris to the United States in 1805. He designed a baseline apparatus which instead of bringing different bars in actual contact during measurements, used only one bar calibrated on the metre and optical contact. Thus the metre became the unit of length for geodesy in the United States. 1609:). This territory was covered by a triangle network and included more than thirty observatories or stations whose position was determined astronomically. Bayer proposed to remeasure ten arcs of meridians and a larger number of arcs of parallels, to compare the curvature of the meridian arcs on the two slopes of the 4088:

in accordance with the United States Government Printing Office Style Manual. The Metric Conversion Act of 1975 gives the Secretary of Commerce of the US the responsibility of interpreting or modifying the SI for use in the US. The Secretary of Commerce delegated this authority to the Director of the

4040:

The spelling of English words is in accordance with the United States Government Printing Office Style Manual, which follows Webster's Third New International Dictionary rather than the Oxford Dictionary. Thus the spellings 'meter', 'liter', 'deka', and 'cesium' are used rather than 'metre', 'litre',

2577:

is the measured frequency of the source. Although conversion from wavelengths to metres introduces an additional error in the overall length due to measurement error in determining the refractive index and the frequency, the measurement of frequency is one of the most accurate measurements available.

2217:

In the present state of science the most universal standard of length which we could assume would be the wave length in vacuum of a particular kind of light, emitted by some widely diffused substance such as sodium, which has well-defined lines in its spectrum. Such a standard would be independent of

2199:

states, on the contrary, that the mass of a body has an effect on all other bodies while modifying the structure of space. A massive body induces a curvature of the space around it in which the path of light is inflected, as was demonstrated by the displacement of the position of a star observed near

1443:

The definition of the length of a metre in the 1790s was founded upon Arc measurements in France and Peru with a definition that it was to be 1/40 millionth of the circumference of the earth measured through the poles. Such were the inaccuracies of that period that within a matter of just a few years

1078:

was found for the Earth's flattening. However, French astronomers knew from earlier estimates of the Earth's flattening that different meridian arcs could have different lengths and that their curvature could be irregular. The distance from the North Pole to the Equator was then extrapolated from the

5348:

Clarke, Alexander Ross (1873), "XIII. Results of the comparisons of the standards of length of England, Austria, Spain, United States, Cape of Good Hope, and of a second Russian standard, made at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. With a preface and notes on the Greek and Egyptian measures of

2019:

In the 1870s and in light of modern precision, a series of international conferences was held to devise new metric standards. When a conflict broke out regarding the presence of impurities in the metre-alloy of 1874, a member of the Preparatory Committee since 1870 and Spanish representative at the

5518:

Recueil d'observations géodésiques, astronomiques et physiques, exécutées par ordre du Bureau des longitudes de France en Espagne, en France, en Angleterre et en Écosse, pour déterminer la variation de la pesanteur et des degrés terrestres sur le prolongement du méridien de Paris... rédigé par MM.

1866:

until 1890. According to geodesists, these standards were secondary standards deduced from the Toise of Peru. In Europe, except Spain, surveyors continued to use measuring instruments calibrated on the Toise of Peru. Among these, the toise of Bessel and the apparatus of Borda were respectively the

1983:

In 1867 at the second General Conference of the International Association of Geodesy held in Berlin, the question of an international standard unit of length was discussed in order to combine the measurements made in different countries to determine the size and shape of the Earth. According to a

2488:

as the path length travelled by light in a given time, and practical laboratory length measurements in metres are determined by counting the number of wavelengths of laser light of one of the standard types that fit into the length, and converting the selected unit of wavelength to metres. Three

2374:

or ≈1.079 billion km/hour). An intended by-product of the 17th CGPM's definition was that it enabled scientists to compare lasers accurately using frequency, resulting in wavelengths with one-fifth the uncertainty involved in the direct comparison of wavelengths, because interferometer

1988:

the precedent year, the General Conference recommended the adoption of the metre in replacement of the toise of Bessel, the creation of an International Metre Commission, and the foundation of a World institute for the comparison of geodetic standards, the first step towards the creation of the

1584:

by means of gravimetric and leveling measurements, in order to deduce the exact knowledge of the terrestrial spheroid while taking into account local variations. To resolve this problem, it was necessary to carefully study considerable areas of land in all directions. Baeyer developed a plan to

7256:"XIII. Results of the comparisons of the standards of length of England, Austria, Spain, United States, Cape of Good Hope, and of a second Russian standard, made at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. With a preface and notes on the Greek and Egyptian measures of length by Sir Henry James" 2459:(NIST) has set up an online calculator to convert wavelengths in vacuum to wavelengths in air. As described by NIST, in air, the uncertainties in characterising the medium are dominated by errors in measuring temperature and pressure. Errors in the theoretical formulas used are secondary. 1444:

more reliable measurements would have given a different value for the definition of this international standard. That does not invalidate the metre in any way but highlights the fact that continuing improvements in instrumentation made better measurements of the earth’s size possible.

1955:

standard had partially been destroyed in 1834, a new standard of reference was constructed using copies of the "Standard Yard, 1760", instead of the pendulum's length as provided for in the Weights and Measures Act of 1824, because the pendulum method proved unreliable. Nevertheless

6822:"Bericht der schweizerischen Delegierten an der internationalen Meterkonferenz an den Bundespräsidenten und Vorsteher des Politischen Departements, J. J. Scherer in Erwin Bucher, Peter Stalder (ed.), Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland, vol. 3, doc. 66, dodis.ch/42045, Bern 1986" 1875:. These measuring devices consisted of bimetallic rulers in platinum and brass or iron and zinc fixed together at one extremity to assess the variations in length produced by any change in temperature. The combination of two bars made of two different metals allowed to take 5253:"Appareil construit pour les opérations au moyen desquelles on prolongera dans toute l'étendue de l'Espagne le réseau trigonométrique qui couvre la France in Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels" 2585:

Its definition, therefore, applies only within a spatial extent sufficiently small that the effects of the non-uniformity of the gravitational field can be ignored (note that, at the surface of the Earth, this effect in the vertical direction is about 1 part in

1427:'s model. However, the following year, resuming his calculation on the basis of all the data available at the time, Ritter came to the conclusion that the problem was only resolved in an approximate manner, the data appearing too scant, and for some affected by 1033:

The task of surveying the Paris meridian arc took more than six years (1792–1798). The technical difficulties were not the only problems the surveyors had to face in the convulsed period of the aftermath of the French Revolution: Méchain and Delambre, and later

2059:, France. This new organisation was to construct and preserve a prototype metre bar, distribute national metric prototypes, and maintain comparisons between them and non-metric measurement standards. The organisation distributed such bars in 1889 at the first 1466:, Méchain had found that the difference between these latitudes was greater than predicted by direct measurement of distance by triangulation and that he did not dare to admit this inaccuracy. This was later explained by clearance in the central axis of the 1932:. If precision metrology had needed the help of geodesy, the latter could not continue to prosper without the help of metrology. It was then necessary to define a single unit to express all the measurements of terrestrial arcs and all determinations of the 1094:. When the final result was known, a bar whose length was closest to the meridional definition of the metre was selected and placed in the National Archives on 22 June 1799 (4 messidor An VII in the Republican calendar) as a permanent record of the result. 1292:

in Paris. Ismail Mustafa had the task to carry out the experiments necessary for determining the expansion coefficients of the two platinum and brass bars, and to compare the Egyptian standard with a known standard. The Spanish standard designed by

2454:

Practical realisation of the metre is subject to uncertainties in characterising the medium, to various uncertainties of interferometry, and to uncertainties in measuring the frequency of the source. A commonly used medium is air, and the

1180:

and gravity in different points of the globe stimulated the creation of the first international scientific associations. The foundation of the Magnetischer Verein would be followed by that of the Central European Arc Measurement (German:

1854:, was the French primary standard of the toise, and the metre was officially defined by an artifact made of platinum kept in the National Archives. Besides the latter, another platinum and twelve iron standards of the metre were made by 6091:

Nouvelle détermination de la distance méridienne de Montjouy à Formentera, dévoilant l'inexactitude de celle dont il est fait mention dans la base du système métrique décimal, par M. Puissant,... lu à l'Académie des sciences, le 2 mai

992: 1816:

and director of the German Weights and Measures Service boycotted the Permanent Committee of the International Metre Commission, along with the Russian and Austrian representatives, in order to promote the foundation of a permanent

1305:'s double-toise N° 1, which served as a comparison module for the measurement of all geodesic bases in France, and was also to be compared to the Ibáñez apparatus. In 1954, the connection of the southerly extension of the 1403:. This did not pave the way to a new definition of the metre because it was known that the theoretical definition of the metre had been inaccessible and misleading at the time of Delambre and Mechain arc measurement, as the 2212:

suggested that light emitted by an element be used as the standard both for the unit of length and for the second. These two quantities could then be used to define the unit of mass. About the unit of length he wrote:

1915:

would mark the adoption of new scientific methods. It then became possible to accurately measure parallel arcs, since the difference in longitude between their ends could be determined thanks to the invention of the

1343:, through Great Britain, France and Spain to El Aghuat in Algeria, whose parameters were calculated from surveys carried out in the mid to late 19th century. It yielded a value for the equatorial radius of the earth 1089:

toises. As the metre had to be equal to one ten-millionth of this distance, it was defined as 0.513074 toise or 3 feet and 11.296 lines of the Toise of Peru, which had been constructed in 1735 for the

1057:

between these two towns and determined the portion of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator it represented. Pierre Méchain's and Jean-Baptiste Delambre's measurements were combined with the results of the

1271:

an Observatory which he was keen to keep in harmony with the progress of this science still in progress. In 1858, a Technical Commission was set up to continue, by adopting the procedures instituted in Europe, the

2012:, whose theorem has long supported the assumption of an ellipsoid with three unequal axes for the figure of the Earth, inviting his French counterpart to undertake joint action to ensure the universal use of the 1906:

Historic Dutch replicas of metric standards in the collection of Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam: iron metre with case constructed by Étienne Lenoir in 1799, copper grave kilogram with case (1798), copper volume measures

324:

In 1799, the metre was redefined in terms of a prototype metre bar, the bar used was changed in 1889, and in 1960 the metre was redefined in terms of a certain number of wavelengths of a certain emission line of

5772:

Base du système métrique décimal, ou Mesure de l'arc du méridien compris entre les parallèles de Dunkerque et Barcelone. T. 1 /, exécutée en 1792 et années suivantes, par MM. Méchain et Delambre, rédigée par M.

471:) (a measure), which were used for physical measurement, for poetic metre and by extension for moderation or avoiding extremism (as in "be measured in your response"). This range of uses is also found in Latin ( 6471:

Dictionnaire des inventions et découvertes anciennes et modernes, dans les sciences, les arts et l'industrie.... 2. H–Z / recueillis et mis en ordre par M. le marquis de Jouffroy; publié par l'abbé Migne,...

8343: 1347:= 6 377 935 metres, the ellipticity being assumed as 1/299.15. The radius of curvature of this arc is not uniform, being, in the mean, about 600 metres greater in the northern than in the southern part. 5182: 1825:

conformed to the opinion of Italy and Spain to create, in spite of French reluctance, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France as a permanent institution at the disadventage of the

3823:

Within this table, "inch" and "yard" mean "international inch" and "international yard" respectively, though approximate conversions in the left column hold for both international and survey units.

2414:

This uncertainty is currently one limiting factor in laboratory realisations of the metre, and it is several orders of magnitude poorer than that of the second, based upon the caesium fountain

2477:

wavelengths of helium–neon laser light in vacuum, and converting the wavelengths in vacuum to wavelengths in air. Air is only one possible medium to use in a realisation of the metre, and any

2101:

The comparison of the new prototypes of the metre with each other involved the development of special measuring equipment and the definition of a reproducible temperature scale. The BIPM's

2757:

and supported on two cylinders of at least 10 mm (1 cm) diameter, symmetrically placed in the same horizontal plane at a distance of 571 mm (57.1 cm) from each other.

7664: 5647:"X. Abstract of the results of the comparisons of the standards of length of England, France, Belgium, Prussia, Russia, India, Australia, made at the ordnance Survey Office, Southampton" 2447:

wavelengths of helium–neon laser light in vacuum, the error stated being only that of frequency determination. This bracket notation expressing the error is explained in the article on

2552: 5378: 4014: 2462:

By implementing a refractive index correction such as this, an approximate realisation of the metre can be implemented in air, for example, using the formulation of the metre as

5178:"Rapport de M. Faye sur un Mémoire de M. Peirce concernant la constance de la pesanteur à Paris et les corrections exigées par les anciennes déterminations de Borda et de Biot" 3283:(31 Pm), rather than in Mm or larger multiples; "30 cm", "30 m", and "300 m" are more common than "3 dm", "3 dam", and "3 hm", respectively. 2689: 1363:, some of the meridian arcs the German astronomer had used for his calculation had been enlarged. This was a very important circumstance because the influence of errors due to 4209:

as an official language and this largely follows American English since the country became a colony of the United States. While the law that converted the country to use the

8515:

The metric system of weights and measures; its establishment and gradual propagation, with the history of the operations which served to determine the meter and the kilogram

6171:

Recherche des coefficients de dilatation et étalonnage de l'appareil à mesurer les bases géodésiques appartenant au gouvernement égyptien / par Ismaïl-Effendi-Moustapha, ...

1580:

Baeyer's goal was a new determination of anomalies in the shape of the Earth using precise triangulations, combined with gravity measurements. This involved determining the

8510:

Le système métrique des poids et mesures; son établissement et sa propagation graduelle, avec l'histoire des opérations qui ont servi à déterminer le mètre et le kilogramme

2316:

To further reduce uncertainty, the 17th CGPM in 1983 replaced the definition of the metre with its current definition, thus fixing the length of the metre in terms of the

4932:

Jean-Jacques Levallois, La méridienne de Dunkerque à Barcelone et la détermination du mètre (1792 – 1799), Vermessung, Photogrammetrie, Kulturtechnik, 89 (1991), 375-380.

2109:, whose practically negligible coefficient of expansion made it possible to develop simpler baseline measurement methods, and for which its director, the Swiss physicist 6895: 4106:(BIPM, 2006). In the NIST publication, the spellings "meter", "liter" and "deka" are used rather than "metre", "litre" and "deca" as in the original BIPM English text ( 7347:

Dodis, Diplomatische Dokumente der Schweiz | Documents diplomatiques suisses | Documenti diplomatici svizzeri | Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland | (30 March 1875),

5304:

Le général Ibáñez notice nécrologique lue au comité international des poids et mesures, le 12 septembre et dans la conférence géodésique de Florence, le 8 octobre 1891

8654: 1129:

In 1830, Hassler became head of the Office of Weights and Measures, which became a part of the Survey of the Coast. He compared various units of length used in the

420:

is the standard spelling of the metric unit for length in nearly all English-speaking nations, the exceptions being the United States and the Philippines which use

5102:"Über einen Fehler in der Berechnung der französischen Gradmessung und seineh Einfluß auf die Bestimmung der Figur der Erde. Von Herrn Geh. Rath und Ritter Bessel" 2032:

to rally France to the project to create an International Bureau of Weights and Measures equipped with the scientific means necessary to redefine the units of the

8347: 955:

of 1875, when the metre was adopted as an international scientific unit of length for the convenience of continental European geodesists following the example of

7353:(in French), Diplomatische Dokumente der Schweiz | Documents diplomatiques suisses | Documenti diplomatici svizzeri | Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland | Dodis 2264:

was in regular use at the BIPM. However, the International Prototype Metre remained the standard until 1960, when the eleventh CGPM defined the metre in the new

1301:

was chosen for this purpose, as it had served as a model for the construction of the Egyptian standard. In addition, the Spanish standard had been compared with

7350:

Bericht der schweizerischen Delegierten an der internationalen Meterkonferenz an den Bundespräsidenten und Vorsteher des Politischen Departements, J. J. Scherer

1960:'s use of the metre and the creation of the Office of Standard Weights and Measures as an office within the Coast Survey contributed to the introduction of the 1655:

hesitated for a long time before giving in to the demands of the Association, which asked the French geodesists to take part in its work. It was only after the

5714:"Les origines du système métrique en France et la Convention du mètre de 1875, qui a ouvert la voie au Système international d'unités et à sa révision de 2018" 5473:

Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle : français, historique, géographique, mythologique, bibliographique.... T. 11 MEMO-O / par M. Pierre Larousse

5318:"Histoire de l'appareil Ibañez-Brunner in Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels" 239: 8470:, Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards, republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register (Doc. 59–5442, Filed, 30 June 1959) 6430:

Martina Schiavon. La geodesia y la investigación científica en la Francia del siglo XIX : la medida del arco de meridiano franco-argelino (1870–1895).

1964:

allowing the use of the metre in the United States, and preceded the choice of the metre as international scientific unit of length and the proposal by the

4445: 1411:, but which in detail differs from it so as to prohibit any generalization and any extrapolation from the measurement of a single meridian arc. In 1859, 2510:

Of these, the last is peculiar to the interferometer itself. The conversion of a length in wavelengths to a length in metres is based upon the relation

1943:, might be so much damaged that comparison with it would be worthless, while Bessel had questioned the accuracy of copies of this standard belonging to 1744:

and given to the United States, which served as the standard for American cartography from 1890 replacing the Committee Meter, an authentic copy of the

7371: 8701: 2379:"a recommended radiation" for realising the metre. For the purpose of delineating the metre, the BIPM currently considers the HeNe laser wavelength, 749:

which explained variations of gravitational acceleration depending on latitude. He also mathematically formulated the link between the length of the

5074:

Struve Geodetic Arc, 2006 International Conference, The Struve Arc and Extensions in Space and Time, Haparanda and Pajala, Sweden, 13–15 August 2006

9124: 2841: 1204: 8693: 5380:

Bericht über die Verhandlungen der vom 30. September bis 7. October 1867 zu BERLIN abgehaltenen allgemeinen Conferenz der Europäischen Gradmessung

1979:

Creating the metre-alloy in 1874 at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. Present Henri Tresca, George Matthey, Saint-Claire Deville, and Debray.

8022: 6485: 6184: 6154: 6106: 6074: 5787: 5599: 5533: 4586: 8008:

Recherches historiques sur les étalons de poids et mesures de l'Observatoire et les appareils qui ont servi à les construire / par M. C. Wolf...

4137: 3271:

can be used to denote decimal multiples and submultiples of the metre, as shown in the table below. Long distances are usually expressed in km,

725:

meaning universal measure for this unit of length, but then it was discovered that the length of a seconds pendulum varies from place to place.

6023: 4081: 4035: 3970: 2456: 1789: 1157: 1740:

Closeup of National Prototype Metre Bar No. 27, made in 1889 by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in collaboration with

1637:

could open the field to scientific research of the highest interest, research that each State, taken in isolation, was not able to undertake.

1509:

with the aim of determining the shape and dimensions of the Earth. At the time of its creation, the association had sixteen member countries:

5864: 1826: 6301:

Comptes-rendus des séances de la Commission permanente de l'Association géodésique internationale réunie à Florence du 8 au 17 octobre 1891

5912: 4061: 3991: 1990: 1951:

Observatories, which he had compared to each other about 1840. This assertion was particularly worrying, because when the primary Imperial

1818: 504: 6572:"From a Regional Project to an International Organization: The "Baeyer-Helmert-Era" of the International Association of Geodesy 1862–1916" 1288:

the study, in Europe, of the precision apparatus calibrated against the metre intended to measure the geodesic bases and already built by

9063: 8706:. United States version of the English text of the eighth edition (2006) of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures publication 2218:

any changes in the dimensions of the earth, and should be adopted by those who expect their writings to be more permanent than that body.

8662: 8541: 6964:

Discursos leidos ante la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales en la recepcion pública de Don Joaquin Barraquer y Rovira

6711:"Wilhelm Foerster's Role in the Metre Convention of 1875 and in the Early Years of the International Committee for Weights and Measures" 6370:"Figure de la Terre, in Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres" 5160:

Discursos leidos ante la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales en la recepcion pública de Don Joaquin Barraquer y Rovira

4626: 2720: 2060: 1384: 5283:"Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero (14 avril 1825 – 29 janvier 1891), par Albert Pérard (inauguration d'un monument élevé à sa mémoire)" 2753:), between the axes of the two central lines marked on the prototype bar of platinum–iridium, this bar being subject to one standard 2025: 1376: 1294: 1192: 5585:

Grandeur et figure de la terre / J.-B.-J. Delambre; ouvrage augmenté de notes, de cartes et publié par les soins de G. Bigourdan,...

4739: 682: 7489: 2481:

can be used, or some inert atmosphere like helium gas, provided the appropriate corrections for refractive index are implemented.

4307: 2225: 1863: 1785: 1119: 1367:

was minimized in proportion to the length of the meridian arcs: the longer the meridian arcs, the more precise the image of the

1222:

declared to the French Academy of Sciences in 1836 that Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre Méchain had made errors in the

8676:

Batas Pambansa Blg. 8: An Act Defining the Metric System and its Units, Providing for its Implementation and for Other Purposes

2153: 1940: 1091: 1059: 798: 294: 8723: 1168:, second). In 1836, he founded the Magnetischer Verein, the first international scientific association, in collaboration with 258:(SI). Since 2019, the metre has been defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 8581: 8455: 8330: 7913: 7623: 7526: 6903: 6595: 6309: 5999: 5224: 4891: 4819: 4008: 2616: 2375:

errors were eliminated. To further facilitate reproducibility from lab to lab, the 17th CGPM also made the iodine-stabilised

1577:

created a Central Office, located at the Prussian Geodetic Institute, whose management was entrusted to Johann Jacob Baeyer.

1486:

also had an impact on accuracy of latitudes' determinations. Among all these sources of error, it was mainly an unfavourable

6845:

Recherches historiques sur les étalons de poids et mesures de l'observatoire et les appareils qui ont servi a les construire

6328: 5973:

in COMlTÉ INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES. PROCÈS-VERBAUX DES SÉANCES. DEUXIÈME SÉRIE. TOME II. SESSION DE 1903. pp. 5–7.

1702:

in 1898. The convention of the International Geodetic Association expired at the end of 1916. It was not renewed due to the

9117: 5431: 2677: 1965: 1912: 1805: 1648: 1574: 1380: 1183: 678: 379:. This series of amendments did not alter the size of the metre significantly – today Earth's polar circumference measures 7201: 2851:

and thus recommends this definition be restricted to "lengths ℓ which are sufficiently short for the effects predicted by

1855: 3174: 1435:

in the French meridian arc which determination had also been affected in a lesser proportion by systematic errors of the

813: 671:

to explain the fall of bodies at the surface of the Earth. He also observed the regularity of the period of swing of the

4358: 4324: 435:) are spelled "-meter" in all variants of English. The suffix "-meter" has the same Greek origin as the unit of length. 8779: 8564: 7874: 6411:

Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève.; Genève, Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de (1861).

6394:

Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève.; Genève, Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de (1859).

2196: 1884: 802: 8719:(Special Publication 811). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 August 2008. 8710:(Special Publication 330). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 1939:

In 1866, the most important concern was that the Toise of Peru, the standard of the toise constructed in 1735 for the

8750: 8626: 7289:"Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels" 7172: 6140:

Notes biographiques de S. E. Mahmoud Pacha el Falaki (l'astronome), par Ismail-Bey Moustapha et le colonel Moktar-Bey

5423: 5042:"Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels" 4480: 630: 329:. The current definition was adopted in 1983 and modified slightly in 2002 to clarify that the metre is a measure of 8969: 8684: 3901:(2 cubits) were 941 mm (0.941 m) and 1143 mm (1.143 m) respectively. The ancient Parisian 2195:, infinite and without boundaries and bodies gravitated around each other without changing the structure of space. 7052: 1423:, using Schubert's data computed that the Earth ellipsoid could rather be a spheroid of revolution accordingly to 1226:, which had been used to determine the length of the metre. Errors in the method of calculating the length of the 1002:

Instead of the seconds pendulum method, the commission of the French Academy of Sciences – whose members included

9110: 6369: 6222:"A profile of General Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero: first president of the International Geodetic Association" 4908: 4662: 2141: 1566: 612: 4449: 1494:

and a metre "too short" compared to a more general definition taken from the average of a large number of arcs.

9073: 5684: 2516: 1707: 64: 8724:"Interpretation of the International System of Units (the Metric System of Measurement) for the United States" 5769:

Delambre, Jean-Baptiste (1749–1822) Auteur du texte; Méchain, Pierre (1744–1804) Auteur du texte (1806–1810).

2946: 833: 8788: 4166: 4028: 2917: 2265: 2073: 1888: 821: 255: 7379: 9141: 8483: 4395: 3263: 1717: 1281: 2110: 7336:

National Institute of Standards and Technology 2003; Historical context of the SI: Unit of length (meter)

6979: 5177: 4341: 4068:; an English translation, included to make the SI standard more widely accessible also uses the spelling 4052:

The most recent official brochure about the International System of Units (SI), written in French by the

2704: 1997: 736: 8738: 8645: 7920:

The error can be reduced tenfold if the chamber is filled with an atmosphere of helium rather than air.

5490: 2992:

Platinum–iridium bar at melting point of ice, atmospheric pressure, supported by two rollers (7th CGPM)

2448: 2047:) of 1875 mandated the establishment of a permanent International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM: 1675:

was appointed member of the Permanent Commission which was presided by Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero.

369:, this definition was rephrased to include the definition of a second in terms of the caesium frequency 7861: 4370: 4336: 4265: 3155: 2645: 2029: 1933: 1416: 1348: 817: 668: 7751: 3995: 1660: 8479: 7229: 5515:

Biot, Jean-Baptiste (1774–1862) Auteur du texte; Arago, François (1786-1853) Auteur du texte (1821).

4714: 4382: 2787: 2673: 1957: 1749: 1145: 1115: 1054: 956: 786: 694: 686: 8531: 8128: 6246: 5082: 4620: 2648:

that the new definition for the metre be equal to one ten-millionth of the length of a great circle

2590:

per metre). In this case, the effects to be taken into account are those of special relativity only.

1808:

but its overwhelming influence was mitigated by that of neutral states. While the German astronomer

1419:. He also proposed an ellipsoid with three unequal axes. In 1860, Elie Ritter, a mathematician from 903:. He also devised a new instrument for measuring gravitational acceleration which was first used in 9027: 8722:

Turner, J. (deputy director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology). (16 May 2008).

8526: 8446:

The Measure of All Things : The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World

6350:, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1. ed.), München/Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 231 3897:

was about 0.5 m (surviving rods are 523–529 mm). Scottish and English definitions of the

2294: 2249: 1285: 1284:

was in charge, in Egypt, of the direction of the work of the general map, the viceroy entrusted to

1176:. The coordination of the observation of geophysical phenomena such as the Earth's magnetic field, 1053:

and Jean-Baptiste Delambre calculated the distance from Dunkirk to Barcelona using the data of the

972: 928: 310: 7642: 6444: 6341: 9102: 9068: 8386: 4259: 2432:). Consequently, a realisation of the metre is usually delineated (not defined) today in labs as 2102: 2001: 1948: 1809: 1298: 793:

was the unit to which all celestial distances were to be referred. Indeed, Earth proved to be an

782: 568: 366: 8618: 8465: 6410: 6393: 5920: 5646: 5282: 4991: 1996:

Hassler's metrological and geodetic work also had a favourable response in Russia. In 1869, the

689:. They both also used a determination of the size of the Earth, then considered as a sphere, by 607:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

9539: 8772: 7006:"Über das preufs. Längenmaaß und die zu seiner Verbreitung durch Copien ergriffenen Maaßregeln" 6241: 5077: 3134:

published the first official Swiss map, for which the metre was adopted as the unit of length.

3131: 2234: 2114: 1797: 1412: 1169: 1046: 912: 31: 17: 8369: 8238: 7901: 7516: 6879: 6299: 4689: 1850:

were the legal basis of units of length. A wrought iron ruler, the Toise of Peru, also called

1097: 333:. From 1983 until 2019, the metre was formally defined as the length of the path travelled by 8666: 8522: 2376: 1892: 1546: 1424: 1302: 1260: 1050: 1022:– decided that the new measure should be equal to one ten-millionth of the distance from the 1007: 1003: 8041: 7721: 3905:(fathom) was slightly shorter than 2 m and was standardised at exactly 2 m in the 2656:

through Paris, that is the distance from the equator to the north pole along that quadrant.

968: 483:), English and other languages. The Greek word is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root 7413: 7126: 7084: 7017: 6779: 6722: 6624: 6233: 5834: 5725: 5158: 5113: 4955:

Vermessung, Photogrammetrie, Kulturtechnik: VPK = Mensuration, Photogrammétrie, Génie Rural

4648: 2913: 2754: 2653: 2330:

The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of

1917: 1839: 1652: 1590: 1522: 1215: 1173: 1141: 1042: 1019: 1011: 714: 564: 558: 532: 508: 8613:

Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins

8573:

Encydopaedia of scientific units, weights, and measures: their SI equivalences and origins

5865:"A Tale About the First Weights and Measures Intercomparison in the United States in 1832" 4420: 1079:

measurement of the Paris meridian arc between Dunkirk and Barcelona and was determined as

8: 9053: 7839: 7756:

The NIST Reference on constants, units, and uncertainties: Fundamental physical constants

7559: 7555: 6571: 5991:

From artefacts to atoms : the BIPM and the search for ultimate measurement standards

5801:

American Philosophical Society.; Society, American Philosophical; Poupard, James (1825).

5553: 5397: 5386:(in German). Berlin: Central-Bureau der Europäischen Gradmessung. 1868. pp. 123–134. 3927:

was 10.688 km, but was changed to 10 km when Sweden converted to metric units.

3105: 3006: 2209: 2145: 1880: 1835: 1781: 1656: 1614: 1498: 1487: 1483: 1428: 1415:

demonstrated that several meridians had not the same length, confirming an hypothesis of

1372: 1364: 1306: 1188: 920: 848:. When the length of the metre was defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from the 758: 8271: 7417: 7130: 7088: 7072: 7021: 7005: 6783: 6726: 6628: 6237: 5838: 5729: 5117: 5101: 967:

In 1790, one year before it was ultimately decided that the metre would be based on the

8611: 8571: 8088: 8067: 8016: 7596: 7474: 7439: 7150: 6803: 6748: 6648: 6479: 6267: 6178: 6148: 6100: 6068: 6017: 5889: 5781: 5751: 5666: 5593: 5527: 5019: 4790: 4580: 4206: 3122:. Meanwhile, the metre was adopted by the Republic of Geneva. After the joining of the 2852: 2192: 2184: 2172: 1961: 1944: 1896: 1813: 1793: 1725: 1721: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1449:

Nomination of the STRUVE GEODETIC ARC for inscription on the WORLD HERITAGE LIST, p. 40

1256: 742: 511:

and may be translated as "Use measure!", thus calls for both measurement and moderation

158: 6198: 6121: 6038: 4844: 4311: 1879:

into account without measuring the temperature. A French scientific instrument maker,

1678:

The International Geodetic Association gained global importance with the accession of

407:

Seal of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) – Use measure (Greek:

9091: 8977: 8765: 8746: 8675: 8622: 8577: 8495: 8451: 8444: 8326: 8211: 8185: 7909: 7619: 7588: 7522: 7431: 7154: 7142: 7092: 7033: 6849: 6807: 6795: 6767: 6752: 6740: 6652: 6640: 6591: 6522: 6305: 6271: 6259: 6005: 5995: 5942: 5894: 5842: 5755: 5743: 5720:. The new International System of Units / Le nouveau Système international d’unités. 5670: 5230: 5220: 5129: 5023: 5011: 4887: 4862: 4825: 4815: 4782: 4486: 4476: 4160: 4004: 3947: 3924: 3873:

to assist with conversion is "three 3s": 1 metre is nearly equivalent to 3

3272: 2726:

Defines the metre as the distance between two lines on a standard bar of an alloy of

2009: 2005: 1876: 1847: 1757: 1618: 1542: 1277: 1259:

has ancient roots which were revived in the 19th century by the modernist impetus of

1196: 1134: 746: 706: 653: 7906:

Atomic, molecular, and optical physics: electromagnetic radiation, Volume 29, Part 3

7806: 2921: 1035: 825: 709:

and proposed this unit of measurement to be called the astronomical radius (French:

30:

This article is about the unit of length. For other uses of "metre" or "meter", see

8487: 8250: 7837:

The formulas used in the calculator and the documentation behind them are found at

7470: 7443: 7421: 7267: 7134: 7025: 6938: 6787: 6730: 6679: 6632: 6583: 6512: 6251: 5884: 5876: 5733: 5658: 5354: 5121: 5003: 4962: 4852: 4292: 3906: 3149: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3101: 2626: 2570: 2040: 2021: 1777: 1773: 1550: 1467: 1436: 1340: 988: 952: 908: 876: 757:, the study of variations in gravitational acceleration was a way to determine the 702: 395:, which also includes improvements in the accuracy of measuring the circumference. 287: 8006: 7857: 6540: 6501:"History of the International Polar Motion Service/International Latitude Service" 6469: 6199:"Nomination of the STRUVE GEODETIC ARC for inscription on the WORLD HERITAGE LIST" 6169: 6089: 5614:"Comprendre – Histoire de l'observatoire de Paris - Pierre-François-André Méchain" 5516: 4951:"La méridienne de Dunkerque à Barcelone et la déterminiation du mètre (1972-1799)" 4642: 4570: 4543: 4110:). The Director of the NIST officially recognised this publication, together with 8844: 8508: 8320: 7853: 7814:

NIST length scale interferometer measurement assurance; NIST document NISTIR 4998

7749:

The term "relative standard uncertainty" is explained by NIST on their web site:

6927:"Exposé historique des travaux de la commission géodésique suisse de 1862 à 1892" 6668:"Exposé historique des travaux de la commission géodésique suisse de 1862 à 1892" 6412: 6395: 6343: 6138: 5802: 5770: 5583: 5471: 4881: 4346: 2909: 2703:

Specifies the platinum metre bar, presented on 22 June 1799 and deposited in the

2649: 2283: 2137: 1800:

in 1871. Meanwhile, most European countries had adopted the metre. In the 1870s,

1761: 1741: 1510: 1368: 1360: 1332: 1231: 1223: 948: 884: 766: 754: 643: 572: 552: 6058: 5613: 4475:. Dupont-Bloch, Nicolas. ( ed.). Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck. pp. 5–6. 2077:

as the distance between two lines on a standard bar composed of an alloy of 90%

485: 9534: 8997: 8929: 8635: 7932: 7288: 5738: 5713: 5317: 5252: 5041: 4857: 3966: 2665: 2490: 2478: 2321: 2261: 2245: 1902: 1822: 1769: 1699: 1634: 1558: 1506: 1479: 1352: 1246: 1227: 1219: 1200: 924: 698: 657: 154: 48: 6791: 6517: 6500: 4829: 4507: 4180: 2093: 1454: 919:

mathematician soon independently discovered a mathematical formula to correct

9528: 9133: 9058: 8982: 8919: 8909: 8536: 7592: 7435: 7320:

The creation of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and its work

7146: 7096: 7037: 7029: 6799: 6744: 6644: 6526: 6263: 6009: 5846: 5800: 5747: 5152: 5133: 5125: 5015: 4866: 4786: 4490: 4366: 4332: 4210: 3942: 3768: 3234: 3228: 2848: 2290: 2165: 2033: 2013: 1801: 1765: 1695: 1130: 1107: 1015: 880: 828:, lasting from 1792 to 1798, which measured the distance between a belfry in 330: 221: 8714: 8545:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 801–813. 8254: 6853: 5234: 3990: 2790:

corresponding to the transition between the 2p and 5d quantum levels of the

2136:

In 1921, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to another Swiss scientist,

1672: 1237: 571:

to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by

9002: 8959: 8944: 8899: 8879: 8796: 8558:]. Translated by Goldhammer, Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8530: 7272: 7255: 6735: 6710: 6342:

Historische Commission bei der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften (1908),

5898: 5662: 5359: 5007: 4809: 4619: 3100:

In France, the metre was adopted as an exclusive measure in 1801 under the

2415: 2149: 1972:) to establish a "European international bureau for weights and measures". 1736: 1622: 1475: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1289: 1098:

Early adoption of the metre as a scientific unit of length: the forerunners

806: 790: 306: 247: 7518:

Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition That Reshaped Our World

6255: 5989: 5435: 4950: 4740:"Gravity: Notes: Latitude Dependent Changes in Gravitational Acceleration" 2105:

work led to the discovery of special alloys of iron–nickel, in particular

1985: 1804:

played a pivotal role in the unification of the metric system through the

1276:

work inaugurated under Muhammad Ali. This Commission suggested to Viceroy

9509: 9167: 8874: 8829: 8387:"Outlines of the evolution of weights and measures and the metric system" 6843: 6766:

Drewes, Hermann; Kuglitsch, Franz; Adám, József; Rózsa, Szabolcs (2016).

6587: 5880: 5869:

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

4966: 3874: 3294: 3250: 3127: 3095: 2681: 2503: 2157: 1703: 1570: 1554: 1534: 1250: 1211: 984: 904: 770: 690: 432: 182: 6942: 6860: 6683: 6221: 4794: 4770: 3939: – standard reference temperature for length measurements 1432: 1280:

the idea of buying geodetic devices which were ordered in France. While

1102: 845: 9499: 9489: 9479: 9400: 9310: 9275: 9256: 9217: 9197: 9187: 9177: 9151:

From smallest to largest (left to right). Commonly used units shown in

8691:

Supreme Court of the Philippines (Second Division). (20 January 2010).

8491: 8371:

The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

8172: 6636: 6434:, 2004, Estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnologia, 23, pp. 11–30. 4080:). However, in 2008 the U.S. English translation published by the U.S. 3724: 3688: 3490: 3424: 3400: 3387: 3376: 3276: 3021: 2779: 2298: 2279: 2253: 2126: 1925: 1630: 1392: 1241:

Ibáñez apparatus calibrated on the metric Spanish Standard and used at

1161: 1023: 976: 849: 762: 732: 648: 326: 302: 132: 7965:

The BIPM maintains a list of recommended radiations on their web site.

7643:"17th General Conference on Weights and Measures (1983), Resolution 1" 7600: 7576: 7138: 6926: 6667: 2252:, the inventor of the device and an advocate of using some particular 887:

a new value for the flattening of the Earth, which he determinated as

9459: 9449: 9439: 9429: 9410: 9390: 9345: 9237: 9227: 9207: 8939: 8854: 7426: 7401: 7316:

La Création du Bureau International des Poids et Mesures et son Œuvre

6612: 5166:. Madrid: Imprenta de la Viuda e Hijo de D.E. Aguado. pp. 70–78. 3815: 3790: 3468: 3446: 3411: 3363: 3352: 3268: 3216: 2118: 1921: 1691: 1626: 1463: 1177: 996: 841: 837: 498: 466: 454: 140: 8476:

Weights and Measures Standards of the United States, a brief history

7458: 7115:"Charles Sanders Peirce and the first absolute measurement standard" 7114: 6414:

Memoires de la Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève

6397:

Memoires de la Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève

5822: 5491:"L'histoire des unités | Réseau National de la Métrologie Française" 5428:

Measures for progress: a history of the National Bureau of Standards

4097:) of the English text of the eighth edition of the BIPM publication 2855:

to be negligible with respect to the uncertainties of realisation".

2707:, as the final standard. Legally equal to 443.296 lines on the 2056: 1462:

It was well known that by measuring the latitude of two stations in

9469: 8819: 8685:

Republic Act No. 7160: The Local Government Code of the Philippines

8665:. National Research Council Canada. 5 February 2010. Archived from 8239:"Notice sur la carte de la Suisse dressée par l'État Major Fédéral" 7840:"Engineering metrology toolbox: Refractive index of air calculator" 6119: 5183:

Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences

4225:

is used in government and everyday commerce, as evidenced by laws (

3870: 3192: 3186: 3109: 2727: 2622: 2238: 2117:

in 1920. Guillaume's Nobel Prize marked the end of an era in which

2078: 1644: 1602: 1491: 1408: 1396: 1273: 1153: 980: 979:

proposed that the metre be the length of the seconds pendulum at a

794: 750: 672: 119: 9132: 4446:"M13. From Kepler's Laws To Universal Gravitation – Basic Physics" 1617:. Baeyer also planned to determine the curvature of the seas, the 1585:

coordinate geodetic surveys in the space between the parallels of

685:

and to the determination of the distance from Earth to the Sun by

507:(BIPM), which was a saying of the Greek statesman and philosopher 9007: 8992: 8934: 8864: 8859: 8809: 8499: 7879:

Engineering metrology toolbox: Refractive index of air calculator

6966:, Madrid, Imprenta de la Viuda e Hijo de D.E. Aguado, 1881, p. 78 5994:. Oxford. pp. 20, 37–38, 91–92, 70–72, 114–117, 144–147, 8. 5199: 5151:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4114:, as the "legal interpretation" of the SI for the United States ( 3244: 3238: 3198: 3162: 2791: 2746: 2731: 2161: 2130: 2122: 2082: 1929: 1868: 1796:, Napoleonic Wars fostered German nationalism which later led to 1594: 1586: 1518: 1514: 1502: 1388: 1326: 1242: 1123: 1027: 853: 829: 778: 774: 664: 428: 298: 8643:

National Institute of Standards and Technology. (27 June 2011).

6304:(in French). De Gruyter, Incorporated. pp. 23–25, 100–109. 5807:. Vol. new ser.:v.2 (1825). Philadelphia pp. 234–278. 4886:(in French). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 46. 1633:

in the north. In his mind, the cooperation of all the States of

1613:, in order to determine the influence of this mountain range on 1375:

measurement, it was resolved in the 1860s, at the initiative of

983:

of 45°. This option, with one-third of this length defining the

915:, and Isaac-Charles Élisée Cellérier (8.01.1818 – 2.10.1889), a 9137: 9022: 8924: 8834: 8814: 8804: 7902:"Physical limits on accuracy and resolution: setting the scale" 7054:

The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

4691:

Centuries of Inventions: Encyclopedia and History of Inventions

4593: 3288: 3280: 3210: 3204: 3143: 3089: 2830: 2783: 2750: 2630: 2353: 2317: 2305: 1872: 1683: 1668: 1664: 1606: 1562: 1471: 1420: 1400: 1264: 1149: 916: 777:

grew in importance as a means of empirically demonstrating the

362: 283: 251: 79: 6541:"Polar motion | Earth's axis, wobble, precession | Britannica" 6468:

Jouffroy, Achille de (1785-1859) Auteur du texte (1852–1853).

4845:"Émilie Du Châtelet, un passeur scientifique au XVIIIe siècle" 1975: 1407:

is a ball, which on the whole can be assimilated to an oblate

644:

Universal measure: the metre linked to the figure of the Earth

611:

Please help by removing excessive detail that may be against

403: 9037: 9032: 9017: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8869: 8474:

Judson, Lewis V. (1 October 1976) . Barbrow, Louis E. (ed.).

6570:

Torge, Wolfgang (2016). Rizos, Chris; Willis, Pascal (eds.).

5219:. Encyclopedia Universalis. 1996. pp. 320, 370. Vol 10. 4359: 4325: 4122:

is referred to as the "international spelling"; the spelling

3936: 3920: 3894: 3222: 3180: 3168: 3118:, which remained in use in France up to 1840 in the reign of 2810: 2257: 2188: 2106: 1883:, had made three direct copies of the Toise of Peru, one for 1862:

in the United States and served as standard of length in the

1843: 1687: 1679: 1640: 1581: 1404: 1314: 1268: 675:

and that this period depended on the length of the pendulum.

492: 460: 448: 408: 334: 8502:. NBS Special Publication 447; NIST SP 447; 003-003-01654-3. 7665:"Mise en pratique for the definition of the meter in the SI" 6848:(in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. pp. 7–8, 20, 32. 6168:

texte, Ismāʿīl-Afandī Muṣṭafá (1825-1901) Auteur du (1864).

6137:

texte, Ismāʿīl-Afandī Muṣṭafá (1825–1901) Auteur du (1886).

5582:

Delambre, Jean-Baptiste (1749–1822) Auteur du texte (1912).

1911:

In the second half of the 19th century, the creation of the

1895:

also realized a copy of the Toise of Peru which was kept at

9012: 8954: 8949: 8757: 8478:. Derived from a prior work by Louis A. Fisher (1905). US: 7986: 6931:

Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchâtel

6672:

Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchâtel

6284:

J. M. López de Azcona, "Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero, Carlos",

4041:'deca', and 'caesium' as in the original BIPM English text. 3890: inches. This gives an overestimate of 0.125 mm. 3666: 3636: 2971: 2795: 2621:

The length of the new metre to be equal to the length of a

2301: 2180: 2176: 2000:

sent to the French Academy of Sciences a report drafted by

1952: 1891:

in 1821 and a third for Friedrich Bessel in 1823. In 1831,

1610: 1598: 1165: 769:. In the 18th century, in addition of its significance for 191: 173: 6329:"El General Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero, Marqués de Mulhacén" 4990:

Martin, Jean-Pierre; McConnell, Anita (20 December 2008).

4550:(in French). pp. 262, 285, 288–290, 269, 276–277, 283 2241:. Albert Michelson soon took up the idea and improved it. 2088: 856:, the flattening of the Earth ellipsoid was assumed to be 728: 8987: 8914: 8904: 7348: 7260:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

6821: 6400:. Vol. 15. Geneve: Georg pp. 441–444, 484–485. 6298:

commission, Internationale Erdmessung Permanente (1892).

5651:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

3898: 2809:

Defines the metre as the length of the path travelled by

2287: 1720:

and Raoul Gautier (1854–1931), respectively directors of

7752:"Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty" 6872: 6765: 6499:

Yokoyama, Koichi; Manabe, Seiji; Sakai, Satoshi (2000).

5211: 5209: 5156: 1195:

whose president, the Swiss meteorologist and physicist,

923:

of this device which had been noticed by Plantamour and

387:, a change of 0.022% from the original value of exactly 8393: 8154: 7254:

Ross, Clarke Alexander; James, Henry (1 January 1873).

6060:

Histoire abrégée de l'astronomie / par Ernest Lebon,...

5645:

Clarke, Alexander Ross; James, Henry (1 January 1867).

4396:"Museo Galileo - In depth - Gravitational acceleration" 2489:

major factors limit the accuracy attainable with laser

2244:

In 1893, the standard metre was first measured with an

1230:

were taken into account by Bessel when he proposed his

69: 8743:

The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook

8716:

Guide for the Use of the International System of Units

4630:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 801–813. 4385:, Clarendon Press 2nd ed. 1989, vol. IX p. 697 col. 3. 3306:(nm), respectively, but this practice is discouraged. 1474:

measurements contained significant systematic errors.

8413: 8068:"CGPM : Compte rendus de la 1ère réunion (1889)" 7716: 7714: 7712: 7577:"The Contributions of Charles S. Peirce to Metrology" 6884:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1966. p. 529. 5206: 2519: 1490:

that gave an inaccurate determination of Barcelona's

947:

for the flattening of the Earth when he proposed his

701:. In 1671, Jean Picard also measured the length of a 8089:"CGPM : Comptes rendus de le 7e réunion (1927)" 5768: 5424:"Appendix B: The metric system in the United States" 4663:"Science. 1791, l'adoption révolutionnaire du mètre" 4289:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

3020:

wavelengths of light from a specified transition in

2573:

of the medium in which the measurement is made, and

1731: 805:

and this new data called into question the value of

8576:. Springer-Verlag London Limited. Table 2.1, p. 5. 8175:

Resolution 1 of the 17th meeting of the CGPM (1983)

8098: 7789:

National Institute of Standards and Technology 2011

7564:. Vol. 1. London: MacMillan and Co. p. 3. 6837: 6835: 6498: 4641:Poynting, John Henry; Thomson, Joseph John (1907). 3046:Length of the path travelled by light in vacuum in 1137:to assess temperature effects on the measurements. 8610: 8443: 8005:Wolf, Charles (1827–1918) Auteur du texte (1882). 7925: 7805:Beers, John S; Penzes, William B (December 1992). 7803:A more detailed listing of errors can be found in 7709: 7066: 7064: 6057:Lebon, Ernest (1846–1922) Auteur du texte (1899). 5823:"Swiss Geodesy and the United States Coast Survey" 5804:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 5712:Débarbat, Suzanne; Quinn, Terry (1 January 2019). 4992:"Joining the observatories of Paris and Greenwich" 4278:, s.v. ammeter, meter, parking meter, speedometer. 2970:Platinum–iridium bar at melting point of ice (1st 2546: 2500:uncertainty in the refractive index of the medium, 8595:Data from Giacomo, P., Du platine à la lumière , 7581:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 6582:. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 3–18. 6578:. International Association of Geodesy Symposia. 5040:von Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm (July 1857). 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4569:Picard, Jean (1620–1682) Auteur du texte (1671). 4221:) following the SI spelling, in actual practice, 2664:Provisional metre bar made of brass and based on 2399:with an estimated relative standard uncertainty ( 1713:Association Géodesique réduite entre États neutre 1379:who would become the first president of both the 9526: 8682:Republic of the Philippines. (10 October 1991). 8673:Republic of the Philippines. (2 December 1978). 8389:. London: The Macmillan Company. pp. 66–69. 7831: 6832: 6426: 6424: 6417:. Vol. 16. Geneve: Georg pp. 165–196. 6037:Hassler, Harriet; Burroughs, Charles A. (2007). 6036: 5966: 5964: 5707: 5705: 5547: 5545: 5543: 4089:National Institute of Standards and Technology ( 2842:International Committee for Weights and Measures 1205:International Committee for Weights and Measures 1122:. Trained in geodesy in Switzerland, France and 293:The metre was originally defined in 1791 by the 8700:Taylor, B.N. and Thompson, A. (Eds.). (2008a). 8652:National Physical Laboratory. (25 March 2010). 8467:Refinement of values for the yard and the pound 8374:. Charles Knight. 6 June 1840. pp. 221–22. 8266: 8264: 8150:Taylor and Thompson (2008a), Appendix 1, p. 77. 8117:Taylor and Thompson (2008a), Appendix 1, p. 70. 8036: 8034: 8032: 7541:Stephen Hawking, Paris, Dunod, 2003, 2014, 929 7166: 7164: 7061: 5246: 5244: 4989: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4640: 4508:"Lettres philosophiques/Lettre 15 - Wikisource" 4147:. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016 4029:"The International System of Units (SI) – NIST" 2745:Redefines the metre as the distance, at 0 2497:uncertainty in vacuum wavelength of the source, 1385:International Committee for Weights and Measure 8565:"Chapter 2: The International system of Units" 8521: 8143: 5816: 5814: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5276: 5274: 4985: 4983: 4935: 4814:. Normandie roto impr. Paris: Robert Laffont. 4572:Mesure de la terre [par l'abbé Picard] 4082:National Institute of Standards and Technology 4036:National Institute of Standards and Technology 3984: 3971:National Institute of Standards and Technology 2457:National Institute of Standards and Technology 523:) in English began at least as early as 1797. 297:as one ten-millionth of the distance from the 9118: 8773: 7331: 7329: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6467: 6421: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6123:Bulletin de la Société de géographie d'Égypte 6088:Puissant, Louis (1769–1843) Auteur du texte. 6052: 6050: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5961: 5711: 5702: 5554:"Fixation de la longueur définitive du mètre" 5540: 5469: 5100:Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1 December 1841). 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 3607: 3257: 753:and gravitational acceleration. According to 719: 8464:Astin, A. V. & Karo, H. Arnold, (1959), 8261: 8029: 7973: 7971: 7933:"Recommended values of standard frequencies" 7899: 7743: 7490:"Einstein, le révolutionnaire de la lumière" 7322:]. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. p. 321. 7161: 6980:"Metric Act of 1866 – US Metric Association" 6288:, vol. VII, 1–2, Scribner's, New York, 1981. 6120:Jamʻīyah al-Jughrāfīyah al-Miṣrīyah (1876). 5858: 5856: 5241: 5072:Viik, T (2006). "F. W. Bessel and geodesy". 5067: 5065: 5063: 4757: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4099: 4062:International Bureau of Weights and Measures 4054: 3992:International Bureau of Weights and Measures 3137: 3112:decreed the introduction of the non-decimal 3090:Early adoptions of the metre internationally 2944: 2565:, the speed of light in vacuum in m/s. Here 2352:This definition fixed the speed of light in 2311: 2065: 2049: 1991:International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1819:International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1711: 1505:recommending international collaboration in 1359:Seventeen years after Bessel calculated his 995:shortly after gaining independence from the 931:to determine a remarkably accurate value of 518: 505:International Bureau of Weights and Measures 478: 9064:Historical definitions of the SI base units 8384: 8021:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7804: 7247: 6505:International Astronomical Union Colloquium 6484:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6323: 6321: 6183:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6153:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6105:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6073:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5811: 5786:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5644: 5631: 5598:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5532:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5336: 5271: 4980: 4585:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4470: 4093:). In 2008, NIST published the US version ( 1218:of the Survey of the Coast, shortly before 472: 459:) ((I) measure, count or compare) and noun 9125: 9111: 8780: 8766: 8608: 8562: 8399: 8385:Hallock, William; Wade, Herbert T (1906). 8322:Building in Egypt: pharaonic stone masonry 8160: 7900:Dunning, F. B.; Hulet, Randall G. (1997). 7799: 7797: 7463:Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée 7326: 7004:Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1 April 1840). 6697: 6558: 6367: 6297: 6208: 6126:. University of Michigan. . pp. 6–16. 6047: 6022:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5976: 5290:Institut de France – Académie des sciences 5039: 4605: 4308:"-meter – definition of -meter in English" 2721:General Conference on Weights and Measures 2061:General Conference on Weights and Measures 1828:Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers 1118:was appointed first Superintendent of the 47: 8739:Laser interferometer displacement sensors 8506: 7992: 7968: 7456: 7425: 7313: 7271: 7253: 7180:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 7070: 6866: 6734: 6610: 6516: 6245: 5888: 5853: 5737: 5514: 5358: 5157:Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero, Carlos (1881). 5081: 5060: 4856: 4599: 4541: 4526: 4056:Bureau international des poids et mesures 2581:The CIPM issued a clarification in 2002: 2547:{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {c}{nf}},} 2051:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 1858:in 1799. One of them became known as the 1842:, and unique artifacts made of different 1193:International Meteorological Organisation 951:in 1901. This was also the result of the 631:Learn how and when to remove this message 288:hyperfine transition frequency of caesium 53:Historical public metre standard in Paris 8378: 8046:Direction Générale des Entreprises (DGE) 7893: 7875:"§VI: Uncertainty and range of validity" 7852:The choice is offered to use either the 7807:"§4 Re-evaluation of measurement errors" 7637: 7635: 7514: 7459:"La mesure rapide des bases géodésiques" 7280: 6318: 6043:. NIST Research Library. pp. 51–52. 5581: 5450: 5421: 5366: 5306:, Neuchâtel, imprimerie Attinger frères. 4879: 4807: 4715:"Centrifugal force Vs centripetal force" 4135: 2734:, measured at the melting point of ice. 2203: 2092: 2085:, measured at the melting point of ice. 2067:Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures 1974: 1901: 1752:had brought to the United States in 1805 1735: 1453: 1387:, to remeasure the arc of meridian from 1331: 1236: 1152:to the basic units of the metre and the 1101: 993:redefining the yard in the United States 962: 727: 647: 526: 402: 8713:Taylor, B.N. and Thompson, A. (2008b). 8708:Le Système International d' Unités (SI) 8243:Le Globe. Revue genevoise de géographie 7867: 7794: 7607: 7561:A Treatise On Electricity and Magnetism 7554: 7286: 7224: 7222: 7202:"BIPM – International Metre Commission" 7050: 6924: 6665: 5485: 5483: 5250: 4948: 4842: 4768: 4687: 4261:Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 4246: 3909:system, such that 1 m was exactly 2226:A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism 2089:Metrology and paradigm shift in physics 2036:according to the progress of sciences. 1790:Office of Standard Weights and Measures 785:promoted in France in combination with 14: 9527: 8703:The International System of Units (SI) 8473: 8236: 8104: 7613: 7574: 7457:Guillaume, C.-H.-Ed (1 January 1906). 7170: 7112: 7108: 7106: 7073:"Le Systeme Metrique est-il en Peril?" 7003: 6445:"c à Paris; vitesse de la lumière ..." 6348:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Bd. 54 5820: 5353:, vol. 163, London, p. 463, 5347: 5280: 5099: 4996:Notes and Records of the Royal Society 4909:"How France created the metric system" 4568: 4376: 4218: 3997:The International System of Units (SI) 3827:"≈" means "is approximately equal to"; 2557:which converts the unit of wavelength 1941:French Geodesic Mission to the Equator 1092:French Geodesic Mission to the Equator 9106: 8761: 8549: 8441: 8011:(in French). pp. C.38–39, C.2–4. 7998: 7632: 7618:. CBS College Publishing. p. 3. 7346: 7113:Crease, Robert P. (1 December 2009). 6974: 6972: 6708: 6611:Levallois, J. J. (1 September 1980). 6569: 6219: 6167: 6136: 6056: 6040:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler (1770–1843) 5987: 5588:pp. 202–203, 2015, 141–142, 178. 5577: 5575: 5095: 5093: 5035: 5033: 4712: 4502: 4500: 4421:"Museo Galileo - In depth - Pendulum" 4310:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from 3320: 3317: 1821:, the German born, Swiss astronomer, 683:Newton's law of universal gravitation 8646:NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain Atomic Clock 8004: 7662: 7219: 6841: 6087: 5862: 5480: 5315: 5071: 4880:Capderou, Michel (31 October 2011). 4771:"Historique Sommaire De La Geodesie" 4017:from the original on 18 October 2021 2862:Definitions of the metre since 1795 2847:Considers the metre to be a unit of 2813:in vacuum during a time interval of 1998:Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences 1764:led to the adoption of the metre in 1567:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway 1339:: a meridian arc extending from the 1309:with an arc running northwards from 591: 536: 8663:"Maintaining the SI unit of length" 8637:Historical context of the SI: Meter 8617:(2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 8411: 8325:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7616:Physics For Science and Engineering 7515:Ferreiro, Larrie D. (31 May 2011). 7314:Guillaume, Charles-Édouard (1927). 7103: 5551: 4108:Taylor and Thompson (2008a), p. iii 3834:One metre is exactly equivalent to 2200:the Sun during an eclipse in 1919. 286:, where the second is defined by a 24: 8344:"Dictionary of the Scots Language" 8307: 8297:Taylor & Thompson 2003, p. 11. 7230:"A Note on the History of the IAG" 6969: 6286:Dictionary of Scientific Biography 5572: 5090: 5030: 4906: 4883:Satellites : de Kepler au GPS 4497: 2260:as a standard of length. By 1925, 1913:International Geodetic Association 1885:Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve 1470:causing wear and consequently the 1381:International Geodetic Association 1317:would bring the course of a major 820:commissioned an expedition led by 789:mathematical work and because the 761:, whose crucial parameter was the 25: 9551: 8131:. US: National Geographic Society 7954:National Physical Laboratory 2010 7071:Guillaume, Ed. (1 January 1916). 6962:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero, 5919:. 8 December 2015. Archived from 4843:Touzery, Mireille (3 July 2008). 4713:Silas, Walter (30 October 2022). 4101:Le Système international d'unités 4084:(NIST) chose to use the spelling 2506:resolution of the interferometer. 2191:. According to Newton, space was 1748:produced in 1799 in Paris, which 1732:International prototype metre bar 1706:. However, the activities of the 1501:sent a memorandum to the King of 679:Kepler's laws of planetary motion 9087: 9086: 8405: 8362: 8336: 8313: 8301: 8296: 8290: 8230: 8204: 8178: 8166: 8149: 8121: 8116: 8110: 8081: 8060: 7959: 7947: 7782: 7770: 7675: 7656: 7568: 7548: 7535: 7508: 7487: 7481: 7475:10.1051/jphystap:019060050024200 7450: 7394: 7364: 7340: 7307: 7194: 7044: 6997: 6925:Zuerich, ETH-Bibliothek (1892). 6666:Zuerich, ETH-Bibliothek (1892). 6432:Revista Colombiana de Sociología 5863:Parr, Albert C. (1 April 2006). 5685:"Histoire du mètre | Métrologie" 5251:Brunner, Jean (1 January 1857). 5146: 4949:Zuerich, ETH-Bibliothek (1991). 4849:La revue pour l'histoire du CNRS 4688:Lucendo, Jorge (23 April 2020). 4542:Levallois, Jean-Jacques (1986). 4473:L'exploration du système solaire 4238: 4111: 4107: 4094: 3830:"=" means "is exactly equal to". 1788:in 1807 and the creation of the 1575:Central European Arc Measurement 1431:, in particular the latitude of 1041:In 1799, a commission including 681:served both to the discovery of 596: 541: 447:can be traced to the Greek verb 8517:]. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 7908:. Academic Press. p. 316. 7521:. Basic Books. pp. 19–23. 7372:"BIPM – la définition du mètre" 7173:"Don Carlos Ibanez (1825–1891)" 6956: 6918: 6888: 6869:, pp. 8, 158–159, 176–177. 6814: 6768:"The Geodesist's Handbook 2016" 6759: 6659: 6604: 6533: 6492: 6461: 6437: 6404: 6387: 6361: 6335: 6291: 6278: 6191: 6161: 6130: 6113: 6081: 6030: 5935: 5905: 5794: 5762: 5677: 5606: 5508: 5415: 5390: 5316:Wolf, Rudolf (1 January 1891). 5309: 5296: 5170: 5140: 4926: 4900: 4873: 4836: 4801: 4732: 4706: 4681: 4655: 4634: 4562: 4464: 4438: 4413: 4388: 4352: 4318: 4300: 2680:, legally equal to 443.44 2678:Cesar-François Cassini de Thury 2026:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero 1867:main references for geodesy in 1784:prompted the foundation of the 1377:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero 1337:West Europe–Africa Meridian-arc 1295:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero 1060:Spanish-French geodetic mission 9074:System of units of measurement 7977: 7864:between the two possibilities. 7777:National Research Council 2010 7412:(3397): 874. 1 December 1934. 7335: 6896:"Borda et le système métrique" 5689:metrologie.entreprises.gouv.fr 5470:Larousse, Pierre (1866–1877). 4281: 4252: 4230: 4199: 4173: 4129: 4046: 4021: 3967:"Base unit definitions: Meter" 3959: 1846:with distinct coefficients of 1708:International Latitude Service 1210:In 1834, Hassler, measured at 13: 1: 8563:Cardarelli, François (2003). 8507:Bigourdan, Guillaume (1901). 8434: 7862:a discussion of how to choose 7860:. The documentation provides 7788: 7295:(in French). pp. 150–153 6220:Soler, T. (1 February 1997). 5971:Heinrich VON WILD (1833–1902) 5434:. p. 532. Archived from 5324:(in French). pp. 370–371 5259:(in French). pp. 150–153 4126:, as the "American spelling". 4073: 2266:International System of Units 2097:Invar wire baseline apparatus 2074:International Prototype Metre 1984:preliminary proposal made in 1889:Heinrich Christian Schumacher 1184:Mitteleuropaïsche Gradmessung 822:Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre 809:as Picard had calculated it. 256:International System of Units 8787: 8532:"Earth, Figure of the" 8484:National Bureau of Standards 7953: 7776: 5349:length by Sir Henry James", 4811:Les passions intellectuelles 4808:Badinter, Élisabeth (2018). 4694:. Jorge Lucendo. p. 246 4621:"Earth, Figure of the" 4233:), Supreme Court decisions ( 3264:Orders of magnitude (length) 2644:Accepts the proposal by the 2197:Einstein's theory of gravity 1282:Mahmud Ahmad Hamdi al-Falaki 1191:in 1863, and by that of the 797:through geodetic surveys in 613:Knowledge's inclusion policy 499: 467: 455: 438: 7: 6902:(in French). Archived from 5495:metrologie-francaise.lne.fr 5432:U.S. Department of Commerce 4241:), and national standards ( 4115: 4112:Taylor and Thompson (2008b) 4090: 3930: 3104:. This continued under the 2601: 2594: 2229:, 3rd edition, Vol. 1, p. 3 2142:Michelson–Morley experiment 1920:. Furthermore, advances in 1718:H.G. van de Sande Bakhuyzen 1601:and Trunz (German name for 555:the scope of other articles 427:Measuring devices (such as 398: 311:Earth's polar circumference 10: 9556: 8597:Bull. Bur. Nat. Metrologie 7722:"Iodine (λ ≈ 633 nm)" 7575:Lenzen, Victor F. (1965). 6368:D'Alembert, Jean Le Rond. 5739:10.1016/j.crhy.2018.12.002 5422:Cochrane, Rexmond (1966). 5351:Philosophical Transactions 4858:10.4000/histoire-cnrs.7752 4669:(in French). 25 March 2021 4360: 4326: 4266:Cambridge University Press 4095:Taylor and Thompson, 2008a 3622:expressed in metric units 3617:expressed in non-SI units 3608:Equivalents in other units 3313:SI multiples of metre (m) 3298:have been used instead of 3261: 3258:SI prefixed forms of metre 3156:Kingdom of the Netherlands 3093: 2674:Nicolas-Louis de Lacaillle 2646:French Academy of Sciences 2493:for a length measurement: 2366: metres per second (≈ 2160:'s pendulum experiment in 2030:French Academy of Sciences 1934:gravitational acceleration 1864:United States Coast Survey 1710:were continued through an 1133:at that time and measured 818:French Academy of Sciences 669:gravitational acceleration 530: 493: 461: 449: 443:The etymological roots of 409: 29: 9162: 9149: 9082: 9046: 8968: 8843: 8795: 8527:Helmert, Friedrich Robert 8480:US Department of Commerce 7881:. NIST. 23 September 2010 7842:. NIST. 23 September 2010 7614:Marion, Jerry B. (1982). 7010:Astronomische Nachrichten 6792:10.1007/s00190-016-0948-z 6518:10.1017/S0252921100061285 5106:Astronomische Nachrichten 4769:Perrier, Général (1935). 4744:pburnley.faculty.unlv.edu 4425:catalogue.museogalileo.it 4400:catalogue.museogalileo.it 4383:Oxford English Dictionary 4165:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4138:"Spelling metre or meter" 4064:(BIPM) uses the spelling 3919: toise. The Russian 3619: 3614: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3138:Adoption dates by country 3070: second (17th CGPM) 2663: 2312:Speed of light definition 2121:was leaving the field of 2111:Charles-Edouard Guillaume 1958:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler 1928:have led to a new era of 1750:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler 1716:thanks to the efforts of 1135:coefficients of expansion 1116:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler 987:, was also considered by 957:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler 687:Giovanni Domenico Cassini 652:The Meridian room of the 201: 150: 115: 111: 93: 85: 75: 63: 58: 46: 41: 9028:minute and second of arc 8655:Iodine-Stabilised Lasers 8640:. Retrieved 26 May 2010. 8556:The Measure of the World 8450:. New York: Free Press. 7935:. BIPM. 9 September 2010 7171:Hirsch, Adolphe (1891). 7030:10.1002/asna.18400171302 6881:NIST Special Publication 5821:Cajori, Florian (1921). 5217:Encyclopedia Universalis 5126:10.1002/asna.18420190702 4291:(3rd ed.). Boston: 3953: 3923:was 1.0668 km. The 2700:French National Assembly 2641:French National Assembly 2617:French National Assembly 2295:electromagnetic spectrum 2154:Descartes' Vortex theory 2016:in all scientific work. 1966:European Arc Measurement 1838:were defined by primary 1806:European Arc Measurement 1649:European Arc Measurement 1482:and later discovered by 1351:is depicted rather than 1286:Ismail Mustafa al-Falaki 1263:who founded in Sabtieh, 1224:meridian arc measurement 1148:and proposed adding the 929:Friedrich Robert Helmert 883:calculated from several 877:Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel 295:French National Assembly 9218:femtometre/fermi 9069:2019 revision of the SI 8741:in J.G. Webster (ed.). 8609:Cardarelli, F. (2004). 8542:Encyclopædia Britannica 8255:10.3406/globe.1861.7582 8173:Definition of the metre 7854:modified Edlén equation 7051:Britain, Great (1824). 6374:artflsrv04.uchicago.edu 6344:"Schubert, Theodor von" 6204:. pp. 40, 143–144. 5718:Comptes Rendus Physique 5281:Pérard, Albert (1957). 4647:. C. Griffin. pp. 4627:Encyclopædia Britannica 4342:A Greek–English Lexicon 2449:measurement uncertainty 2175:changed conceptions of 2002:Otto Wilhelm von Struve 1970:Europäische Gradmessung 1924:combined with those of 1810:Wilhelm Julius Foerster 1661:Charles-Eugène Delaunay 1597:) and the meridians of 1521:, seven German states ( 1417:Jean Le Rond d'Alembert 1299:Frutos Saavedra Meneses 1187:) on the initiative of 881:method of least squares 737:Repsold–Bessel pendulum 660:is drawn on the ground. 656:(or Cassini room): the 367:2019 revision of the SI 8523:Clarke, Alexander Ross 8319:Arnold Dieter (1991). 8237:Dufour, G.-H. (1861). 7287:Brunner, Jean (1857). 7273:10.1098/rstl.1873.0014 6900:Association Mesure Lab 6736:10.1002/andp.201800355 5827:The Scientific Monthly 5663:10.1098/rstl.1867.0010 5398:"The seconds pendulum" 5360:10.1098/rstl.1873.0014 5008:10.1098/rsnr.2008.0029 4602:, pp. 8, 158–159. 4136:Naughtin, Pat (2008). 4118:). Thus, the spelling 4100: 4055: 3146:: 1801–1812, then 1840 3132:Guillaume Henri Dufour 2952:platinum bar standard 2945: 2755:atmosphere of pressure 2592: 2548: 2235:Charles Sanders Peirce 2232: 2115:Nobel Prize in Physics 2098: 2066: 2050: 1980: 1936:by means of pendulum. 1908: 1798:unification of Germany 1753: 1712: 1459: 1452: 1413:Friedrich von Schubert 1395:and to extend it from 1361:ellipsoid of reference 1356: 1253: 1170:Alexander von Humboldt 1146:Earth's magnetic field 1111: 1047:Jean Henri van Swinden 949:ellipsoid of reference 913:Charles Sanders Peirce 739: 720: 661: 519: 513:. The use of the word 479: 473: 414: 32:Meter (disambiguation) 8550:Guedj, Denis (2001). 8418:Store norske leksikon 8308:Astin & Karo 1959 7978:Zagar, 1999, pp. 6–65 7402:"Dr. C. E. Guillaume" 6709:Quinn, Terry (2019). 6256:10.1007/s001900050086 5988:Quinn, T. J. (2012). 4644:A Textbook of Physics 4544:"La Vie des sciences" 4333:Liddell, Henry George 4231:Republic Act No. 7160 4219:Batas Pambansa Blg. 8 4205:The Philippines uses 3893:The ancient Egyptian 2924:(443.296 lines) 2768:Defines the metre as 2690:French unit of length 2583: 2549: 2223:James Clerk Maxwell, 2215: 2204:Wavelength definition 2096: 1978: 1905: 1893:Henri-Prudence Gambey 1739: 1547:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1457: 1441: 1425:Adrien-Marie Legendre 1335: 1240: 1174:Wilhelm Edouard Weber 1105: 1051:Adrien-Marie Legendre 973:Earth's circumference 963:Meridional definition 731: 651: 573:splitting the content 567:and help introduce a 527:History of definition 517:(for the French unit 503:) in the seal of the 406: 8970:Other accepted units 8737:Zagar, B.G. (1999). 8129:"Meter is Redefined" 7663:BIPM (20 May 2019). 7556:Maxwell, James Clerk 6588:10.1007/1345_2015_42 6448:expositions.obspm.fr 5881:10.6028/jres.111.003 4967:10.5169/seals-234595 4719:Probing the Universe 4471:Bond, Peter (2014). 3850: inches and to 2867:Basis of definition 2739:27 Sept – 6 Oct 1927 2670:Méridienne de France 2517: 2071:), establishing the 2028:intervened with the 1918:electrical telegraph 1836:units of measurement 1523:Grand Duchy of Baden 1429:vertical deflections 1365:vertical deflections 1278:Mohammed Sa'id Pasha 1142:Carl Friedrich Gauss 975:through its poles), 715:Tito Livio Burattini 559:History of the metre 533:History of the metre 509:Pittacus of Mytilene 9054:Conversion of units 8730:Vol. 73, No. 96, p. 8669:on 4 December 2011. 8442:Alder, Ken (2002). 8272:"Metrisches System" 8186:"Metrisches System" 8042:"Histoire du mètre" 7681:The exact value is 7418:1934Natur.134R.874. 7131:2009PhT....62l..39C 7089:1916LAstr..30..242G 7022:1840AN.....17..193B 6943:10.5169/seals-88335 6842:Wolf, M. C (1882). 6784:2016JGeod..90..907D 6727:2019AnP...53100355Q 6684:10.5169/seals-88335 6629:1980BGeod..54..248L 6617:Bulletin géodésique 6613:"Notice historique" 6238:1997JGeod..71..176S 5923:on 18 December 2023 5839:1921SciMo..13..117C 5776:pp. 93–94, 10. 5730:2019CRPhy..20....6D 5552:Suzanne, Débarbat. 5118:1841AN.....19...97B 5048:. pp. 509, 510 4781:: 117–129, p. 128. 4452:on 30 December 2023 4145:Metrication Matters 3314: 3175:Kingdom of Sardinia 3152:, Switzerland: 1813 3106:First French Empire 3009:atomic transition; 2863: 2250:Albert A. Michelson 2210:James Clerk Maxwell 2146:luminiferous aether 2144:had questioned the 2055:) to be located in 2045:Convention du Mètre 1881:Jean Nicolas Fortin 1852:Toise de l'Académie 1786:Survey of the Coast 1782:American Revolution 1667:at the Congress of 1657:Franco-Prussian War 1615:vertical deflection 1591:Freetown Christiana 1499:Johann Jacob Baeyer 1488:vertical deflection 1484:Seth Carlo Chandler 1458:Struve Geodetic Arc 1373:Struve Geodetic Arc 1321:back to land where 1307:Struve Geodetic Arc 1232:reference ellipsoid 1189:Johann Jacob Baeyer 1156:in the form of the 1120:Survey of the Coast 1106:Triangulation near 1043:Johan Georg Tralles 814:Anglo-French Survey 791:radius of the Earth 759:figure of the Earth 717:suggested the term 575:into a new article. 106:... is equal to ... 59:General information 9510:quettametre 9168:quectometre 9142:order of magnitude 8847:with special names 8552:La Mesure du Monde 8492:10.6028/NBS.SP.447 6772:Journal of Geodesy 6715:Annalen der Physik 6637:10.1007/BF02521470 6545:www.britannica.com 6226:Journal of Geodesy 5618:promenade.imcce.fr 5076:. pp. 10, 6. 4851:(in French) (21). 4187:. 21 February 2011 3312: 3273:astronomical units 3150:Republic of Geneva 2947:Mètre des Archives 2861: 2853:general relativity 2652:along the Earth's 2544: 2185:general relativity 2173:special relativity 2113:, was granted the 2099: 1981: 1962:Metric Act of 1866 1909: 1897:Altona Observatory 1814:Berlin Observatory 1812:, director of the 1794:continental Europe 1754: 1746:Mètre des Archives 1726:Geneva Observatory 1722:Leiden Observatory 1671:in 1871. In 1874, 1625:in the south, the 1539:Kingdom of Prussia 1531:Kingdom of Hanover 1527:Kingdom of Bavaria 1515:Kingdom of Belgium 1497:As early as 1861, 1460: 1357: 1349:Greenwich meridian 1257:Egyptian astronomy 1254: 1112: 971:(a quarter of the 783:Émilie du Châtelet 743:Christiaan Huygens 740: 711:Rayon Astronomique 662: 565:discuss this issue 415: 209: 203: 165: 152: 125: 117: 9522: 9521: 9500:ronnametre 9490:yottametre 9480:zettametre 9401:hectometre 9198:zeptometre 9188:yoctometre 9178:rontometre 9100: 9099: 8978:astronomical unit 8583:978-1-85233-682-0 8457:978-0-7432-1675-3 8331:978-0-19-506350-9 7995:, pp. 20–21. 7915:978-0-12-475977-0 7625:978-4-8337-0098-6 7528:978-0-465-02345-5 7488:Huet, Sylvestre. 7139:10.1063/1.3273015 6906:on 29 August 2023 6597:978-3-319-30895-1 6311:978-3-11-128691-4 6143:. pp. 10–11. 6063:pp. 168–171. 6001:978-0-19-990991-9 5901:– via NIST. 5522:pp. viii–ix. 5519:Biot et Arago,... 5402:www.roma1.infn.it 5292:. pp. 26–28. 5226:978-2-85229-290-1 5190:: 1463–1466. 1880 4893:978-2-287-99049-6 4821:978-2-221-20345-3 4512:fr.wikisource.org 4314:on 26 April 2017. 4247:PNS/BAFS 181:2016 4181:"Meter vs. metre" 4038:. 26 March 2008. 4010:978-92-822-2272-0 3948:Vertical position 3821: 3820: 3605: 3604: 3279:(10 Pm), or 3275:(149.6 Gm), 3108:until 1812, when 3087: 3086: 2916:, measurement by 2859: 2858: 2705:National Archives 2539: 2377:helium–neon laser 2268:(SI) as equal to 2148:in 1905, just as 2010:Moritz von Jacobi 2006:Heinrich von Wild 1877:thermal expansion 1758:French Revolution 1619:Mediterranean Sea 1543:Kingdom of Saxony 1197:Heinrich von Wild 921:systematic errors 779:theory of gravity 747:centrifugal force 707:Paris Observatory 654:Paris Observatory 641: 640: 633: 590: 589: 313:is approximately 228: 227: 94:Conversions 27:SI unit of length 16:(Redirected from 9547: 9515: 9513: 9505: 9503: 9495: 9493: 9485: 9483: 9475: 9473: 9465: 9463: 9460:petametre 9455: 9453: 9450:terametre 9445: 9443: 9440:gigametre 9435: 9433: 9430:megametre 9425: 9423: 9406: 9404: 9403:(hm=100 m) 9396: 9394: 9393:(dam=10 m) 9391:decametre 9386: 9384: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9360: 9357: 9354: 9346:decimetre 9341: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9334: 9331: 9328: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9293: 9271: 9269: 9252: 9250: 9233: 9231: 9228:picometre 9223: 9221: 9213: 9211: 9208:attometre 9203: 9201: 9193: 9191: 9183: 9181: 9173: 9171: 9127: 9120: 9113: 9104: 9103: 9090: 9089: 8782: 8775: 8768: 8759: 8758: 8733: 8728:Federal Register 8670: 8632: 8616: 8605: 8592: 8590: 8569: 8559: 8546: 8534: 8518: 8503: 8461: 8449: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8390: 8382: 8376: 8375: 8366: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8350:on 21 March 2012 8346:. Archived from 8340: 8334: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8299: 8294: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8268: 8259: 8258: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8125: 8119: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8072: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8038: 8027: 8026: 8020: 8012: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7975: 7966: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7871: 7865: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7811: 7801: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7729:Mise en Pratique 7726: 7718: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7639: 7630: 7629: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7552: 7546: 7544: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7429: 7427:10.1038/134874b0 7398: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7382:on 30 April 2017 7378:. Archived from 7368: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7344: 7338: 7333: 7324: 7323: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7226: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7177: 7168: 7159: 7158: 7110: 7101: 7100: 7068: 7059: 7058: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6976: 6967: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6839: 6830: 6829: 6828:. 30 March 1875. 6818: 6812: 6811: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6738: 6706: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6567: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6520: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6483: 6475: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6441: 6435: 6428: 6419: 6418: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6325: 6316: 6315: 6295: 6289: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6249: 6217: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6182: 6174: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6152: 6144: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6104: 6096: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6072: 6064: 6054: 6045: 6044: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6021: 6013: 5985: 5974: 5968: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5943:"Wild, Heinrich" 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5913:"History of IMO" 5909: 5903: 5902: 5892: 5875:(1): 31–32, 36. 5860: 5851: 5850: 5818: 5809: 5808: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5785: 5777: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5741: 5709: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5642: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5597: 5589: 5579: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5549: 5538: 5537: 5531: 5523: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5467: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5438:on 27 April 2011 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5375: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5345: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5313: 5307: 5302:Adolphe Hirsch, 5300: 5294: 5293: 5287: 5278: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5097: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5069: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5037: 5028: 5027: 4987: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4946: 4933: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4907:Ramani, Madhvi. 4904: 4898: 4897: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4860: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4766: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4623: 4616: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4584: 4576: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4539: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4504: 4495: 4494: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4448:. Archived from 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4363: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4329: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4293:Houghton Mifflin 4285: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4256: 4250: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4164: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4142: 4133: 4127: 4103: 4058: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4033: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4003:(9th ed.), 4002: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3963: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3907:mesures usuelles 3889: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3737: 3736: 3701: 3700: 3612: 3611: 3315: 3311: 3124:canton of Geneva 3115:mesures usuelles 3083: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3041: 3039: 3032: 3019: 3017: 3014: 2987: 2982: 2965: 2960: 2950: 2942:First prototype 2937: 2932: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2864: 2860: 2828: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2599: 2598: 2589: 2571:refractive index 2561:to metres using 2553: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2527: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2410: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2373: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2230: 2187:changed that of 2140:, who following 2069: 2053: 2041:Metre Convention 2022:Paris Conference 1778:Hispanic America 1715: 1551:Kingdom of Italy 1468:repeating circle 1450: 1437:repeating circle 1371:would be. After 1341:Shetland Islands 1199:would represent 1088: 1087: 1084: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1068: 989:Thomas Jefferson 953:Metre Convention 946: 944: 943: 940: 937: 909:Emile Plantamour 902: 900: 899: 896: 893: 885:arc measurements 871: 869: 868: 865: 862: 735:with variant of 723: 703:seconds pendulum 636: 629: 625: 622: 616: 600: 599: 592: 585: 582: 576: 545: 544: 537: 522: 512: 502: 496: 495: 482: 476: 470: 464: 463: 458: 452: 451: 412: 411: 394: 392: 386: 384: 378: 360: 358: 357: 356: 355: 352: 346: 343: 320: 318: 281: 279: 278: 277: 276: 273: 267: 264: 224: 219: 216: 210: 204: 194: 185: 176: 166: 153: 143: 135: 126: 118: 51: 39: 38: 21: 9555: 9554: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9544: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9512:(Qm=10 m) 9511: 9508: 9501: 9498: 9491: 9488: 9481: 9478: 9471: 9470:exametre 9468: 9461: 9458: 9451: 9448: 9441: 9438: 9432:(Mm=10 m) 9431: 9428: 9417: 9409: 9402: 9399: 9392: 9389: 9378: 9370: 9358: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9332: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9317: 9309: 9297: 9294: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9282: 9274: 9263: 9255: 9244: 9236: 9229: 9226: 9219: 9216: 9209: 9206: 9199: 9196: 9189: 9186: 9179: 9176: 9170:(qm=10 m) 9169: 9166: 9158: 9145: 9131: 9101: 9096: 9078: 9059:Metric prefixes 9042: 8964: 8846: 8839: 8791: 8786: 8756: 8731: 8694:G.R. No. 185240 8661: 8629: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8567: 8458: 8437: 8432: 8422: 8420: 8412:Hofstad, Knut. 8410: 8406: 8400:Cardarelli 2004 8398: 8394: 8383: 8379: 8368: 8367: 8363: 8353: 8351: 8342: 8341: 8337: 8318: 8314: 8306: 8302: 8295: 8291: 8281: 8279: 8270: 8269: 8262: 8235: 8231: 8221: 8219: 8210: 8209: 8205: 8195: 8193: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8171: 8167: 8161:Cardarelli 2003 8159: 8155: 8148: 8144: 8134: 8132: 8127: 8126: 8122: 8115: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8051: 8049: 8040: 8039: 8030: 8014: 8013: 8003: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7976: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7952: 7948: 7938: 7936: 7931: 7930: 7926: 7916: 7898: 7894: 7884: 7882: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7858:Ciddor equation 7845: 7843: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7822: 7820: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7787: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7761: 7759: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7734: 7732: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7710: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7661: 7657: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7612: 7608: 7573: 7569: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7513: 7509: 7499: 7497: 7486: 7482: 7455: 7451: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7385: 7383: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7356: 7354: 7345: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7312: 7308: 7298: 7296: 7285: 7281: 7252: 7248: 7238: 7236: 7228: 7227: 7220: 7210: 7208: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7182:. pp. 4, 8 7175: 7169: 7162: 7111: 7104: 7069: 7062: 7049: 7045: 7002: 6998: 6988: 6986: 6978: 6977: 6970: 6961: 6957: 6947: 6945: 6923: 6919: 6909: 6907: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6840: 6833: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6764: 6760: 6707: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6664: 6660: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6568: 6559: 6549: 6547: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6497: 6493: 6477: 6476: 6466: 6462: 6452: 6450: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6429: 6422: 6409: 6405: 6392: 6388: 6378: 6376: 6366: 6362: 6353: 6351: 6340: 6336: 6327: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6296: 6292: 6283: 6279: 6247:10.1.1.492.3967 6218: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6176: 6175: 6166: 6162: 6146: 6145: 6135: 6131: 6118: 6114: 6098: 6097: 6086: 6082: 6066: 6065: 6055: 6048: 6035: 6031: 6015: 6014: 6002: 5986: 5977: 5969: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5861: 5854: 5819: 5812: 5799: 5795: 5779: 5778: 5767: 5763: 5710: 5703: 5693: 5691: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5643: 5632: 5622: 5620: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5591: 5590: 5580: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5550: 5541: 5525: 5524: 5513: 5509: 5499: 5497: 5489: 5488: 5481: 5468: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5367: 5346: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5314: 5310: 5301: 5297: 5285: 5279: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5249: 5242: 5227: 5215: 5214: 5207: 5193: 5191: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5098: 5091: 5083:10.1.1.517.9501 5070: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5038: 5031: 4988: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4947: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4878: 4874: 4841: 4837: 4822: 4806: 4802: 4767: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4639: 4635: 4618: 4617: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4578: 4577: 4575:. pp. 3–5. 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4540: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4506: 4505: 4498: 4483: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4357: 4353: 4347:Perseus Project 4323: 4319: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4271: 4269: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4239:G.R. No. 185240 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4158: 4157: 4150: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4051: 4047: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4011: 4000: 3994:(20 May 2019), 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3933: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3806:1 ångström 3775:1 ångström 3734: 3732: 3698: 3696: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3309: 3266: 3260: 3140: 3098: 3092: 3081: 3076: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3030: 3015: 3012: 3010: 2985: 2981:0.2–0.1 μm 2980: 2963: 2958: 2935: 2931:500–100 μm 2930: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2879: 2874: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2716:24–28 Sept 1889 2597: 2587: 2531: 2526: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2491:interferometers 2472: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2406: 2404: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2369: 2367: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2314: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2231: 2222: 2206: 2152:had questioned 2138:Albert Einstein 2129:application of 2091: 1887:, a second for 1860:Committee Meter 1762:Napoleonic Wars 1734: 1704:First World War 1511:Austrian Empire 1451: 1448: 1369:Earth ellipsoid 1100: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1063: 1062:and a value of 991:and others for 965: 941: 938: 935: 934: 932: 927:. This allowed 897: 894: 891: 890: 888: 866: 863: 860: 859: 857: 834:Montjuïc castle 795:oblate spheroid 767:Earth ellipsoid 755:Alexis Clairaut 751:simple pendulum 721:metro cattolico 646: 637: 626: 620: 617: 610: 601: 597: 586: 580: 577: 562: 557:, specifically 546: 542: 535: 529: 490: 474:metior, mensura 441: 401: 390: 388: 382: 380: 377: 370: 353: 350: 348: 347: 344: 341: 340: 338: 316: 314: 274: 271: 269: 268: 265: 262: 261: 259: 217: 214: 212: 208: 202: 197: 189: 180: 171: 164: 151: 146: 138: 130: 124: 116: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9553: 9543: 9542: 9537: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9506: 9496: 9486: 9476: 9466: 9456: 9446: 9436: 9426: 9422:=1000 m) 9407: 9397: 9387: 9368: 9342: 9307: 9272: 9262:/micron 9253: 9234: 9224: 9214: 9204: 9194: 9184: 9174: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9130: 9129: 9122: 9115: 9107: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9050: 9048: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8974: 8972: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8865:degree Celsius 8862: 8857: 8851: 8849: 8845:Derived units 8841: 8840: 8838: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8801: 8799: 8793: 8792: 8785: 8784: 8777: 8770: 8762: 8755: 8754: 8735: 8720: 8711: 8698: 8689: 8680: 8671: 8659: 8650: 8641: 8633: 8627: 8606: 8582: 8560: 8547: 8537:Chisholm, Hugh 8519: 8504: 8471: 8462: 8456: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8404: 8392: 8377: 8361: 8335: 8312: 8300: 8289: 8276:hls-dhs-dss.ch 8260: 8229: 8216:hls-dhs-dss.ch 8203: 8190:hls-dhs-dss.ch 8177: 8165: 8153: 8142: 8120: 8109: 8097: 8080: 8059: 8028: 7997: 7985: 7967: 7958: 7946: 7924: 7914: 7892: 7866: 7830: 7793: 7781: 7769: 7742: 7708: 7674: 7655: 7631: 7624: 7606: 7567: 7547: 7534: 7527: 7507: 7480: 7449: 7393: 7363: 7339: 7325: 7306: 7279: 7246: 7218: 7193: 7160: 7102: 7060: 7043: 6996: 6968: 6955: 6917: 6887: 6871: 6867:Bigourdan 1901 6859: 6831: 6813: 6758: 6696: 6658: 6623:(3): 248–313. 6603: 6596: 6557: 6532: 6491: 6460: 6436: 6420: 6403: 6386: 6360: 6334: 6317: 6310: 6290: 6277: 6232:(3): 176–188. 6207: 6190: 6160: 6129: 6112: 6080: 6046: 6029: 6000: 5975: 5960: 5947:hls-dhs-dss.ch 5934: 5917:public.wmo.int 5904: 5852: 5833:(2): 117–129. 5810: 5793: 5761: 5701: 5676: 5630: 5605: 5571: 5558:FranceArchives 5539: 5507: 5479: 5476:. p. 163. 5449: 5414: 5389: 5365: 5335: 5308: 5295: 5270: 5240: 5225: 5205: 5169: 5139: 5089: 5059: 5029: 5002:(4): 355–372. 4979: 4961:(7): 377–378. 4934: 4925: 4899: 4892: 4872: 4835: 4820: 4800: 4756: 4731: 4705: 4680: 4654: 4633: 4604: 4600:Bigourdan 1901 4592: 4561: 4525: 4496: 4481: 4463: 4437: 4412: 4387: 4375: 4351: 4317: 4299: 4280: 4251: 4198: 4172: 4128: 4045: 4020: 4009: 3983: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3932: 3929: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3730: 3727: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3694: 3691: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3262:Main article: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3139: 3136: 3120:Louis Philippe 3094:Main article: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3043: 3042: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2953: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2925: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2868: 2857: 2856: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2724: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2709:toise du Pérou 2701: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2686:toise du Pérou 2672:) measured by 2662: 2658: 2657: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2555: 2554: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2508: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2479:partial vacuum 2384: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2322:speed of light 2313: 2310: 2262:interferometry 2246:interferometer 2239:solar spectrum 2220: 2205: 2202: 2156:in 1687 after 2090: 2087: 1856:Étienne Lenoir 1834:At that time, 1823:Adolphe Hirsch 1742:Johnson Mattey 1733: 1730: 1700:British Empire 1635:Central Europe 1559:Russian Empire 1507:Central Europe 1480:Leonhard Euler 1446: 1353:Paris meridian 1247:canton of Bern 1228:Paris meridian 1220:Louis Puissant 1099: 1096: 969:Earth quadrant 964: 961: 925:Adolphe Hirsch 846:Paris Panthéon 826:Pierre Méchain 745:found out the 699:Paris meridian 658:Paris meridian 645: 642: 639: 638: 621:September 2023 604: 602: 595: 588: 587: 549: 547: 540: 531:Main article: 528: 525: 489:'to measure'. 440: 437: 400: 397: 375: 226: 225: 206: 205:Nautical units 199: 198: 196: 195: 186: 177: 167: 162: 148: 147: 145: 144: 136: 127: 122: 113: 112: 109: 108: 103: 96: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 67: 61: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9552: 9541: 9540:SI base units 9538: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9514: 9507: 9504: 9497: 9494: 9487: 9484: 9477: 9474: 9467: 9464: 9457: 9454: 9447: 9444: 9437: 9434: 9427: 9424: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9408: 9405: 9398: 9395: 9388: 9385: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9369: 9366: 9343: 9340: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9308: 9305: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9273: 9270: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9235: 9232: 9225: 9222: 9215: 9212: 9205: 9202: 9195: 9192: 9185: 9182: 9175: 9172: 9165: 9164: 9161: 9156: 9155: 9148: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9128: 9123: 9121: 9116: 9114: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9093: 9085: 9084: 9081: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9045: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8998:degree of arc 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8967: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8783: 8778: 8776: 8771: 8769: 8764: 8763: 8760: 8752: 8751:0-8493-8347-1 8748: 8745:. CRC Press. 8744: 8740: 8736: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8628:1-85233-682-X 8624: 8620: 8615: 8614: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8598: 8585: 8579: 8575: 8574: 8566: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8448: 8447: 8440: 8439: 8419: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8396: 8388: 8381: 8373: 8372: 8365: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8323: 8316: 8309: 8304: 8298: 8293: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8265: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8233: 8217: 8213: 8212:"Kartografie" 8207: 8191: 8187: 8181: 8174: 8169: 8162: 8157: 8151: 8146: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8113: 8106: 8101: 8094:. p. 49. 8090: 8084: 8076: 8069: 8063: 8047: 8043: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8024: 8018: 8010: 8009: 8001: 7994: 7993:Bigourdan1901 7989: 7982: 7981: 7974: 7972: 7962: 7955: 7950: 7934: 7928: 7921: 7917: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7841: 7834: 7819: 7816:. pp. 9 7815: 7808: 7800: 7798: 7790: 7785: 7778: 7773: 7757: 7753: 7746: 7730: 7723: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7659: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7627: 7621: 7617: 7610: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7571: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7551: 7538: 7530: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7511: 7495: 7491: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7352: 7351: 7343: 7337: 7332: 7330: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7274: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7250: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7223: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7165: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7125:(12): 39–44. 7124: 7120: 7119:Physics Today 7116: 7109: 7107: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7067: 7065: 7056: 7055: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7000: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6973: 6965: 6959: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6933:(in German). 6932: 6928: 6921: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6891: 6883: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6838: 6836: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6674:(in French). 6673: 6669: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6619:(in French). 6618: 6614: 6607: 6599: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6576:IAG 150 Years 6573: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6481: 6473: 6472: 6464: 6449: 6446: 6440: 6433: 6427: 6425: 6416: 6415: 6407: 6399: 6398: 6390: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6330: 6324: 6322: 6313: 6307: 6303: 6302: 6294: 6287: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6200: 6194: 6186: 6180: 6173: 6172: 6164: 6156: 6150: 6142: 6141: 6133: 6125: 6124: 6116: 6108: 6102: 6094: 6093: 6084: 6076: 6070: 6062: 6061: 6053: 6051: 6042: 6041: 6033: 6025: 6019: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5972: 5967: 5965: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5857: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5815: 5806: 5805: 5797: 5789: 5783: 5775: 5774: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5706: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5601: 5595: 5587: 5586: 5578: 5576: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5535: 5529: 5521: 5520: 5511: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5475: 5474: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5382: 5381: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5299: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5275: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5245: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5210: 5201: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5173: 5162: 5161: 5154: 5153:public domain 5143: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5094: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5034: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4984: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4957:(in French). 4956: 4952: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4929: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4693: 4692: 4684: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4637: 4629: 4628: 4622: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4601: 4596: 4588: 4582: 4574: 4573: 4565: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4501: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4482:9782804184964 4478: 4474: 4467: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4355: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4337:Scott, Robert 4334: 4330: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4297:, s.v. meter. 4294: 4290: 4284: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4211:metric system 4208: 4202: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4168: 4162: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4057: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4006: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3987: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3943:Metric prefix 3941: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3866: yards. 3829: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3613: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3324: 3318:Submultiples 3316: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3290: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3235:German Empire 3233: 3230: 3229:United States 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3177:, Italy: 1850 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3080: 3075: 3072: 3045: 3044: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2962: 2959:50–10 μm 2957: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2941: 2940: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2884: 2883: 2877: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2854: 2850: 2849:proper length 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2692:from 1766). 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2668:arc (French: 2667: 2666:Paris meridan 2660: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2605:Deciding body 2604: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2487: 2484:The metre is 2482: 2480: 2460: 2458: 2452: 2450: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2402: 2383: 2378: 2355: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291:emission line 2289: 2285: 2281: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2171:Furthermore, 2169: 2167: 2166:French Guiana 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2127:technological 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2034:metric system 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2014:metric system 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1987: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:German Empire 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766:Latin America 1763: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1698:in 1889; and 1697: 1696:United-States 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653:French Empire 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1569:, as well as 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478:predicted by 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1267:district, in 1266: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1131:United States 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1109: 1108:New York City 1104: 1095: 1093: 1061: 1056: 1055:triangulation 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 997:British Crown 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 960: 958: 954: 950: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 886: 882: 878: 873: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 738: 734: 730: 726: 724: 722: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 695:triangulation 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 674: 670: 666: 659: 655: 650: 635: 632: 624: 614: 608: 605:This section 603: 594: 593: 584: 574: 570: 569:summary style 566: 560: 556: 554: 550:This section 548: 539: 538: 534: 524: 521: 516: 510: 506: 501: 488: 487: 481: 480:mètre, mesure 475: 469: 457: 446: 436: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 405: 396: 374: 368: 364: 337:in vacuum in 336: 332: 331:proper length 328: 322: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 289: 285: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 223: 207: 200: 193: 187: 184: 178: 175: 169: 168: 163: 160: 156: 149: 142: 137: 134: 129: 128: 123: 121: 114: 110: 107: 104: 102: 98: 97: 92: 88: 84: 81: 78: 74: 71: 68: 66: 62: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 9419: 9412: 9411: 9380: 9373: 9372: 9371: 9319: 9312: 9311: 9284: 9277: 9276: 9268:=10 m) 9265: 9258: 9257: 9249:=10 m) 9246: 9239: 9238: 9154:bold italics 9153: 9152: 9003:electronvolt 8824: 8742: 8734:28432–28433. 8727: 8715: 8707: 8702: 8692: 8683: 8674: 8667:the original 8653: 8644: 8636: 8612: 8603:(1995) 5–14. 8600: 8596: 8594: 8587:. Retrieved 8572: 8555: 8551: 8540: 8514: 8509: 8475: 8466: 8445: 8421:. Retrieved 8417: 8407: 8395: 8380: 8370: 8364: 8352:. Retrieved 8348:the original 8338: 8321: 8315: 8303: 8292: 8280:. Retrieved 8275: 8246: 8242: 8232: 8220:. Retrieved 8215: 8206: 8194:. Retrieved 8189: 8180: 8168: 8156: 8145: 8133:. Retrieved 8123: 8112: 8100: 8083: 8074: 8062: 8050:. Retrieved 8045: 8007: 8000: 7988: 7979: 7961: 7949: 7937:. Retrieved 7927: 7919: 7905: 7895: 7883:. Retrieved 7878: 7869: 7844:. Retrieved 7833: 7821:. Retrieved 7817: 7813: 7784: 7772: 7760:. Retrieved 7755: 7745: 7733:. Retrieved 7731:. BIPM. 2003 7728: 7704:.8 km/h 7677: 7668: 7658: 7646:. Retrieved 7615: 7609: 7587:(1): 29–46. 7584: 7580: 7570: 7560: 7550: 7545:, p. 816–817 7537: 7517: 7510: 7498:. Retrieved 7493: 7483: 7466: 7462: 7452: 7409: 7405: 7396: 7384:. Retrieved 7380:the original 7376:www.bipm.org 7375: 7366: 7357:20 September 7355:, retrieved 7349: 7342: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7297:. Retrieved 7292: 7282: 7263: 7259: 7249: 7237:. Retrieved 7234:IAG Homepage 7233: 7209:. Retrieved 7206:www.bipm.org 7205: 7196: 7184:. Retrieved 7179: 7122: 7118: 7080: 7077:L'Astronomie 7076: 7053: 7046: 7013: 7009: 6999: 6987:. Retrieved 6983: 6963: 6958: 6946:. Retrieved 6934: 6930: 6920: 6908:. Retrieved 6904:the original 6899: 6890: 6880: 6874: 6862: 6844: 6825: 6816: 6775: 6771: 6761: 6718: 6714: 6687:. Retrieved 6675: 6671: 6661: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6579: 6575: 6548:. Retrieved 6544: 6535: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6474:p. 419. 6470: 6463: 6451:. Retrieved 6447: 6439: 6431: 6413: 6406: 6396: 6389: 6377:. Retrieved 6373: 6363: 6352:, retrieved 6347: 6337: 6300: 6293: 6285: 6280: 6229: 6225: 6193: 6170: 6163: 6139: 6132: 6122: 6115: 6090: 6083: 6059: 6039: 6032: 5990: 5970: 5951:. Retrieved 5946: 5937: 5925:. Retrieved 5921:the original 5916: 5907: 5872: 5868: 5830: 5826: 5803: 5796: 5773:Delambre,... 5771: 5764: 5721: 5717: 5692:. Retrieved 5688: 5679: 5654: 5650: 5621:. Retrieved 5617: 5608: 5584: 5562:. Retrieved 5557: 5517: 5510: 5498:. Retrieved 5494: 5472: 5440:. Retrieved 5436:the original 5427: 5417: 5405:. Retrieved 5401: 5392: 5379: 5350: 5326:. Retrieved 5321: 5311: 5303: 5298: 5289: 5261:. Retrieved 5256: 5216: 5198:– via 5192:. Retrieved 5187: 5181: 5172: 5159: 5142: 5109: 5105: 5073: 5050:. Retrieved 5045: 4999: 4995: 4970:. Retrieved 4958: 4954: 4928: 4916:. Retrieved 4912: 4902: 4882: 4875: 4848: 4838: 4810: 4803: 4778: 4774: 4747:. Retrieved 4743: 4734: 4722:. Retrieved 4718: 4708: 4696:. Retrieved 4690: 4683: 4671:. Retrieved 4666: 4657: 4643: 4636: 4625: 4595: 4571: 4564: 4552:. Retrieved 4547: 4516:. Retrieved 4511: 4472: 4466: 4454:. Retrieved 4450:the original 4440: 4428:. Retrieved 4424: 4415: 4403:. Retrieved 4399: 4390: 4378: 4354: 4340: 4320: 4312:the original 4302: 4288: 4283: 4272:19 September 4270:. Retrieved 4260: 4254: 4242: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4201: 4189:. Retrieved 4184: 4175: 4149:. Retrieved 4144: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4098: 4085: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4053: 4048: 4039: 4023: 3996: 3986: 3976:28 September 3974:. Retrieved 3961: 3902: 3892: 3868: 3833: 3822: 3759:1 metre 3754:millimetres 3718:centimetres 3657:1 metre 3627:1 metre 3601:quettametre 3592:quectometre 3308: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3267: 3113: 3099: 3024:(11th CGPM) 2943: 2908:part of the 2880:uncertainty 2875:uncertainty 2708: 2688:(a standard 2685: 2669: 2625:with a half- 2584: 2580: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2509: 2485: 2483: 2461: 2453: 2420: 2416:atomic clock 2413: 2400: 2381: 2351: 2346:of a second. 2315: 2243: 2233: 2224: 2216: 2207: 2170: 2135: 2125:to become a 2100: 2072: 2064: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2018: 1995: 1982: 1969: 1938: 1910: 1859: 1851: 1833: 1827: 1792:in 1830. In 1780:, while the 1770:independence 1755: 1745: 1677: 1663:represented 1639: 1623:Adriatic Sea 1579: 1496: 1476:Polar motion 1461: 1442: 1358: 1344: 1336: 1325:had founded 1323:Eratosthenes 1319:meridian arc 1311:South Africa 1290:Jean Brunner 1261:Muhammad Ali 1255: 1209: 1182: 1144:studied the 1139: 1128: 1113: 1040: 1032: 1001: 966: 874: 811: 807:Earth radius 741: 718: 713:). In 1675, 710: 677: 663: 627: 618: 606: 578: 551: 514: 484: 444: 442: 426: 421: 417: 416: 385:.863 km 372: 365:. After the 323: 307:great circle 292: 243: 235: 231: 229: 181:3.2808 172:1.0936 105: 100: 76:Unit of 36: 8278:(in German) 8249:(1): 5–22. 8222:13 December 8218:(in German) 8196:15 December 8192:(in German) 8105:Judson 1976 8048:(in French) 7885:16 December 7846:16 December 7823:17 December 7762:19 December 7735:16 December 7496:(in French) 7469:: 242–263. 7266:: 445–469. 7083:: 244–245. 7016:(13): 193. 6778:(10): 914. 6511:: 147–162. 5949:(in German) 5724:(1): 6–21. 5560:(in French) 4913:www.bbc.com 4749:30 December 4724:30 December 4667:humanite.fr 4514:(in French) 4456:30 December 4430:29 December 4405:29 December 3925:Swedish mil 3745:1 inch 3709:1 inch 3673:1 inch 3643:1 yard 3620:Non-SI unit 3615:Metric unit 3581:ronnametre 3572:rontometre 3561:yottametre 3552:yoctometre 3541:zettametre 3532:zeptometre 3295:millimicron 3277:light-years 3269:SI prefixes 3251:Switzerland 3161:Kingdom of 3128:Switzerland 3096:Metrication 3077:0.1 nm 2824:299 792 458 2803:21 Oct 1983 2780:wavelengths 2762:14 Oct 1960 2697:10 Dec 1799 2638:30 Mar 1791 2504:least count 2356:at exactly 2280:wavelengths 2158:Jean Richer 2103:thermometry 1949:Koenigsberg 1647:joined the 1571:Switzerland 1555:Netherlands 1535:Mecklenburg 1251:Switzerland 1212:Fire Island 905:Switzerland 771:cartography 691:Jean Picard 667:discovered 581:August 2023 477:), French ( 433:speedometer 240:US spelling 190:39.37 139:0.001 65:Unit system 9529:Categories 9313:centimetre 9278:millimetre 9259:micrometre 8797:Base units 8589:26 January 8435:References 8423:18 October 8282:9 December 8135:22 October 7939:22 January 7648:7 December 7494:Libération 6689:11 October 6453:12 October 5623:15 October 5194:10 October 4972:12 October 4830:1061216207 4243:centimeter 4185:Grammarist 4074:BIPM, 2006 3816:picometres 3725:millimetre 3689:centimetre 3595:10 m 3586:10 m 3575:10 m 3566:10 m 3555:10 m 3546:10 m 3535:10 m 3526:10 m 3515:10 m 3512:attometre 3506:10 m 3501:petametre 3495:10 m 3491:femtometre 3484:10 m 3479:terametre 3473:10 m 3462:10 m 3457:gigametre 3451:10 m 3440:10 m 3435:megametre 3429:10 m 3425:micrometre 3418:10 m 3405:10 m 3401:millimetre 3394:10 m 3388:hectometre 3381:10 m 3377:centimetre 3370:10 m 3357:10 m 3346:10 m 3338:SI symbol 3329:SI symbol 3321:Multiples 3300:micrometre 3286:The terms 3022:krypton-86 2912:along the 2749:(273 2629:of 1 2613:8 May 1790 2372: km/s 2299:krypton-86 2254:wavelength 1926:gravimetry 1768:following 1756:After the 1673:Hervé Faye 1631:Baltic Sea 1393:Formentera 1214:the first 1162:centimetre 1158:CGS system 1024:North Pole 977:Talleyrand 879:using the 850:North Pole 812:After the 763:flattening 733:Gravimeter 553:duplicates 500:metro chro 491:The motto 327:krypton-86 303:North Pole 242:; symbol: 131:1000 9413:kilometre 9364: m) 9338: m) 9303: m) 9240:nanometre 9136:units of 8940:steradian 8855:becquerel 8697:. Author. 8688:. Author. 8679:. Author. 8658:. Author. 8649:. Author. 8529:(1911b). 8500:76-600055 8017:cite book 7690: m/s 7593:0003-049X 7500:7 October 7436:1476-4687 7155:121338356 7147:0031-9228 7097:0004-6302 7038:0004-6337 6948:29 August 6910:29 August 6808:125925505 6800:0949-7714 6753:125240402 6745:1521-3889 6653:198204435 6645:1432-1394 6550:27 August 6527:0252-9211 6480:cite book 6379:1 October 6354:1 October 6272:119447198 6264:1432-1394 6242:CiteSeerX 6179:cite book 6149:cite book 6101:cite book 6069:cite book 6018:cite book 6010:861693071 5953:7 October 5927:7 October 5847:0096-3771 5782:cite book 5756:126724939 5748:1631-0705 5694:6 October 5671:109333769 5594:cite book 5564:6 October 5528:cite book 5500:6 October 5407:6 October 5328:31 August 5263:31 August 5134:0004-6337 5112:(7): 97. 5078:CiteSeerX 5052:30 August 5024:143514819 5016:0035-9149 4867:1298-9800 4787:0398-7817 4581:cite book 4518:7 October 4491:894499177 4365: in 4227:kilometer 3869:A simple 3791:nanometre 3521:exametre 3469:picometre 3447:nanometre 3412:kilometre 3364:decametre 3353:decimetre 3304:nanometre 3302:(μm) and 3217:Argentina 3130:in 1815, 3102:Consulate 3031:4 nm 3007:Hyperfine 2806:17th CGPM 2788:radiation 2765:11th CGPM 2730:with 10% 2608:Decision 2521:λ 2208:In 1873, 2193:Euclidean 2119:metrology 2024:in 1875, 1986:Neuchâtel 1968:(German: 1922:metrology 1848:expansion 1840:standards 1692:Argentina 1690:in 1888; 1651:in 1866. 1627:North Sea 1464:Barcelona 1234:in 1841. 1178:lightning 1140:In 1832, 1114:In 1816, 1020:Condorcet 875:In 1841, 842:longitude 838:Barcelona 787:Leibniz's 494:ΜΕΤΡΩ ΧΡΩ 439:Etymology 410:ΜΕΤΡΩ ΧΡΩ 309:, so the 248:base unit 246:) is the 99:1 m 9092:Category 9047:See also 8820:kilogram 8789:SI units 8354:6 August 8333:. p.251. 7558:(1873). 6989:15 March 6984:usma.org 6854:16069502 6721:(5): 2. 5899:27274915 5235:36747385 4795:43861533 4698:2 August 4673:3 August 4191:12 March 4161:cite web 4151:12 March 4076:, p. 130 4015:archived 3931:See also 3871:mnemonic 3801:ångström 3769:ångström 3193:Colombia 3187:Portugal 3110:Napoleon 2918:Delambre 2914:meridian 2910:quadrant 2878:Relative 2873:Absolute 2742:7th CGPM 2728:platinum 2654:meridian 2650:quadrant 2623:pendulum 2595:Timeline 2397: nm 2388:, to be 2320:and the 2221:— 2183:, while 2081:and 10% 2079:platinum 1645:Portugal 1629:and the 1603:Milejewo 1492:latitude 1447:— 1433:Montjuïc 1409:spheroid 1397:Shetland 1383:and the 1313:through 1274:cadastre 1216:baseline 1207:(CIPM). 1154:kilogram 1008:Lagrange 981:latitude 781:, which 693:through 673:pendulum 399:Spelling 393: km 319: km 305:along a 211:≈ 188:≈ 179:≈ 170:≈ 155:Imperial 120:SI units 9416: 9362:⁠ 9350:⁠ 9336:⁠ 9324:⁠ 9316: 9301:⁠ 9289:⁠ 9281: 9243: 9008:hectare 8993:decibel 8935:sievert 8930:siemens 8860:coulomb 8810:candela 8539:(ed.). 7856:or the 7444:4140694 7414:Bibcode 7293:Gallica 7127:Bibcode 7085:Bibcode 7018:Bibcode 6780:Bibcode 6723:Bibcode 6625:Bibcode 6234:Bibcode 5890:4654608 5835:Bibcode 5726:Bibcode 5657:: 174. 5442:5 March 5322:Gallica 5257:Gallica 5200:Gallica 5114:Bibcode 5046:Gallica 4548:Gallica 4367:Liddell 4345:at the 4295:. 1992. 4207:English 3914:⁄ 3885:⁄ 3864:⁠ 3852:⁠ 3848:⁠ 3836:⁠ 3789:1 3723:1 3687:1 3281:parsecs 3245:Austria 3239:Germany 3199:Ecuador 3163:Belgium 3068:⁠ 3048:⁠ 2922:Méchain 2906:⁠ 2886:⁠ 2827:⁠ 2815:⁠ 2792:krypton 2786:of the 2732:iridium 2684:of the 2569:is the 2486:defined 2390:632.991 2297:of the 2293:in the 2282:of the 2162:Cayenne 2131:physics 2123:geodesy 2083:iridium 2063:(CGPM: 1930:geodesy 1871:and in 1869:Prussia 1659:, that 1595:Denmark 1587:Palermo 1519:Denmark 1503:Prussia 1399:to the 1389:Dunkirk 1327:geodesy 1243:Aarberg 1203:at the 1124:Germany 1076:⁠ 1064:⁠ 1028:Equator 1026:to the 1012:Laplace 945:⁠ 933:⁠ 917:Genevan 901:⁠ 889:⁠ 870:⁠ 858:⁠ 854:Equator 852:to the 844:of the 840:at the 830:Dunkirk 803:Lapland 799:Ecuador 775:geodesy 765:of the 665:Galileo 563:Please 429:ammeter 359:⁠ 339:⁠ 301:to the 299:equator 280:⁠ 260:⁠ 254:in the 9377: 9138:length 9134:Metric 9023:minute 8983:dalton 8925:radian 8920:pascal 8910:newton 8835:second 8815:kelvin 8805:ampere 8749: 8732: 8625: 8621:–124. 8580: 8498: 8454: 8329: 8052:16 May 7912: 7758:. NIST 7622: 7601:985776 7599: 7591: 7525: 7442: 7434: 7406:Nature 7386:15 May 7299:15 May 7239:26 May 7211:26 May 7186:22 May 7153: 7145: 7095: 7036: 6937:: 33. 6852: 6806: 6798: 6751: 6743: 6678:: 33. 6651: 6643: 6594: 6525: 6308: 6270: 6262: 6244: 6008: 5998: 5897: 5887: 5845: 5754: 5746: 5669: 5233: 5223: 5155:: 5132: 5080: 5022: 5014: 4918:21 May 4890: 4865: 4828: 4818: 4793: 4785: 4775:Thalès 4554:13 May 4489: 4479: 4361:μέτρον 4327:μετρέω 4268:. 2008 4116:Turner 4091:Turner 4034:. 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