767:
841:
1035:
77:
647:
888:
49:
758:
variable (or variables) or cut-off point should be used to determine which political units should be labelled as "microstates" (as opposed to small "normal" states). According to some scholars the quantitative approach to defining microstates suffers from such problems as "inconsistency, arbitrariness, vagueness and inability to meaningfully isolate qualitatively distinct political units".
781:
Some academics have suggested defining microstates according to the unique features that are linked to their geographic or demographic smallness. Newer approaches have proposed looking at the behaviour or capacity to operate in the international arena in order to determine which states should deserve
980:
A small number of tiny sovereign political units have been founded on historic anomalies or eccentric interpretations of law. Those types of states, often labelled as "microstates," are usually located on small (usually disputed) territorial enclaves, generate limited economic activity founded on
789:
An alternative approach is to define microstates as "modern protected states". According to the definition proposed by
Dumienski (2014): "microstates are modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in
700:
having a very small population or land area, usually both. However, the meanings of "state" and "very small" are not well-defined in international law. Some recent attempts to define microstates have focused on identifying qualitative features that are linked to their size and population, such as
757:
Most scholars identify microstates by using a quantitative threshold and applying it to either one variable (such as the size of its territory or population) or a composite of different variables. While it is agreed that microstates are the smallest of all states, there is no consensus on what
909:
research, however, has led some researchers to believe that the statistical evidence belies the anti-democratic elements of microstate politics. Due to small populations, family and personal relations are often decisive in microstate politics. In some cases, this impedes neutral and formal
790:
exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints." Adopting this approach permits limiting the number of microstates and separating them from both small states and autonomies or
959:
Microstates often rely on other countries in order to survive, as they have a small military capacity and a lack of resources. This had led some to believe that microstates are forced to subordinate themselves to larger states which reduces their
950:
political system, to adapt to their geographic features or societal make-up. While the colonial history often determines what political systems microstates have, they do implement changes to better accommodate their specific characteristics.
880:, which is one of the hallmarks of democracies. Some scholars have taken the statistical correlation between small size and democracy as a sign that smallness is beneficial to the development of a democratic political system, mentioning
929:
The high number of democracies amongst microstates could be explained by their colonial history. Most microstates adopted the same political system as their colonial ruler. Because of the high number of microstates that were
968:
with other countries. This allows them to trade some privileges to countries that can advance their interests the most. Examples of this are microstates that establish a
1130:
1125:
1326:
Smallness, islandness and foreign policy behaviour: aspects of island microstates foreign policy behaviour with special reference to Cook
Islands and Kiribati
872:
classified 86% of the countries with fewer than 500,000 inhabitants as "free". This shows that countries with small populations often had a high degree of
1289:
834:
1330:
1027:
became independent by a treaty error and survived from 1440 to 1826. Its independence made it important in the introduction of tobacco cultivation to
837:
argued in 1972 that "n two respects it may be doubted whether the territorial entity, the
Vatican City, meets the traditional criteria of statehood".
1443:
Wivel, Anders; Oest, Kajsa Ji Noe (September 2010). "Security, profit or shadow of the past? Explaining the security strategies of microstates".
740:, with fewer than 1,000 residents and an area of only 49 hectares (120 acres). Some microstates – such as Monaco and Vatican City – are
675:
1763:
Veenendaal, Wouter P. (2017). "Analyzing the
Foreign Policy of Microstates: The Relevance of the International Patron-Client Model".
766:
782:
the microstate label. Yet, it has been argued that such approaches could lead to either confusing microstates with weak states (or
1414:. New directions in Scandinavian studies. Seattle : Reykjavik: University of Washington Press; University of Iceland Press.
1869:
1832:
1797:
1419:
1353:
884:, opportunities for direct communication and homogeneity of interests as possible explanations for why this is the case.
1522:
Veenendaal, Wouter P. (2015). "Democracy in microstates: why smallness does not produce a democratic political system".
1140:
35:
1259:
543:
1196:
Mehmet, Ozay; Tahiroglu, M. (1 January 2002). "Growth and equity in microstates: Does size matter in development?".
149:
1135:
1792:. Library of New England. Jere R. Daniell, Ruth Doan MacDougall. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
668:
538:
316:
164:
1296:
553:
1324:
1680:
Anckar, Dag (February 2008). "Microstate
Democracy: Majority or Consensus; Diffusion or Problem-Solving?".
830:
302:
134:
105:
1993:
1597:
Corbett, Jack (January 2015). ""Everybody knows everybody": practising politics in the
Pacific Islands".
606:
17:
1009:
139:
110:
1115:
997:
661:
266:
1900:
1372:
Amstrup, Niels (June 1976). "The
Perennial Problem of Small States: A Survey of Research Efforts".
1001:
381:
271:
1069:
972:
or sell their support in international committees in exchange for military and economic support.
919:
311:
1642:
Erk, Jan; Veenendaal, Wouter (July 2014). "Is Small Really
Beautiful?: The Microstate Mistake".
1005:
840:
548:
490:
436:
1887:
1718:
Sharman, J.C. (October 2017). "Sovereignty at the
Extremes: Micro-States in World Politics".
1223:
Boyce, Peter J.; Herr, Richard A. (April 1974). "Microstate diplomacy in the south pacific".
923:
368:
201:
31:
1988:
1410:
Ingebritsen, Christine; Neumann, Iver; Gstöhl, Sieglinde; Beyer, Jessica, eds. (May 2006).
1105:
939:
478:
349:
339:
324:
251:
169:
993:
sales, and are tolerated or ignored by the nations from which they claim to have seceded.
8:
1827:. Jonathan Buckley, Mark Ellingham, Rough Guides (7th ed.). New York: Rough Guides.
1110:
1034:
947:
844:
791:
590:
500:
354:
256:
206:
144:
946:. Some microstates with a history as British colony have implemented some aspects of a
943:
881:
794:. Examples of microstates understood as modern protected states include such states as
628:
221:
1020:. Between 1832 and 1835, the area's residents refused to acknowledge either claimant.
1967:
1959:
1952:
1921:
1875:
1865:
1856:
United
Nations (2001-02-14). "Treaty Series 1889". United Nations Treaty Series. UN.
1838:
1828:
1803:
1793:
1745:
1697:
1659:
1624:
1579:
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1425:
1415:
1389:
1349:
1255:
1079:
873:
623:
297:
159:
154:
115:
88:
1947:
1857:
1768:
1735:
1727:
1689:
1651:
1614:
1606:
1571:
1562:
Anckar, Dag (July 2004). "Regime choices in microstates: the cultural constraint".
1531:
1487:
1452:
1381:
1290:
Microstates as Modern Protected States: Towards a New Definition of Micro-Statehood
1232:
1205:
1182:
1178:
1145:
1024:
815:
573:
329:
183:
1610:
1535:
1456:
1087:
1065:
935:
877:
697:
651:
633:
458:
443:
76:
1575:
1385:
1120:
529:
448:
402:
344:
1693:
1491:
1236:
1209:
910:
decision-making and instead leads to undemocratic political activity, such as
52:
The world's five smallest sovereign states by area, from largest to smallest:
1982:
1879:
1842:
1749:
1731:
1701:
1663:
1628:
1583:
1543:
1499:
1464:
1393:
1078:
was a small state that existed during the 17th century at the border between
1013:
931:
869:
848:
795:
783:
713:
453:
431:
406:
236:
1925:
1861:
1807:
1478:
Mendelson, M. H. (October 1972). "Diminutive States in the United Nations".
1429:
1971:
1083:
1075:
1042:
895:
826:
770:
737:
216:
69:
1822:
1655:
1412:
Small States in International Relations: Lilliputians in Gulliver's World?
1295:(Report). Occasional Paper. Centre for Small State Studies. Archived from
1252:
The impact of very small size on the international behavior of microstates
1787:
1053:
965:
961:
911:
702:
520:
485:
388:
376:
241:
42:
1740:
1072:
partitioned the territory, with the larger part becoming part of Spain.
646:
1963:
1619:
1100:
990:
986:
964:. However, research has shown that microstates strategically engage in
915:
906:
891:
799:
741:
729:
610:
600:
595:
334:
196:
53:
1772:
1086:. Despite its location in East Asia, the state's primary language was
864:
Statistical research has shown that microstates are more likely to be
27:
Sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area
1943:
969:
865:
495:
393:
276:
231:
211:
1915:
1061:
1038:
852:
825:
The smallest political unit recognized as a sovereign state is the
736:. The smallest political entity recognized as a sovereign state is
618:
578:
261:
246:
226:
95:
80:
Map of the smallest states in the world by population or land area.
1789:
Indian Stream Republic: settling a New England frontier, 1785-1842
982:
811:
709:
533:
191:
1004:, was a geographic anomaly that had been left unresolved by the
887:
777:
with 0.49 km (120 acres), is also the smallest in the world
1017:
899:
803:
774:
733:
717:
583:
525:
423:
65:
57:
1786:
Doan, Daniel; Daniell, Jere R.; MacDougall, Ruth Doan (1997).
48:
1409:
1057:
1028:
819:
725:
721:
61:
30:
For the specific configuration of particles of a material in
1046:
975:
807:
954:
1131:
List of countries and outlying territories by total area
1126:
List of countries and dependencies by population density
1169:
Warrington, Edward (June 1994). "Lilliput Revisited".
1785:
705:
to larger states, such as for international defense.
1951:
1348:. London; Dover, N.H: Routledge Kegan & Paul.
708:Commonly accepted examples of microstates include
1049:with an area of 298 km (115 sq mi)
786:) or relying too much on subjective perceptions.
1980:
1942:
1195:
934:colonies in the past, microstates often have a
1855:
1641:
669:
1480:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
1254:. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications.
72:shown in the same scale for size comparison
1762:
1521:
1168:
851:, the smallest independent country in the
676:
662:
1739:
1618:
1477:
1445:Cambridge Review of International Affairs
1442:
1287:
1222:
1198:International Journal of Social Economics
1913:
1033:
976:Historical anomalies and aspirant states
886:
839:
765:
75:
47:
1824:The rough guide to Tuscany & Umbria
1717:
1596:
1564:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics
1371:
955:Microstates and international relations
855:with 261 km (101 sq mi).
14:
1981:
1820:
1679:
1561:
1343:
1333:from the original on 19 February 2024.
1322:
1171:Asian Journal of Public Administration
1045:, the smallest independent country in
902:with 459 km (177 sq mi)
898:, the smallest independent country in
773:, the smallest independent country in
1713:
1711:
1675:
1673:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
744:consisting of a single municipality.
1405:
1403:
1367:
1365:
1329:(Thesis). University of Wollongong.
1318:
1316:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1249:
1164:
1162:
1344:Dommen, E. (1985). Hein, P. (ed.).
24:
1936:
1708:
1670:
1550:
1506:
1141:Microstates and the United Nations
36:Microstate (statistical mechanics)
25:
2005:
1400:
1362:
1313:
1268:
1159:
544:Biology and political orientation
942:political system similar to the
645:
1954:Report from Practically Nowhere
1907:
1849:
1814:
1779:
1756:
1635:
1590:
1471:
1436:
1346:States, Microstates and Islands
1136:List of countries by population
752:
1337:
1243:
1216:
1189:
1183:10.1080/02598272.1994.10800284
1012:, and was claimed by both the
761:
747:
539:Theories of political behavior
165:Political history of the world
13:
1:
1152:
868:than larger states. In 2012,
833:is sometimes disputed, e.g.,
554:Critique of political economy
1917:Konterfekty dziwnych PolakĂłw
1611:10.1080/13510347.2013.811233
1536:10.1080/13510347.2013.820710
1457:10.1080/09557571.2010.484047
1288:Dumienski, Zbigniew (2014).
701:partial delegation of their
135:Outline of political science
7:
1914:Sulewski, Wojciech (1973).
1576:10.1080/1466204042000299263
1093:
966:patron-client relationships
859:
10:
2010:
1386:10.1177/001083677601100202
1010:American Revolutionary War
140:Index of politics articles
40:
29:
1958:. Harper & Brothers.
1694:10.1080/13510340701768158
1237:10.1080/10357717408444489
1210:10.1108/03068290210413047
1116:Free Territory of Trieste
998:Republic of Indian Stream
1732:10.1177/0032321716665392
1374:Cooperation and Conflict
1250:Reid, George L. (1974).
1002:Pittsburg, New Hampshire
41:Not to be confused with
1862:10.18356/a43b73bc-en-fr
1765:Foreign Policy Analysis
1492:10.1093/iclqaj/21.4.609
549:Political organisations
312:International relations
150:Politics by subdivision
1895:Cite journal requires
1050:
903:
856:
778:
81:
73:
1656:10.1353/jod.2014.0054
1070:1864 Treaty of Lisbon
1037:
890:
843:
769:
629:Political campaigning
369:Public administration
202:Collective leadership
79:
51:
32:statistical mechanics
1821:Jepson, Tim (2009).
1644:Journal of Democracy
1106:European microstates
479:Separation of powers
350:Political psychology
325:Comparative politics
303:political scientists
290:Academic disciplines
170:Political philosophy
1323:Neemia, U. (1995).
1111:Free State of Fiume
924:executive dominance
882:social cohesiveness
845:St. Kitts and Nevis
652:Politics portal
501:Election commission
472:Government branches
355:Political sociology
207:Confessional system
145:Politics by country
1994:Types of countries
1225:Australian Outlook
1064:and operated as a
1051:
1008:, which ended the
1000:, now the town of
944:Westminster system
904:
857:
831:its precise status
779:
335:Political analysis
267:Semi-parliamentary
82:
74:
1948:Silverstein, Shel
1871:978-92-1-045419-3
1834:978-1-4053-8529-9
1799:978-0-87451-767-5
1773:10.1111/fpa.12068
1720:Political Studies
1421:978-0-295-98524-4
1355:978-0-7099-0862-3
1080:Tsardom of Russia
874:political freedom
835:Maurice Mendelson
686:
685:
634:Political parties
574:Electoral systems
298:Political science
272:Semi-presidential
184:Political systems
160:Political history
155:Political economy
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1204:(1/2): 152–162.
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1056:was disputed by
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816:the Cook Islands
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382:street-level
257:Presidential
217:Dictatorship
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70:Vatican City
1989:Microstates
1767:: 561–577.
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1054:Couto Misto
962:sovereignty
912:clientelism
866:democracies
762:Qualitative
748:Definitions
742:city-states
703:sovereignty
521:Sovereignty
486:Legislature
389:Technocracy
377:Bureaucracy
242:Meritocracy
222:Directorial
43:Micronation
18:Microstates
1983:Categories
1964:B0006D96LU
1944:Sack, John
1306:2014-06-07
1153:References
1101:City-state
1084:Qing China
1068:until the
991:numismatic
987:philatelic
916:corruption
907:Case study
892:Seychelles
800:San Marino
730:San Marino
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596:Federalism
197:City-state
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1843:743223039
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277:Theocracy
232:Feudalism
212:Democracy
1950:(1959).
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1808:35651345
1430:63171147
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1039:Maldives
860:Politics
853:Americas
619:Ideology
437:doctrine
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247:Monarchy
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